284:
45:
3092:
840:
851:
257:
5276:
464:
1223:
5693:
923:
The
Commagenean rulers had Iranian and Greek names (Antiochus, Samos, Mithridates). The various Iranian onomasticons located in Commagene demonstrate the extensive Iranization in the region. Over the course of the first centuries BC and AD, the names given on a tomb at Sofraz Köy show a mix of
1091:. According to Josephus, this move was supported by the local nobility but opposed by the mass of the common people, who preferred to remain under their kings as before; Tacitus, on the other hand, states that "most preferred Roman, but others royal rule".
962:
1142:
describes refugees fleeing the Romans across the
Euphrates and bemoans the Romans' refusal to let the refugees return; this might describe the Roman takeover of either 18 or 72. The descendants of Antiochus IV lived prosperously and in distinction in
44:
1015:
conquered the territory in the 4th century BC. After the breakup of the Empire of
Alexander the Great, the region became part of the Hellenistic Seleucids, and Commagene emerged in about 163 BC as a state and province in the Greco-Syrian
935:
in the former kingdom of
Commagene, and described himself in one satirical work as "an Assyrian". Despite writing well after the Roman conquest of Commagene, Lucian claimed to be "still barbarous in speech and almost wearing a jacket
283:
1060:, it was to serve as an important centre for the transmission of Hellenistic and Roman culture in the region. Details are sketchy, but Mithridates Callinicus is thought have accepted Armenian suzerainty during the reign of
3537:
1255:, or Black Bird. An inscription there indicates the presence of a royal tomb that housed three women. The vault of that tomb, however, has also been looted. The main excavations on the site were carried out by
364:
Little is known of the region of
Commagene before the beginning of the 2nd century BC. However, it seems that, from what little evidence remains, Commagene formed part of a larger state that also included the
5728:
5723:
1055:
and the
Persian kings. This marriage may also have been part of a peace treaty between Commagene and the Seleucid Empire. From this point on, the kingdom of Commagene became more Greek than Persian. With
3002:
5318:
1130:, which Paetus led into Commagene, was not resisted by the populace; a day-long battle with Antiochus' sons Epiphanes and Callinicus ended in a draw, and Antiochus surrendered. The
3439:
1122:
deposed the dynasty and definitively re-annexed the territory to Syria, acting on allegations "that
Antiochus was about to revolt from the Romans ... reported by the Governor
1202:
was under
Commagenian rule "for about 35 years"; after being governed by Antiochus Theos, it might have been incorporated into the Roman province of Syria as early as 31 BC.
3091:
3548:
947:
In keeping with
Commagene Greek and Iranian cultural elements, Antiochus' cult was a synthesis of Greco-Iranian religion, which had existed in Commagene before his time.
4517:
3528:
3524:
5015:
1020:. Perhaps Commagene was part of the kingdom of Armenia in the early Hellenistic period, and was possibly annexed to the Seleucid kingdom soon after Armenia's conquest
1245:
built and dedicated a bridge. The surrounding thick forests were cut down and cleared by the Romans for wood, timber and charcoal, causing much erosion to the area.
3551:
5275:
3522:
2355:(1979). "Sculptors' Stone-Carving Techniques in Seleucid and Parthian Iran, and Their Place in the "Parthian" Cultural Milieu: Some Preliminary Observations".
3581:
1248:
Another important archaeological site dating to the
Kingdom of Commagene is the sanctuary of Zeus Soter at Damlıca, dedicated in the time of Mithridates II.
826:
2995:
5311:
885:
considers that, "in some parts of the Euphrates region, such as Commagene, nothing approaching an answer to questions about local culture is possible."
924:"typical Hellenistic dynastic names with an early introduction of Latin personal names." Lang notes the vitality of Graeco-Roman culture in Commagene.
5768:
2740:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
3432:
5763:
3547:
341:" between Armenia, Parthia, Syria, and Rome; culturally, it was correspondingly mixed. The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from
5738:
5733:
2988:
5304:
2969:
2954:
2916:
2803:
2675:
2542:
2408:
2387:
2237:
2045:
1899:
1589:
940:) in the Assyrian style". This has been taken as a possible, but not definitive, allusion to the possibility that his native language was an
2288:
Canepa, Matthew (2010). "Achaemenid and Seleukid Royal Funerary Practices and Middle Iranian Kingship". In Börm, H.; Wiesehöfer, J. (eds.).
5327:
5008:
3503:
2782:
2514:
The above mentioned Orontids....but also because the two satraps who were contemporaries of Xenophon's are explicitly stated to be Persian.
2366:
3542:
3460:
1230:
The limestone propaganda-like statues and reliefs built during Antiochus Theos' reign reflect the Parthian influence in their sculpture.
3469:
3425:
865:
The cultural identity of the Kingdom of Commagene has been variously characterized. Pierre Merlat suggests that the Commagenian city of
3549:
3535:
3534:
3511:
3510:
3543:
3506:
3478:
3465:
3188:
2936:
2870:
2696:
2656:
2563:
2498:
2457:
2429:
2342:
2278:
2259:
2197:
1649:
768:
3484:
2036:
Anna F. C. Collar (2012). "Commagene, Communication and the Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus". In Michael Blömer; Engelbert Winter (eds.).
3531:
3508:
2770:
2749:
2730:
2633:
2614:
2592:
2319:
2218:
1659:
3496:
3489:
3485:
1271:
2471:
3574:
819:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3490:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3462:
1330:
soon after Armenia's conquest and partition into the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene under Antiochus III." — Butcher (2004)
703:
353:
who had a family descent from king Darius I. The territory of Commagene corresponded roughly to the modern Turkish provinces of
5748:
5001:
3182:
773:
713:
3529:
3523:
3518:
2464:
Another self-designated descendant from a member of one of the seven great house, Hydarnes, was the Orontid Dynasty of Armenia
2146:
232:
5627:
4698:
4590:
3544:
3028:
1927:
1323:
1195:
1068:
901:
897:
573:
423:
50:
508:
498:
3493:
2643:
Michels, Christoph (2021). "'Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor".
5753:
4839:
4825:
4693:
4678:
3833:
3538:
3536:
3475:
3012:
738:
5758:
5647:
5220:
4983:
4688:
4673:
4648:
4625:
4605:
2626:
The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context: Proceedings of the Symposium Held at Utrecht University, 10-12 December 2009
1079:
in 64 BC. Thanks to his diplomatic skills, Antiochus was able to keep Commagene independent from the Romans. In 17 when
794:
426:
to a number of syncretistic Graeco-Iranian deities as well as to himself and the deified land of Commagene. It is now a
3459:
483:
5098:
4887:
4872:
4683:
4668:
4653:
4638:
4595:
4567:
3778:
3567:
3488:
3477:
3261:
3056:
812:
683:
588:
443:
130:
3530:
877:
satellite kingdom", while Blömer and Winter call it a "Hellenistic kingdom". Millar suggests that a local dialect of
3464:
1584:(Repr. ed.). New York: Barns & Noble Books. pp. 170, 173, 193, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221–223, 257, 263.
