1167:
777:, and his staff. Johnston staged simulated combat conditions, demonstrating that Navajo men could transmit and decode a three-line message in 20 seconds, compared to the 30 minutes it took the machines of the time. The idea of using Navajo speakers as code talkers was accepted; Vogel recommended that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo. However, that recommendation was cut to one-platoon to use as a pilot project to develop and test the feasibility of a code. On May 4, 1942, twenty-nine Navajo men were sworn into service at an old US Army Fort converted into a BIA Boarding School:
428:
1340:
83:
2312:"Kárpátaljai navajók: úgy használja az ukrán hadsereg a magyarul beszélő katonáinak szuperképességét, mint az amerikaiak a legendás kódbeszélők nyelvtudását (Subcarpathian Navajos: the Ukrainian army uses the superpowers of its Hungarian-speaking soldiers in the same way that the Americans use the language skills of the legendary code talkers)"
1186:
After incidents where Navajo code talkers were mistaken for ethnic
Japanese and were captured by other American soldiers, several were assigned a personal bodyguard whose principal duty was to protect them from their side. According to Bill Toledo, one of the second groups after the original 29, they
157:
was the Native language word. Type two code was informal and directly translated from
English into the Indigenous language. Code talkers used short, descriptive phrases if there was no corresponding word in the Indigenous language for the military word. For example, the Navajo did not have a word for
1194:
met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code, incorporate new terms into the system, and update their codebooks. These representatives, in turn, trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting. As the war progressed, additional code words were added and incorporated program-wide. In
173:
was originally coined by the United States Marine Corps and used to identify individuals who completed the special training required to qualify as Code
Talkers. Their service records indicated "642 – Code Talker" as a duty assignment. Today, the term Code Talker is still strongly associated with the
1162:
was developed to teach new initiates the many relevant words and concepts. The text was for classroom purposes only and was never to be taken into the field. The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training. Navajo speakers who
1433:, noted that Native Americans have "a very high level of participation in the military and veterans' service." A statement by a Navajo Nation Council Delegate and comments by Pata and Begaye, among others, objected to Trump's remarks during the event, including his use "once again ... the word
769:
to provide meaningful information. It was still an unwritten language at the time, and
Johnston believed Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code. Its complex syntax, phonology, and numerous dialects made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and
1400:
on
November 15, 2008. The act recognized every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII (except the already-awarded Navajo) with a Congressional Gold Medal. The act was designed to be distinct for each tribe, with silver duplicates awarded to the
732:
1424:
in an official White House ceremony. They were there to "pay tribute to the contributions of the young Native
Americans recruited by the United States military to create top-secret coded messages used to communicate during World War II battles." The executive director of the
1182:
signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. These six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error. Connor later said, "Were it not for the
Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."
1297:
as a code against
Japanese forces. Their actions remained unknown, even after the declassification of code talkers and the publication of the Navajo code talkers. The memory of five deceased Tlingit code talkers was honored by the Alaska legislature in March 2019.
4039:
548:
as code talkers. Owing to oaths of secrecy and official classification through 1963, the role of Cree code talkers was less well-known than their US counterparts and went unacknowledged by the
Canadian government. A 2016 documentary,
1310:
was used by
British forces during World War II, but not to any great extent. In 1942, the Royal Air Force developed a plan to use Welsh for secret communications, but it was never implemented. Welsh was used more recently in the
2226:
117:
messages. Code talkers transmitted messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formally or informally developed codes built upon their Indigenous languages. The code talkers improved the speed of
2311:
2513:
2545:
754:. He was among a few non-Navajo who had enough exposure to it to understand some of its nuances. Many Navajo men enlisted shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor and eagerly contributed to the war effort.
2800:
The code was designed so that even a person who spoke Navajo as his native language would not understand the coded messages. Only those who has received Code Talker training could decode the messages.
501:
Two Comanche code talkers were assigned to each regiment, and the remainder were assigned to the 4th Infantry Division headquarters. The Comanche began transmitting messages shortly after landing on
312:
in Asia. Consequently, the US Basque code talkers were not deployed in these theaters; instead, they were used initially in tests and in transmitting logistics information for Hawaii and Australia.
3053:
793:
One of the key features of the Navajo Code Talkers is that they employed a coded version of their language. Other Navajos not trained in the Navajo Code could not decipher the messages being sent.
3746:
3541:
2576:
1635:
1261:
Some Code Talkers such as Chester Nez and William Dean Yazzie (aka Dean Wilson) continued to serve in the Marine Corps through the Korean War. Rumors of the deployment of the Navajo Code into the
462:
in Europe. Comanche soldiers of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of 250 code terms using words and phrases in their own language. Using a substitution method similar to that of the
97:
was a person employed by the military during wartime to use a little-known language as a means of secret communication. The term is most often used for United States service members during the
1163:
had not been trained in the code work would have no idea what the code talkers' messages meant; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual, unrelated nouns and verbs.
2762:
2712:
4121:
1775:
202:
during World War I. Today the term Code Talker includes military personnel from all Native American communities who have contributed their language skills in service to the United States.
644:
enlisted in the US Army together in January 1941; they comprised 16 percent of Iowa's Meskwaki population. During World War II, the US Army trained eight Meskwaki men to use their native
439:
to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II. However, the task proved too difficult because of the large array of Indigenous languages and
3913:
Connole, Joseph. "A Nation Whose Language You Will Not Understand: The Comanche Code Talkers of WWII". Whispering Wind Magazine, March, 2012, Vol. 40, No. 5, Issue #279. pp. 21–26
3201:
1437:
in a negative way towards a political adversary Elizabeth Warren who claims 'Native American heritage'." The National Congress of American Indians objected to Trump's use of the name
2218:
1929:
1347:
The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until 1968 when their operation was declassified. In 1982, the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by US President
3280:
1370:
honored the code talkers by presenting the medals to four surviving original code talkers (the fifth living original code talker was unable to attend) at a ceremony held in the
3350:
3167:
4131:
335:. As the war extended over the Pacific, there was a shortage of Basque speakers, and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers.
3142:
1386:
3780:
2402:
800:. Most were recruited from near the Fort Wingate, NM, area. The youngest was William Dean Yazzie (aka Dean Wilson), who was only 15 when he was recruited. The oldest was
450:
Initially, 17 code talkers were enlisted, but three could not make the trip across the Atlantic until the unit was finally deployed. A total of 14 code talkers using the
419:. On October 26, 1918, the code talkers were pressed into service and the "tide of battle turned within 24 hours ... and within 72 hours the Allies were on full attack."
