1486:) are given in a document written by Paul Henning Krogh. Care should be taken that different strains of the same species may be conducive to different results. Avoidance tests have been also performed. They have been standardized, too. Avoidance tests are complementary to toxicity tests, but they also offer several advantages: they are more rapid (thus cheaper), more sensitive and they are environmentally more reliable, because in the real world Collembola move actively far from pollution spots. It may be hypothesized that the soil could become locally depauperated in animals (and thus improper to normal use) while below thresholds of toxicity. Contrary to
508:(photoreceptors). Epedaphic species inhabit upper litter layers and fallen logs. They are slightly smaller and have less pronounced pigments, as well as less developed limbs and ocelli than the atmobiotic species. Hemiedaphic species inhabit the lower litter layers of decomposing organic material. They are 1-2 millimeters (about 1/16") in length, have dispersed pigmentation, shortened limbs, and a reduced number of ocelli. Euedaphic species inhabit upper mineral layers known as the humus horizon. They are smaller than hemiedaphic species; have soft, elongated bodies; lack pigmentation and ocelli; and have reduced or absent furca.
410:
678:
519:
contraction. Many species of syntrophic bacteria, archaea, and fungi are present in the lumen. These different digestive regions have varying pH to support specific enzymatic activities and microbial populations. The anterior portion of the midgut and hindgut is slightly acidic (with a pH of approximately 6.0) while the posterior midgut portion is slightly alkaline (with a pH of approximately 8.0). Between the midgut and hindgut is an alimentary canal called the pyloric region, which is a muscular sphincter.
725:
651:
1525:
been reported in studies of non-polar regions. The importance of soil moisture has been demonstrated in experiments using infrared heating in an alpine meadow, which had a negative effect on mesofauna biomass and diversity in drier parts and a positive effect in moist sub-areas. Furthermore, a study with 20 years of experimental warming in three contrasting plant communities found that small scale heterogeneity may buffer springtails to potential climate warming.
135:
705:
1634:
1080:
113:
1154:
393:
1259:
919:
1211:), spends its entire life at the surface of water, its wettable eggs dropping in water until the non-wettable first instar hatches then surfaces. A few genera are capable of being submerged, and after molting young springtails lose their water repellent properties and are able to survive submerged under water.
810:
characteristics: first, all but one of the fossils from the
Cretaceous belong to extinct genera, whereas none of the specimens from the Eocene or the Miocene are of extinct genera; second, the species from Burma are more similar to the modern fauna of Canada than are the Canadian Cretaceous specimens.
827:
Carnivorous species maintain populations of small invertebrates such as nematodes, rotifers, and other collembolan species. Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria.
809:
Fossil
Collembola are rare. Instead, most are found in amber. Even these are rare and many amber deposits carry few or no collembola. The best deposits are from the early Eocene of Canada and Europe, Miocene of Central America, and the mid-Cretaceous of Burma and Canada. They display some unexplained
1524:
In polar regions that are expected to experience among the most rapid impact from climate warming, springtails have shown contrasting responses to warming in experimental warming studies. There are negative, positive and neutral responses reported. Neutral responses to experimental warming have also
1410:
denied all the allegations, and instead proposed that the United
Nations send a formal inquiry committee to China and Korea, but China and Korea refused to cooperate. U.S. and Canadian entomologists further claimed that the accusations were ridiculous and argued that anomalous appearances of insects
518:
The digestive tract of collembolan species consists of three main components: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut is surrounded by a network of muscles and lined with a monolayer of columnar or cuboidal cells. Its function is to mix and transport food from the lumen into the hindgut through
1324:
humans, but this is entirely inconsistent with their biology, and no such phenomenon has ever been scientifically confirmed, though it has been documented that the scales or hairs from collembolans can cause irritation when rubbed onto the skin. They may sometimes be abundant indoors in damp places
1182:
can be reconstructed experimentally. Altitudinal changes in species distribution can be at least partly explained by increased acidity at higher elevation. Moisture requirements, among other ecological and behavioural factors, explain why some species cannot live aboveground, or retreat in the soil
503:
and composition. Surface-dwellers are generally larger, have darker pigments, have longer antennae and functioning furcula. Sub-surface-dwellers are usually unpigmented, have elongated bodies, and reduced furcula. They can be categorized into four main forms according to soil composition and depth:
599:
The term "Neopleona" is essentially synonymous with
Symphypleona + Neelipleona. The Neelipleona was originally seen as a particularly advanced lineage of Symphypleona, based on the shared global body shape, but the global body of the Neelipleona is realized in a completely different way than in
826:
Specific feeding strategies and mechanisms are employed to match specific niches. Herbivorous and detritivorous species fragment biological material present in soil and leaf litter, supporting decomposition and increasing the availability of nutrients for various species of microbes and fungi.
1333:; that is, no springtail specimens were actually recovered, but the researchers had digitally enhanced photos of sample debris to create images resembling small arthropod heads, which then were claimed to be springtail remnants. However, Steve Hopkin reports one instance of an entomologist
532:
441:
or ventral tube) with reversible, sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. It is believed to be associated with fluid uptake and balance, excretion, and orientation of the organism itself. Most species have an abdominal, tail-like appendage known as a
2265:
Jordana, Rafael; Baquero, Enrique; Ledesma, Enrique; Sendra, Alberto; Ortuño, Vicente M. (March 2020). "Poduromorpha (Collembola) from a sampling in the mesovoid shallow substratum of the Sierra de
Guadarrama National Park (Madrid and Segovia, Spain): Taxonomy and Biogeography".
5035:
Nota, Benjamin; Timmermans, Martijn J.T.N.; Franken, Oscar; Montagne-Wajer, Kora; Mariën, Janine; De Boer, Muriel E.; De Boer, Tjalf E.; Ylstra, Bauke; Van
Straalen, Nico M. & Roelofs, Dick (2008). "Gene expression analysis of Collembola in cadmium containing soil".
5214:
Coulson, Stephen James; Hodkinson, Ian D.; Woolley, Christopher; Webb, Nigel R.; Block, William; Worland, M. Rodger; Bale, Jeff S. & Strathdee, Andrew T. (1996). "Effects of experimental temperature elevation on high-arctic soil microarthropod populations".
307:, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the control of soil microbial communities. The word
1281:, the lucerne flea, has been shown to cause severe damage to agricultural crops, and is considered as a pest in Australia. Onychiuridae are also known to feed on tubers and to damage them to some extent. However, by their capacity to carry spores of
1329:, a psychological rather than entomological problem. Researchers themselves may be subject to psychological phenomena. For example, a publication in 2004 claiming that springtails had been found in skin samples was later determined to be a case of
2755:
Sechi, Valentina; D'Annibale, Alessandra; Ambus, Per; Sárossy, Zsuzsa; Krogh, Paul
Henning; Eriksen, Jørgen; Holmstrup, Martin (July 2014). "Collembola feeding habits and niche specialization in agricultural grasslands of different composition".
2234:
Potapov, Anton A.; Semenina, Eugenia E.; Korotkevich, Anastasiya Yu.; Kuznetsova, Natalia A.; Tiunov, Alexei V. (October 2016). "Connecting taxonomy and ecology: Trophic niches of collembolans as related to taxonomic identity and life forms".
1515:
Collembola have been found to be useful as bio-indicators of soil quality. Laboratory studies have been conducted that validated that the jumping ability of springtails can be used to evaluate the soil quality of Cu- and Ni-polluted sites.
457:(moulting) if temperatures rise high enough. The shrinkage is genetically controlled. Since warmer conditions increase metabolic rates and energy requirements in organisms, the reduction in body size is advantageous to their survival.
993:
In addition, a few species routinely climb trees and form a dominant component of canopy fauna, where they may be collected by beating or insecticide fogging. These tend to be the larger (>2 mm) species, mainly in the genera
1100:, although some species with thin, permeable cuticles have been shown to resist severe drought by regulating the osmotic pressure of their body fluid. The gregarious behaviour of Collembola, mostly driven by the attractive power of
938:
In sheer numbers, they are reputed to be one of the most abundant of all macroscopic animals, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground, essentially everywhere on Earth where soil and related habitats
3267:
Rodgers, Denis J. & Kitching, Rodger L. (1998). "Vertical stratification of rainforest collembolan (Collembola: Insecta) assemblages: description of ecological patterns and hypotheses concerning their generation".
5298:
Dollery, Rebecca; Hodkinson, Ian D. & Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S. (2006). "Impact of warming and timing of snow melt on soil microarthropod assemblages associated with Dryas-dominated plant communities on
Svalbard".
4555:
Christiansen, Kenneth & Bernard, Ernest C. (2008). "Critique of the article "Collembola (Springtails) (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Entognatha) found in scrapings from individuals diagnosed with delusory parasitosis"".