5205:
4703:
4658:
4633:
4610:
4580:
4401:
3256:
3140:
3040:
2584:
1080:
743:
653:
613:
3515:
5128:
4615:
4600:
4503:
4460:
4286:
4039:
3683:
3470:
3118:
3074:
2292:
Commutatio et Contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East in Memory of Zeev Rubin
1099:
956:
892:, Commagene's rulers made no secret of their Persian affinities. The kings of Commagene claimed descent from the
763:
638:
396:
161:
3499:
1167:, who was a benefactor of the city, upon his death in 116. Another descendant of Antiochus IV was the historian
839:
5265:
5255:
5138:
5103:
5083:
5063:
4930:
4862:
4848:
4843:
4834:
4820:
4806:
4796:
4663:
4585:
4513:
4498:
4465:
4455:
4331:
4044:
3525:
3509:
1123:
1076:
1044:
854:
4779:
3494:
3483:
3466:
1256:
488:
463:
3498:
3468:
1210:, while ruled for a time by Commagene, was popularly and traditionally considered to belong to the region of
5210:
5195:
5133:
5048:
5038:
4910:
4877:
4830:
4816:
4708:
4575:
4522:
4488:
4480:
4429:
4424:
4110:
3934:
3813:
3747:
3655:
3622:
3521:
3176:
1168:
1032:
798:
673:
377:
149:
3539:
5183:
5043:
4945:
4811:
4643:
4532:
4527:
4493:
4450:
4419:
4291:
4216:
4153:
4130:
4049:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4004:
3944:
3939:
3924:
3793:
3698:
3688:
3650:
3500:
3474:
3366:
2304:(2015). "Dynastic Sanctuaries and the Transformation of Iranian Kingship between Alexander and Islam". In
1242:
1088:
1039:
of the disintegrating Seleucid Empire, declared himself independent. Ptolemy's dynasty was related to the
403:, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor,
381:
110:
3519:
3516:
3334:
5642:
5078:
4971:
4966:
4950:
4920:
4786:
4552:
4508:
4445:
4241:
4231:
4178:
4173:
4029:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3979:
3969:
3929:
3808:
3803:
3783:
3773:
3757:
3752:
3617:
3540:
3495:
3479:
3467:
3461:
3172:
3124:
1061:
850:
708:
648:
3501:
1183:, who counts Commagene as part of Syria, notes the kingdom's fertility. Its capital and chief city was
3533:
3526:
3507:
2098:
2073:
1206:
declared itself a Commagenian city in Roman times, although originally it was not. On the other hand,
5215:
5108:
4956:
4935:
4738:
4557:
4409:
3984:
3964:
3881:
3871:
3838:
3788:
3693:
3665:
3645:
3607:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3473:
3324:
2945:
Messerschmidt, Wolfgang (2008). "Kommagene in vorhellenistischer Zeit." In: Winter, Engelbert (ed.),
1188:
354:
3502:
5672:
5563:
5113:
5088:
4905:
4857:
4852:
4743:
4547:
4440:
4434:
4296:
4014:
3949:
3891:
3818:
3798:
3762:
3708:
3703:
3612:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3448:
3344:
3339:
3194:
3166:
2311:
Persian Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis
1052:
1012:
870:
783:
476:
427:
3481:
3480:
3472:
5718:
5200:
5158:
5153:
4925:
4774:
4356:
4208:
3919:
3909:
3876:
3713:
3632:
3590:
3505:
3358:
3156:
3108:
2606:
Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
874:
756:
696:
663:
593:
578:
563:
452:
366:
358:
346:
319:
237:
3513:
1252:
4993:
3497:
3486:
2881:
1566:
une de ces nombreuses localités mi-iranisées, mi-hellénisées d'Asie Mineure et de Syrie du Nord
5677:
5622:
5285:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
5245:
5240:
5168:
5163:
4961:
4940:
4895:
4542:
4470:
4316:
3954:
3914:
3729:
3675:
3660:
3504:
3391:
3146:
3134:
3050:
2965:
2950:
2932:
2912:
2866:
2799:
2795:
2766:
2745:
2726:
2692:
2671:
2652:
2629:
2610:
2588:
2559:
2538:
2494:
2453:
2425:
2404:
2383:
2338:
2315:
2301:
2274:
2255:
2233:
2214:
2193:
2041:
1923:
1895:
1655:
1585:
1207:
1139:
1131:
1008:
1003:, which was normally an ally of Assyria, but eventually annexed as a province in 708 BC under
733:
728:
658:
603:
3532:
3520:
2419:
2379:
2309:
908:, the king erected monumental statues of deities with mixed Greek and Iranian names, such as
5341:
5173:
5143:
4718:
4537:
4188:
4072:
3974:
3767:
3742:
3386:
3068:
3046:
3036:
2836:
2828:
2791:
2375:
2352:
1303:
1203:
1179:
Commagene extended from the right bank of the Euphrates to the Taurus and Amanus Mountains.
1127:
1048:
941:
643:
626:
608:
503:
93:
2980:
2927:
Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
2647:
Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
2333:
Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
5743:
5533:
5463:
5444:
5058:
4414:
4371:
4306:
4266:
4082:
3959:
3901:
3866:
3858:
3737:
3162:
3112:
3032:
2574:
2475:
1327:
1135:
1017:
927:
While few things about his origins are known with certainty, 2nd-century Attic Greek poet
893:
802:
723:
718:
668:
556:
315:
312:
175:
66:
1251:
In Commagene, there is a column topped by an eagle, which has earned the mound the name
380:, established himself as an independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king,
5632:
5429:
5148:
5068:
5024:
4791:
4361:
4301:
3989:
3599:
3527:
3312:
3302:
3150:
2580:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
986:
917:
916:, while celebrating his own descent from the royal families of Persia and Armenia in a
889:
678:
568:
388:
298:
114:
88:
2359:. 29, No. 1/4 (December). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 221-240.
1222:
5712:
5697:
5595:
5093:
5073:
5053:
4759:
4748:
4246:
4236:
4193:
4158:
3886:
3317:
3307:
3216:
2305:
882:
583:
387:
The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 AD, when it was made a
350:
2707:
2450:
The Hellenistic Court: Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra
1047:(109 BC – 70 BC) embraced Hellenistic culture and married the Syrian Greek Princess
5118:
4801:
4764:
4728:
4381:
4366:
4281:
4221:
4183:
4163:
4148:
3823:
3246:
2947:ΠΑΤΡΙΣ ΠΑΝΤΡΟΦΟΣ ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΗ. Neue Funde und Forschungen zwischen Taurus und Euphrat.