1187:
had a secret secondary duty: if their charge was at risk of being captured, they were to shoot him to protect the code. Fortunately, none was ever called upon to do so.
1605:
2953:
2926:
2503:
3402:
3023:
2535:
1572:
2889:
1964:
2196:
1666:
466:, the code talkers used descriptive words from the Comanche language for things that did not have translations. For example, the Comanche language code term for
4116:
2429:
190:. However, the use of Native American communicators pre-dates WWII. Early pioneers of Native American-based communications used by the US Military include the
1389:
in 2006, bringing to light the story of Hopi code talkers. In 2011, Arizona established April 23, as an annual recognition day for the Hopi code talkers. The
4106:
1944:
Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer, 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive, September 29 – October 8, 1997.
346:
179:
1265:
and after have never been proven. The Code remained classified until 1968. The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered.
74:
1130:. Since it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words while in combat would be too time-consuming, some
3742:
3629:
3551:
3045:
2568:
1627:
1521:
1393:
was awarded posthumously to 18 Choctaw code talkers for their World War II service on September 17, 2007, by the Adjutant General of the State of Texas.
1258:
died on 29 July 2022, at the age of 98. Only three remaining members are still living as of 2024, John Kinsel Sr., Thomas H. Begay, and Peter MacDonald.
3080:
2992:
3863:
2572:
2021:
1491:
3832:
2752:
1254:, elected in 1977, died in office on May 24, 2019. William Tully Brown died in June 2019 aged 96. Joe Vandever Sr. died at 96 on January 31, 2020.
4075:
3717:
3684:
3658:
2704:
1828:
2289:
1765:
292:
for codes. His superiors were concerned about risk, as there were known settlements of Basque people in the Pacific region, including: 35 Basque
781:. They were organized as Platoon 382. The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942. This first group created the Navajo code at
562:
408:
370:
2459:
2043:
3193:
1426:
459:
319:, on August 1, 1942, Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa, and Juanana received a Basque-coded message from San Diego for Admiral
187:
106:
2654:
2371:
565:. While he identified other Cree code talkers, "Tomkins may have been the last of his comrades to know anything of this secret operation."
70:
1919:
3806:
3102:
2102:
1731:
606:
517:
149:
peoples. They used words from their languages for each letter of the English alphabet. Messages could be encoded and decoded by using a
3276:
2170:
4048:
3462:
3435:
2821:
2793:
2614:
1135:
1131:
3581:
3340:
3317:
3171:
3254:
1818:
1450:
1190:
To ensure consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific theater, representative code talkers of each of the US Marine
1123:
378:
1544:
4111:
1692:
1549:
1455:
782:
444:
1166:
4136:
3772:
2394:
1896:
345:
s article. According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla, they could not find Carranza, Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa, or Juanana in the
263:
1142:, and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo. For example, the word for
443:. Nonetheless, after learning of the Nazi effort, the US Army opted not to implement a large-scale code talker program in the
4022:
4001:
3987:
3967:
3946:
3925:
3901:
3479:
3015:
2147:
1597:
1409:
796:
Platoon 382 was the Marine Corps' first "all-Indian, all-Navajo" Platoon. The members of this platoon would become known as
4085:
2949:
1401:
individual code talkers or their next-of-kin. As of 2013, 33 tribes have been identified and been honored at a ceremony at
3392:
2638:
1986:
1582:
739:
712:
412:
381:. According to the Division Signal Officer, this took place in September 1918 when their unit was under British command.
2482:"An Honor Long Overdue: The 2013 Congressional Gold and Silver Medal Ceremonies in Honor of Native American Code Talkers"
133:
There were two code types used during World War II. Type one codes were formally developed based on the languages of the
3123:
2899:
2863:
2188:
1956:
1874:
354:
2057:
1174:
The Navajo code talkers were commended for the skill, speed, and accuracy they demonstrated throughout the war. At the
746:
to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II. Johnston, a World War I veteran, was raised on the
399:, company commander Captain Lawrence of the US Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb having a conversation in
3546:
3511:
2650:
1658:
804:—who with his son, R.C. Gorman, would become an artist of great acclaim and design the Code Talkers' logo—at age 35.
716:
704:
3603:
2425:
1858:
513:
1363:
150:
110:
3228:
2256:
1274:
770:
training. One estimate indicates that fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language during World War II.
2284:
1196:
102:
38:
2922:
2062:
1359:
1139:
720:
649:
3625:
1513:
4070:
3076:
2976:
2708:
1343:
Navajo code talker veteran Thomas Begay with a framed picture commemorating National Navajo Code Talkers Day
708:
614:
602:
582:
416:
3855:
762:
750:
as the son of missionaries to the Navajo. He was able to converse in what is called "Trader's Navajo" - a
2013:
1483:
4101:
3710:
3651:
2735:
Our Fathers, Our Grandfathers, Our Heroes The Navajo Code Talkers of World War II A Photographic Exhibit
2508:
1990:
1374:
in Washington, DC. Gold medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers.
590:
541:
435:
German authorities knew about the use of code talkers during World War I. Germans sent a team of thirty
3688:
2123:
Connole, Joseph. "A Nation Whose Language You Will Not Understand: The Comanche Code Talkers of WWII",
2080:
Connole, Joseph. "A Nation Whose Language You Will Not Understand: The Comanche Code Talkers of WWII",
285:
4066:
National Museum of the American Indian exhibition on Code Talkers, entitled Native Words/Native Wisdom
2279:
1800:
1203:
and not disseminated beyond the area of operation. Examples of code words include the Navajo word for
4126:
1430:
1390:
586:
455:
390:
332:
324:
255:
675:, a Mohawk code talker born in Canada, was deployed to protect messages sent by Allied Forces using
585:
to relay operational military information and orders to circumvent being understood by the invading
258:
served as code talkers during World War II to encrypt communications. One of these code talkers was
3972:
2451:
1770:
1339:
1328:
1191:
1179:
574:
178:
speakers trained in the Navajo Code during World War II by the US Marine Corps to serve in all six
2363:
1366:
to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker (approximately 300). In July 2001, President
2757:
1842:
La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones
1577:
1247:
1175:
801:
679:, a Mohawk sub-set language. Oakes died in May 2019; he was the last of the Mohawk code talkers.
