510: : As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the absorber from the evaporator, the strong lithium bromide solution from the generator is sprayed over the top of the absorber tube bundle. The strong lithium bromide solution actually pulls the refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the extreme vacuum in the evaporator. The absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the lithium bromide solution also generates heat which is removed by the cooling water. Now the dilute lithium bromide solution collects in the bottom of the lower shell, where it flows down to the solution pump. The chilling cycle is now completed and the process begins once again.
523:, and pump station with recirculating pump, expansion valve, no-flow shutdown, internal cold water control. Compressors can be of two types - scroll and screw depending on the budget and the performance expected from a chiller. The internal tank helps maintain cold water temperature and prevents temperature spikes from occurring. Closed-loop industrial chillers recirculate a clean coolant or clean water with condition additives at a constant temperature and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines and instruments. The water flows from the chiller to the application's point of use and back.
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492: : After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper shell. The solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carries either steam or hot water. The steam or hot water transfers heat into the pool of dilute lithium bromide solution. The solution boils, sending refrigerant vapor upward into the condenser and leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide. The concentrated lithium bromide solution moves down to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled by the weak solution being pumped up to the generator.
446:) or refrigerant metering device (RMD) restricts the flow of the liquid refrigerant causing a pressure drop that vaporizes some of the refrigerant; this vaporization absorbs heat from nearby liquid refrigerant. The RMD is located immediately prior to the evaporator so that the cold gas in the evaporator can absorb heat from the water in the evaporator. There is a sensor for the RMD on the evaporator outlet side which allows the RMD to regulate the refrigerant flow based on the chiller design requirement.
350:. Using electric motors in a semi-hermetic or hermetic configuration is the most common method of driving the compressors since electric motors can be effectively and easily cooled by the refrigerant, without requiring fuel supply or exhaust ventilation and no shaft seals are required as the motor can operate in the refrigerant, reducing maintenance, leaks, operating costs and downtime, although open compressors are sometimes used. They produce their cooling effect via the
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compressors, and each has its own application. Common refrigeration compressors include reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal. These can be powered by electric motors, steam turbines, or gas turbines. Compressors can have an integrated motor from a specific manufacturer, or be open drive--allowing the connection to another type of mechanical connection. Compressors can also be either hermetic (welded closed) or semi-hermetic (bolted together).
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fan type, noise level, internal piping materials, number of compressors, type of compressor, number of fridge circuits, coolant requirements, fluid discharge temperature, and COP (the ratio between the cooling capacity in RT to the energy consumed by the whole chiller in kW). For medium to large chillers this should range from 3.5 to 7.0, with higher values meaning higher efficiency. In the US, chiller efficiency is often specified in kilowatts per
236:) and 7 MW (24 million BTU/h), and at least two manufacturers (York international and LG) can produce chillers capable of up to 21 MW (72 million BTU/h) cooling. Chilled water temperatures (leaving from the chiller) usually range from 1 to 7 °C (34 to 45 °F), depending upon application requirements. Commonly, chillers receive water at 12°C (entering temperature), and cool it to 7°C (leaving temperature).
504: : The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser in the upper shell down to the evaporator in the lower shell and is sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle. Due to the extreme vacuum of the lower shell , the refrigerant liquid boils at approximately 39 °F (4 °C), creating the refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created by hygroscopic action – the strong affinity lithium bromide has for water – in the Absorber directly below.)
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condenser has a different material cost and they vary in terms of efficiency. With evaporative cooling condensers, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more. Air cooled condensers are installed and operated outdoors and are cooled with outside air, that is often forced through the condenser using
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535:. This development allows a reduction in energy requirements by more than 15% and also allows a significant reduction in the size of the chiller, due to the small surface area of the water-based condenser and the absence of fans. Additionally, the absence of fans allows for significantly reduced noise levels.
498: : The refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminators to the condenser tube bundle. The refrigerant vapor condenses on the tubes. The heat is removed by the cooling water which moves through the inside of the tubes. As the refrigerant condenses, it collects in a trough at the bottom of the condenser.