2150:
1234:
1111:
1107:
974:
966:
905:
844:
419:
412:
338:
250:
62:
5579:
2521:
2421:
The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism
1270:
Many of the ancient artifacts from the Kingdom of Commagene are on display at the
961:
2851:
2760:
2720:
2686:
2604:
2578:
2553:
2488:
2398:
2208:
5667:
5414:
5371:
5260:
5189:
5123:
4341:
4336:
4276:
4261:
4198:
4143:
4120:
4115:
4090:
3828:
1211:
1199:
1164:
1156:
866:
513:
418:
One of the kingdom's most lasting visible remains is the archaeological site on
5296:
5571:
5518:
5458:
5453:
5399:
5389:
5356:
5286:
4900:
4867:
4733:
4391:
4251:
4138:
4105:
4067:
4059:
3396:
3371:
3266:
3251:
2900:
Breitenbach, Alfred; Ristow, Sebastian (2006). "Kommagene (Euphratesia)." In:
2832:
2247:
1299:
1260:
1028:
308:
5178:
4769:
4753:
4386:
4376:
4351:
4321:
4226:
4168:
4100:
4095:
3848:
3843:
3718:
3640:
3231:
3064:
1307:
1119:
1004:
990:
913:
408:
342:
2252:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule
969:
with solar rays, with Antiochus I of Commagene. (Mt Nemrut, 1st century BC)
869:, like others in its vicinity, was "half Iranianized and half Hellenized".
5637:
5478:
5404:
5381:
5376:
5366:
4346:
4271:
4256:
3376:
3241:
3226:
3128:
3060:
1315:
1291:
1264:
1184:
1144:
1115:
1095:
1084:
982:
932:
858:
633:
528:
404:
400:
392:
327:
323:
287:
78:
58:
5662:
5657:
5601:
5591:
5583:
5528:
5523:
5492:
5468:
5449:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5393:
5361:
5235:
4915:
4311:
3406:
3381:
3329:
3286:
3236:
3221:
3080:
2841:
2490:
Among the Gods: An Archaeological Exploration of Ancient Greek Religion
2271:
Making Mesopotamia: Geography and Empire in a Romano-Iranian Borderland
1892:
The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
1311:
1295:
1238:
1103:
1057:
1040:
1024:
994:
878:
778:
518:
99:
54:
3417:
2962:
Gottkönige am Euphrat. Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Kommagene.
5606:
5587:
5575:
5558:
5538:
5508:
5483:
5351:
5346:
5250:
5230:
5225:
4326:
3559:
3276:
2909:
Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates.
1942:
1695:
1180:
1160:
1159:. As a testament to the descendants of Antiochus IV, the citizens of
1148:
1072:
1036:
999:
978:
928:
896:
and would therefore have been related to the family that founded the
543:
538:
523:
331:
275:
2925:
2815:
2645:
2331:
2230:
Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates
900:; while Sartre states the accuracy of these claims is uncertain. At
49:
Map showing Commagene (light pink on the left) in 50 AD; nearby are
2923:
Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I".
2329:
Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I".
1894:. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 110–114, 304.
5567:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5513:
5473:
5439:
5434:
5385:
3401:
2535:
Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens
2510:
Greek Texts and Armenian Traditions: An Interdisciplinary Approach
2290:
1233:
When the Romans conquered Commagene, the great royal sanctuary at
1221:
1152:
960:
849:
838:
533:
290:
in the early 1st century AD with Commagene as a Roman client state
2742:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
1457:
1326:
in the early Hellenistic period, and was possibly annexed to the
1198:, the Kingdom of Commagene controlled a particularly large area.
5487:
3281:
3271:
2762:
From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire
2448:
Erskine, Andrew; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Wallace, Shane (2017).
1071:(reigned 70 –38 BC). Antiochus was an ally of the Roman general
909:
493:
5300:
4997:
3563:
3421:
2984:
2364:
Drower, M; Grey, E.; Sherwin-White, S.; Wiesehöfer, J. (2021).
1561:
Jupiter Dolichenus : Essai d'interprétation et de synthèse
1118:' accession in 41 AD, Antiochus reigned until 72, when Emperor
3458:
1267:, which also served as a residence of the kings of Commagene.
1774:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1401:
407:. The re-emergent state lasted until 72 AD, when the Emperor
349:
as their ancestor, by his marriage to Rhodogune, daughter of
302:
28:
843:
Monumental head of the goddess Commagene (Tyche-Bakht) from
462:
322:. The kingdom was located in and around the ancient city of
1214:; Strabo says it had been assigned to Commagene by Pompey.
1226:
Eagle-topped column from the royal burial mound at Karakuş
888:
While the language used on public monuments was typically
1607:
The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times - 2 Vols
5729:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
5724:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
1849:
1847:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1733:
1630:
1628:
1194:
The boundaries of Commagene fluctuated over time. Under
1134:
would occupy the area by 73 AD. A 1st-century letter in
2007:
2005:
1965:
1963:
2670:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2573:
Lang, David M (1983). "Iran, Armenia and Georgia". In
2508:
Gaggero, Gianfranco (2016). "Armenians in Xenophon".
2439:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2007),
2038:
Iuppiter Dolichenus: Vom Lokalkult zur Reichsreligion
1998:. Vol. 8. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 23.
1539:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1920:
Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253
1163:
erected a funeral monument in honor of his grandson
5615:
5501:
5334:
4886:
4717:
4624:
4566:
4479:
4400:
4207:
4129:
4081:
4058:
3900:
3857:
3728:
3674:
3631:
3598:
3355:
3295:
3204:
3099:
3019:
1011:then conquered Commagene in the 6th century BC and
271:
195:
185:
171:
155:
143:
129:
121:
106:
84:
74:
23:
2924:
2904:, volume 21. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, coll. 233–273.
2814:
2781:
2644:
2365:
2330:
2289:
1493:
307:) was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a
2210:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
1031:on the north, arose in 162 BC when its governor,
1023:The Hellenistic kingdom of Commagene, bounded by
2192:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 37.
2759:Sherwin-White, Susan M.; Kuhrt, Amélie (1993).
1913:
1911:
1838:
1563:. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 3.
1481:
395:. It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when
1114:. Deposed by Caligula and restored again upon
1051:. His dynasty could thus claim ties with both
5312:
5009:
3575:
3433:
2996:
2443:, Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London: I. B. Tauris
1814:
820:
411:finally and definitively made it part of the
8:
2555:A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
2250:; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.).
2171:
2133:
2121:
2060:
2040:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 102–103.
1954:
1790:
1724:
1681:
1619:
1559:Pierre Merlat (1960). "Le site de Doliché".
1509:
1469:
1417:
1237:was abandoned. The Romans looted the burial
2907:Blömer, Michael; Winter, Engelbert (2011).
2228:Blömer, Michael; Winter, Engelbert (2011).