1075:
dimension to this still poorly understood vertical segregation. Experiments with peat samples turned upside down showed two types of responses to disturbance of this vertical gradient, called "stayers" and "movers".
971:
are likely to have global populations of similar magnitude, and each of those groups except mites is more inclusive. Though taxonomic rank cannot be used for absolute comparisons, it is notable that nematodes are a
504:
atmobiotic, epedaphic, hemiedaphic, and euedaphic. Atmobiotic species inhabit macrophytes and litter surfaces. They are generally 8-10 millimeters (about ⅓") in length, pigmented, have long limbs, and a full set of
537:
536:
533:
538:
4044:
Ponge, Jean-François; Gillet, Servane; Dubs, Florence; Fédoroff, Éric; Haese, Lucienne; Sousa, José Paulo & Lavelle, Patrick (2003). "Collembolan communities as bioindicators of land use intensification".
2011:
Hassanin, Alexandre (January 2006). "Phylogeny of
Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: Strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution".
1406:. China created an international scientific commission for investigating possible bacterial warfare, eventually ruling that the United States probably did engage in limited biological warfare in Korea. The
450:(or tenaculum). When released, it snaps against the substrate, flinging the springtail into the air and allowing for rapid evasion and travel. All of this takes place in as little as 18 milliseconds.
3502:
Benoit, Joshua B.; Elnitsky, Michael A.; Schulte, Glen G.; Lee, Richard E. Jr & Denlinger, David L. (2009). "Antarctic
Collembolans use chemical signals to promote aggregation and egg laying".
4599:
1140:
during ecdysis, an advantage reinforced by synchronized moulting. The high humidity environment of many caves also favours springtails and there are numerous cave adapted species, including one,
535:
3401:
Nickerl, Julia; Helbig, Ralf; Schulz, Hans-Jürgen; Werner, Carsten; Neinhuis, Christoph (June 2013). "Diversity and potential correlations to the function of Collembola cuticle structures".
1325:
such as bathrooms and basements, and incidentally found on one's person. More often, claims of persistent human skin infection by springtails may indicate a neurological problem, such as
4528:
6451:
2582:
2302:"Water and ion transport across the eversible vesicles in the collophore of the springtail Orchesella cincta | Journal of Experimental Biology | The Company of Biologists"
1006:, though the densities on a per square meter basis are typically 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than soil populations of the same species. In temperate regions, a few species (e.g.
907:. In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100.
5263:
Sjursen, Heidi; Michelsen, Anders & Jonasson, Sven (2005). "Effects of long-term soil warming and fertilisation on microarthropod abundances in three sub-arctic ecosystems".
2401:
Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (May 2020). "Streamlining universal single-copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola".
1823:
Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano; Frati, Francesco (21 March 2003). "Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?".
5169:
Nielsen, Uffe N. & Wall, Diana H. (2013). "The future of soil invertebrate communities in polar regions: different climate change responses in the Arctic and Antarctic?".
3601:
Verhoef, Herman A. (1981). "Water balance in Collembola and its relation to habitat selection: water content, haemolymph osmotic pressure and transpiration during an instar".
1412:
5451:
Kardol, Paul; Reynolds, W. Nicholas; Norby, Richard J.; Classen, Aimée T. (January 2011). "Climate change effects on soil microarthropod abundance and community structure".
3770:
Laboulbène, 1865 species group without eyes, with the description of four new species of cave springtails (Collembola) from Krubera-Voronya cave, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia".
806:
or more. Additional research concerning the coprolites (fossilized feces) of ancient collembolans allowed researchers to track their lineages back some 412 million years.
1968:
Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun; Luan, Yun-Xia (25 November 2008). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences".
6446:
3682:
6325:
4937:
4833:
511:
Poduromorphs are characterized by their elongated bodies and conspicuous segmentation – three thoracic segments, six abdominal segments, including a well-developed
4923:
4819:
6351:
1104:
excreted by adults, gives more chance to every juvenile or adult individual to find suitable, better protected places, where desiccation could be avoided and
446:(or furca). It is located on the fourth abdominal segment of collembolans and is folded beneath the body, held under tension by a small structure called the
5781:
1343:
species and in the process accidentally inhaling some of their eggs, which hatched in his nasal cavity and made him quite ill until they were flushed out.
2465:
Sánchez-García, Alba; Engel, Michael S. (3 July 2017). "Long-term stasis in a diverse fauna of Early Cretaceous springtails (Collembola: Symphypleona)".
1512:
exposed to environmental toxicants allow fast and sensitive detection of pollution, and additionally clarifies molecular mechanisms causing toxicology.
4361:
Sabatini, Maria Agnese & Innocenti, Gloria (2001). "Effects of Collembola on plant-pathogenic fungus interactions in simple experimental systems".
1197:
features, such as the presence of a fan-like wettable mucro, allow some species to move at the surface of water in freshwater and marine environments.
499:, leading to a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system. The anatomical variance present between different species partially depends on
5589:
4314:
Klironomos, John N. & Moutoglis, Peter (1999). "Colonization of nonmycorrhizal plants by mycorrhizal neighbours as influenced by the collembolan,
534:
6299:
6338:
2301:
911:
4159:
Heiniger, Charlène; Barot, Sébastien; Ponge, Jean-François; Salmon, Sandrine; Botton-Divet, Léo; Carmignac, David & Dubs, Florence (2014).
3159:
Shaw, Peter; Ozanne, Claire; Speight, Martin; Palmer, Imogen (October 2007). "Edge effects and arboreal Collembola in coniferous plantations".
1750:
1366:. In all, the U.S. was accused of dropping ants, beetles, crickets, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, lice, springtails, and stoneflies as part of a
1494:
and thus are threatened in no-tillage agriculture, which makes a more intense use of herbicides than conventional agriculture. The springtail
4729:
4028:
3978:
3037:
2932:
2883:
2521:
2218:
2182:
1716:
1687:
2633:
Penney, David; McNeil, Andrew; Green, David I.; Bradley, Robert S.; Jepson, James E.; Withers, Philip J. & Preziosi, Richard F. (2012).
5853:
5038:
584:. Thus, the Arthropleona are abolished in modern classifications, and their superfamilies are raised in rank accordingly, being now orders
5486:
Harte, John; Rawa, Agnieszka & Price, Vanessa (1996). "Effects of manipulated soil microclimate on mesofaunal biomass and diversity".
4916:"Soil quality. Avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour. Part 2: Test with collembolans (
4259:
4285:
Baker, A. N. & Dunning, Andrew R. (1975). "Association of populations of onychiurid Collembola with damage to sugar-beet seedlings".
3683:"A review of world Troglopedetini (Insecta, Collembola, Paronellidae), including an identification table and descriptions of new species"
3360:"Turning northern peatlands upside down: disentangling microclimate and substrate quality effects on vertical distribution of Collembola"
3727:
2172:
4018:
1028:) are almost exclusively arboreal. In tropical regions a single square meter of canopy habitat can support many species of Collembola.
5671:
1166:
The horizontal distribution of springtail species is affected by environmental factors which act at the landscape scale, such as soil
2694:
Christiansen, Kenneth; Nascimbene, Paul (June 2006). "Collembola (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) from the mid Cretaceous of Myanmar (Burma)".
2050:
Davies, W. Maldwyn (1 May 1927). "On the Tracheal System of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb".
4092:"Decreased biodiversity in soil springtail communities: the importance of dispersal and landuse history in heterogeneous landscapes"
2120:
1924:
Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano; Frati, Francesco (12 September 2003).
3968:
3546:
2922:
1671:
6413:
4232:
300:, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they are to all insects, which have external mouthparts.
5797:
4462:
Lartey, Robert T.; Curl, Elroy A.; Peterson, Curt M. & Harper, James D. (1989). "Mycophagous grazing and food preference of
5736:
5585:"Phylogenetic relationships between parthenogens and their sexual relatives: the possible routes to parthenogenesis in animals"
1803:
204:
3946:
2959:
990:), is readily observed on warm winter days when it is active and its dark color contrasts sharply with a background of snow.
6343:
3547:"Species living in harsh environments have low clade rank and are localized on former Laurasian continents: a case study of
4811:
3697:
2315:
Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (December 2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes".
409:
4915:
3364:
6221:
6198:
1142:
5816:
5336:
Hågvar, Sigmund & Klanderud, Kari (2009). "Effect of simulated environmental change on alpine soil arthropods".
3188:"Jumping technique and climbing behaviour of the collembolan Ceratophysella sigillata (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)"
2952:
677:
600:
Symphypleona. Subsequently, the Neelipleona were considered as being derived from the Entomobryomorpha. Analysis of
134:
6291:
3440:, a euedaphic and highly permeable springtail that can sustain activity by osmoregulation during extreme drought".
