188:
180:
27:
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motion. When the magnetization of a material reverses by rotation, the magnetization component along the applied field is zero because the vector points in a direction orthogonal to the applied field. When the magnetization reverses by domain wall motion, the net magnetization is small in every
652:
The coercivity of a material depends on the time scale over which a magnetization curve is measured. The magnetization of a material measured at an applied reversed field which is nominally smaller than the coercivity may, over a long time scale, slowly
211:
by a strong field. This demagnetizing field is applied opposite to the original saturating field. There are however different definitions of coercivity, depending on what counts as 'demagnetized', thus the bare term "coercivity" may be ambiguous:
991:
M. S. Miller-F. E. Stageberg-Y. M. Chow-K. Rook-L. A. Heuer; Stageberg; Chow; Rook; Heuer (1994). "Influence of rf magnetron sputtering conditions on the magnetic, crystalline, and electrical properties of thin nickel films".
853:
M. A. Akhter-D. J. Mapps-Y. Q. Ma Tan-Amanda
Petford-Long-R. Doole; Mapps; Ma Tan; Petford-Long; Doole (1997). "Thickness and grain-size dependence of the coercivity in permalloy thin films".
746:
and domain wall motion. The coercivity is a measure of the degree of magnetic hysteresis and therefore characterizes the lossiness of soft magnetic materials for their common applications.
702:
are found in relatively perfect magnetic materials used in fundamental research. Domain wall motion is a more important reversal mechanism in real engineering materials since defects like
1344:
Nakamura, H.; Kurihara, K.; Tatsuki, T.; Sugimoto, S.; Okada, M.; Homma, M. (October 1992). "Phase
Changes and Magnetic Properties of Sm 2 Fe 17 N x Alloys Heat-Treated in Hydrogen".
1396:
742:
that is performed on the material by the external field in reversing the magnetization, and is dissipated as heat. Common dissipative processes in magnetic materials include
309:
The distinction between the normal and intrinsic coercivity is negligible in soft magnetic materials, however it can be significant in hard magnetic materials. The strongest
1416:
de Campos, M. F.; Landgraf, F. J. G.; Saito, N. H.; Romero, S. A.; Neiva, A. C.; Missell, F. P.; de Morais, E.; Gama, S.; Obrucheva, E. V.; Jalnin, B. V. (1998-07-01).
1580:
Genish, Isaschar; Kats, Yevgeny; Klein, Lior; Reiner, James W.; Beasley, M. R. (2004). "Local measurements of magnetization reversal in thin films of SrRuO
1309:
Jiang, H.; Evans, J.; O’Shea, M.J.; Du, Jianhua (2001). "Hard magnetic properties of rapidly annealed NdFeB thin films on Nb and V buffer layers".
1371:
Rani, R.; Hegde, H.; Navarathna, A.; Cadieu, F. J. (15 May 1993). "High coercivity Sm 2 Fe 17 N x and related phases in sputtered film samples".
1135:
812:
1690:
1684:
183:
Graphical definition of different coercivities in flux-vs-field hysteresis curve (B-H curve), for a hypothetical hard magnetic material.
718:
domain walls in addition to nucleating them. The dynamics of domain walls in ferromagnets is similar to that of grain boundaries and
1077:
837:
889:
1417:
698:
vector direction because the moments of all the individual domains sum to zero. Magnetization curves dominated by rotation and
714:
sites for reversed-magnetization domains. The role of domain walls in determining coercivity is complicated since defects may
673:
magnetic recording, compounded by the fact that increased storage density typically requires a higher coercivity in the media.
31:
1617:
699:
685:
of the magnetization of a ferromagnet measured along the applied field direction is zero. There are two primary modes of
645:
is present in the sample, the coercivities measured in increasing and decreasing fields may be unequal as a result of the
634:
1402:
1715:
1710:
1237:
614:
1274:
Bai, G.; Gao, R.W.; Sun, Y.; Han, G.B.; Wang, B. (January 2007). "Study of high-coercivity sintered NdFeB magnets".
1202:
C. D. Fuerst-E. G. Brewer; Brewer (1993). "High-remanence rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B: Die-upset magnets (invited)".
1648:
1551:
391:
20:
1615:
Kneller, E. F.; Hawig, R. (1991). "The exchange-spring magnet: a new material principle for permanent magnets".
191:
Equivalent definitions for coercivities in terms of the magnetization-vs-field (M-H) curve, for the same magnet.
690:
945:
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774:
694:
762:
750:
686:
110:
739:
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field) required to demagnetize that material, after the magnetization of the sample has been driven to
58:. The wider the outside loop is, the higher the coercivity. Movement on the loops is counterclockwise.
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1626:
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1176:
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1001:
862:
719:
654:
130:
1100:
Luo, Hongmei; Wang, Donghai; He, Jibao; Lu, Yunfeng (2005). "Magnetic Cobalt
Nanowire Thin Films".