1877:
1775:Erskine, Llewellyn-Jones & Wallace 2017
1465:
1402:Erskine, Llewellyn-Jones & Wallace 2017
5319:
5305:
5297:
5016:
5002:
4994:
3582:
3568:
3560:
3440:
3426:
3418:
3003:
2989:
2981:
2651:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 475–496.
827:
813:
437:
43:
20:
2931:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71–103.
2840:
2708:"Armenia and Iran iii. Armenian Religion"
2552:Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021).
2337:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71–103.
1922:. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 454.
1802:
1786:
1554:
1552:
1489:
1441:
1429:
1413:
1381:
977:kingdom, located in modern south-central
399:was reinstated to the throne by order of
2964:2nd edition. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern,
2688:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
2624:Merz, Annette; Tieleman, Teun L (2012).
2109:
1798:
1770:
1497:
1461:
1453:
1425:
1397:
1373:
1349:
1290:"Commagene was a district separate from
334:, probably gives its name to Commagene.
282:
3179:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822)
2886:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
2796:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4376
2712:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
1826:
1485:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1342:
1283:
1067:Mithridates and Laodice's son was King
451:
440:
337:Commagene has been characterized as a "
2902:Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum
2853:Studies in Christian Caucasian history
2380:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.777
2085:
2023:
2011:
1981:
1969:
1865:
1853:
1782:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1739:
1449:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1075:during the latter's campaigns against
4514:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1473:
1106:to govern. Antiochus IV was the only
1087:annexed Commagene to the province of
194:
184:
180:
154:
142:
138:
128:
7:
5025:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
4982:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
2480:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1794:
1543:
1526:
1477:
1421:
1377:
1361:
1102:and also gave him the wild areas of
2668:The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337
326:, which served as its capital. The
2816:"Hellenism and Persianism in Iran"
2765:. University of California Press.
2482:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2190:The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History
1263:. Another royal burial site is at
16:Anatolian kingdom (163 BC – 72 AD)
14:
2400:Mithraic iconography and ideology
2149:(in German). 2011. Archived from
2147:"Yeni Kale / Eski Kâhta - Türkei"
973:Commagene was originally a small
873:describes Commagene as "a former
5769:Seleucid Empire successor states
5691:
5274:
3090:
3047:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)
2452:. The Classical Press of Wales.
1654:. Psychology Press. p. 13.
1605:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997).
1171:, who lived in the 3rd century.
422:, a sanctuary dedicated by King
255:
230:
3183:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3163:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
1609:. St. Martin's Press, New York.
1302:. Its natural borders were the
1098:reinstated Antiochus III's son
774:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
5764:States in Hellenistic Anatolia
3029:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
2865:. Cambridge University Press.
2856:. Georgetown University Press.
2424:. Cambridge University Press.
2314:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–288.
1694:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1494:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt 1993
1272:Adıyaman Archaeological Museum
1069:Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
881:might have been spoken there,
369:. This situation lasted until
1:
5739:1st-century disestablishments
5734:2nd-century BC establishments
4986:in most of their territories.
3784:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
2861:Vlassopoulos, Kostas (2013).
1839:Jacobs & Rollinger (2021)
1322:. It was perhaps part of the
993:). It was first mentioned in
931:claimed to have been born in
370:
5328:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
2725:. Harvard University Press.
2685:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
2470:Facella, Margherita (2021).
2296:. Düsseldorf. pp. 1–21.
1651:Who's Who in the Roman World
3779:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
3057:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2788:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2397:Campbell, Leroy A. (2015).
2372:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1815:Curtis & Stewart (2007)
1482:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
589:Christianization of Armenia
5785:
3141:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
2780:Spawforth, Antony (2016).
2722:The Middle East Under Rome
2585:Cambridge University Press
2188:Allsen, Thomas T. (2011).
2172:Blömer & Winter (2011)
2134:Blömer & Winter (2011)
2122:Blömer & Winter (2011)
2061:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1955:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1725:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1682:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1636:The Middle East under Rome
1620:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1510:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1310:to the east. It occurs in
1081:Antiochus III of Commagene
1043:kings, but his descendant
954:
654:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
614:Muslim conquest of Armenia
303:
29:
5686:
5283:
5272:
5034:
4980:
3684:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
3455:
3197:(1991–2023, unrecognized)
3175:(Beglarians, Israelians,
3119:Principality of Hamamshen
3088:
2850:Toumanoff, Cyril (1963).
2833:10.1163/29497833-00701016
2558:. John Wiley & Sons.
2308:; Grigor, Talinn (eds.).
1878:Boyce & Grenet (1991)
957:Royal Family of Commagene
764:First Republic of Armenia
639:Principality of Hamamshen
509:Lchashen–Metsamor culture
499:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
397:Antiochus IV of Commagene
376:, when the local satrap,
209:
205:
181:
167:
139:
42:
37:
5064:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
4045:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
3844:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2882:"Antiochus of Commagene"
2813:Strootman, Rolf (2020).
2719:Sartre, Maurice (2005).
2603:Marciak, Michał (2017).
2441:The Age of the Parthians
2418:Crone, Patricia (2012).
2269:Cameron, Hamish (2018).
1994:Ewald, Heinrich (1886).
1791:Merz & Tieleman 2012
1418:Merz & Tieleman 2012
1077:Mithridates VI of Pontus
1045:Mithridates I Callinicus
855:Antiochus I of Commagene
5211:Mauretania Caesariensis
4842:'s attempted rule with
4523:Mithridates V Euergetes
3935:Antiochus III the Great
3748:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3689:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
3613:Alexander III the Great
2706:Russell, J. R. (1986).
2666:Millar, Fergus (1993).
2533:Graf, David F. (2019).
2520:Garsoian, Nina (2005).
2487:Ferguson, John (2021).
2084:Strabo XVI.2, cited in
1918:Butcher, Kevin (2004).
1466:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1241:of their goods and the
1169:Gaius Asinius Quadratus
1110:of Commagene under the
674:Principality of Khachen
539:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
484:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
467:Coat of Arms of Armenia
378:Ptolemaeus of Commagene
5749:160s BC establishments
5184:Hispania Tarraconensis
4626:Monarchs of Cappadocia
4528:Mithridates VI Eupator
4050:Philip II Philoromaeus
4035:Antiochus XII Dionysus
4025:Demetrius III Eucaerus
4020:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
4005:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
3945:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
3940:Seleucus IV Philopator
3925:Seleucus II Callinicus
3824:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
3699:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3356:Other provinces under
3296:Other Armenian regions
3143:(Kiurikians, 979–1118)
3011:Historical states and
2880:Widengren, G. (1986).
2537:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2353:Colledge, Malcolm A.R.
2207:Ball, Warwick (2002).