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is driven by a heat source; this heat is usually delivered to the chiller via steam, hot water, or combustion. Compared to electrically powered chillers, an absorption chiller has very low electrical power requirements – very rarely above 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution pump and
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liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries. They are often used in the plastic industries, injection and blow molding, metalworking cutting
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Air-cooled and evaporative cooled chillers are intended for outdoor installation and operation. Air-cooled machines are directly cooled by ambient air being mechanically circulated directly through the machine's condenser coil to expel heat to the atmosphere. Evaporative cooled machines are similar,
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Important specifications to consider when searching for industrial chillers include the total life cycle cost, the power source, chiller IP rating, chiller cooling capacity, evaporator capacity, evaporator material, evaporator type, condenser material, condenser capacity, ambient temperature, motor
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Condensers can be air-cooled, liquid-cooled, or evaporative. The condenser is a heat exchanger which allows heat to migrate from the refrigerant gas to either water or air. Air cooled condenser are manufactured from copper tubes (for the refrigerant flow) and aluminium fins (for the air flow). Each
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that must be exhausted to ambience, or for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes. Vapor compression chillers may use any of a number of different types of compressors. Most common today are the hermetic scroll, semi-hermetic screw, or centrifugal compressors. The condensing side of the
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Process pump specifications that are important to consider include the process flow, process pressure, pump material, elastomer and mechanical shaft seal material, motor voltage, motor electrical class, motor IP rating and pump rating. If the cold water temperature is lower than −5 °C, then a
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Most industrial chillers use refrigeration as the media for cooling, but some rely on simpler techniques such as air or water flowing over coils containing the coolant to regulate temperature. Water is the most commonly used coolant within process chillers, although coolant mixtures (mostly water
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Evaporators can be plate type or shell and tube type. The evaporator is a heat exchanger which allows the heat energy to migrate from the water stream into the refrigerant gas. During the state change of the remaining liquid to gas, the refrigerant can absorb large amounts of heat without changing
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In recent years, application of variable-speed drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapor compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to
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Refrigeration compressors are essentially a pump for refrigerant gas. The capacity of the compressor, and hence the chiller cooling capacity, is measured in kilowatts input (kW), Horse power input (HP), or volumetric flow (m/h, ft/h). The mechanism for compressing refrigerant gas differs between
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Chillers for industrial applications can be centralized, where a single chiller serves multiple cooling needs, or decentralized where each application or machine has its own chiller. Each approach has its advantages. It is also possible to have a combination of both centralized and decentralized
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If the water temperature differentials between inlet and outlet are high, then a large external water tank would be used to store the cold water. In this case the chilled water is not going directly from the chiller to the application, but goes to the external water tank which acts as a sort of
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The less common open loop industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by constantly recirculating it. The liquid is drawn from the tank, pumped through the chiller and back to the tank. In industrial water chillers is the use of water cooling instead of air
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except they implement a mist of water over the condenser coil to aid in condenser cooling, making the machine more efficient than a traditional air-cooled machine. No remote cooling tower is typically required with either of these types of packaged air-cooled or evaporatively cooled chillers.
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which improve the chillers' thermodynamic effectiveness as compared to air-cooled chillers. This is due to heat rejection at or near the air's wet-bulb temperature rather than the higher, sometimes much higher, dry-bulb temperature. Evaporatively cooled chillers offer higher efficiencies than
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internally as its working fluid. Many refrigerants options are available; when selecting a chiller, the application cooling temperature requirements and refrigerant's cooling characteristics need to be matched. Important parameters to consider are the operating temperatures and pressures.
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system. The return water is used to warm the city's drinking water supply, which is desirable in this cold climate. Whenever a chiller's heat rejection can be used for a productive purpose, in addition to the cooling function, very high thermal effectiveness is possible.
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There are several environmental factors that concern refrigerants, and also affect the future availability for chiller applications. This is a key consideration in intermittent applications where a large chiller may last for 25 years or more.
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air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities. Water cooled chillers can be liquid-cooled (through cooling towers), air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water or liquid-cooled systems can provide efficiency and
527:"temperature buffer." The cold water tank is much larger than the internal water goes from the external tank to the application and the return hot water from the application goes back to the external tank, not to the chiller.
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and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and gas turbine power generation stations (see
486: : A dilute lithium bromide solution (60% concentration) is collected in the bottom of the absorber shell. From here, a hermetic solution pump moves the solution through a shell and tube heat exchanger for preheating.
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air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) facilities. Liquid chillers can be liquid-cooled, air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water or liquid-cooled chillers incorporate the use of
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Control panel features that should be considered when selecting between industrial chillers include the local control panel, remote control panel, fault indicators, temperature indicators, and pressure indicators.
