462:, at more than 90% of its diet. They are easily identifiable, and are large enough to be easily seen. Golomyankas are unusual for occurring pelagically throughout the entire water column of Lake Baikal, ranging from depths of around 1.6 km (1.0 mi) to near the surface, but they primarily occur deeper than 100 m (330 ft). During the night they move up the water column to feed, often occurring as shallow as 10–25 m (33–82 ft), and in the winter they can occasionally be seen swimming just below the ice-covered surface. They are considered the world's most abyssal freshwater fish, together with certain Lake Baikal
487:, giving birth to a swarm of 2000–3000 larvae. Females containing developing embryos can be seen year-round, but there does appear to be a level of seasonality in the birth, with the largest number of larvae occurring from August to April (some differences in the peak timing between the two species). Most females die after giving birth. It has been claimed that their bellies burst open to release the young, killing the female in the process, but this is a myth. Golomyanka can reach an age of up to 6–8 years.
66:
525:
44:
53:
482:
are not known for this species, although groups of up to about 20 individuals have been recorded near the lake bottom. Females are more common than males, which only make up about 32% of the population in the little Baikal oilfish and 17% in the big Baikal oilfish. The females do not lay eggs;
553:
by native
Siberians when storms tossed the fish up on shore. They are of no value as a food source for humans, dogs or cats, but are the primary food source for the Baikal seal, and also eaten by other fish in the lake. They are so numerous and spawn so rapidly that they represent the largest
473:
of the golomyanka population is estimated at about 150 thousand tons, making it the most populous fish in Lake Baikal. It is estimated that about 70% of the fish in the lake are golomyankas. Their juveniles are also the most abundant pelagic
548:
Despite being numerous in the lake, golomyankas are difficult to catch in large quantities as they do not gather in large schools. Golomyankas are not harvested commercially, although their fats and oils were used in lamps and as
662:
W. Leo Smith & Morgan S. Busby (2014). "Phylogeny and taxonomy of sculpins, sandfishes, and snailfishes (Perciformes: Cottoidei) with comments on the phylogenetic significance of their early-life-history specializations".
466:(Abyssocottidae). They move without much regard for changes in pressure, although they can exist only in cold temperatures, preferring water that is no more than 5 °C (41 °F) and dying at 10 °C (50 °F).
1067:
Jakubowski, Tugarina, and Żuwała (2003). Pectoral fin development in the
Baikalian viviparous golomyankas (Comephoridae; Cottoidei), with a remark on eggs and embryos of Comephorus baicalensis (Pallas). J.Anat. 203(3):
490:
They are sluggish fish, and have relatively large mouths with several rows of somewhat brush-like teeth, allowing them to sift out fine organisms from the water. They primarily feed on the planktonic copepod
1077:
Miyasaka, Dzyuba, Genkai-Kato and Wada (2006). Feeding ecology of two planktonic sculpins, Comephorus baicalensis and
Comephorus dybowskii (Comephoridae), in Lake Baikal. Ichthyological Research 53(4):
1058:
Dzyuba, E.V. (2006). Two coexisting species of Baikal golomyankas, Comephorus baicalensis and C. dybowski: seasonal dynamics of juveniles and their feeding. Hydrobiologia 568, Supplement 1: 111–114.
1332:
1222:
1248:
820:
Sideleva, V.G. (1996). Comparative character of the deep-water and inshore cottoid fishes endemic to Lake Baikal. Journal of Fish
Biology 49(sA): 192–206.
1196:
1235:
593:
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concentration of fish biomass within the entire lake, and would seriously unbalance the ecosystem of Lake Baikal if not constantly preyed upon by
383:
in sunlight, leaving behind only fatty oil and bones, although the accuracy of this claim has been questioned. Unusually, their eyes only contain
897:
635:
528:
A few golomyankas (for example, the pinkish fish on the upper-center part of the photo and another in the lower-left), as well as several
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951:
1085:
264:
161:
1337:
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355:. The lateral line system on the head consists of large cavities linked by narrow, bony bridges with small external pores. High
1322:
1045:
Hunt, D. M., et al. (1997). Molecular evolution of the cottoid fish endemic to Lake Baikal deduced from nuclear DNA evidence.