668:
621:
610:
605:
has a Hungarian-speaking capability. It is one of the most spoken and official languages of this
594:
578:
206:
2338:"Угорська мова - найкраща для шифрування на війні (Hungarian is the best for encryption in war)"
601:. As Ukrainian nationals, men of enlistment age are also subject to military service, hence the
554:
276:
1396:
The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–420) was signed into law by President
773:
In early 1942, Johnston met with the commanding general of the Amphibious Corps, Major General
4044:
4025:
4018:
4004:
3997:
3983:
3963:
3949:
3942:
3928:
3921:
3904:
3897:
3458:
3431:
3425:
3128:
2984:
2894:
2817:
2789:
2610:
1739:
1700:
1402:
1200:
1127:
766:
688:
451:
374:
320:
309:
3802:
3452:
648:
as code talkers. They were assigned to North Africa. The eight were posthumously awarded the
3977:
3313:
3308:
2838:
2174:
1378:
1294:
1243:
774:
629:
625:
521:
400:
293:
259:
114:
3573:
3484:
3397:
3303:
1862:
1846:
1371:
1278:
1255:
743:
692:
660:
618:
558:
525:
328:
289:
175:
105:
as a basis to transmit coded messages. In particular, there were approximately 400 to 500
63:
3828:
3250:
2095:"Comanche Code Talkers | Comanche Language & Cultural Preservation | Elgin, Oklahoma"
2094:
280:
magazine reported that in May of that year, upon meeting a large number of US Marines of
205:
Other Native American communicators—now referred to as code talkers—were deployed by the
3143:"One man is preserving the legacy of the code talkers, America's secret weapon in WWII"
3046:"Navajo Code Talker William Tully Brown dies at 96; 3rd death from group in past month"
2603:
1413:
1405:
at the US Capitol Visitor Center. One surviving code talker was present, Edmond Harjo.
1397:
1367:
1307:
758:
723:
ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the US Capitol on November 20, 2013.
561:. Tomkins died in 2003 but was interviewed shortly before his death by the Smithsonian
350:
183:
86:
1708:
1598:"Last WWII Mohawk code talker honoured by Assembly of First Nations, House of Commons"
652:
in 2013; the government gave the awards to representatives of the Meskwaki community.
427:
353:, but none of them worked in transmissions. They suggest that Carranza's story was an
4095:
4071:
Northern Arizona University Cline Library Special Collections Code Talkers exhibition
3345:
2481:
2044:"The American Indian Code Talkers Who Helped Revolutionize Cryptography and Win WWII"
1920:"Un estudio desmiente que el euskera se usara en código en la Segunda Guerra Mundial"
1888:
1348:
1312:
1282:
747:
545:
218:
210:
199:
4065:
3427:
Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou
3124:
WWII Navajo Code Talker Samuel Sandoval Dead at 98: 'a Loving and Courageous Person'
2337:
2676:
1417:
1355:
1235:
in Navajo. The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code,
778:
731:
700:
696:
664:
645:
537:
436:
301:
127:
3489:
2143:
4040:
The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography
4034:
3875:
2540:
2504:"Last living Seminole Code Talker walks on, loved ones pay respects, honor hero"
1461:
1421:
1324:
1236:
396:
238:
59:
Military personnel using their native languages for secret wartime communication
1922:[A study denies that Basque was used in code in the Second World War].
719:, died on March 31, 2014, at the age of 96. His biography was recounted at the
89:
soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions
2642:
1823:
1438:
1262:
1251:
672:
589:
without the need to encrypt and decipher the messages. Ukraine has a sizeable
502:
154:
123:
119:
2988:
2219:"Cree Code Talkers: Documentary Explores Role of Canada's Unsung WWII Heroes"
1704:
1242:
Four of the last nine Navajo code talkers used in the military died in 2019:
632:. For this reason, it is distinct and incomprehensible for Russian speakers.
338:
In 2017, Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a paper refuting
3856:"Families of Navajo Code Talkers Slam President Trump for 'Pocahontas' Slur"
2067:
1924:
297:
241:
soldiers; they served in the Pacific, North African, and European theaters.
130:
and are credited with some decisive victories. Their code was never broken.
98:
3519:
357:
operation to raise sympathy for US intelligence among Basque nationalists.
82:
17:
3908:
2950:"Alfred Newman, one of the last remaining Navajo Code Talkers, dies at 94"
1855:
365:
The US military's first known use of code talkers was during World War I.
4029:
4008:
3953:
3932:
2842:
2598:
1662:
1159:
641:
366:
305:
222:
214:
191:
142:
134:
2737:. Gallup, New Mexico: Circle of Light, Navajo Educational Project. 2004.
742:, a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles, proposed the use of the
3743:"Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers"
3224:
2977:"Fleming Begaye, Navajo Code Talker Honored at White House, Dies at 97"
2569:"Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers"
2248:
1631:
691:
was used as a type two code (informal) during World War II by enlisted
598:
595:
Kárpátalja (in Hungarian) or Zakarpatska Oblast (in Ukrainian) division
440:
404:
281:
226:
195:
4060:
3454:
Chinese Education in Singapore: An untold story of conflict and change
2753:"Chester Nez, 93, Dies; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War"
1601:
751:
508:
In 1989, the French government awarded the Comanche code talkers the
349:
or US Army archives. They did find a small number of US Marines with
146:
3604:"Navajo code talkers: Remembering the men behind the code - VA News"
2171:"Last WWII Comanche Code Talker Visits Pentagon, Arlington Cemetery"
1889:"Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial – La guerra aérea de los Aldecoa"
1465:, a 2002 American war film on Navajo radio operators in World War II
3918:
Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers
2890:"Joe Morris Sr. dies at 85; Navajo code talker during World War II"
2786:
Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers
3341:"Silent in life, Tlingit code talkers finally getting recognition"
2146:. The Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army.
1338:
1165:
730:
426:
81:
3920:. Library of American Indian History, Facts on File, Inc., 1998.
4080:
3170:. News.nationalgeographic.com. December 17, 2013. Archived from
2867:
234:
230:
138:
3805:. Window Rock, Arkansas. The Navajo Nation. November 27, 2017.
1738:. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Defense. Archived from
1408:
On November 27, 2017, three Navajo code talkers, joined by the
1358:
signed Public Law 106–554, 114 Statute 2763, which awarded the
715:. The last survivor of these code talkers, Edmond Harjo of the
377:
were assigned to transmit messages while under fire during the
308:
players in China and the Philippines; and Basque supporters of
3773:"Trump Mocks Warren as 'Pocahontas' at Navajo Veterans' Event"
1891:[The Basques and World War II – The Aldecoa air war].
1154:
Deployment and evolution of the code and post-war code talkers
75:
List of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker
2426:"Louis Levi Oakes, last WW II Mohawk code talker, dies at 94"
1441:, a historical Native American figure, as a derogatory term.
1351:, who also named August 14, 1982 as Navajo Code Talkers Day.