626:
665:. The increasing value of coercivity at high frequencies is a serious obstacle to the increase of
923:
662:
658:
168:
1445:
1117:
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310:
114:
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1634:
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1495:
Chen, Min; Nikles, David E. (2002). "Synthesis, self-assembly, and magnetic properties of Fe
1437:
1388:
1353:
1326:
1291:
1219:
1184:
1109:
1048:
1009:
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633:, as illustrated in the figure above. The apparatus used to acquire the data is typically a
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The saturation remanence and coercivity are figures of merit for hard magnets, although
703:
200:
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126:
82:
16:
Resistance of a ferromagnetic material to demagnetization by an external magnetic field
1330:
1704:
1238:"WONDERMAGNET.COM - NdFeB Magnets, Magnet Wire, Books, Weird Science, Needful Things"
646:
262:
234:
156:
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to zero. Relaxation occurs when reversal of magnetization by domain wall motion is
625:
Typically the coercivity of a magnetic material is determined by measurement of the
1520:
638:
413:
387:
802:
738:
process, the area inside the magnetization curve during one cycle represents the
344:
196:
149:
43:
1295:
897:
1357:
735:
723:
711:
641:. The applied field where the data line crosses zero is the coercivity. If an
550:
357:
1449:
804:
Hysteresis in
Magnetism: For Physicists, Materials Scientists, and Engineers
779:
566:
368:
305:
also fall to zero (the material reaches the origin in the hysteresis curve).
290:
164:
1607:
1163:
Yang, M.M.; Lambert, S.E.; Howard, J.K.; Hwang, C. (1991). "Laminated CoPt
1121:
19:
This article is about the property of magnetic fields. For other uses, see
707:
666:
596:
588:
527:
500:
492:
153:
558:
554:
90:
1689:
For a table of coercivities of various magnetic recording media, see "
1638:
1549:
Gaunt, P. (1986). "Magnetic viscosity and thermal activation energy".
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Ferromagnetic materials with high coercivity are called magnetically
94:
26:
1027:
Zhenghong Qian; Geng Wang; Sivertsen, J.M.; Judy, J.H. (1997). "Ni
574:
186:
178:
25:
726:
since both domain walls and grain boundaries are planar defects.
592:
570:
523:
372:
349:
1646:
Livingston, J. D. (1981). "A review of coercivity mechanisms".
918:
916:
914:
1694:
144:. Materials with low coercivity are said to be magnetically
1031:
ferrite thin films prepared by Facing Target
Sputtering".
753:
is also commonly quoted. The 1980s saw the development of
765:
hard magnets with high coercivities have been developed.
1418:"Chemical composition and coercivity of SmCo5 magnets"
1473:
1069:
Handbook of
Charged Particle Optics, Second Edition
1685:Magnetization reversal applet (coherent rotation)
1167:/Cr films for low noise longitudinal recording".
1346:IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan
796:
794:
757:with high energy products but undesirably low
297:field is finally returned to zero, then both
8:
1484:
1691:Degaussing Data Storage Tape Magnetic Media
1311:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1276:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1262:
327:
313:lose almost none of the magnetization at
537:
533:
329:Coercivities of some magnetic materials
790:
1462:
7:
967:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (1896).
89:. Coercivity is usually measured in
1102:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
888:Calvert, J. B. (6 December 2003) .
269:field inside the material) to zero.
241:field inside the material) to zero.
77:, is a measure of the ability of a
1240:. Wondermagnet.com. Archived from
125:material to withstand an external
81:material to withstand an external
14:
830:Handbook of magnetic measurements
30:A family of hysteresis loops for
801:Giorgio Bertotti (21 May 1998).
199:is the intensity of the applied
1136:"Cast ALNICO Permanent Magnets"
926:. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
924:"Magnetic Properties of Solids"
293:to zero, meaning that when the
32:grain-oriented electrical steel
1618:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1169:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1033:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1:
1331:10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00017-8
832:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
700:magnetocrystalline anisotropy
289:field required to reduce the
261:field required to reduce the
233:field required to reduce the
1143:Arnold Magnetic Technologies
489:Disk drive recording medium
97:/meter units and is denoted
34:, a soft magnetic material.
681:At the coercive field, the
148:. The latter are used in
1732:
1649:Journal of Applied Physics
1552:Journal of Applied Physics
1422:Journal of Applied Physics
1373:Journal of Applied Physics
1296:10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.04.029
1204:Journal of Applied Physics
1066:Orloff, Jon (2017-12-19).
994:Journal of Applied Physics
855:Journal of Applied Physics
324:Experimental determination
18:
1358:10.1109/TJMJ.1992.4565502
970:Dynamo-electric machinery
109:An analogous property in
21:Coercion (disambiguation)
1485:Kneller & Hawig 1991
637:or alternating-gradient
1587:Physica Status Solidi C
775:Magnetic susceptibility
585:Samarium-cobalt magnet
140:, and are used to make
1697:), at fujifilmusa.com.
1608:10.1002/pssc.200405476
1263:Chen & Nikles 2002
761:. Since the 1990s new
751:maximum energy product
687:magnetization reversal
629:loop, also called the
615:Samarium-cobalt magnet
197:ferromagnetic material
192:
184:
121:, is the ability of a
111:electrical engineering
59:
828:Tumanski, S. (2011).
