155:. Although the military officers were granted land they did not have title which was retained by the Sultan. If the military member died or left the land it reverted to the Sultan to be distributed to a new person. Under this system the temporary owners could demand about three days labour per year from the peasants living on their land. This is compared to two or three days a week under the Christian feudal system.
27:
159:
expansionist purposes. The financial aims of the system were to relieve pressure from the
Ottoman state of paying the army as well as to gain a new source of revenue for the central treasury. However, the system only worked while new land was being won by advancing Ottoman armies. When the Ottoman advance was halted in Europe and the Empire began to contract the Timar system began to collapse.
181:
harvest was seized. This increased oppression often led to peasants migrating to areas away from
Chiflik control, or in the case of Greek peasants to the mountains where Ottoman authority didn't exist. The new oppressive system also increased peasant support for nationalist uprising against Ottoman rule in such places as the Balkans and Greece.
184:
The
Chiflik system began to wane in the 1910s as Balkan territories gained independence. In Macedonia, peasants seized control of Chiflik lands and began exporting tobacco through Greece. After the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire the transition from the Chiflik to others agricultural systems led
122:. As the Empire began to collapse, powerful military officers started to claim land from the sultan's holding allowing them to pass the land onto their sons, thus creating the chiflik system. This form of land management lasted from the 16th century until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919.
167:
With no new land to be divided up, the more powerful military commanders began to turn on the
Ottoman Empire and its head of state the Sultan. Instead of focusing on conquering outside forces these military officials started to carve up the Empire into private land holdings that the then weakened
180:
Previously, peasants that taxed under the Timar system enjoyed a relatively liberal system. Under the
Chiflik system they were ruled as serfs. No longer free to work for their own monetary gain they now had to labour under the rule of a feudal lord many days a week plus a larger percent of their
158:
This system of land tenure lasted roughly from the fourteenth century through to the sixteenth century. As late as 1528 as much as 87% of the land was officially the Sultan's land, the rest belonging to religious organizations. The goals of the system were necessitated by financial, state and
130:
In the
Ottoman Empire, before the chiflik system was adopted, the timar system was official Ottoman policy. The system was one in which the projected revenue of a conquered territory was distributed in the form of temporary land grants among the
143:. These land grants were given as compensation for annual military service, for which they received no pay. Timars could be small, granted by governors, or large which required a certificate from the
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Ottoman Empire was forced to recognize their claims. These new land holdings could be passed on to their sons. Most of the chiflik rulers only controlled small land holdings but some like
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652:"How to Run a Big Monastic Çiftlik: The Case of Hilandar's ʻBulgar Metochionʼ in Karviya (Kalamaria): Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries"
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on the West Bank is derived from the above system of land tenure, which was applied there as in many other
Ottoman locations.
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118:. Before the chiflik system the Empire used a non-hereditary form of land management called the
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580:Özel, Oktay (1999). "Limits of the Almighty: Mehmed II's 'Land Reform' Revisited".
555:
Balkan economic history, 1550-1950: from imperial borderlands to developing nations
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Wagstaff, J. M. (1978). "War and
Settlement Desertion in the Morea, 1685-1830".
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Belated modernity and aesthetic culture: inventing national literature
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Monastic
Economy across Time: Wealth Management, Patterns, and Trends
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Turkish term for a system of land management in the
Ottoman Empire
328:, system of granting state income to individuals and institutions
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135:(cavalrymen) and other members of the military class including
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Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
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Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
658:. Sofia: Centre for Advanced Study. pp. 83–97.
151:had an annual value of less than twenty thousand
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307:, Sipahi cavalryman, beneficiary of a
274:, high Ottoman rank, usually given to governors
501:A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change
291:Ottoman military corps, part of feudal system
172:ruled autonomous kingdoms inside the Empire.
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114:term for a system of land management in the
553:Lampe, John R.; Jackson, Marvin R. (1982).
248:Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey
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33:, one of the more powerful Chiflik rulers
499:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
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210:Ottoman law & land administration
674:Land management in the Ottoman Empire
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418:
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684:Agriculture in the Ottoman Empire
286:, feudal unit governed by an Agha
197:The name of the Palestinian town
316:Byzantine administrative system
481:Economic history of the Balkans
340:Israeli land and property laws
228:, 19th-century reform movement
1:
532:University of Minnesota Press
479:Lamp & Jackson (1950).
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650:Fotić, Aleksandar (2021).
526:Jusdanis, Gregory (1991).
139:and other servants of the
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679:Turkish words and phrases
241:Ottoman Land Code of 1858
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91:
79:
67:
594:10.1163/1568520991446848
559:Indiana University Press
21:Chiflik (disambiguation)
383:. theottomans.org. 2009
345:Torrens title in Israel
231:Land ownership systems
222:, land and tax registry
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407:Bideleux-Jeffries 1998
193:The town of Al-Jiftlik
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588:(2). Brill: 226–246.
278:Agha (Ottoman Empire)
170:Ali Pasha of Ioannina
31:Ali Pasha of Ioannina
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322:, senior officialdom
19:For other uses, see
574:- Total pages: 728
547:- Total pages: 207
520:- Total pages: 685
185:to events like the
440:Lampe-Jackson 1982
147:but generally the
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381:"Glossary 7 of 9"
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385:. Retrieved
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120:timar system
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603:11693/48561
357:Land reform
295:Janissaries
266:(1432-1481)
137:Janissaries
668:Categories
491:References
311: fief
280:, or lord
199:Al-Jiftlik
126:Background
76:Macedonian
635:0020-2754
505:Routledge
419:Özel 1999
264:Mehmed II
258:Bayezid I
64:Bulgarian
442:, p. 33.
409:, p. 88.
332:Strateia
305:Timariot
226:Tanzimat
205:See also
163:Adoption
110:), is a
96:tsiflíki
92:τσιφλίκι
56:Albanian
42:chiftlik
352:Fiefdom
326:Pronoia
320:Dynatoi
300:Sipahis
133:Sipahis
112:Turkish
100:Serbian
72:chiflik
51:Çiftlik
38:Chiflik
643:622158
641:
633:
565:
538:
511:
284:Agaluk
220:Defter
214:Düstur
176:Result
145:Sultan
141:Sultan
108:čitluk
104:читлук
84:čiflig
80:чифлиг
68:чифлик
60:çiflig
639:JSTOR
368:Notes
309:timar
272:Pasha
235:Timar
153:akçes
88:Greek
40:, or
631:ISSN
563:ISBN
536:ISBN
509:ISBN
389:2009
149:fief
623:doi
598:hdl
590:doi
670::
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