1246:
died on January 13, 2019, at the age of 94. On May 10, 2019,
3960:
Code Talkers and Warriors: Native Americans and World War II
3894:
Navajo Code Talkers: America's Secret Weapon in World War II
3103:"Navajo Code Talker Samuel Sandoval dies; 3 left from group"
411:
were trained to use their language in code. They helped the
4076:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Code Talkers
407:
men served in the battalion. The Choctaw men in the Army's
3304:"Alaska Native servicemen finally honored as Code Talkers"
2395:"Meskwaki 'code talkers' receive Congressional Gold Medal"
1659:"Alaska Native servicemen finally honored as Code Talkers"
1545:"Lakota WWI Code Talkers Receive Congressional Gold Medal"
1122:
The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the
3277:"Code Talkers: Native American Languages in the Military"
3168:"Changing Egypt Offers Hope to Long-Marginalized Nubians"
1957:"Cherokee Code Talkers and Allied Success in WWI NC DNCR"
1293:
During World War II, American soldiers used their native
3766:
3764:
1797:
En Euzkera se dio la orden del desembarco de Guadalcanal
1362:
to the original 29 World War II Navajo code talkers and
1766:"Decorated war hero, code talker Gilbert Horn Sr. dies"
1573:"Last Lakota code talker Clarence Wolf Guts dies at 86"
528:, in recognition of his outstanding intelligence work.
42:
3374:
Transactions of the Caernarvonshire Historical Society
1383:
The Power of Words: Native Languages as Weapons of War
3803:"Statement in response to remarks by President Trump"
3372:
Chapman, H. S. (1987). "Welsh as a Secret Language".
331:. They also translated the start date, August 7, for
266:
of Montana and became a tribal judge and politician.
505:
on June 6, 1944. Some were wounded but none killed.
4061:
United States. Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008
2814:
Under the Eagle: Samuel Holiday, Navajo Code Talker
1128:
uses agreed-upon English words to represent letters
4088:of gold medals awarded to the participating tribes
3077:"Joe Vandever Sr., Navajo Code Talker, dies at 96"
2923:"Last of Navajo 'code talkers' dies in New Mexico"
2816:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 120–122.
2602:
1387:Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
1170:Code Talkers Monument Ocala, Florida Memorial Park
808:Names of the First Twenty-Nine and areas of birth
789:The First Twenty-Nine and the creation of the code
1732:"Word Power: How Code Talkers Helped to Win Wars"
1327:-speaking people as code talkers during the 1979
4122:Native American United States military personnel
3996:. Tucson, Arizona: Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2001.
2456:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
2137:
2135:
2133:
1250:died at the age of 97. New Mexico State Senator
62:"Codetalkers" redirects here. For the band, see
3016:"NM mourns long-time state senator, John Pinto"
2173:. American Forces Press Service. Archived from
1628:"Mohawk Code Talkers Honored in Washington, DC"
431:Comanche code talkers of the 4th Signal Company
3542:"Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code"
2812:Holiday, Samuel; McPherson, Robert S. (2013).
2705:"Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet"
2536:"Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96"
593:of over 150,000 people who live mainly in the
544:employed First Nations soldiers who spoke the
3829:"Navajo Nation Statement (November 27, 2017)"
3771:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (November 27, 2017).
2099:Comanche Language & Cultural Preservation
1484:"Code Talking – Native Words Native Warriors"
699:in the US Army. Tony Palmer, Leslie Richard,
403:. Upon further investigation, he found eight
8:
4017:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.
3685:"Texas military honors Choctaw code talkers"
3626:"Navajo code talkers honored after 56 years"
3430:. Stanford University Press. pp. 195–.
2788:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 78.
2189:"Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies"
2014:"World War I's Native American Code Talkers"
1759:
1757:
1225:
1209:
347:National Archives and Records Administration
4081:Official website of the Navajo Code talkers
3279:. Alpha Omega Translations. June 17, 2015.
765:with even its closest relatives within the
26:
4132:United States Marine Corps in World War II
2699:
2697:
2142:Seelinger, Matthew J. (January 28, 2015).
1805:Euzko Deya. La Voz de los Vascos en México
1686:
1684:
1150:indicated the rank of lieutenant colonel.
806:
284:ancestry in a San Francisco camp, Captain
4015:The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II
3941:. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 1999.
3393:"Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue"
3253:. Peaceful Societies. February 13, 2014.
113:whose primary job was to transmit secret
3896:. New York: Walker & Company, 1992.
2573:United States Department of the Treasury
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3962:. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007.
3723:from the original on September 21, 2012
3664:from the original on September 25, 2012
3652:"P.L. 106-554, see 114 Stat. 2763A–311"
1807:149 (November 1952), p. 22, México D.F.
1596:Deer, Ka'nhehsí:io (December 4, 2018).
1475:
28:
3994:Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers
3854:Fonseca, Felicia (November 28, 2017).
3783:from the original on November 27, 2017
3584:from the original on November 15, 2019
3478:Fonseca, Felicia (February 11, 2008).
2746:
2744:
1987:"Choctaw Code Talkers of World War II"
1831:from the original on October 11, 2012.
1817:Argüello, Xabier G. (August 1, 2004).
1778:from the original on September 9, 2017
1518:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
735:Navajo code talkers, Saipan, June 1944
563:National Museum of the American Indian
3866:from the original on February 7, 2019
3835:from the original on December 1, 2017
3683:Mendez, Kendra (September 17, 2007).
3405:from the original on November 2, 2012
3283:from the original on January 22, 2016
3257:from the original on October 17, 2014
3231:from the original on February 3, 2015
3204:from the original on February 3, 2015
3194:"Remembering Nubia: the Land of Gold"
3083:from the original on February 2, 2020
2956:from the original on January 21, 2019
2715:from the original on November 4, 2017
2462:from the original on January 27, 2019
2405:from the original on January 27, 2019
2393:Lynch, James Q. (November 20, 2013).
2364:"Last Meskwaki code talker remembers"
2292:from the original on January 27, 2019
2259:from the original on November 7, 2017
2229:from the original on January 27, 2019
2199:from the original on November 8, 2012
2150:from the original on January 27, 2019
2105:from the original on February 8, 2019
2024:from the original on January 27, 2019
1932:from the original on August 29, 2017.
1918:Hernández, Jesús J. (June 25, 2017).
1899:from the original on February 7, 2012
1608:from the original on December 8, 2018
1524:from the original on January 27, 2019
1494:from the original on January 12, 2019
1427:National Congress of American Indians
1381:directed and produced a documentary,
7:
4117:Military history of Native Americans
3632:from the original on August 10, 2014
3225:"El Nuba | Cairo West Magazine"
3075:Colbert, Claire (February 2, 2020).
2567:Peterson, Dick (November 21, 2013).