603:
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479:
408:
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391:), indicating a high sensitivity to light. Some of the adaptions in golomyankas resemble those seen in
292:
studies which have found that Baikal sculpins that were classified in the subfamilies
Comephorinae and
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1183:
1144:
589:
550:
423:
1312:
999:
503:
273:
1317:
463:
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256:
182:
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832:"Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp.) endemic to Lake Baikal"
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have translucent bodies with no scales, but appear dull when dead. The big Baikal oilfish (
475:
278:
206:
117:
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293:
107:
43:
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333:) up to 16 cm (6.3 in). Males are smaller than females, only reaching about
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985:
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947:
919:
877:
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302:
289:
329:) can reach up to 21 cm (8.3 in) in length and the little Baikal oilfish (
1149:
368:
364:
352:
344:
311:
170:
1175:
836:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1209:
1129:
676:
459:
458:, which also eat small golomyankas, and represent a primary food source for the
241:
222:
367:
allows the fish to tolerate varying pressure extremes as they move through the
1024:
796:
541:
484:
348:
306:
and that the classification of the Baikal sculpins in a different taxon from
260:
1120:
880:
from Baikal Web World, accessed May 5, 2006 (with a photo of the golomyanka).
529:
388:
230:
77:
17:
855:
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450:, meaning "far from the shore" in the local dialect and referring to their
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52:
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898:"Baikal "shark": Amazing fact about the Baikal oilfish (golomyanka)"
523:
356:
300:
radiated from an ancestor which was likely to be within the genus
455:
1095:
1188:
1088:
Irkutsk State
University Lake Baikal FAQ, accessed May 5, 2006
454:
behavior. They are the principal ecological competitor to the
403:
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
379:
contains far less (4.7%). It has been said that they
288:, the typical sculpins. Other authorities have used
1019:
1017:
624:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
1104:
830:Kozlova, T. A.; Khotimchenko, S. V. (August 2000).
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
709:
from
Irkutsk State University, accessed May 5, 2006
347:, and although pelvic bones are present, they lack
592:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1000:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en
892:
890:
888:
886:
371:. Over a third of the body weight (38.9%) of
359:content and porous bones result in an almost
8:
1027:(in Russian). Fishwatching. 21 January 2016
799:(in Russian). Fishwatching. 29 January 2016
1092:
816:
814:
797:"ГОЛОМЯНКИ, ЧАСТЬ 2: ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРОЕНИЯ"
752:
750:
51:
42:
31:
1333:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède
998:
702:
700:
698:
696:
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630:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495.
271:as its only species. The 5th edition of
240:fishes and the main food source for the
735:. Science First Hand. 30 September 2004
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1047:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
665:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1025:"ГОЛОМЯНКИ, ЧАСТЬ 1: ЭКОЛОГИЯ ВИДОВ"
986:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
281:subfamily Comephorinae within the
25:
707:Animals and plants of Lake Baikal
733:"Mysterious Fish of Lake Baikal"
446:originates from the old-Russian
64:
594:"Genera in the family Cottidae"
604:California Academy of Sciences
1:
848:10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00207-8
900:. Key to Baikal. 19 May 2017
878:Ichthyofauna of Lake Baikal
677:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.028
343:the length. They have long
265:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
1359:
964:. September 2016 version.
936:. September 2016 version.
277:places this genus in the
229:is the only genus in the
176:
169:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
950:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
922:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
774:. December 2012 version.
760:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
255:was first proposed as a
1338:Endemic fauna of Russia
433:(Little Baikal oilfish)
269:Callionymus baikalensis
178:Callionymus baikalensis
1323:Scorpaeniformes genera
926:Comephorus baikalensis
545:
520:Relationship to humans
409:Comephorus baikalensis
259:in 1800 by the French
993:: e.T41676A45231738.
590:Eschmeyer, William N.
568:List of fish families
527:
512:, including those of
494:Epischura baikalensis
351:. They have a strong
975:Goodman, S. (2016).