1286:
614:
data, though, suggests that they form the most ancient lineage of springtails, which would explain their peculiar
515:
with tergal chaetae, while the first thoracic segment in Entomobryomorpha is clearly reduced and bears no chaetae.
496:
6356:
4124:
Cristofoli, Sara & Mahy, Grégory (2010). "Colonisation credit in recent wet heathland butterfly communities".
5544:
Kozlowski, Marek Wojciech & Aoxiang, Shi (2006). "Ritual behaviors associated with spermatophore transfer in
4287:
4226:
Bishop, Alan L.; Harris, Anne M. & McKenzie, Harry J. (2001). "Distribution and ecology of the lucerne flea,
4199:
2603:"The French ambers: a general conspectus and the Lowermost Eocene amber deposit of Le Quesnoy in the Paris Basin"
1875:
2353:
Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (17 September 2019).
5846:
4441:"Étude des relations microflore-microfaune: expériences sur Pseudosinella alba (Packard), Collembole mycophage"
4160:
3922:
2832:
2607:
2550:
1097:
520:
2980:
Ponge, Jean-François (1991). "Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter".
3628:
Leinaas, Hans Petter (1983). "Synchronized moulting controlled by communication in group-living Collembola".
1508:
technology the expression of thousands of genes can be measured in parallel. The gene expression profiles of
5811:
4745:
4721:
4649:
3558:
2635:"Ancient Ephemeroptera-Collembola symbiosis fossilized in amber predicts contemporary phoretic associations"
2513:
1570:. Many collembolan species, mostly those living in deeper soil horizons, are parthenogenetic, which favors
980:. Most springtails are small and difficult to see by casual observation, but one springtail, the so-called
6138:
5353:
4953:"Colonization of heavy metal-polluted soils by collembola: preliminary experiments in compartmented boxes"
3808:
3287:
2997:
1326:
1116:) could be kept at an optimum. Sensitivity to drought varies from species to species and increases during
1064:
1024:
4230:(L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), in irrigated lucerne in the Hunter dairying region of New South Wales".
3754:
Jordana, Rafael; Baquero, Enrique; Reboleira, Sofía & Sendra, Alberto (2012). "Reviews of the genera
1604:, which live, reproduce and are carried in female reproductive organs and eggs of Collembola. Feminizing
1238:-dwelling species are attracted to a particular environment, either forested or not. As a consequence of
414:
6387:
5795:
Summary information about the distribution and ecology of Collembola (springtails) in the UK and Ireland
4090:
Ponge, Jean-François; Dubs, Florence; Gillet, Servane; Sousa, José Paulo & Lavelle, Patrick (2006).
2783:
Rusek, Josef (September 1998). "Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem".
1740:
Thimm, Torsten; Hoffmann, Andrea; Borkott, Heinz; Munch, Jean Charles & Tebbe, Christoph C. (1998).
1583:
986:
569:
492:
6405:
6226:
6418:
6366:
6260:
6185:
5680:
5631:
5460:
5407:
5345:
5310:
5272:
5226:
5180:
5047:
5009:
4967:
4370:
4327:
3639:
3567:
3511:
3373:
3279:
3124:
Lyford, Walter H. (1975). "Overland Migration of Collembola (Hypogastrura nivicola Fitch) Colonies".
2989:
2792:
2703:
2648:
2474:
1832:
1807:
1759:
1383:
1339:
1239:
1189:
1018:
779:
477:
443:
397:
297:
5358:
4881:
4091:
3292:
3002:
453:
Springtails also possess the ability to reduce their body size by as much as 30% through subsequent
6441:
5839:
4994:
4644:
1619:
1533:
353:
345:
3918:"Vertical distribution of Collembola in deciduous forests under Mediterranean climatic conditions"
2602:
2601:
Nel, André; De Ploëg, Gaėl; Milliet, Jacqueline; Menier, Jean-Jacques & Waller, Alain (2004).
923:
903:, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil
724:
426:
Members of the Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer
5712:
5696:
5565:
5398:
5371:
5242:
5083:"Transcriptomics reveals extensive inducible biotransformation in the soil-dwelling invertebrate
4952:
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4575:
4558:
4386:
4343:
4141:
4072:
3865:
3842:
3663:
3583:
3527:
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2283:
1993:
1947:
1906:
1856:
1367:
1277:
1247:
249:
129:
6392:
4692:
1035:
driving the local distribution of species is the vertical stratification of the environment: in
5618:
Czarnetzki, Alice B. & Tebbe, Christoph C. (2004). "Detection and phylogenetic analysis of
5081:
Nota, Benjamin; Bosse, Mirte; Ylstra, Bauke; Van Straalen, Nico M. & Roelofs, Dick (2009).
650:
6374:
6247:
5753:
5704:
5647:
5433:
5394:"Collembola in three alpine subarctic sites resistant to twenty years of experimental warming"
5196:
5120:
5063:
4931:
4827:
4792:
4725:
4666:
4626:
4263:
4024:
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3655:
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3033:
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2418:
2332:
2214:
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2126:
2116:
2029:
1985:
1898:
1848:
1785:
1746:(Collembola) is a frequently changeable but selective habitat and a vector for microorganisms"
1722:
1712:
1683:
1639:
1575:
1567:
1555:
1550:
1289:
on their tegument, soil springtails play a positive role in the establishment of plant-fungal
1282:
1113:
1032:
430:
377:
121:
4880:
Lors, Christine; Martínez Aldaya, Maite; Salmon, Sandrine & Ponge, Jean-François (2006).
3545:
Prinzing, Andreas; D'Haese, Cyrille A.; Pavoine, Sandrine & Ponge, Jean-François (2014).
3358:
Krab, Eveline J.; Oorsprong, Hilde; Berg, Matty P. & Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. (2010).
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1977:
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1314:
1158:
1040:
720:
585:
465:
402:
364:
for springtails reflect the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern
222:
6176:
3841:
Loranger, Gladys; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa; Razaka, Barbara & Ponge, Jean-François (2001).
3053:
Ponge, Jean-François; Arpin, Pierre; Sondag, Francis; Delecour, Ferdinand (December 1997).
2900:
5801:
5775:
5171:
4848:
4693:"Insects as Biological Weapons - Insects, Disease, and History | Montana State University"
3725:, a new genus and species of cave collembolan from Madagascar with notes on its ecology".
2112:
1587:
1457:
1294:
1272:
1199:
1187:
springtails are always found in the vicinity of ponds and lakes, such as the hygrophilous
1063:
requirements, together with behavioural trends, dispersal limitation and probable species
554:
500:
381:
373:
369:
213:
5831:
4593:
Lim, Christopher Seng-Hong; Lim, Scott L.; Chew, Fook Tim & Deharveng, Louis (2009).
2901:"Support for Maintaining Endangered Status For the Bone Cave Harvestman (Texella reyesi)"
5684:
5635:
5464:
5411:
5349:
5314:
5276:
5230:
5184:
5051:
5013:
4971:
4374:
4331:
3643:
3571:
3515:
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3283:
2993:
2796:
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2652:
2478:
1836:
1763:
910:
704:
6286:
5428:
5393:
5115:
5082:
4621:
4594:
4300:
4212:
3301:
2875:
2671:
2634:
2614:
2210:
2105:
1449:
1445:
1132:) they spend much time in concealed micro-sites where they can find protection against
872:
767:
593:
573:
361:
5583:
Simon, Jean-Christophe; Delmote, François; Rispe, Claude & Crease, Teresa (2003).