1873:, 143 (November 1952), pp. 551–552.
1195:other instances, informal shortcuts
713:Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008
122:and decryption of communications in
71:Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
4107:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
3749:from the original on April 27, 2014
3480:"Navajo Code Talker dead at age 82"
2948:Levenson, Eric (January 16, 2019).
2765:from the original on August 5, 2014
2579:from the original on April 27, 2014
2548:from the original on March 11, 2017
2516:from the original on April 27, 2014
2169:Williams, Rudi (November 8, 2002).
1669:from the original on April 22, 2019
905:Balmer Slowtalker (aka Joe Palmer)
518:United States Department of Defense
3550:. November 6, 2008. Archived from
3512:"National Navaho Code Talkers Day"
3488:. Associated Press. Archived from
3052:. Associated Press. June 4, 2019.
2888:McLellan, Dennis (July 24, 2011).
2837:McKay, Mary-Jayne (May 29, 2002).
1967:from the original on July 21, 2018
1821:[Stay tuned for the day].
1699:. Phoenix, AZ: Cities West Media.
1691:Magahern, Jimmy (September 2014).
57:
3809:from the original on May 21, 2019
3518:. August 14, 1982. Archived from
3353:from the original on May 25, 2019
3339:McCarthy, Alex (March 20, 2019).
3320:from the original on May 25, 2019
3141:Kelly, David (January 28, 2024).
3056:from the original on June 6, 2019
3026:from the original on May 25, 2019
2995:from the original on May 13, 2019
2929:from the original on June 4, 2014
2657:from the original on July 5, 2014
2647:Demonstration in California, 1942
2502:Attocknie, Dana (April 7, 2014).
2432:from the original on May 30, 2019
1638:from the original on May 11, 2015
1451:Native Americans and World War II
1124:Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
3457:. Zhixiong Zhang. pp. 38–.
3302:D'Oro, Rachel (March 28, 2019).
2374:from the original on May 5, 2008
1764:Murray, David (March 29, 2016).
1657:D'Oro, Rachel (March 27, 2019).
1550:South Dakota Public Broadcasting
1456:United States Army Indian Scouts
1354:On December 21, 2000, President
703:, and Thomas MacIntosh from the
327:to remove the Japanese from the
3391:Heath, Tony (August 26, 1996).
2677:"Native Words, Native Warriors"
1850:, December 26, 1952, it quotes
1219:, while the code word used for
1146:referred to a destroyer, while
323:. The message warned Nimitz of
264:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
209:during World War II, including
2975:Zaveri, Mihir (May 11, 2019).
2751:Fox, Margalit (June 5, 2014).
2424:Deer, Jessica (May 29, 2019).
2127:, March 2012, Vol 40 #5, p. 23
2084:, March 2012, Vol 40 #5, p. 24
1854:. Bibliographic reference in
1730:Lyle, Amaani (June 28, 2015).
1571:Meyer, Holly (June 18, 2010).
1514:"American Indian Code Talkers"
1410:President of the Navajo Nation
1199:were devised for a particular
1111:Bill Yazzie (aka Dean Wilson)
663:code talkers were used during
581:is reported to be used by the
553:, tells the story of one such
1:
3980:: The Story of Secret Writing
2921:Kolb, Joseph (June 4, 2014).
2223:IndianCountryMediaNetwork.com
1887:Rodríguez, Mikel (May 2005).
757:Because Navajo has a complex
683:Muscogee (Seminole and Creek)
607:region in present-day Ukraine
413:American Expeditionary Forces
3014:Lyman, Andy (May 24, 2019).
2643:"Letter to Commandant, USMC"
1543:Kent, Jim (March 17, 2017).
516:. On November 30, 1999, the
355:Office of Strategic Services
101:who used their knowledge of
3547:Central Intelligence Agency
2651:Northern Arizona University
717:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
705:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
463:
162:, so they translated it as
4153:
1416:, appeared with President
711:were recognized under the
415:in several battles of the
388:
379:Second Battle of the Somme
151:simple substitution cipher
111:United States Marine Corps
68:
61:
3223:El Nuba (April 2, 2014).
3105:. ABC News. July 31, 2022
2605:Code Talkers and Warriors
2285:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1942:Stanley, Captain John W.
1871:Revista General de Marina
1852:Revista general de marina
559:Charles "Checker" Tomkins
333:the attack on Guadalcanal
288:had thought of using the
103:Native American languages
2784:Durrett, Deanne (2009).
2144:"124th Signal Battalion"
2125:Whispering Wind Magazine
2082:Whispering Wind Magazine
1360:Congressional Gold Medal
1315:for non-vital messages.
1239:, died on June 4, 2014.
721:Congressional Gold Medal
671:in the Pacific theater.
650:Congressional Gold Medal
597:of Ukraine, adjacent to
39:latest accepted revision
4112:History of cryptography
3843:– via Wikisource.
3574:"The Warrior Tradition"
3451:Zhang Zhixiong (2015).
2709:Naval Historical Center
1306:A system employing the
1178:, Major Howard Connor,
819:Other notes to service
709:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
514:National Order of Merit
417:Meuse-Argonne Offensive
254:Native speakers of the
4137:World War II espionage
3628:. CNN. July 27, 2001.
2711:. September 17, 1992.
2177:on September 30, 2017.
2058:"Code Talkers Exhibit"
1819:"Egon arretaz egunari"
1344:
1226:
1210:
1171:
940:Canyon del Muerto, AZ
736:
615:Indo-European language
432:
409:36th Infantry Division
371:30th Infantry Division
180:divisions of the Corps
90:
3831:. November 27, 2017.
2864:"Navajo Code Talkers"
2681:americanindian.si.edu
2609:. Chelsea House Pub.
2509:Native American Times
1742:on September 30, 2017
1634:. November 20, 2013.
1488:americanindian.si.edu
1342:
1275:1973 Arab–Israeli War
1215:, which was used for
1169:
798:The First Twenty-Nine
763:mutually intelligible
734:
542:Canadian Armed Forces
460:4th Infantry Division
430:
304:; a colony of Basque
262:, who grew up in the
85:
4013:Meadows, William C.
3862:. Associated Press.
3251:"Peaceful Societies"
3227:. Cairowestmag.com.
2902:on December 21, 2013
2070:on January 14, 2009.
1875:Ministerio de Marina
1861:May 5, 2008, at the
1665:. Associated Press.
1391:Texas Medal of Valor
1335:Post-war recognition
591:Hungarian population
456:Invasion of Normandy
391:Choctaw code talkers
256:Assiniboine language
3522:on February 6, 2011
3424:Nanlai Cao (2010).