954:Comephorus dybowskii
551:traditional medicine
424:Comephorus dybowskii
419:(Big Baikal oilfish)
1343:Fish of Lake Baikal
627:Fishes of the World
478:in the lake. Large
464:deep-water sculpins
438:Biology and ecology
298:Fishes of the World
274:Fishes of the World
762:"Species in genus
546:
257:monospecific genus
236:. Golomyankas are
1300:
1299:
1262:Open Tree of Life
1098:Taxon identifiers
637:978-1-118-34233-6
599:Catalog of Fishes
534:Baikal yellowfins
514:their own species
483:rather, they are
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16:(Redirected from
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640:. Archived from
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442:The common name
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1086:Lake Baikal FAQ
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197:, known as the
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118:Scorpaeniformes
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27:Genus of fishes
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842:(4): 477–485.
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540:caught during
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508:and larvae of
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373:C. baikalensis
327:C. baikalensis
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294:Abyssocottinae
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203:Baikal oilfish
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644:on 2022-06-01
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345:pectoral fins
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1029:. Retrieved
1004:. Retrieved
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902:. Retrieved
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801:. Retrieved
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737:. Retrieved
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664:
657:
646:. Retrieved
642:the original
626:
619:
607:. Retrieved
597:
547:
502:
492:
489:
468:
447:
443:
441:
422:
407:
402:
377:C. dybowskii
376:
375:is oil, but
372:
369:water column
365:swim bladder
363:and lack of
353:lateral line
331:C. dybowskii
330:
326:
322:
321:
312:paraphyletic
307:
301:
297:
290:phylogenetic
272:
268:
252:
251:
234:Comephorinae
233:
226:
202:
198:
193:
192:
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177:
171:Type species
155:
154:
138:Comephorinae
137:
35:
29:
18:Comephorinae
1210:iNaturalist
1130:Wikispecies
1006:13 November
671:: 332–352.
544:using a net
501:crustacean
476:fish larvae
460:Baikal seal
349:pelvic fins
318:Description
242:Baikal seal
225:in Russia.
223:Lake Baikal
199:golomyankas
134:Subfamily:
1313:Comephorus
1307:Categories
1150:Comephorus
1136:Comephorus
1106:Comephorus
764:Comephorus
648:2023-03-04
574:References
542:icefishing
485:viviparous
444:golomyanka
389:cone cells
323:Comephorus
261:naturalist
253:Comephorus
227:Comephorus
194:Comephorus
156:Comephorus
36:Comephorus
1318:Cottoidei
556:predators
538:amphipods
530:whitefish
506:branickii
429:Korotneff
385:rod cells
381:decompose
279:monotypic
231:subfamily
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
1115:Wikidata
1078:419-422.
1068:317-322.
961:FishBase
933:FishBase
856:11026659
771:FishBase
685:25014569
562:See also
510:sculpins
499:amphipod
286:Cottidae
248:Taxonomy
205:, are a
162:Lacepède
128:Cottidae
124:Family:
98:Chordata
94:Phylum:
88:Animalia
74:Domain:
1277:4122801
1228:1314784
1202:2334856
1121:Q803775
1031:5 March
803:5 March
609:4 March
471:biomass
452:pelagic
448:golomen
417:, 1776)
399:Species
338:⁄
238:pelagic
219:endemic
217:fishes
215:sculpin
211:species
151:Genus:
143:Günther
114:Order:
104:Class:
1290:268821
1274:uBio:
1267:231446
1241:167400
1163:498738
904:31 May
854:
739:31 May
683:
634:
497:, the
480:shoals
431:, 1904
415:Pallas
308:Cottus
303:Cottus
283:family
185:, 1776
183:Pallas
164:, 1800
145:, 1861
1285:WoRMS
1254:61640
1223:IRMNG
1215:87581
1189:45558
387:(not
357:lipid
267:with
207:genus
1249:NCBI
1236:ITIS
1197:GBIF
1176:3SRM
1158:BOLD
1033:2018
1008:2021
991:2016
906:2017
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