5021:
4979:
4058:
3901:
3884:
3861:
3827:
3336:
3244:
3223:
3110:
2851:
1780:
1741:
6435:
6060:
6055:
6025:
5932:
5794:
5643:
5603:
5584:
5499:
5367:
5322:
5217:
4245:
4137:
3917:
3614:
3488:
3386:
3359:
3344:
3253:
3011:
2953:"The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world"
2827:
2430:
2287:
1708:
1541:
1471:
1433:
1407:
1351:
1313:
fungi. It has been suggested that they could be reared to be used for the control of
1208:
1109:
1060:
904:
623:
70:
5822:
General information on Collembola, with many macrophotographs from Dutch springtails
5569:
5375:
5246:
4579:
4347:
4145:
4076:
3869:
3667:
3587:
3422:
3309:
2812:
2574:
2494:
1997:
1951:
1910:
1860:
1771:
791:. Given its morphology resembles extant species quite closely, the radiation of the
6190:
6065:
6040:
6030:
6001:
5821:
5716:
5665:
Werren, John H.; Zhang, Wan & Guo, Li Rong (1995). "Evolution and phylogeny of
5091:
4678:
4390:
3453:
2730:
2157:
1633:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1395:
1147:
1105:
1068:
1052:
1048:
931:
927:
896:
852:
836:
784:
700:
673:
611:
589:
561:
557:
546:
488:
469:
461:
419:
341:
232:
227:
179:
6203:
5155:
4900:
4110:
3531:
2769:
2715:
2486:
2248:
1293:
and thus are beneficial to agriculture. They also contribute to controlling plant
1079:
5806:
5472:
5284:
4179:
3651:
3172:
2661:
6312:
6252:
6170:
6045:
5959:
5910:
4995:"Interaction between humus form and herbicide toxicity to Collembola (Hexapoda)"
4571:
4501:
2355:"Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order"
2328:
2025:
1387:
1363:
1306:
1223:
1133:
1093:
1084:
1072:
1056:
1008:
900:
892:
848:
646:
565:
473:
447:
237:
112:
45:
5749:
5138:
Kim, Shin Woong & An, Youn-Joo (2014). "Jumping behavior of the springtail
4771:
Fountain, Michelle T. & Hopkin, Steve P. (2001). "Continuous monitoring of
1703:
Brady, Nyle C. & Weil, Ray R. (2009). "Organisms and ecology of the soil".
1153:
618:. This phylogenetic relationship was also confirmed using a phylogeny based on
352:, but others disagree; this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of
337:, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces to stabilize the creature.
6035:
6011:
5922:
5894:
5561:
4882:"Use of an avoidance test for the assessment of microbial degradation of PAHs"
3970:
Identification and Ecology of Freshwater Arthropods in the Mediterranean Basin
3523:
3414:
2804:
2279:
2100:
1629:
1579:
1545:
1505:
1444:
Springtails are currently used in laboratory tests for the early detection of
1355:
1330:
1310:
1194:
1101:
1044:
1002:
996:
964:
856:
844:
577:
438:
392:
365:
334:
304:
293:
292:). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called
90:
55:
6161:
5105:
3843:"Does soil acidity explain altitudinal sequences in collembolan communities?"
3783:
3740:
3323:
Bowden, John; Haines, Ian H. & Mercer, D. (1976). "Climbing Collembola".
2531:
2130:
2059:
1726:
6273:
6070:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5968:
5940:
5900:
5888:
5882:
5863:
5301:
4993:
Ponge, Jean-François; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa & Marchetti, Valérie (2002).
4647:(2013). "Evidence of photo manipulation in a delusional parasitosis paper".
4425:
4408:(Collembola) prevents damping-off disease in cabbage and Chinese cabbage by
3270:
2414:
1942:
1925:
1894:
1844:
1679:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1491:
1487:
1429:
1399:
1379:
1290:
1263:
1258:
1230:-dwelling species are not specialized and can be found everywhere, but most
1204:
1137:
1125:
981:
977:
918:
888:
867:
615:
581:
512:
434:
427:
357:
166:
146:
95:
5757:
5692:
5651:
5437:
5200:
5124:
5067:
4796:
4788:
4670:
4630:
3659:
3475:
Verhoef, Herman A. (1984). "Releaser and primer pheromones in Collembola".
3461:
2680:
2422:
2336:
2033:
1989:
1902:
1852:
5708:
4483:
4382:
4339:
4193:
Shaw, Michael W. & Haughs, G. M. (1983). "Damage to potato foliage by
3204:
3187:
3095:"Biocenoses of Collembola in atlantic temperate grass-woodland ecosystems"
2729:
Koehler, Philip G.; Aparicio, M. L. & Pfiester, Margaret (July 2011).
1874:
Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J.; Penny, David (12 September 2003).
1789:
1536:
occurs through the clustered or scattered deposition of spermatophores by
1411:
could be explained through natural phenomena. Springtail species cited in
1354:
military of spreading bacteria-laden insects and other objects during the
1320:
Various sources and publications have suggested that some springtails may
1246:
change, when too rapid, may cause the local disappearance of slow-moving,
17:
6234:
6213:
6155:
6080:
6020:
5981:
5945:
5530:
4612:
4541:
2639:
2381:
1926:"Response to Comment on 'Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?'"
1647:
1615:
1595:
1467:
1460:
1321:
1250:, a phenomenon the measure of which has been called colonisation credit.
1215:
1171:
1129:
1121:
1036:
960:
796:
792:
788:
605:
601:
349:
277:
189:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
6239:
3807:
Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François & Van Straalen, Nico (2002).
3055:"Soil fauna and site assessment in beech stands of the Belgian Ardennes"
2828:"Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest"
2174:
Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa
1981:
629:
The latest whole-genome phylogeny supporting four orders of Collembola:
6098:
6088:
6050:
5238:
3792:
3145:
1501:
1490:, and like many insects and molluscs, Collembola are very sensitive to
1403:
1375:
1371:
1298:
1243:
1231:
1184:
1167:
1117:
956:
840:
484:
454:
289:
285:
100:
75:
5419:
5192:
5059:
4067:
3579:
2371:
2354:
6317:
6103:
5876:
5700:
4161:"Effect of habitat spatiotemporal structure on collembolan diversity"
3809:"Ionic identity of pore water influences pH preference in Collembola"
2107:
Extraordinary animals: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals
1334:
1302:
1235:
1219:
1039:
a continuous change in species assemblages can be observed from tree
973:
863:
801:
772:
505:
481:
328:
317:
281:
156:
6132:
5392:
Alatalo, Juha M.; Jägerbrand, Annika K. & Čuchta, Peter (2015).
4662:
4500:
Janssens, Frans & Christiansen, Kenneth A. (November 22, 2007).
4440:
3137:
3094:
3070:
3054:
2868:
Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes
2508:
Daly, Howell V.; Doyen, John T. & Purcell, Alexander H. (1998).
879:
To protect themselves, some species have evolved chemical defenses.
6304:
6278:
4404:
Shiraishi, Hiroyoshi; Enami, Yoshinari & Okano, Seigo (2003). "
3994:
Pichard, Sylvain (1973). "Contribution à l'étude de la biologie de
3885:"Vertical distribution of Collembola in a Pinus nigra organic soil"
3690:
Cave Science: Transactions of the British Cave Research Association
783:, is the oldest terrestrial arthropod, and was found in the famous
368:: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an
6400:
3228:(Collembola) to loose and compact soil: methods and first results"
2866:
Koehler, H.H. (1999). "Predatory mites (Gamasina, Mesostigmata)".
2826:
Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. & Snider, Renate M. (1996).
2545:
1347:
1257:
1175:
1152:
1078:
948:
917:
909:
619:
530:
408:
391:
5774:
5730:
Fenn, Katelyn & Blaxter, Mark (2004). "Are filarial nematode
5142:
as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils".
3186:
Zettel, Joerg; Zettel, Ursula; Egger, Beatrice (15 April 2000).
1537:
1359:
1227:
968:
944:
940:
608:
6136:
5835:
5513:
Waldorf, Elizabeth S. (1974). "Sex pheromone in the springtail
1067:. Some species have been shown to exhibit negative or positive
4502:"Synanthropic Collembola, springtails in association with Man"
952:
5789:
2444:
1876:"Comment on 'Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?'"
323:
312:
6265:
2736:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida IFAS Extension
1207:(and one of the first springtails to have been described by
580:. However, recent phylogenetic studies show Arthropleona is
6041:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
5826:
1456:
tests have been performed by researchers, mostly using the
1179:
870:
in the same environment, such as the endangered harvestman
480:
respiration system, which forces them to respire through a
2546:"Hexapoda. Insects, springtails, diplurans, and proturans"
1214:
In a variegated landscape, made of a patchwork of closed (
4812:"Soil quality. Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (
6066:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
2201:
Coleman, David C.; Wall, Diana H. (2015). "Soil Fauna".
5827:
Collembola species currently recorded from South Africa
4017:
Del-Claro, Kleber; Guillermo, Rhainer (June 10, 2019).
344:
studies suggested that Collembola represent a separate
333:"peg"; this name was given due to the existence of the
2899:
City of Austin and Travis County (September 3, 2020).
2583:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
895:
and other decaying material, where they are primarily
4951:
Chauvat, Matthieu & Ponge, Jean-François (2002).
4439:
Ponge, Jean-François; Charpentié, Marie-José (1981).
3721:
Palacios-Vargas, José G. & Wilson, Jane (1990). "
553:
Traditionally, the springtails were divided into the
5387:
5385:
5258:
5256:
4718:
Six-legged soldiers: using insects as weapons of war
6145:
6079:
6009:
6000:
5967:
5958:
5931:
5909:
4595:"Collembola are unlikely to cause human dermatitis"
3967:Maasri, Alain; Thorp, James H. (October 31, 2023).