3174:on February 3, 2015
3020:NM Political Report
2280:"Cree Code Talkers"
1963:. August 21, 2016.
1771:Great Falls Tribune
1736:archive.defense.gov
1329:Sino-Vietnamese War
1180:5th Marine Division
981:Black Mountain, AZ
926:Benjamin Cleveland
813:Code talker's name
809:
575:Russo-Ukrainian War
573:In 2022 during the
369:soldiers of the US
29:Page version status
3939:Spearheading D-Day
3777:The New York Times
3200:. April 18, 2012.
2981:The New York Times
2839:"The Code Talkers"
2758:The New York Times
2544:. April 13, 2014.
2193:Washingtonpost.com
2012:Greenspan, Jesse.
1578:Rapid City Journal
1345:
1248:Fleming Begaye Sr.
1176:Battle of Iwo Jima
1172:
1096:Purple Heart, KIA
1011:Fort Defiance, AZ
961:Fort Defiance, AZ
929:Fort Defiance, AZ
887:Sheep Springs, NM
847:Fort Defiance, AZ
807:
748:Navajo reservation
737:
669:United States Army
611:Hungarian language
579:Hungarian language
458:and served in the
433:
274:In November 1952,
207:United States Army
126:operations during
91:
35:
3992:McClain, Salley.
3937:Gawne, Jonathan.
3916:Durrett, Deanne.
3606:. August 14, 2015
3554:on March 27, 2010
3492:on March 30, 2008
3147:Los Angeles Times
2895:Los Angeles Times
2653:, Cline Library.
1585:on June 23, 2010.
1403:Emancipation Hall
1285:as code talkers.
1277:, Egypt employed
1120:
1119:
1059:Frank Denny Pete
884:Johnny Manuelito
689:Muscogee language
551:Cree Code Talkers
454:took part in the
452:Comanche language
375:Cherokee language
286:Frank D. Carranza
16:(Redirected from
4144:
3978:The Codebreakers
3892:Aaseng, Nathan.
3880:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3745:. treasury.gov.
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3687:. Archived from
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3309:Associated Press
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3126:(July 31, 2022)
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2898:. Archived from
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2639:Johnston, Philip
2637:Vogel, Clayton;
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2370:. July 4, 2002.
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2342:www.facebook.com
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2253:Cree Code Talker
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:. Archived from
2054:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1947:
1946:U.S. Army, 1932.
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1844:, Juan Hernani,
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1801:Ramón de Arrieta
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:on July 31, 2019
1707:. Archived from
1697:Phoenix magazine
1688:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1581:. Archived from
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1480:
1379:Patty Talahongva
1244:Alfred K. Newman
1230:
1229:
1214:
1213:
1080:Allen Dale June
998:Eugene Crawford
958:George Dennison
915:Nelson Thompson
810:
775:Clayton B. Vogel
522:Charles Chibitty
445:European theater
344:
260:Gilbert Horn Sr.
107:Native Americans
21:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4092:
4091:
4057:
3889:
3887:Further reading
3884:
3883:
3869:
3867:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3691:on June 1, 2008
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3485:The Denver Post
3477:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3398:The Independent
3390:
3389:
3385:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3198:Al-Ahram Weekly
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2925:. reuters.com.
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1863:Wayback Machine
1847:El Diario Vasco
1840:
1836:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1447:
1431:Jacqueline Pata
1372:Capitol Rotunda
1337:
1321:
1304:
1291:
1271:
1256:Samuel Sandoval
1224:
1208:
1156:
1148:silver oak leaf
1114:TeecNosPos, AZ
1093:Rough Rock, AZ
894:William McCabe
877:Lukachukai, AZ
874:Alfred Leonard
834:John Brown, Jr
791:
752:pidgin language
744:Navajo language
740:Philip Johnston
729:
685:
661:Mohawk language
658:
638:
630:Uralic language
571:
534:
496:crazy white man
437:anthropologists
425:
393:
387:
363:
351:Basque surnames
342:
329:Solomon Islands
325:Operation Apple
290:Basque language
272:
252:
247:
188:Pacific theater
78:
73:character, see
67:
64:The Codetalkers
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4055:External links
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:978-0385495325
4032:
4011:
3990:
3970:
3956:
3935:
3914:
3911:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3846:
3820:
3794:
3760:
3734:
3711:"P.L. 110-420"
3702:
3675:
3643:
3617:
3595:
3565:
3533:
3503:
3470:
3464:978-9810939526
3463:
3443:
3437:978-0804773607
3436:
3416:
3383:
3364:
3331:
3294:
3268:
3242:
3215:
3185:
3159:
3133:
3116:
3094:
3067:
3037:
3006:
2967:
2940:
2913:
2880:
2855:
2829:
2823:978-0806151014
2822:
2804:
2795:978-0803224568
2794:
2776:
2740:
2726:
2693:
2668:
2629:
2616:978-0791093405
2615:
2590:
2559:
2527:
2494:
2473:
2452:"Code Talkers"
2443:
2416:
2385:
2355:
2344:(in Hungarian)
2329:
2318:(in Hungarian)
2303:
2278:Scott, Peter.
2270:
2240:
2210:
2180:
2161:
2129:
2116:
2086:
2073:
2049:
2046:. August 2023.
2035:
2004:
1993:on May 9, 2008
1978:
1948:
1935:
1910:
1879:
1856:Euskomedia.org
1834:
1809:
1789:
1753:
1722:
1693:"Humble Pride"
1680:
1649:
1619:
1588:
1563:
1535:
1505:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1414:Russell Begaye
1398:George W. Bush
1368:George W. Bush
1336:
1333:
1320:
1317:
1308:Welsh language
1303:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1270:
1267:
1155:
1152:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:Fruitland, NM
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:Wilsie Bitsie
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:Charlie Begay
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:Fruitland, NM
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
992:
989:
985:
984:
982:
979:
975:
974:
972:
971:Two Wells, AZ
969:
965:
964:
962:
959:
955:
954:
951:
948:
944:
943:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
912:
911:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
891:
890:
888:
885:
881:
880:
878:
875:
871:
870:
868:
865:
861:
860:
858:
855:
851:
850:
848:
845:
841:
840:
838:
835:
831:
830:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
816:Area of birth
814:
802:Carl N. Gorman
790:
787:
783:Camp Pendleton
767:Na-Dene family
728:
725:
684:
681:
657:
654:
640:A group of 27
637:
634:
603:Ukrainian army
583:Ukrainian army
570:
567:
533:
530:
526:Knowlton Award
488:sewing machine
424:
421:
389:Main article:
386:
383:
373:fluent in the
362:
359:
321:Chester Nimitz
271:
268:
251:
248:
246:
243:
200:Lakota peoples
184:Marine Raiders
58:
56:
47:18 August 2024
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4149:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3753:September 12,
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3404:
3401:. p. 6.