190:
182:
29:
807:. Elsevier Science.
661:and is dominated by
274:remanence coercivity
246:intrinsic coercivity
1716:Magnetic hysteresis
1711:Physical quantities
1662:1981JAP....52.2544L
1631:1991ITM....27.3588K
1600:2004PSSCR...1.3440G
1565:1986JAP....59.4129G
1534:2002NanoL...2..211C
1434:1998JAP....84..368D
1385:1993JAP....73.6023R
1323:2001JMMM..224..233J
1288:2007JMMM..308...20B
1244:on 11 February 2015
1216:1993JAP....73.5751F
1181:1991ITM....27.5052Y
1045:1997ITM....33.3748Q
1006:1994JAP....75.5779M
867:1997JAP....81.4122A
659:thermally activated
631:magnetization curve
627:magnetic hysteresis
330:
119:electric coercivity
67:magnetic coercivity
1474:Genish et al. 2004
948:. Cartech.ides.com
759:Curie temperatures
755:rare-earth magnets
663:magnetic viscosity
460:2Fe:Co, iron pole
328:
311:rare-earth magnets
193:
185:
169:magnetic shielding
65:, also called the
60:
1639:10.1109/20.102931
1594:(12): 3440–3442.
1559:(12): 4129–4132.
1542:10.1021/nl015649w
1379:(10): 6023–6025.
1189:10.1109/20.278737
1114:10.1021/jp045554t
1053:10.1109/20.619559
814:978-0-08-053437-4
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218:normal coercivity
142:permanent magnets
129:without becoming
115:materials science
85:without becoming
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1670:10.1063/1.328996
1656:(3): 2541–2545.
1642:
1625:(4): 3588–3600.
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1545:
1518:nanoparticles".
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1521:Nano Letters
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1282:(1): 20–23.
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1269:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1232:
1210:(10): 5751.
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1000:(10): 5779.
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902:. Retrieved
898:the original
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748:
734:As with any
733:
730:Significance
715:
680:
651:
639:magnetometer
630:
624:
609:<40–2800
408:0.032–0.072
388:Iron filings
382:0.0008–0.08
314:
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42:
35:
1248:22 November
1085:22 November
976:22 November
952:22 November
930:22 November
861:(8): 4122.
695:domain wall
397:0.004–37.4
345:Supermalloy
175:Definitions
150:transformer
131:depolarized
44:retentivity
1705:Categories
1463:Gaunt 1986
1148:4 November
904:2023-11-04
786:References
736:hysteretic
724:metallurgy
720:plasticity
712:nucleation
708:impurities
667:data rates
580:2040–2090
471:(0.99 wt)
427:(0.99 wt)
405:(11Fe:Si)
337:Coercivity
209:saturation
63:Coercivity
56:coercivity
1450:0021-8979
946:"timeout"
780:Remanence
710:serve as
671:bandwidth
430:0.056–23
369:Permalloy
334:Material
291:remanence
285:, is the
265:(average
257:, is the
237:(average
229:, is the
165:microwave
1122:16851175
769:See also
669:in high-
649:effect.
517:800–950
514:(NdFeB)
414:Raw iron
390:(0.9995
154:inductor
41:denotes
1658:Bibcode
1627:Bibcode
1596:Bibcode
1561:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1430:Bibcode
1403:4841321
1381:Bibcode
1319:Bibcode
1284:Bibcode
1212:Bibcode
1177:Bibcode
1041:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
863:Bibcode
484:30–150
474:0.8–72
455:1.2–16
436:Ferrite
416:(1896)
363:0.0002
339:(kA/m)
91:oersted
54:is the
1448:
1400:
1120:
1076:
890:"Iron"
836:
811:
677:Theory
601:
480:Alnico
469:Cobalt
438:magnet
425:Nickel
95:ampere
1397:INIST
1139:(PDF)
655:relax
619:3200
544:≥980
419:0.16
157:cores
1509:100-
1446:ISSN
1250:2014
1150:2023
1118:PMID
1087:2014
1074:ISBN
978:2014
954:2014
932:2014
834:ISBN
809:ISBN
740:work
706:and
599:; 10
506:140
444:FeNi
301:and
272:The
244:The
216:The
152:and
146:soft
138:hard
113:and
47:and
1695:PDF
1693:" (
1666:doi
1635:doi
1604:doi
1584:".
1569:doi
1538:doi
1438:doi
1389:doi
1354:doi
1327:doi
1315:224
1292:doi
1280:308
1220:doi
1185:doi
1110:doi
1106:109
1049:doi
1010:doi
871:doi
722:in
716:pin
591::17
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565:):2
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463:19
446:1−x
440:(Zn
352::79
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93:or
73:or
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567:Nd
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559:Ga
555:Nb
551:Dy
549:?(
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538:52
536:Pt
534:48
532:Fe
528:Pt
524:Fe
522:12
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501:Pt
497:Co
493:Cr
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392:wt
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377:Ni
375::4
373:Fe
360:)
358:Mo
356::5
354:Ni
350:Fe
320:.
318:Cn
282:Cr
276:,
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36:B
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