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the refrigerant pump. However, its heat input requirements are large, and its COP is often 0.5 (single-effect) to 1.0 (double-effect). For the same cooling capacity, an absorption chiller requires a much larger
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A view into the exposed shell and tube heat exchanger on a centrifugal chiller. Refrigerant in its gaseous state passes through tubes (visible at the back) which exchange heat with water circulating within the
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Liquid-cooled chillers are typically intended for indoor installation and operation and are cooled by a separate condenser water loop and connected to outdoor cooling towers to expel heat to the atmosphere.
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than a vapor-compression chiller. However, absorption chillers, from an energy-efficiency point of view, excel where cheap, low-grade heat or waste heat is readily available. In extremely sunny climates,
604:(GWP) of the refrigerant need to be considered. ODP and GWP data for some of the more common vapor-compression refrigerants (noting that many of these refrigerants are highly flammable and/or toxic):
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When the chillers for air conditioning systems are not operable or they are in need of repair or replacement, emergency chillers may be used to supply chilled water. Rental chillers are mounted on a
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special pump needs to be used to be able to pump the high concentrations of ethylene glycol. Other important specifications include the internal water tank size and materials and full load current.
269:), analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers in hospitals, hotels, and campuses.
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Current vapor-compression chiller technology is based on the "reverse-Rankine" cycle known as vapor-compression. See the attached diagram which outlines the key components of the chiller system.
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or other types of terminal devices which cool the air in their respective space(s). The water is then recirculated to the chiller to be recooled. These cooling coils transfer
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as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum.
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from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 50
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Where available, cold water readily available in nearby water bodies might be used directly for cooling, replacing or supplementing cooling towers. The
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to reduce chiller noise levels. Larger chillers will typically require an array of sound attenuators sometimes known as a silencer bank.
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1066:(SI ed.). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). p. 42.1. Archived from
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chiller can be either air or water cooled. Even when liquid cooled, the chiller is often cooled by an induced or forced draft
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to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water). As a necessary by-product, refrigeration creates
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cooling. In this case the condenser does not cool the hot refrigerant with ambient air, but uses water that is cooled by a
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Demountable chillers are also an option for deployment in remote areas and where the conditions may be hot and dusty.
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chillers, especially if the cooling requirements are the same for some applications or points of use, but not all.
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Industrial chillers typically come as complete, packaged, closed-loop systems, including the chiller unit,
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The refrigerants used in the chillers sold in Europe are mainly R410a (70%), R407c (20%) and R134a (10%).
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Additional features include emergency alarms, hot gas bypass, city water switchover, and casters.
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HVAC Water
Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Second Edition
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HVAC Water
Chillers and Cooling Towers: Fundamentals, Application, and Operation, Second Edition
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heat rejection, their coefficients of performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more.
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with a coolant additive to enhance heat dissipation) are frequently employed.
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1316:"Statistics data on the HVAC&R market in Europe, Middle-East and Africa"
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A vapor compression chiller typically uses one of four types of compressor:
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are used to connect between rental chillers and air conditioning systems.
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172:. Absorption and adsorption chillers require a heat source to function.
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so that they can be quickly deployed to the site. Large chilled water
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The single-effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and
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Machine that removes heat from a liquid coolant via vapor compression
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387:{\displaystyle ={\frac {\text{Cooling power}}{\text{Input power}}}}
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compression are all mechanical machines that can be powered by
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air-cooled chillers but lower than liquid-cooled chillers.
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systems, chilled coolant, usually chilled water mixed with
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Diagram showing the components of a liquid-cooled chiller
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Request for
Proposal #946 - Emergency Chillers Rentals
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cycles. This liquid can then be circulated through a
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Turbine inlet air cooling#Vapour compression chiller
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255:In industrial applications, chilled water or other
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1265:Kilicarslon, Ali; Müller, Norbert (18 July 2005).
386:
1116:"Converting Low-Grade Heat into Electrical Power"
427:rotary screw and scroll-technology compressors.
472:has been used to operate absorption chillers.
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1196:"Summit Matsu Chillers - Chillers for Mining"
143:is a machine that removes heat from a liquid
8:
962:"Types of Chillers - A Thomas Buying Guide"
2784:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2133:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1382:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2567:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1063:2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook
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354:, also known as vapor-compression. With
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1168:III, Herbert W. Stanford (2016-04-19).