1243:Legio XVI Flavia Firma
1227:
1218:Archaeological remains
981:, with its capital at
970:
862:
847:
468:
382:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
291:
197:• Disestablished
4568:Monarchs of Commagene
4489:Mithridates I Ctistes
4030:Philip I Philadelphus
4010:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
4000:Antiochus VIII Grypus
3995:Seleucus V Philometor
3980:Antiochus VII Sidetes
3970:Antiochus VI Dionysus
3930:Seleucus III Ceraunus
3829:Berenice IV Epiphanea
3774:Ptolemy VI Philometor
3758:Ptolemy IV Philopator
3753:Ptolemy III Euergetes
3618:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3173:Melikdoms of Karabakh
3125:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
2960:Wagner, Jörg (2012).
2949:Bonn: Rudolf Habelt,
2863:Greeks and Barbarians
2526:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1996:The History of Israel
1890:Trevor Bryce (2012).
1306:on the north and the
1259:of the University of
1257:Friedrich Karl Dörner
1225:
1187:(now submerged under
1062:Tigranes II the Great
964:
857:, shaking hands with
853:
842:
649:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
466:
286:
85:Common languages
5754:72 disestablishments
5216:Mauretania Tingitana
5109:Corsica and Sardinia
5049:Africa proconsularis
4402:Monarchs of Bithynia
3985:Alexander II Zabinas
3965:Demetrius II Nicator
3882:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
3849:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
3814:Ptolemy XI Alexander
3789:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
3694:Antigonus II Gonatas
3325:Armenian Mesopotamia
3185:(1921, unrecognized)
3159:(Khachen, 1000–1261)
3020:Independent Armenian
2587:. pp. 512–537.
2153:on 23 September 2015
1868:, pp. 453, 456.
1789:, pp. 135–136;
1488:, pp. 438–444;
1416:, pp. 135–136;
779:Contemporary Armenia
318:that had ruled over
117:religious syncretism
38:163 BC – 72 AD
5759:Roman buffer states
5114:Crete and Cyrenaica
5089:Bithynia and Pontus
4984:Hellenistic satraps
4015:Antiochus X Eusebes
3950:Antiochus V Eupator
3892:Cleopatra Selene II
3819:Ptolemy XII Auletes
3804:Ptolemy X Alexander
3799:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
3763:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
3704:Antigonus III Doson
3449:History of Anatolia
3081:Republic of Armenia
3075:Republic of Armenia
2888:. pp. 135–136.
2714:. pp. 438–444.
2026:, pp. 460–462.
1580:Cook, J.M. (1993).
1053:Alexander the Great
1013:Alexander the Great
965:Mithras-Helios, in
784:Republic of Artsakh
534:Nairi Confederation
489:Kura–Araxes culture
428:World Heritage Site
187:• Established
5201:Lycia et Pamphylia
5179:Hispania Lusitania
5159:Gallia Narbonensis
5154:Gallia Lugdunensis
4888:Monarchs of Epirus
4721:Cimmerian Bosporus
4481:Monarchs of Pontus
4040:Cleopatra Selene I
3920:Antiochus II Theos
3910:Seleucus I Nicator
3877:Demetrius the Fair
3859:Monarchs of Cyrene
3359:Tigranes the Great
3157:Kingdom of Artsakh
3109:Satrapy of Armenia
3100:Minor or dependent
3013:regions of Armenia
2302:Canepa, Matthew P.
2232:. Homer Kitabevi.
2124:, p. 150-155.
1801:, pp. 8, 13;
1648:Hazel, J. (2002).
1582:The Persian Empire
1458:Drower et al. 2021
1428:, pp. 8, 13;
1324:kingdom of Armenia
1228:
971:
929:Lucian of Samosata
898:Kingdom of Armenia
863:
848:
684:Kingdom of Cilicia
664:Kingdom of Artsakh
644:Kingdom of Armenia
634:Emirate of Armenia
594:Kingdom of Sophene
574:Kingdom of Armenia
564:Satrapy of Armenia
469:
367:Kingdom of Sophene
347:Darius I of Persia
330:name of Samosata,
292:
238:Kingdom of Sophene
145:• 163–130 BC
5706:
5705:
5698:Turkey portal
5294:
5293:
5246:Pannonia Superior
5241:Pannonia Inferior
5169:Germania Superior
5164:Germania Inferior
5028:
4991:
4990:
4471:Socrates Chrestus
3960:Alexander I Balas
3955:Demetrius I Soter
3915:Antiochus I Soter
3661:Antipater Etesias
3557:
3556:
3415:
3414:
3147:Kingdom of Syunik
3135:Kingdom of Vanand
2970:978-3-8053-4218-6
2955:978-3-7749-3517-4
2917:978-9944-483-35-3
2805:978-0-19-938113-5
2677:978-0-674-77885-6
2628:. Leiden: Brill.
2544:978-0-86078-658-0
2410:978-90-04-29617-6
2389:978-0-19-938113-5
2254:. Leiden: Brill.
2239:978-9944-483-35-3
2136:, pp. 96–97.
2047:978-3-16-151797-6
1957:, pp. 24–25.
1901:978-0-19-921872-1
1829:, pp. 16–17.
1684:, pp. 10–11.
1591:978-1-56619-115-9
1470:Vlassopoulos 2013
1189:Atatürk Reservoir
1140:Mara Bar Serapion
1132:Legio III Gallica
1124:Caesennius Paetus
1009:Achaemenid Empire
837:
836:
744:National movement
734:Armenian genocide
729:Armenian question
659:Kingdom of Syunik
604:Byzantine Armenia
434:Cultural identity
281:
280:
267:
266:
263:
262:
243:
242:
5776:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5278:
5174:Hispania Baetica
5144:Gallia Aquitania
5026:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4783:
4699:Ariobarzanes III
4073:Ptolemy Epigonos
3975:Diodotus Tryphon
3768:Cleopatra I Syra
3743:Ptolemy Keraunos
3584:
3577:
3570:
3561:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3210:of Armenia Major
3094:
3043:, 553 BC–428 AD)
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2942:
2930:
2911:Homer Kitabevi.
2889:
2876:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2818:
2809:
2785:
2776:
2755:
2736:
2715:
2702:
2681:
2662:
2650:
2639:
2620:
2598:
2575:Yarshater, Ehsan
2569:
2548:
2529:
2516:
2504:
2483:
2476:Yarshater, Ehsan
2466:
2444:
2435:
2414:
2393:
2369:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2325:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2265:
2243:
2224:
2203:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1484:, p. 1660;
1391:
1385:
1382:Strootman (2020)
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1331:
1328:Seleucid kingdom
1288:
1128:Legio VI Ferrata
1049:Laodice VII Thea
1027:on the west and
829:
822:
815:
697:Early modern age
609:Sasanian Armenia
456:
438:
375:
372:
306:
305:
259:
258:
247:
246:
234:
233:
227:
226:
211:
210:
157:• 38–72 AD
96:(ruling dynasty)
47:
32:
31:
21:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5682:
5611:
5497:
5330:
5325:
5295:
5290:
5279:
5270:
5231:Moesia Superior
5226:Moesia Inferior
5059:Alpes Maritimae
5030:
5022:
4992:
4987:
4976:
4882:
4873:Mithridates III
4777:
4720:
4719:Monarchs of the
4713:
4694:Ariobarzanes II
4679:Ariarathes VIII
4620:
4606:Mithridates III
4562:
4504:Mithridates III
4475:
4396:
4203:
4131:Greco-Bactrians
4125:
4077:
4054:
3896:
3853:
3738:Ptolemy I Soter
3724:
3670:
3627:
3594:
3588:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3451:
3446:
3416:
3411:
3357:
3351:
3291:
3209:
3200:
3177:Hasan-Jalalians
3102:Armenian states
3101:
3095:
3086:
3021:
3015:
3009:
2979:
2939:
2922:
2897:
2895:Further reading
2892:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2849:
2812:
2806:
2779:
2773:
2758:
2752:
2744:. Oxbow Books.