2348:
2346:
1466:. These tests have been standardized. Details on a
1413:
allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
592:. Technically, the Arthropleona are thus a partial
276:) form the largest of the three lineages of modern
4000:Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique
2104:
372:; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a
4775:(Insecta: Collembola) in a metal exposure test".
3030:Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
2575:"Collembola in amber from the Dominican Republic"
1419:(a local species) and the "white rat springtail"
1370:effort. The alleged associated diseases included
2084:Biology of the springtails (Insecta: Collembola)
1092:As a group, springtails are highly sensitive to
862:Cave-dwelling springtails are a food source for
491:and Actaletidae, which exhibit a single pair of
1666:Gillott, Cedric (2005). "Apterygote hexapods".
380:lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full
4924:International Organization for Standardization
4820:International Organization for Standardization
4495:
4493:
3883:Faber, Jack H. & Joosse, Els N.G. (1993).
3436:Holmstrup, Martin & Bayley, Mark (2013). "
3217:
3215:
2396:
2394:
2392:
1705:Elements of the nature and properties of soils
1478:and comparison with the sexual nearby species
6452:Taxa named by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
5847:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3023:
3021:
1146:living 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) down the
8:
5946:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
2510:Introduction to insect biology and diversity
4936:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4832:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2203:Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry
1618:, where they co-evolved with most of their
6133:
6006:
5964:
5915:
5854:
5840:
5832:
1317:in greenhouses and other indoor cultures.
1055:. This is a complex factor embracing both
111:
31:
5669:: reproductive parasites of arthropods".
5602:
5590:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5427:
5357:
5114:
5104:
4620:
4066:
3900:
3791:
3385:
3291:
3243:
3203:
3001:
2946:
2944:
2850:
2670:
2660:
2380:
2370:
2177:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1941:
1809:Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura
1779:
1504:model organism for soil toxicology. With
813:There are about 3,600 different species.
568:. The Arthropleona were divided into two
5790:Checklist of the Collembola of the World
4849:"Toxicity testing with the collembolans
2921:Hoffmann, Klaus H. (December 19, 2014).
2095:
2093:
1428:Captive springtails are often kept in a
1203:, a unique representative of the family
1124:repeatedly during their entire life (an
476:have a globular body. Collembola lack a
6447:Extant Early Devonian first appearances
1658:
5548:(Collembola : Bourletiellidae)".
4929:
4847:Krogh, Paul Henning (August 1, 2008).
4825:
4777:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
4445:Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol
1751:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1566:use a clasping organ located on their
1183:during dry seasons, but also why some
766:Springtails are attested to since the
6046:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
5785:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.
4020:Aquatic Insects: Behavior and Ecology
3947:"Isotomurus palustris (Muller, 1776)"
2317:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2260:
2258:
2196:
2194:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2045:
2043:
2014:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1963:
1961:
839:mites in various families, including
7:
6406:3ED85DF8-A30F-37E4-5237-50426383C4A8
6367:9f667394-500c-43ad-8100-fb137020c1ae
5039:Environmental Science and Technology
4526:Berenbaum, May (2005). "Face time".
2924:Insect Molecular Biology and Ecology
1742:"The gut of the soil microarthropod
1707:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River:
1594:) is under the control of symbiotic
1562:. Among Symphypleona, males of some
1297:through their active consumption of
4746:"The Top 5 Bioactive Clean Up Crew"
3728:International Journal of Speleology
3059:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2467:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1362:fighters above rebel villages over
693:
666:
639:
632:
6099:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
5672:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4301:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1975.tb01882.x
4213:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1983.tb02864.x
3302:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00404.x
2876:10.1016/b978-0-444-50019-9.50022-4
2211:10.1016/B978-0-12-415955-6.00005-0
2086:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1812:. London: Ray Society. p. 36.
468:have an elongated body, while the
25:
6061:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
5817:A small lecture from Steve Hopkin
5812:General information on Collembola
5807:General information on Collembola
4126:Insect Conservation and Diversity
360:. The adjustments of traditional
5734:obligate mutualist symbionts?".
5644:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00537.x
5604:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00175.x
5368:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01926.x
5323:10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04366.x
4246:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00202.x
4233:Australian Journal of Entomology
4138:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2009.00075.x
3387:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01754.x
1632:
1440:Ecotoxicology laboratory animals
723:
703:
676:
649:
133:
5737:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
3126:The American Midland Naturalist
1772:10.1128/AEM.64.7.2660-2669.1998
1096:, because of their tegumentary
4857:and the results of a ringtest"
4363:Biology and Fertility of Soils
4320:Biology and Fertility of Soils
3454:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.08.015
3192:European Journal of Entomology
2158:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a
1271:Springtails are well known as
487:, except for the two families
280:that are no longer considered
1:
5488:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
5156:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033
5022:10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00026-4
4980:10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00087-2
4901:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.026
4889:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
4716:Lockwood, Jeffrey A. (2009).
4470:(Collembola: Onychiuridae)".
4466:(Collembola: Isotomidae) and
4111:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.004
4099:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
4059:10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00108-1
4047:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3902:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00108-2
3862:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00153-X
3850:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3828:10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00150-5
3816:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3772:Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews
3337:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)02178-9
3245:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)00360-8
3111:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00100-8
3093:Ponge, Jean-François (1993).
2852:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00348-2
2785:Biodiversity and Conservation
2770:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.02.019
2758:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2716:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.07.003
2487:10.1080/14772019.2016.1194575
2445:"Checklist of the Collembola"
2249:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.002
2237:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2152:(6149): 945. 30 August 2013.
2111:. Santa Barbara, California:
5500:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00139-5
5473:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.11.001
5285:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.02.013
4720:(1st ed.). Oxford, UK:
4180:10.1016/j.pedobi.2014.01.006
3696:(3): 210–226. Archived from
3652:10.1126/science.219.4581.193
3615:10.1016/0022-1910(81)90065-2
3603:Journal of Insect Physiology
3489:10.1016/0022-1910(84)90052-0
3477:Journal of Insect Physiology
3442:Journal of Insect Physiology
3173:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.04.010
3012:10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
2662:10.1371/journal.pone.0047651
1275:of some agricultural crops.
835:Springtails are consumed by
329:
318:
6031:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
5941:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
5546:Deuterosminthurus bicinctus
4572:10.3157/0013-872x-119.5.537
4506:Checklist of the Collembola
3032:. OUP Oxford. p. 127.
3028:Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
2951:Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
2573:Mari Mutt, José A. (1983).
2403:Molecular Ecology Resources
2329:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007
2171:Ax, Peter (March 9, 2013).
2082:Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
2026:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
1417:Isotoma (Desoria) negishina
1143:Plutomurus ortobalaganensis
376:. If they are considered a
296:because they have internal
6468:
5750:10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.002
5624:Environmental Microbiology
4750:Northampton Reptile Centre
3929:Belgian Journal of Zoology
3504:Journal of Insect Behavior
3222:Didden, Wim A. M. (1987).
2512:(2nd ed.). New York:
1610:species are widespread in
1287:mycorrhiza helper bacteria
324:
313:
311:is from the ancient Greek
6120:
5923:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
5918:
5871:
5562:10.1007/s10164-005-0162-6
4600:Journal of Insect Science
4033:– via Google Books.
3983:– via Google Books.
3916:Detsis, Vassilis (2000).
3524:10.1007/s10905-008-9159-7
3415:10.1007/s00435-012-0181-0
2937:– via Google Books.
2280:10.1016/j.jcz.2020.02.001
2187:– via Google Books.
1548:has been demonstrated in
1120:. Given that springtails
718:
698:
691:
671:
664:
644:
637:
527:Systematics and evolution
495:between the head and the
255:
248:
219:
212:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
34:
6094:Collembola (springtails)
6021:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
5519:Environmental Entomology
5106:10.1186/1471-2164-10-236
5087:exposed to phenanthrene"
4472:Environmental Entomology
3784:10.1163/187498312X622430
3741:10.5038/1827-806x.19.1.6
3681:Wilson, Jane M. (1982).
2551:Tree of Life Web Project
2060:10.1242/jcs.s2-71.281.15
1670:(3rd ed.). Berlin:
1482:(sometimes preferred to
1254:Relationship with humans
564:, and occasionally also
433:, and possess a tubular
41:Early Devonian – present
6125:are paraphyletic groups
5782:Encyclopædia Britannica
4816:) by soil contaminants"
4722:Oxford University Press
4650:Journal of Parasitology
4426:10.1078/0031-4056-00167
3559:Journal of Biogeography
3438:Protaphorura tricampata
2805:10.1023/a:1008887817883
2514:Oxford University Press
2415:10.1111/1755-0998.13146
2052:Journal of Cell Science
1943:10.1126/science.1087632
1895:10.1126/science.1086558
1845:10.1126/science.1078607
1680:10.1007/1-4020-3183-1_5
1540:adults. Stimulation of
804: million years ago
795:can be situated in the
775: million years ago
284:(the other two are the
6036:Branchiura (fish lice)
5992:Diplopoda (millipedes)
5977:Chilopoda (centipedes)
5693:10.1098/rspb.1995.0117
4789:10.1006/eesa.2000.2007
3935:(Supplement 1): 57–61.