1044:"Centrifugal Chiller | HVAC | Business"
998:III, Herbert W. Stanford (2016-04-19).
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2440:Programmable communicating thermostat
7:
2562:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
318:Vapor-compression chiller technology
184:advantages over air-cooled systems.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
587:A vapor-compression chiller uses a
2423:Minimum efficiency reporting value
981:"Absorption Chiller, How it works"
979:Evans, Paul (September 26, 2017).
14:
2465:Standard temperature and pressure
2178:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1714:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1443:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1534:Absorption-compression heat pump
30:
2429:Normal temperature and pressure
1809:Vapor-compression refrigeration
937:"Academia.edu - Share research"
916:Seasonal thermal energy storage
454:How absorption technology works
419:Key components of the chiller:
41:needs additional citations for
1320:Eurovent-marketintelligence.eu
458:The thermodynamic cycle of an
1:
2577:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2521:Building information modeling
2516:Building services engineering
2093:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1621:Demand controlled ventilation
1569:Building insulation materials
1026:"YD Dual Centrifugal Chiller"
871:Building services engineering
838:R12 is the ODP reference. CO
515:Industrial chiller technology
2138:High-pressure cut-off switch
1689:Ice storage air conditioning
1610:Dedicated outdoor air system
1096:. Montclair State University
543:Industrial chiller selection
2481:Thermostatic radiator valve
2283:Thermostatic radiator valve
1794:Underfloor air distribution
1729:Radiant heating and cooling
1647:Energy recovery ventilation
1559:Automobile air conditioning
1423:Domestic energy consumption
1004:. CRC Press. p. xvii.
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2630:Institute of Refrigeration
2511:Architectural technologist
1983:Electrostatic precipitator
1174:. CRC Press. p. 113.
580:
18:
2756:"chiller info in persian"
2683:Volatile organic compound
2542:Environmental engineering
2506:Architectural engineering
2308:Ultra-low particulate air
1893:Automatic balancing valve
1821:Variable refrigerant flow
1673:Heat recovery ventilation
1616:Deep water source cooling
861:Architectural engineering
598:Ozone depletion potential
299:deep water source cooling
276:Chilled water is used to
260:oils, welding equipment,
175:Chilled water is used to
2730:Template:Home automation
2552:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2248:Solar-assisted heat pump
1848:Air conditioner inverter
1627:Displacement ventilation
1518:Vapour pressure of water
1503:Thermal destratification
985:Thengineeringmindset.com
602:global warming potential
228:(170 thousand
157:absorption refrigeration
153:adsorption refrigeration
21:Chiller (disambiguation)
2725:World Refrigeration Day
2572:Refrigerant reclamation
2501:Architectural acoustics
2445:Programmable thermostat
2377:Clean air delivery rate
2273:Thermal expansion valve
2188:Pressurisation ductwork
2098:Ground source heat pump
1539:Absorption refrigerator
1240:"R744 (Carbon dioxide)"
1144:"About chillers |"
188:Use in air conditioning
2789:Mechanical engineering
2715:Glossary of HVAC terms
2677:Sick building syndrome
2557:Mechanical engineering
2268:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1699:Mixed-mode ventilation
1280:(11). Wiley: 947–959.