2739:
2733:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2665:
2659:
2642:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2602:
2595:
2572:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2469:
2460:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2363:
2351:
2345:
2328:
2322:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2110:Colledge (1979)
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1797:, p. 436;
1765:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:, p. 193;
1480:, p. III;
1476:, p. 351;
1472:, p. 312;
1468:, p. 309;
1464:, p. 170;
1444:, p. 278;
1440:, p. 485;
1432:, p. 205;
1424:, p. 436;
1392:
1388:
1380:, p. 436;
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1350:Shayegan (2016)
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1294:, bordering on
1289:
1285:
1280:
1220:
1196:Antiochus Theos
1177:
1018:Seleucid Empire
959:
953:
942:Aramaic dialect
904:' sanctuary at
902:Antiochus Theos
894:Orontid dynasty
833:
789:
788:
769:Armenian S.S.R.
759:
749:
748:
739:Western Armenia
724:Armenian Oblast
719:Russian Armenia
714:Ottoman Armenia
704:Iranian Armenia
699:
689:
688:
669:Zakarid Armenia
629:
619:
618:
579:Armenian Empire
559:
549:
548:
479:
454:
447:
436:
424:Antiochus Theos
373:
316:Orontid dynasty
256:
231:
198:
188:
176:Hellenistic Age
158:
146:
97:
92:
70:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5782:
5780:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5382:Hurrian States
5379:
5377:Hittite Empire
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Gallia Belgica
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Arabia Petraea
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Neoptolemus II
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4826:Mithridates II
4823:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4792:Paerisades III
4789:
4784:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Ariobarzanes I
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Ariarathes VII
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Ariarathes III
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:Mithridates II
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Mithridates II
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Apollodotus II
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3990:Cleopatra Thea
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3303:Lesser Armenia
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3189:Soviet Armenia
3186:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:(1991–present)
3078:
3072:
3054:
3044:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2977:External links
2975:
2974:
2973:
2958:
2943:
2938:978-3515129251
2937:
2920:
2905:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2877:
2872:978-0521148023
2871:
2858:
2847:
2810:
2804:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2737:
2731:
2716:
2703:
2698:978-9004460751
2697:
2682:
2676:
2663:
2658:978-3515129251
2657:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2600:
2593:
2570:
2565:978-1119174288
2564:
2549:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2512:. De Gruyter.
2505:
2500:978-0367750633
2499:
2484:
2467:
2459:978-1910589625
2458:
2445:
2436:
2431:978-1107642386
2430:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2361:
2349:
2344:978-3515129251
2343:
2326:
2320:
2306:Babaie, Sussan
2298:
2285:
2280:978-9004388628
2279:
2266:
2261:978-9004293915
2260:
2244:
2238:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2199:978-0812201079
2198:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2174:, p. 124.
2164:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2112:, p. 229.
2102:
2090:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2046:
2028:
2016:
2001:
1986:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1928:
1907:
1900:
1882:
1880:, p. 347.
1870:
1858:
1856:, p. 453.
1843:
1841:, p. 739.
1831:
1827:Cameron (2018)
1819:
1807:
1803:Strootman 2020
1793:, p. 68;
1787:Widengren 1986
1785:, p. 23;
1781:, p. 80;
1777:, p. 75;
1769:, p. 13;
1759:
1757:, p. 452.
1744:
1742:, p. 454.
1729:
1708:
1686:
1674:
1660:
1640:
1624:
1612:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1548:
1546:, p. 535.
1531:
1529:, p. 510.
1514:
1512:, p. 142.
1502:
1490:Spawforth 2016
1456:, p. 38;
1452:, p. 37;
1448:, p. 79;
1442:Toumanoff 1963
1430:Strootman 2020
1420:, p. 68;
1414:Widengren 1986
1412:, p. 23;
1408:, p. 80;
1404:, p. 75;
1396:, p. 13;
1386:
1376:, p. 13;
1366:
1364:, p. 436.
1354:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1219:
1216:
1176:
1173:
1083:died, Emperor
952:
949:
920:inscription.
918:Greek-language
835:
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
806:
805:
791:
790:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
709:Five Melikdoms
706:
700:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
679:Mongol Armenia
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Legend of Hayk
491:
486:
480:
475:
474:
471:
470:
459:
458:
449:
448:
441:
435:
432:
389:Roman province
311:branch of the
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
253:
244:
241:
240:
235:
223:
222:
217:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
172:Historical era
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5781:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5699:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Armenia Minor
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:Classical Age
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Assuwa League
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5288:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Alpes Cottiae
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Neoptolemus I
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Mithridates I
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Paerisades IV
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Paerisades II
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Spartokos III
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Ariarathes IX
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Ariarathes VI
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Ariarathes IV
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Ariarathes II
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Antiochus III
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Mithridates I
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Nicomedes III
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Demetrius III
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Antimachus II
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Apollodotus I
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Eucratides II
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:Euthydemus II
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Ptolemy Apion
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Cleopatra III
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Upper Armenia
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:Provinces or
3203:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3115:, 522–331 BC)
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2772:9780520081833
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2751:9781785702082
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2732:9780674016835
2728:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2635:9789004233010
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2616:9789004350724
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2594:0-521-20092-X
2590:
2586:
2583:. Cambridge:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:. Routledge.
2492:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:East and West
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2321:9780857734778
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2220:9781134823871
2216:
2213:. Routledge.
2212:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:Millar (1993)
2081:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2063:, p. 20.
2062:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:Millar (1993)
2020:
2017:
2014:, p. 82.
2013:
2012:Millar (1993)
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1984:, p. 59.
1983:
1982:Millar (1993)
1978:
1975:
1972:, p. 53.
1971:
1970:Millar (1993)
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:Millar (1993)
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:Millar (1993)
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1817:, p. 15.
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:, p. 205
1804:
1800:
1799:Shayegan 2016
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:Garsoian 2005
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:Millar (1993)
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:Millar (1993)
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:, p. 19.