3723:Troglobius coprophagus
2960:Natural History Museum
2054:. S2-71 (281): 15–30.
1520:Climate warming impact
1358:by dropping them from
1327:delusional parasitosis
1268:
1163:
1089:
935:
915:
550:
423:
406:
405:) with visible furcula
27:Subclass of arthropods
6388:Paleobiology Database
5338:Global Change Biology
5144:Ecological Indicators
4529:American Entomologist
4468:Onychiurus encarpatus
4383:10.1007/s003740000290
4340:10.1007/s003740050553
3998:(Linné) Collembole".
3205:10.14411/eje.2000.010
2268:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1584:environmental hazards
1544:deposition by female
1470:, on the biology and
1261:
1226:) environments, most
1156:
1082:
1014:Entomobrya albocincta
987:Hypogastrura nivicola
921:
913:
541:
412:
395:
5866:classes by subphylum
5453:Applied Soil Ecology
5265:Applied Soil Ecology
5002:Applied Soil Ecology
4960:Applied Soil Ecology
4914:ISO 17512-2 (2011).
4613:10.1673/031.009.0301
3766:Yosii, 1956 and the
2870:. pp. 395–410.
2205:. pp. 111–149.
1674:. pp. 113–125.
1574:to the detriment of
1190:Isotomurus palustris
1025:Hypogastrura arborea
891:frequently found in
780:Rhyniella praecursor
6089:Protura (coneheads)
5685:1995RSPSB.261...55W
5636:2004EnvMi...6...35C
5550:Journal of Ethology
5465:2011AppSE..47...37K
5412:2015NatSR...518161A
5350:2009GCBio..15.2972H
5315:2006Ecogr..29..111D
5277:2005AppSE..30..148S
5231:1996PoBio..16..147C
5185:2013EcolL..16..409N
5052:2008EnST...42.8152N
5014:2002AppSE..20..239P
4972:2002AppSE..21...91C
4484:10.1093/ee/18.2.334
4375:2001BioFS..33...62S
4332:1999BioFS..29..277K
3644:1983Sci...219..193P
3572:2014JBiog..41..353P
3516:2009JIBeh..22..121B
3378:2010FuEco..24.1362K
3284:1998Ecogr..21..392R
2994:1991Geode..49...33P
2797:1998BiCon...7.1207R
2708:2006CrRes..27..318C
2696:Cretaceous Research
2653:2012PLoSO...747651P
2479:2017JSPal..15..513S
1982:10.2108/zsj.25.1139
1837:2003Sci...299.1887N
1831:(5614): 1887–1889.
1764:1998ApEnM..64.2660T
1558:can be observed in
1534:Sexual reproduction
1500:is also becoming a
1178:. Requirements for
959:nests) occur. Only
596:of the Collembola.
415:Deutonura monticola
354:molecular evolution
5800:2019-04-22 at the
5776:"Springtail"
5531:10.1093/ee/3.6.916
5399:Scientific Reports
5239:10.1007/BF02390435
4851:Folsomia fimetaria
4810:ISO 11267 (2014).
4752:. 16 December 2015
4559:Entomological News
4542:10.1093/ae/51.2.68
4410:Rhizoctonia solani
4228:Sminthurus viridis
4195:Sminthurus viridis
3365:Functional Ecology
3226:Onychiurus fimatus
1970:Zoological Science
1480:Folsomia fimetaria
1368:biological warfare
1278:Sminthurus viridis
1269:
1248:specialist species
1164:
1090:
976:and crustaceans a
936:
916:
770:. The fossil from
551:
521:Malpighian tubules
424:
407:
6429:
6428:
6375:Open Tree of Life
6139:Taxon identifiers
6130:
6129:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6104:Insecta (insects)
5954:
5953:
5515:Sinella curviseta
5420:10.1038/srep18161
5344:(12): 2972–2980.
5193:10.1111/ele.12058
5060:10.1021/es801472r
5046:(21): 8152–8157.
4731:978-0-19-533305-3
4464:Proisotoma minuta
4406:Folsomia hidakana
4264:State of Victoria
4030:978-3-030-16327-3
3980:978-0-12-821856-3
3822:(11): 1663–1667.
3638:(4581): 193–195.
3580:10.1111/jbi.12188
3448:(11): 1104–1110.
3065:(12): 2053–2064.
3039:978-0-19-158925-6
2934:978-1-4822-3189-2
2885:978-0-444-50019-9
2554:. January 1, 2002
2523:978-0-19-510033-4
2372:10.3390/d11090169
2220:978-0-12-415955-6
2184:978-3-662-10396-8
2144:"Random Sample".
1976:(11): 1139–1145.
1718:978-0-13-501433-2
1689:978-0-306-44967-3
1640:Arthropods portal
1576:genetic diversity
1551:Sinella curviseta
1283:mycorrhizal fungi
1033:ecological factor
943:cushions, fallen
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
736:
735:
624:whole-genome data
549:) on rotting wood
539:
398:Isotoma anglicana
346:evolutionary line
303:Collembolans are
267:
266:
242:
208:
122:Orchesella cincta
16:(Redirected from
6459:
6422:
6421:
6409:
6408:
6396:
6395:
6383:
6382:
6370:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6347:
6346:
6334:
6333:
6321:
6320:
6308:
6307:
6295:
6294:
6282:
6281:
6269:
6268:
6256:
6255:
6243:
6242:
6230:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6194:
6193:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6134:
6007:
5965:
5916:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5833:
5786:
5778:
5762:
5761:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5622:in Collembola".
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5406:(18161): 18161.
5389:
5380:
5379:
5361:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5140:Folsomia candida
5135:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5108:
5085:Folsomia candida
5078:
5072:
5071:
5032:
5026:
5025:
4999:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4927:
4918:Folsomia candida
4911:
4905:
4904:
4895:(8): 2199–2204.
4886:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4855:Folsomia candida
4844:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4823:
4814:Folsomia candida
4807:
4801:
4800:
4773:Folsomia candida
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4316:Folsomia candida
4311:
4305:
4304:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4165:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4105:(5): 1158–1161.
4096:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3687:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3555:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3372:(6): 1362–1369.
3355:
3349:
3348:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3295:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3090:
3075:
3074:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2836:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2791:(9): 1207–1219.
2780:
2774:
2773:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2374:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2110:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1758:(7): 2660–2669.
1744:Folsomia candida
1737:
1731:
1730:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1663:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1510:Folsomia candida
1497:Folsomia candida
1484:Folsomia candida
1476:Folsomia candida
1464:Folsomia candida
1454:chronic toxicity
1422:Folsomia candida
1315:pathogenic fungi
1267:sp. from Germany
1159:Anurida maritima
887:Springtails are
805:
776:
727:
721:Entomobryomorpha
707:
694:
680:
667:
653:
640:
633:
586:Entomobryomorpha
540:
466:Entomobryomorpha
403:Entomobryomorpha
332:
327:
326:
321:
316:
315:
240:
223:Entomobryomorpha
203:
138:
137:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6404:
6399:
6391:
6386:
6378:
6373:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6350:
6342:
6337:
6329:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6298:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6272:
6264:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6210:
6202:
6197:
6189:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6141:
6131:
6126:
6108:
6075:
5996:
5950:
5927:
5905:
5867:
5860:
5802:Wayback Machine
5773:
5770:
5765:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5679:(1360): 55–63.
5664:
5663:
5659:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5359:10.1.1.658.1606
5335:
5334:
5330:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5172:Ecology Letters
5168:
5167:
5163:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5034:
5033:
5029:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4928:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4824:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4699:
4697:www.montana.edu
4691:
4690:
4686:
4663:10.1645/12-12.1
4643:
4642:
4638:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4288:Plant Pathology
4284:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4200:Plant Pathology
4192:
4191:
4187:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3996:Podura aquatica
3993:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3762:Absolon, 1901,
3758:Absolon, 1900,
3753:
3752:
3748:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3609:(11): 755–760.