906:Mechanical engineering
442:The expansion device (
416:
407:
388:
197:
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2735:Template:Solar energy
2413:Intelligent buildings
2372:Carbon dioxide sensor
1759:Room air distribution
1579:Central solar heating
842:is the GWP reference
413:
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389:
352:reverse-Rankine cycle
195:
135:liquid-cooled chiller
131:
2537:Duct leakage testing
2527:Deep energy retrofit
2471:Thermographic camera
2408:Infrared thermometer
1883:Air source heat pump
1832:Water heat recycling
1398:Air changes per hour
1246:on 15 September 2013
876:Chemical engineering
368:
182:environmental impact
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2403:HVAC control system
2393:Home energy monitor
2367:Building automation
2153:Inverter compressor
1815:Variable air volume
1724:Passive ventilation
1694:Kitchen ventilation
1594:Constant air volume
1564:Autonomous building
1286:2005IJER...29..947K
886:Evaporative cooling
356:evaporative cooling
278:cool and dehumidify
177:cool and dehumidify
2794:Chemical equipment
2779:Cooling technology
2666:Indoor air quality
2610:ASTM International
2547:Hydronic balancing
2324:Wood-burning stove
2203:Radiator reflector
1988:Evaporative cooler
1799:Underfloor heating
1784:Thermal insulation
1274:Int. J. Energy Res
460:absorption chiller
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133:York International
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2659:Health and safety
2238:Scroll compressor
2193:Process duct work
1948:Convection heater
1943:Condensing boiler
1873:Air-mixing plenum
1769:Solar combisystem
1605:Cross ventilation
1408:Building envelope
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571:sound attenuators
550:refrigeration ton
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334:compression, and
149:vapor-compression
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2705:Building science
2460:Smart thermostat
2455:Room temperature
2038:Fireplace insert
1744:Radon mitigation
1642:Electric heating
1637:District heating
1632:District cooling
1549:Air conditioning
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1242:. Archived from
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1220:on 14 March 2013
1216:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1146:. Archived from
1140:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1118:. Archived from
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1085:
1079:
1078:
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1075:
1058:
1052:
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951:
949:
947:
933:
607:
393:
391:
390:
385:
383:
379:
376:
375:
311:district cooling
303:Toronto, Ontario
202:air conditioning
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2811:
2810:
2804:
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2800:
2799:
2798:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2700:ASHRAE Handbook
2688:
2672:Passive smoking
2654:
2587:
2581:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2339:
2333:
2314:Whole-house fan
2228:Run-around coil
2223:Reversing valve
2168:Mechanical room
2158:Kerosene heater
2148:Infrared heater
2078:Gasoline heater
2018:Fan filter unit
1933:Condensate pump
1918:Centrifugal fan
1836:
1739:Radiant heating
1734:Radiant cooling
1709:Passive cooling
1704:Microgeneration
1574:Central heating
1522:
1498:Thermal comfort
1390:
1384:
1379:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1294:10.1002/er.1084
1269:
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945:
943:
935:
934:
930:
925:
920:
851:
841:
815:R717 (ammonia)
803:
665:R290 (propane)
585:
579:
545:
517:
477:lithium bromide
456:
366:
365:
340:electric motors
320:
253:
251:Use in industry
206:ethylene glycol
190:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2450:Psychrometrics
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2347:Air flow meter
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2125:
2123:Heating system
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Heat exchanger
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Gas compressor
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Expansion tank
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
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1965:
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1923:Ceramic heater
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1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Solar air heat
1761:
1756:
1754:Renewable heat
1751:
1746:
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1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
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1676:
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1665:
1663:Forced-air gas
1660:
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1644:
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1528:
1524:
1523:
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1515:
1513:Thermodynamics
1510:
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1500:
1495:
1490:
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1483:Psychrometrics
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
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1438:Gas compressor
1435:
1433:Fluid dynamics
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1340:External links
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1214:"Refrigerants"
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581:Main article:
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283:cooling towers
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161:heat exchanger
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29:
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4:
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2762:(in Persian).
2761:
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2754:tahvienovin.
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2532:Duct cleaning
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2383:Control valve
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2303:Turning vanes
2301:
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2279:
2278:Thermal wheel
2276:
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2269:
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2264:
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2259:
2256:
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2243:Solar chimney
2241:
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Fan coil unit
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
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1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
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1958:Cooling tower
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1804:Vapor barrier
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Solar heating
1777:
1775:
1774:Solar cooling
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Refrigeration
1747:
1745:
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1740:
1737:
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1732:
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1727:
1725:
1722:
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1719:Passive house
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1589:Chilled water
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1489:
1488:Sensible heat
1486:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Noise control
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
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1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Heat transfer
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1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1181:9781439862117
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1150:on 2012-06-17
1149:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1122:on 2017-10-21
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1070:on 2008-05-17
1069:
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1021:
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1011:9781439862117
1007:
1003:
1002:
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966:Thomasnet.com
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881:Cooling tower
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869:
867:
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862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
848:
846:
843:
831:
828:
826:R718 (water)
825:
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533:cooling tower
528:
524:
522:
514:
509:
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503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:Solution Pump
482:
481:
480:
478:
473:
471:
466:
465:cooling tower
461:
453:
451:
450:temperature.