3400:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:Juneau Empire
3342:
3335:
3332:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1962:
1961:www.ncdcr.gov
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:(in Basque).
1927:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1898:
1895:(in Basque).
1894:
1893:euskonews.eus
1890:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:(in Basque).
1826:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:Silver Medals
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1349:Ronald Reagan
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1313:Yugoslav Wars
1309:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1283:Nubian people
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:David Curley
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:Harry Tsosie
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:Purple Heart
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:Rehoboth, NM
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:Purple Heart
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1018:Lloyd Oliver
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:John Benally
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:Tohatchi, NM
1000:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
953:Purple Heart
952:
949:
947:Oscar Ilthma
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
935:
932:Purple Heart
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:Purple Heart
920:
917:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
900:Purple Heart
899:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
859:
857:Shiprock, NM
856:
853:
852:
849:
846:
844:Lowell Damon
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
829:
827:Toadlena, AZ
826:
824:Samuel Begay
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
811:
805:
803:
799:
794:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
546:Cree language
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:pregnant bird
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
429:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:According to
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
249:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
167:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4102:Code talkers
4038:
4035:Singh, Simon
4014:
3993:
3976:
3959:
3938:
3917:
3893:
3874:– via
3868:. Retrieved
3859:
3849:
3837:. Retrieved
3823:
3813:November 28,
3811:. Retrieved
3797:
3787:November 28,
3785:. Retrieved
3776:
3751:. Retrieved
3737:
3727:September 9,
3725:. Retrieved
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:the original
3678:
3668:September 9,
3666:. Retrieved
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3577:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:the original
3545:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3515:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3490:the original
3483:
3473:
3453:
3446:
3426:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3396:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3344:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3307:
3297:
3287:December 16,
3285:. Retrieved
3271:
3261:December 16,
3259:. Retrieved
3245:
3235:December 16,
3233:. Retrieved
3218:
3208:December 16,
3206:. Retrieved
3197:
3188:
3178:December 16,
3176:. Retrieved
3172:the original
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3146:
3136:
3127:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3019:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2893:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2832:
2813:
2807:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2756:
2734:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2646:
2632:
2622:November 28,
2620:. Retrieved
2604:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2455:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2428:. CBC News.
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2378:February 13,
2376:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2341:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2192:
2183:
2175:the original
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2124:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2068:the original
2061:
2052:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2017:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1923:
1913:
1903:December 14,
1901:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:
1870:
1867:Criptografía
1866:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1822:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1769:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:the original
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:the original
1696:
1671:. Retrieved
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1591:
1583:the original
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1460:
1434:
1418:Donald Trump
1407:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1356:Bill Clinton
1353:
1346:
1322:
1305:
1292:
1272:
1260:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1121:
1104:Phoenix, AZ
1083:Kaibito, AZ
1028:John Willie
968:Chester Nez
864:Carl Gorman
854:James Dixon
797:
795:
792:
779:Fort Wingate
772:
761:, it is not
756:
738:
701:Edmund Harjo
697:Creek people
686:
676:
665:World War II
659:
646:Fox language
639:
587:Russian army
572:
557:individual,
550:
538:World War II
535:
509:
507:
500:
495:
492:Adolf Hitler
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
449:
434:
394:
364:
339:
337:
316:
314:
302:Pedro Arrupe
275:
273:
253:
204:
170:
168:
163:
159:
132:
128:World War II
94:
92:
79:
46:
37:This is the
31:
4127:Pacific War
3973:Kahn, David
3958:Holm, Tom.
3876:Yahoo! News
3839:December 1,
3716:. gpo.gov.
3657:. gpo.gov.
3516:Lapahie.com
3152:January 30,
3087:February 2,
2960:January 21,
2541:Tulsa World
2487:January 27,
2466:January 27,
2409:January 27,
2399:The Gazette
2296:January 26,
2263:November 4,
2233:January 26,
2154:January 26,
2109:January 26,
2028:January 26,
2018:History.com
1997:January 26,
1865:. Based on
1642:February 6,
1612:December 7,
1528:January 27,
1498:January 27,
1462:Windtalkers
1422:Oval Office
1377:Journalist
1325:Wenzhounese
1323:China used
1319:Wenzhounese
1237:Chester Nez
1073:Tocito, NM
1041:Tocito, NM
1031:Shonto, AZ
991:Chinle, AZ
988:Cozy Brown
950:Lupton, AZ
897:Ganado, AZ
867:Chinle, AZ
837:Chinle, AZ
677:Kanien'kéha
484:machine gun
397:World War I
250:Assiniboine
171:Code Talker
95:code talker
18:Codetalkers
4096:Categories
4023:0292798504
4002:1887896325
3988:0684831309
3968:0791093409
3947:2908182793
3926:0816036039
3902:0802776272
3409:August 25,
3380:: 113–117.
1470:References
1439:Pocahontas
1435:Pocahontas
1385:, for the
1281:-speaking
1263:Korean War
1252:John Pinto
1227:béésh łóóʼ
1197:code words
1070:John Chee
978:Roy Begay
918:Leupp, AZ
908:Leupp, AZ
673:Levi Oakes
613:is not an
520:presented
503:Utah Beach
340:Euzko Deya
317:Euzko Deya
277:Euzko Deya
174:bilingual
155:ciphertext
153:where the
124:front line
120:encryption
99:World Wars
3909:672012184
3870:March 12,
3636:August 3,
3610:March 20,
3588:March 13,
3558:March 12,
3526:March 12,
3496:March 19,
2989:0362-4331
2769:August 4,
2719:March 12,
2599:Holm, Tom
2583:April 27,
2552:April 27,
2520:April 27,
2368:USA Today
2348:August 8,
2322:August 8,
2203:March 12,
1925:El Correo
1782:April 24,
1746:August 1,
1715:August 1,
1705:1074-1429
1673:April 21,
1233:iron fish
1221:submarine
1192:divisions
937:Jack Nez
622:Ukrainian
617:like the
569:Hungarian
524:with the
510:Chevalier
300:, led by
298:Hiroshima
245:Languages
169:The term
164:iron fish
160:submarine
4043:. 2000.
4030:55896749
4009:48584920
3982:. 1967.