3600:
3599:
3595:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3293:10.1.1.476.6663
3266:
3265:
3261:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3138:10.2307/2424550
3123:
3122:
3118:
3092:
3091:
3078:
3071:10.1139/x97-169
3052:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3003:10.1.1.635.8529
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2524:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2113:Greenwood Press
2099:
2098:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2067:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1719:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1588:Parthenogenesis
1578:and thereby to
1556:Mating behavior
1531:
1522:
1458:parthenogenetic
1442:
1384:fowl septicemia
1295:fungal diseases
1256:
1200:Podura aquatica
1112:rates (thereby
1071:, which adds a
1051:down to deeper
1019:Xenylla xavieri
885:
833:
824:
822:Eating behavior
819:
800:
771:
764:
755:
746:
737:
531:
529:
501:soil morphology
390:
348:from the other
202:
132:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6465:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6410:
6397:
6384:
6371:
6361:
6348:
6335:
6322:
6309:
6296:
6287:Fauna Europaea
6283:
6270:
6257:
6244:
6231:
6218:
6208:
6195:
6182:
6167:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5792:
5787:
5769:
5768:External links
5766:
5764:
5763:
5744:(4): 163–166.
5722:
5657:
5610:
5597:(1): 151–153.
5575:
5556:(2): 103–110.
5536:
5525:(6): 916–918.
5505:
5494:(3): 313–322.
5478:
5443:
5381:
5328:
5309:(1): 111–119.
5290:
5271:(3): 148–161.
5252:
5225:(2): 147–153.
5206:
5179:(3): 409–419.
5161:
5130:
5073:
5027:
5008:(3): 239–253.
4985:
4943:
4906:
4872:
4839:
4802:
4783:(3): 275–286.
4763:
4737:
4730:
4708:
4684:
4657:(3): 583–585.
4645:Shelomi, Matan
4636:
4585:
4566:(5): 537–540.
4547:
4518:
4489:
4478:(2): 334–337.
4454:
4431:
4396:
4353:
4326:(3): 277–281.
4306:
4295:(3): 150–154.
4277:
4260:"Lucerne Flea"
4251:
4218:
4207:(4): 465–466.
4185:
4174:(2): 103–117.
4151:
4116:
4082:
4053:(6): 813–826.
4036:
4029:
4009:
3986:
3979:
3959:
3938:
3908:
3895:(6): 336–350.
3875:
3856:(3): 381–393.
3833:
3799:
3760:Deuteraphorura
3746:
3735:(1–4): 67–73.
3713:
3673:
3620:
3593:
3566:(2): 353–365.
3537:
3510:(2): 121–133.
3494:
3483:(8): 665–670.
3467:
3428:
3409:(2): 183–195.
3393:
3350:
3331:(4): 298–312.
3315:
3278:(4): 392–400.
3259:
3224:"Reactions of
3211:
3178:
3167:(4): 287–293.
3151:
3132:(1): 205–209.
3116:
3105:(4): 223–244.
3076:
3045:
3038:
3017:
2988:(1–2): 33–62.
2972:
2940:
2933:
2913:
2891:
2884:
2858:
2845:(2): 149–161.
2818:
2775:
2747:
2721:
2702:(3): 318–363.
2686:
2647:(10): e47651.
2625:
2615:Geologica Acta
2593:
2565:
2537:
2522:
2500:
2473:(7): 513–537.
2457:
2436:
2409:(3): 706–717.
2388:
2342:
2323:(3): 728–735.
2307:
2293:
2254:
2226:
2219:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2136:
2121:
2089:
2065:
2039:
2020:(1): 100–116.
2003:
1957:
1936:(5639): 1482.
1916:
1889:(5639): 1482.
1866:
1815:
1795:
1732:
1717:
1695:
1688:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1627:
1624:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1446:soil pollution
1441:
1438:
1255:
1252:
905:microorganisms
884:
881:
873:Texella reyesi
832:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
768:Early Devonian
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
697:
692:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
670:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
643:
638:
636:
631:
594:junior synonym
574:Entomobryoidea
528:
525:
389:
386:
362:taxonomic rank
265:
264:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
246:
245:
244:
243:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6464:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6124:
6119:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:Tantulocarida
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:Mystacocarida
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5933:Euchelicerata
5930:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5218:Polar Biology
5210:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5031:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:(2): 91–106.
4965:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4873:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4764:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4519:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4451:(3): 291–303.
4450:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4278:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4010:
4006:(4): 291–299.
4005:
4002:(in French).
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3703:on 2016-08-04
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3551:(Collembola)"
3550:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:Zoomorphology
3397:
3394:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3238:(2): 93–100.
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2927:. CRC Press.
2926:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2732:
2731:"Springtails"
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2590:(3): 575–587.
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:11365/1079696
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:9780313339226
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:Lubbock, John
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
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1745:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1709:Prentice Hall
1706:
1699:
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1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1653:
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1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:of the genus
1597:
1593:
1590:(also called
1589:
1585:
1582:tolerance of
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1542:spermatophore
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
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1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:ecotoxicology
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1434:clean-up crew
1432:as part of a
1431:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:US government
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
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1352:United States
1349:
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1249:
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1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1209:Carl Linnaeus
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:character in
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:physiological
1058:
1054:
1053:soil horizons
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
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983:
979:
975:
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966:
962:
958:
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950:
946:
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933:
929:
925:
922:A species of
920:
912:
908:
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898:
894:
890:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
869:
865:
860:
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854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:mesostigmatan
830:
828:
821:
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814:
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621:
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613:
610:
607:
603:
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595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:superfamilies
567:
563:
559:
556:
548:
544:
543:Allacma fusca
526:
524:
522:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
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136:
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118:
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109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
6146:
6122:
6093:
6010:
6002:Pancrustacea
5899:Superphylum
5780:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5676:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5630:(1): 35–44.
5627:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5594:
5588:
5578:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5459:(1): 37–44.
5456:
5452:
5446:
5403:
5397:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5306:
5300:
5293:
5268:
5264:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5096:
5092:BMC Genomics
5090:
5084:
5076:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5005:
5001:
4988:
4963:
4959:
4946:
4917:
4909:
4892:
4888:
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4854:
4850:
4842:
4813:
4805:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4749:
4740:
4717:
4711:
4700:. Retrieved
4696:
4687:
4654:
4648:
4639:
4604:
4598:
4588:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4536:(2): 68–69.
4533:
4527:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4505:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4420:(1): 33–38.
4417:
4414:Pedobiologia
4413:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4369:(1): 62–66.
4366:
4362:
4356:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4268:. Retrieved
4254:
4240:(1): 49–55.
4237:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4171:
4168:Pedobiologia
4167:
4154:
4132:(2): 83–91.
4129:
4125:
4119:
4102:
4098:
4085:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4023:. Springer.
4019:
4012:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3973:. Elsevier.
3969:
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3941:
3932:
3928:
3911:
3892:
3889:Pedobiologia
3888:
3878:
3853:
3849:
3836:
3819:
3815:
3802:
3778:(1): 35–85.
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3705:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3693:
3689:
3676:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3540:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3369:
3363:
3353:
3328:
3325:Pedobiologia
3324:
3318:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3235:
3232:Pedobiologia
3231:
3225:
3198:(1): 41–45.
3195:
3191:
3181:
3164:
3161:Pedobiologia
3160:
3154:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3102:
3099:Pedobiologia
3098:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3029:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2923:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2894:
2867:
2861:
2842:
2839:Pedobiologia
2838:
2821:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2724:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2644:
2638:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2509:
2503:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2439:
2406:
2402:
2362:
2358:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2296:
2271:
2267:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2202:
2173:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2106:
2083:
2051:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1704:
1698:
1667:
1661:
1605:
1599:
1572:reproduction
1564:Sminthuridae
1560:Symphypleona
1549:
1532:
1529:Reproduction
1523:
1514:
1509:
1495:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1443:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1396:scrub typhus
1350:accused the
1345:
1338:
1319:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1242:limitation,
1224:cereal crops
1218:) and open (
1213:
1198:
1188:
1165:
1157:
1148:Krubera Cave
1141:
1106:reproduction
1091:
1083:
1069:gravitropism
1065:interactions
1049:plant litter
1030:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
992:
985:
937:
932:Sminthuridae
928:Symphypleona
924:Sminthurinae
901:microbivores
897:detritivores
886:
883:Distribution
878:
871:
861:
853:Rhodacaridae
834:
825:
812:
808:
785:Rhynie chert
778:
765:
719:
701:Symphypleona
699:
674:Poduromorpha
672:
645:
628:
598:
590:Poduromorpha
582:paraphyletic
562:Symphypleona
558:Arthropleona
552:
547:Symphypleona
542:
523:are absent.