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1663:
1661:9780415291620
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1638:(2007), p. 23
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:, p. 13.
1621:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:Campbell 2015
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Ferguson 2021
1459:
1455:
1454:Olbrycht 2021
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Shayegan 2016
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Garsoian 2005
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:, p. 214
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Shayegan 2016
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:, p. 13.
1351:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
963:
958:
950:
948:
945:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
883:Fergus Millar
880:
876:
872:
871:David M. Lang
868:
860:
856:
852:
846:
841:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
808:
807:
804:
800:
796:
793:
792:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
753:
752:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
693:
692:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
622:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Roman Armenia
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Armenia Minor
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
553:
552:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
473:
472:
465:
461:
460:
457:
450:
445:
439:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374: 163 BC
368:
362:
360:
357:and northern
356:
352:
351:Artaxerxes II
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
300:
296:
289:
285:
277:
274:
272:Today part of
270:
254:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
151:
148:
134:
132:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
95:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
5652:
5564:Neo-Hittites
5188:
4946:Alexander II
4802:Paerisades V
4765:Spartokos IV
4729:Paerisades I
4704:Ariarathes X
4659:Ariarathes V
4634:Ariarathes I
4616:Antiochus IV
4601:Antiochus II
4533:Pharnaces II
4494:Ariobarzanes
4466:Nicomedes IV
4456:Nicomedes II
4382:Apollophanes
4367:Hippostratos
4282:Heliokles II
4242:Demetrius II
4222:Antimachus I
4184:Eucratides I
4179:Demetrius II
4164:Antimachus I
4149:Euthydemus I
3834:Ptolemy XIII
3809:Berenice III
3656:Antipater II
3623:Alexander IV
3247:Nor Shirakan
3206:
3169:, 1201–1335)
3071:, 1080–1375)
2961:
2946:
2926:
2908:
2901:
2885:
2862:
2852:
2824:
2820:
2787:
2783:"Nemrut Dağ"
2761:
2741:
2721:
2711:
2687:
2667:
2646:
2625:
2605:
2579:
2554:
2534:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2489:
2479:
2463:
2449:
2440:
2420:
2399:
2371:
2356:
2332:
2310:
2291:
2270:
2251:
2229:
2209:
2189:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2088:, p. 53
2080:
2068:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1977:
1950:
1938:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1762:
1699:. Retrieved
1696:"Nemrut Dağ"
1689:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1650:
1643:
1635:
1634:Sartre, M.,
1615:
1606:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1505:
1500:, p. 27
1486:Russell 1986
1446:Gaggero 2016
1438:Michels 2021
1434:Facella 2021
1389:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1319:
1286:
1269:
1250:
1247:
1235:Mount Nemrut
1232:
1229:
1193:
1178:
1112:Roman Empire
1100:Antiochus IV
1093:
1066:
1022:
998:
975:Syro-Hittite
972:
967:Phrygian cap
946:
937:
926:
922:
906:Mount Nemrut
887:
864:
845:Mount Nemrut
598:
519:Arme–Shupria
420:Mount Nemrut
417:
413:Roman Empire
386:
363:
339:buffer state
336:
294:
293:
251:Roman Empire
220:Succeeded by
219:
214:
162:Antiochus IV
18:
5668:Paphlagonia
5372:Hayasa-Azzi
5289:'s reforms.
5221:Mesopotamia
4967:Pyrrhus III
4951:Olympias II
4921:Alexander I
4778: [
4775:Spartokos V
4644:Ariamnes II
4591:Antiochus I
4553:Pythodorida
4509:Pharnaces I
4430:Zipoetes II
4425:Nicomedes I
4342:Artemidoros
4337:Menander II
4277:Antialcidas
4262:Agathokleia
4217:Demetrius I
4209:Indo-Greeks
4199:Heliocles I
4154:Demetrius I
4144:Diodotus II
4121:Eumenes III
4116:Attalus III
4091:Philetaerus
4060:Lysimachids
3872:Berenice II
3839:Ptolemy XIV
3721:(pretender)
3651:Alexander V
3633:Antipatrids
3591:Hellenistic
3335:Mountainous
3191:(1920–1991)
3153:, 987–1170)
3131:, 908–1021)
3077:(1918–1920)
3053:, 884–1045)
2957:, pp. 1–35.
2842:1874/408015
2827:: 201–227.
2522:"Tigran II"
2248:Boyce, Mary
1783:Sartre 2005
1779:Canepa 2015
1767:Canepa 2010
1667:20 February
1544:Lang (1983)
1527:Lang (1983)
1450:Allsen 2011
1410:Sartre 2005
1406:Canepa 2015
1394:Canepa 2010
1378:Ball (2002)
1362:Ball (2002)
1318:records as
1212:Cyrrhestica
1165:Philopappos
1157:Middle East
1108:client king
989:, near the
627:Middle Ages
514:Hayasa-Azzi
453:History of
391:by Emperor
215:Preceded by
5713:Categories
5643:Cappadocia
5623:Antigonids
5572:Carchemish
5519:Cimmerians
5459:Purushanda
5454:Sagalassos
5390:Kizzuwatna
5357:Carchemish
5335:Bronze Age
5287:Diocletian
5099:Cappadocia
4957:Pyrrhus II
4936:Alcetas II
4901:Tharrhypas
4868:Gepaepyris
4840:Scribonius
4734:Satyros II
4664:Orophernes
4576:Ptolemaeus
4558:Polemon II
4451:Prusias II
4420:Zipoetes I
4392:Strato III
4317:Theophilos
4297:Philoxenus
4252:Menander I
4232:Agathocles
4174:Agathocles
4139:Diodotus I
4111:Attalus II
4106:Eumenes II
4068:Lysimachus
3676:Antigonids
3397:Cappadocia
3372:Atropatene
3267:Paytakaran
3252:Vaspurakan
3137:(963–1064)
3121:(790–1486)
3051:Bagratunis
2472:"Orontids"
1929:0901405582
1701:12 October
1474:Crone 2012
1338:References
1300:Cappadocia
1204:Germanicea
1155:, and the
1094:In 38 AD,
1029:Cappadocia
955:See also:
757:Modern age
477:Prehistory
309:Hellenized
150:Ptolemaeus
122:Government
91:(official)
61:, and the
5719:Commagene
5653:Commagene
5206:Macedonia
5094:Britannia
4941:Pyrrhus I
4906:Alcetas I
4812:Pharnaces
4787:Kamasarye
4770:Leukon II
4754:Hygiainon
4709:Archelaus
4548:Polemon I
4446:Prusias I
4387:Strato II
4377:Zoilos II
4372:Dionysios
4352:Archebius
4322:Peukolaos
4287:Polyxenos
4227:Pantaleon
4169:Pantaleon
4101:Attalus I
4096:Eumenes I
3902:Seleucids
3730:Ptolemies
3719:Philip VI
3666:Sosthenes
3646:Philip IV
3641:Cassander
3608:Philip II
3232:Turuberan
3167:Zakarians
3129:Artsrunis
3069:Lusignans
3065:Hethumids
3037:Artaxiads
2691:. Brill.