3954:45700217
3933:38067688
3864:Archived
3833:Archived
3807:Archived
3781:Archived
3747:Archived
3718:Archived
3659:Archived
3630:Archived
3582:Archived
3403:Archived
3351:Archived
3318:Archived
3281:Archived
3255:Archived
3229:Archived
3202:Archived
3109:July 31,
3081:Archived
3054:Archived
3024:Archived
2993:Archived
2954:Archived
2927:Archived
2906:July 29,
2843:CBS News
2763:Archived
2713:Archived
2686:March 9,
2661:July 20,
2655:Archived
2601:(2007).
2577:Archived
2546:Archived
2514:Archived
2460:Archived
2430:Archived
2403:Archived
2372:Archived
2290:Archived
2257:Archived
2227:Archived
2197:Archived
2148:Archived
2103:Archived
2022:Archived
1971:July 21,
1965:Archived
1930:Archived
1897:Archived
1877:, Madrid
1859:Archived
1829:Archived
1776:Archived
1667:Archived
1663:Fox News
1636:Archived
1606:Archived
1556:June 21,
1522:Archived
1492:Archived
1445:See also
1231:, meant
1211:jeeshóóʼ
1201:campaign
1160:codebook
1136:concepts
693:Seminole
642:Meskwaki
636:Meskwaki
628:, but a
441:dialects
423:Comanche
367:Cherokee
361:Cherokee
306:jai alai
223:Comanche
215:Meskwaki
192:Cherokee
182:and the
143:Meskwaki
135:Comanche
115:tactical
69:For the
43:reviewed
3578:pbs.org
3357:May 25,
3324:May 25,
3314:AP News
3079:. CNN.
3060:June 7,
3030:May 25,
2999:May 13,
2952:. CNN.
2933:June 4,
2873:July 7,
2848:July 7,
2436:June 8,
2249:"About"
2063:NSA.gov
1824:El País
1632:CKON-FM
1420:in the
1295:Tlingit
1289:Tlingit
1273:In the
1205:buzzard
1140:tactics
759:grammar
667:by the
626:Russian
599:Hungary
512:of the
405:Choctaw
401:Choctaw
395:During
385:Choctaw
310:Falange
294:Jesuits
227:Tlingit
196:Choctaw
186:of the
109:in the
87:Choctaw
4086:Images
4047:
4028:
4021:
4007:
4000:
3986:
3966:
3952:
3945:
3931:
3924:
3907:
3900:
3695:May 2,
3461:
3434:
3129:People
2987:
2820:
2792:
2613:
2316:444.hu
1703:
1602:CBC.ca
1279:Nubian
1269:Nubian
1217:bomber
727:Navajo
656:Mohawk
619:Slavic
609:. The
577:, the
540:, the
490:, and
476:bomber
472:turtle
464:Navajo
282:Basque
270:Basque
237:, and
219:Mohawk
211:Lakota
176:Navajo
147:Navajo
145:, and
3721:(PDF)
3714:(PDF)
3662:(PDF)
3655:(PDF)
1302:Welsh
1144:shark
1132:terms
1126:that
555:Métis
343:'
4045:ISBN
4026:OCLC
4019:ISBN
4005:OCLC
3998:ISBN
3984:ISBN
3964:ISBN
3950:OCLC
3943:ISBN
3929:OCLC
3922:ISBN
3905:OCLC
3898:ISBN
3872:2021
3860:Time
3841:2017
3815:2017
3789:2017
3755:2015
3729:2012
3697:2008
3670:2012
3638:2014
3612:2024
3590:2020
3560:2014
3528:2014
3498:2008
3459:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3411:2017
3359:2019
3326:2019
3289:2015
3263:2015
3237:2015
3210:2015
3180:2015
3154:2024
3111:2022
3089:2020
3062:2019
3050:WSET
3032:2019
3001:2019
2985:ISSN
2962:2019
2935:2014
2908:2011
2875:2020
2868:UCSD
2850:2020
2818:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2771:2014
2721:2014
2688:2021
2663:2011
2624:2012
2611:ISBN
2585:2014
2554:2014
2522:2014
2489:2019
2468:2019
2438:2019
2411:2019
2380:2008
2350:2022
2324:2022
2298:2019
2265:2017
2235:2019
2205:2014
2156:2019
2111:2019
2030:2019
1999:2019
1973:2018
1905:2007
1784:2016
1748:2019
1717:2019
1701:ISSN
1675:2019
1644:2019
1614:2018
1558:2023
1530:2019
1500:2019
707:and
695:and
687:The
532:Cree
494:was
486:was
478:was
470:was
468:tank
239:Crow
235:Cree
231:Hopi
198:and
139:Hopi
624:or
536:In
296:in
45:on
4098::
4037:,
3975:.
3858:.
3779:.
3775:.
3763:^
3580:.
3576:.
3544:.
3514:.
3482:.
3395:.
3378:48
3376:.
3349:.
3343:.
3316:.
3312:.
3306:.
3196:.
3145:.
3048:.
3022:.
3018:.
2991:.
2983:.
2979:.
2892:.
2866:.
2841:.
2798:.
2761:.
2755:.
2743:^
2707:.
2696:^
2679:.
2649:.
2645:.
2641:.
2575:.
2571:.
2538:.
2512:.
2506:.
2458:.
2454:.
2401:.
2397:.
2366:.
2340:.
2314:.
2288:.
2282:.
2255:.
2251:.
2225:.
2221:.
2195:.
2191:.
2132:^
2101:.
2097:.
2060:.
2020:.
2016:.
1959:.
1869:,
1803:,
1799:,
1774:.
1768:.
1756:^
1734:.
1695:.
1683:^
1661:.
1630:.
1604:.
1600:.
1575:.
1547:.
1520:.
1516:.
1490:.
1486:.
1429:,
1412:,
1331:.
1223:,
1207:,
1158:A
1138:,
1134:,
785:.
498:.
482:,
474:,
447:.
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
194:,
166:.
141:,
137:,
93:A
41:,
3878:.
3817:.
3791:.
3757:.
3731:.
3699:.
3672:.
3640:.
3614:.
3592:.
3562:.
3530:.
3500:.
3467:.
3440:.
3413:.
3361:.
3328:.
3291:.
3265:.
3239:.
3212:.
3182:.
3156:.
3113:.
3091:.
3064:.
3034:.
3003:.
2964:.
2937:.
2910:.
2877:.
2852:.
2826:.
2773:.
2723:.
2690:.
2665:.
2626:.
2587:.
2556:.
2524:.
2491:.
2470:.
2440:.
2413:.
2382:.
2352:.
2326:.
2300:.
2267:.
2237:.
2207:.
2158:.
2113:.
2032:.
2001:.
1975:.
1907:.
1786:.
1750:.
1719:.
1677:.
1646:.
1616:.
1560:.
1532:.
1502:.
77:.
66:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