517:
510:
489:Sminthuridae
470:Symphypleona
462:Poduromorpha
459:
452:
425:
420:Poduromorpha
413:
396:
342:DNA sequence
339:
308:
302:
273:
269:
268:
233:Symphypleona
228:Poduromorpha
199:
180:Pancrustacea
173:
120:
29:
6313:iNaturalist
6171:Wikispecies
5960:Mandibulata
5911:Chelicerata
5895:Protostomia
5893:(unranked)
5887:(unranked)
5881:Subkingdom
3793:10171/27607
3756:Schaefferia
2101:Piper, Ross
1388:paratyphoid
1364:North Korea
1307:damping-off
1134:desiccation
1098:respiration
1094:desiccation
1088:sp. on leaf
1085:Dicyrtomina
1073:behavioural
1057:nutritional
1009:Anurophorus
965:crustaceans
914:"Snow flea"
893:leaf litter
849:Parasitidae
647:Neelipleona
616:apomorphies
566:Neelipleona
474:Neelipleona
448:retinaculum
322:"glue" and
270:Springtails
261:Oligoentoma
238:Neelipleona
186:Subphylum:
35:Springtails
6442:Collembola
6436:Categories
6204:Collembola
6191:Collembola
6177:Collembola
6147:Collembola
5864:Arthropoda
4922:. Geneva:
4818:. Geneva:
4702:2022-10-06
4607:(3): 1–5.
4068:10316/3875
3764:Plutomurus
3707:2016-01-03
2965:January 2,
2906:October 6,
2450:January 2,
2365:(9): 169.
1668:Entomology
1654:References
1612:arthropods
1580:population
1546:pheromones
1506:microarray
1492:herbicides
1488:earthworms
1356:Korean War
1335:aspirating
1331:pareidolia
1322:parasitize
1311:pathogenic
1102:pheromones
1045:vegetation
1043:to ground
1003:Orchesella
997:Entomobrya
868:harvestmen
857:Veigaiidae
845:Laelapidae
578:Poduroidea
439:collophore
388:Morphology
366:cladistics
358:arthropods
356:among the
335:collophore
309:Collembola
305:omnivorous
298:mouthparts
294:Entognatha
274:Collembola
258:Oligentoma
241:(disputed)
200:Collembola
196:Subclass:
167:Arthropoda
18:Collembola
6071:Remipedia
6012:Crustacea
5987:Pauropoda
5969:Myriapoda
5901:Ecdysozoa
5889:Bilateria
5883:Eumetazoa
5732:Wolbachia
5667:Wolbachia
5620:Wolbachia
5354:CiteSeerX
5302:Ecography
5150:: 67–71.
4865:April 17,
3345:258572651
3288:CiteSeerX
3271:Ecography
3254:258140448
2998:CiteSeerX
2764:: 31–38.
2740:March 26,
2622:(1): 3–8.
2558:March 26,
2532:925231875
2431:211133755
2359:Diversity
2288:214349457
2274:: 81–96.
2243:: 20–31.
2131:124074839
1727:276340542
1616:nematodes
1607:Wolbachia
1601:Wolbachia
1592:thelytoky
1430:terrarium
1400:small pox
1380:dysentery
1346:In 1952,
1291:symbioses
1264:Tomocerus
1240:dispersal
1205:Poduridae
1138:predation
1126:ancestral
1031:The main
982:snow flea
978:subphylum
961:nematodes
889:cryptozoa
831:Predators
513:prothorax
493:spiracles
435:appendage
428:abdominal
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
6235:BugGuide
6211:BioLib:
6156:Wikidata
6081:Hexapoda
6051:Copepoda
5982:Symphyla
5877:Animalia
5875:Kingdom
5798:Archived
5758:16701248
5652:14686939
5570:12056710
5438:26670681
5376:36287733
5247:13826340
5201:23278945
5125:19457238
5068:19031917
4932:cite web
4828:cite web
4797:11222037
4671:23198757
4631:19611235
4580:83870937
4511:April 9,
4348:11014525
4146:86558143
4077:86289373
3952:April 2,
3870:84523833
3668:41604935
3660:17841689
3588:86619537
3549:Willemia
3462:24035747
3423:14442664
3310:85133291
2982:Geoderma
2813:22883809
2681:23082186
2640:PLOS ONE
2495:88641582
2423:32065730
2337:18835455
2103:(2007).
2034:16290034
1998:10783597
1990:19267625
1952:82407120
1911:43942720
1903:12970547
1861:38792657
1853:12649480
1806:(1873).
1672:Springer
1648:Hexapoda
1626:See also
1620:lineages
1596:bacteria
1468:ringtest
1461:isotomid
1216:woodland
1195:Adaptive
1172:moisture
1162:on water
1130:Hexapoda
1110:survival
1047:then to
1041:canopies
1037:woodland
797:Silurian
793:Hexapoda
789:Scotland
612:sequence
588:and the
576:and the
478:tracheal
431:segments
384:status.
374:subclass
350:Hexapoda
278:hexapods
250:Synonyms
190:Hexapoda
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
6162:Q190701
5862:Extant
5717:8585323
5709:7644549
5681:Bibcode
5632:Bibcode
5461:Bibcode
5429:4680968
5408:Bibcode
5346:Bibcode
5311:Bibcode
5273:Bibcode
5227:Bibcode
5181:Bibcode
5116:2688526
5099:: 236.
5048:Bibcode
5010:Bibcode
4968:Bibcode
4679:6473251
4622:3011850
4391:9273050
4371:Bibcode
4328:Bibcode
4270:June 2,
4197:(L.)".
3768:Anurida
3640:Bibcode
3631:Science
3568:Bibcode
3512:Bibcode
3374:Bibcode
3280:Bibcode
3146:2424550
2990:Bibcode
2793:Bibcode
2704:Bibcode
2672:3474712
2649:Bibcode
2475:Bibcode
2146:Science
1930:Science
1883:Science
1833:Bibcode
1825:Science
1790:9647845
1760:Bibcode
1568:antenna
1502:genomic
1404:typhoid
1376:cholera
1372:anthrax
1340:Isotoma
1299:mycelia
1244:landuse
1232:epigeal
1220:meadows
1185:epigeal
1168:acidity
1118:ecdysis
1114:fitness
957:termite
951:tufts,
864:spiders
841:Ascidae
817:Ecology
485:cuticle
455:ecdyses
444:furcula
330:émbolos
325:ἔμβολος
290:Diplura
286:Protura
282:insects
205:Lubbock
6419:118086
6393:133900
6380:269712
6364:NZOR:
6344:914185
6279:1COLLO
6240:258362
6123:italic
5756:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5650:
5568:
5436:
5426:
5374:
5356:
5245:
5199:
5123:
5113:
5066:
4795:
4756:6 July
4728:
4677:
4669:
4629:
4619:
4578:
4389:
4346:
4266:. 2017
4144:
4075:
4027:
3977:
3868:
3666:
3658:
3586:
3532:914560
3530:
3460:
3421:
3343:
3308:
3290:
3252:
3144:
3036:
3000:
2931:
2882:
2811:
2679:
2669:
2530:
2520:
2493:
2429:
2421:
2335:
2286:
2217:
2181:
2129:
2119:
2032:
1996:
1988:
1950:
1909:
1901:
1859:
1851:
1788:
1781:106441
1778:
1725:
1715:
1686:
1402:, and
1392:plague
1303:spores
1236:litter
1012:spp.,
974:phylum
967:, and
572:, the
555:orders
506:ocelli
497:thorax
482:porous
340:Early
214:Orders
207:, 1871
6414:WoRMS
6401:Plazi
6357:30001
6331:11233
6326:IRMNG
6318:49470
6292:11187
6214:19589
5713:S2CID
5701:50047
5697:JSTOR
5566:S2CID
5372:S2CID
5243:S2CID
4998:(PDF)
4956:(PDF)
4885:(PDF)
4860:(PDF)
4675:S2CID
4576:S2CID
4387:S2CID
4344:S2CID
4164:(PDF)
4142:S2CID
4095:(PDF)
4073:S2CID
3866:S2CID
3846:(PDF)
3812:(PDF)
3701:(PDF)
3686:(PDF)
3664:S2CID
3584:S2CID
3554:(PDF)
3528:S2CID
3419:S2CID
3341:S2CID
3306:S2CID
3250:S2CID
3142:JSTOR
2956:(PDF)
2809:S2CID
2734:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2491:S2CID
2427:S2CID
2284:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1948:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1879:(PDF)
1857:S2CID
1450:Acute
1415:were
1348:China
1273:pests
1176:light
1122:moult
969:mites
949:grass
620:mtDNA
437:(the
382:class
378:basal
370:order
319:kólla
314:κόλλα
174:Clade
6352:NCBI
6339:ITIS
6300:GBIF
6274:EPPO
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