2609:. BRILL.
2403:. Brill.
2367:"Armenia"
2273:. Brill.
1945:, XVI.2.2
1795:Ball 2002
1478:Graf 2019
1422:Ball 2002
1308:Euphrates
1278:Footnotes
1175:Geography
1120:Vespasian
1005:Sargon II
997:texts as
991:Euphrates
914:Oromasdes
803:Etymology
599:Commagene
557:Antiquity
409:Vespasian
304:Κομμαγηνή
295:Commagene
107:Religion
30:Κομμαγηνή
25:Commagene
5673:Pergamon
5638:Bithynia
5502:Iron Age
5342:Ahhiyawa
5129:Dalmatia
5044:Aegyptus
5027:(117 AD)
4972:Deidamia
4953:(regent)
4926:Aeacides
4863:Aspurgus
4756:(regent)
4739:Prytanis
4581:Sames II
4437:(regent)
4410:Boteiras
4357:Telephos
4347:Hermaeus
4302:Diomedes
4272:Strato I
4257:Zoilos I
4083:Attalids
3770:(regent)
3709:Philip V
3377:Adiabene
3242:Corduene
3227:Arzanene
3207:Ashkhars
3113:Orontids
3061:Rubenids
3041:Arsacids
3033:Orontids
1312:Assyrian
1292:Seleucis
1265:Arsameia
1185:Samosata
1145:Anatolia
1116:Claudius
1096:Caligula
1085:Tiberius
1041:Parthian
995:Assyrian
985:(modern
983:Samosata
933:Samosata
875:Armenian
859:Herakles
795:Timeline
444:a series
442:Part of
405:Claudius
401:Caligula
393:Tiberius
355:Adıyaman
328:Iron Age
324:Samosata
288:Anatolia
125:Monarchy
102:language
79:Samosata
67:Parthian
59:Osrhoene
5663:Osroene
5658:Galatia
5648:Cilicia
5628:Armenia
5602:Phrygia
5584:Kammanu
5580:Ḫilakku
5529:Diauehi
5524:Colchis
5493:Zalpuwa
5469:Shupria
5450:Pisidia
5425:Miletus
5410:Kussara
5400:Kalašma
5394:Mitanni
5362:Hapalla
5266:Thracia
5256:Sicilia
5236:Noricum
5139:Galatia
5104:Cilicia
5084:Assyria
5074:Armenia
4962:Ptolemy
4916:Arybbas
4896:Admetus
4878:Cotys I
4858:Polemon
4853:Polemon
4849:Dynamis
4844:Dynamis
4835:Dynamis
4831:Asander
4821:Dynamis
4817:Asander
4744:Eumelos
4543:Arsaces
4518:Laodice
4441:Ziaelas
4435:Etazeta
4312:Epander
4307:Amyntas
3714:Perseus
3600:Argeads
3407:Osroene
3392:Albania
3382:Assyria
3330:Cilicia
3287:Ayrarat
3262:Artsakh
3237:Moxoene
3222:Sophene
3195:Artsakh
2577:(ed.).
2478:(ed.).
2181:Sources
2157:25 July
2099:XVI.2.3
2097:Strabo
2074:XVI.2.2
2072:Strabo
1320:Kummuhu
1316:Hittite
1296:Cilicia
1261:Münster
1253:Karakuş
1200:Doliche
1126:". The
1104:Cilicia
1058:Sophene
1033:Ptolemy
1025:Cilicia
1000:Kummuhu
951:History
879:Aramaic
867:Doliche
799:Origins
455:Armenia
343:Orontes
320:Armenia
313:Iranian
115:Iranian
100:Aramaic
94:Persian
75:Capital
69:Empires
55:Sophene
51:Armenia
5744:163 BC
5678:Pontus
5607:Urartu
5588:Kummuh
5576:Gurgum
5559:Mushki
5539:Etiuni
5509:Aeolia
5484:Wilusa
5405:Kaskia
5347:Arzawa
5251:Raetia
5196:Iudaea
5190:Italia
5134:Epirus
5119:Cyprus
5039:Achaia
4538:Darius
4332:Nicias
4327:Thraso
4267:Lysias
3593:rulers
3387:Iberia
3313:Second
3277:Gugark
3257:Syunik
3151:Siunis
3022:states
2968:
2953:
2935:
2915:
2869:
2802:
2769:
2748:
2729:
2695:
2674:
2655:
2632:
2613:
2591:
2562:
2541:
2497:
2456:
2428:
2407:
2386:
2341:
2318:
2277:
2258:
2236:
2217:
2196:
2044:
1943:Strabo
1926:
1898:
1658:
1588:
1304:Taurus
1239:tumuli
1208:Zeugma
1181:Strabo
1161:Athens
1149:Greece
1136:Syriac
1073:Pompey
1037:satrap
1007:. The
987:Samsat
979:Turkey
938:kandys
544:Etiuni
524:Mushki
504:Armani
446:on the
332:Kummuh
276:Turkey
191:163 BC
135:
98:Local
5596:Tabal
5568:Atuna
5554:Lydia
5549:Lycia
5544:Ionia
5534:Doris
5514:Caria
5479:Urumu
5474:Urshu
5440:Nairi
5435:Mysia
5420:Luwia
5415:Lukka
5386:Isuwa
5367:Hatti
5261:Syria
5124:Dacia
4851:with
4833:with
4819:with
4782:]
4516:with
4189:Plato
3867:Magas
3402:Judea
3367:Syria
3345:Rocky
3340:Plain
3318:Third
3308:First
2821:Dabir
2474:. In
1153:Italy
1089:Syria
890:Greek
529:Urumu
359:Antep
345:with
299:Greek
201:72 AD
111:Greco
89:Greek
63:Roman
5592:Quwê
5488:Troy
5464:Seha
5445:Pala
5430:Mira
5079:Asia
3282:Tayk
3272:Utik
3067:and
3039:and
2966:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2560:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2159:2015
2042:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1703:2017
1669:2014
1656:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1314:and
1298:and
1035:, a
910:Zeus
131:King
65:and
4415:Bas
2837:hdl
2829:doi
2792:doi
2376:doi
1191:).
1138:by
5715::
5594:,
5590:,
5586:,
5582:,
5578:,
5574:,
5570:,
5392:,
5388:,
4780:ru
3063:,
3035:,
2884:.
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2823:.
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2374:.
2370:.
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1962:^
1910:^
1846:^
1773:;
1747:^
1732:^
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1627:^
1551:^
1534:^
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1492:;
1460:;
1436:;
1400:;
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801:•
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430:.
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371:c.
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