447:
445:
440:
438:
437:cooling tower
434:
433:electric fans
428:
424:
420:
412:
404:
400:
377:Cooling power
371:
363:
362:
361:
360:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:compression,
329:
326:compression,
325:
324:Reciprocating
317:
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284:
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270:
268:
263:
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231:
227:
223:
219:
218:sensible heat
215:
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194:
187:
185:
183:
178:
173:
171:
170:cooling tower
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
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134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:December 2007
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2759:
2749:
2710:Fireproofing
2494:and services
2490:Professions,
2388:Gas detector
2288:Trickle vent
2263:Smoke damper
2258:Smoke canopy
2253:Space heater
2183:Plenum space
2118:Heating film
1998:Exhaust hood
1968:Dehumidifier
1927:
1908:Blast damper
1903:Barrier pipe
1878:Air purifier
1789:Thermosiphon
1668:Free cooling
1584:Chilled beam
1508:Thermal mass
1493:Stack effect
1478:Particulates
1458:Infiltration
1389:Fundamental
1336:
1323:. Retrieved
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2760:tahvienovin
2720:Warm Spaces
2362:Blower door
2340:and control
2338:Measurement
2319:Windcatcher
2293:Trombe wall
2233:Sail switch
2213:Refrigerant
2208:Recuperator
2083:Grease duct
2043:Freeze stat
2028:Fire damper
1898:Back boiler
1868:Air ionizer
1863:Air handler
1827:Ventilation
1679:Hybrid heat
1544:Air barrier
1463:Latent heat
589:refrigerant
583:Refrigerant
380:Input power
336:centrifugal
262:die-casting
222:latent heat
2773:Categories
2476:Thermostat
2398:Humidistat
2329:Zone valve
2298:TurboSwing
2173:Oil heater
2143:Humidifier
2073:Gas heater
2023:Fan heater
1993:Evaporator
1978:Economizer
1953:Compressor
1858:Air filter
1841:Components
1658:Forced-air
1554:Antifreeze
1527:Technology
1473:Outgassing
1413:Convection
1325:24 January
1154:2012-07-06
1126:2017-10-11
1074:2008-05-21
946:24 January
923:References
911:Pipefitter
600:(ODP) and
502:Evaporator
301:system in
165:waste heat
76:newspapers
2586:Industry
2435:OpenTherm
2113:Heat pump
2108:Heat pipe
2058:Fume hood
2033:Fireplace
1938:Condenser
1888:Attic fan
1684:Hydronics
896:Heat Pump
856:Tube tool
552:(kW/RT).
521:condenser
496:Condenser
490:Generator
65:"Chiller"
2693:See also
2418:LonWorks
2352:Aquastat
2218:Register
2198:Radiator
1853:Air door
1653:Firestop
1453:Humidity
1428:Enthalpy
1418:Dilution
1403:Bake-out
1391:concepts
1302:42262281
1030:York.com
849:See also
508:Absorber
2492:trades,
2063:Furnace
1928:Chiller
1600:Coolant
1282:Bibcode
1100:23 July
257:coolant
241:trailer
145:coolant
141:chiller
90:scholar
2645:SMACNA
2605:ASHRAE
2425:(MERV)
2379:(CADR)
2357:BACnet
2310:(ULPA)
2163:Louver
2088:Grille
1963:Damper
1913:Boiler
1811:(VCRS)
1612:(DOAS)
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1250:5 July
1224:5 July
1178:
1048:Lg.com
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786:R600a
742:R410a
734:0.039
731:R409a
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687:R404a
679:0.027
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643:R134a
635:0.012
415:shell.
328:scroll
307:Canada
147:via a
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2685:(VOC)
2679:(SBS)
2668:(IAQ)
2625:CIBSE
2620:BSRIA
2523:(BIM)
2467:(STP)
2431:(NTP)
2053:Freon
1823:(VRF)
1817:(VAV)
1675:(HRV)
1649:(ERV)
1623:(DCV)
1596:(CAV)
1298:S2CID
1270:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
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775:R507
770:5600
767:0.18
764:R502
753:R500
748:1725
737:1290
726:3020
715:1525
704:2000
693:3260
660:1700
657:0.05
649:1300
632:R123
627:2400
346:, or
344:steam
245:hoses
212:, in
210:coils
155:, or
97:JSTOR
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2640:LEED
2600:AMCA
2595:AHRI
2128:HEPA
2048:Flue
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1327:2022
1252:2013
1226:2013
1176:ISBN
1102:2015
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621:R12
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220:and
69:news
2650:UMC
2635:IIR
2615:BRE
2008:Fan
1290:doi
866:BTU
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