124:, is apparent from the rise of mass communications to monetize a populace for profit. Research in critical cultural studies of media effects identify, commodification of culture, as a recent large contributing force for disruption of a society by mass media. An example is the display of American culture, to the population within its borders, and abroad. The commodity being sold is America, but mediated to show only the most exciting, dramatic, attention-getting, emotion-rousing aspects. Media corporations are expert at analyzing, selecting interesting, appealing bits and pieces of the culture, repackaging and enhancing content for a wide audience. The quest for large viewership creates an image that does not show boring, unpleasant, or minority aspects of America. The distribution of the alternate form of the culture, for profit, causes misconceptions and stereotyping along with disruption of the original folk culture. Within the United States the commodification of culture is the mediated view of American society accepted as the culture and even advanced by the culture depicted; the example given is hip-hop and rap music artists stars "selling out". The United States, with media corporations less prone to governmental interference, is successful at spreading American culture worldwide.
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which are overlooked and/or ignored. As in
Hollywood movies, only selected most exciting, dramatic, emotional aspects are presented while removing unpleasant, controversial or the boring. The success of marketing a culture entails distributing as much content as possible to the largest audience, causing disruption of everyday life. Elite media industries are ignorant or deny effects of mass marketing, by avoidance or by explaining that media has limited effects. There are many types of disruptions, some subtle, many obvious, including, propagation of misconceptions, loss of sense of place, a major focus on entertainment, loss of childhood, cultivation, and a disruptions of social conventions.
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lowest price market will bear. Morton salt is priced higher than other salt companies', but the market pays for convenience. The lesson of Morton's success, is that even the most mundane and undifferentiated of products can be made into something unique with the right marketing strategy. Salt is salt is salt, except when it comes in a blue canister with a little girl with an umbrella on it and the promise that rain won't damage its pourability."
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profitable profession.They commodify themselves by offering online journals, advice, thoughts, experiences along with photographs and videos, then make money by, selling books, self-branding, blog subscriptions, and advertorials. Trust and an increased audience are built by expressing a conversational style, a seemingly real experience by a real person, allowing users connect to the blogger as a friendly voice offering advice on travel choices.
193:, and so forth. Scholars say that the commodification of nonhuman animals in food systems is directly linked to capitalist systems that prioritize "monopolistically inclined financial interests" over the well-being of humans, nonhumans, and the environment. Over 200 billion land and aquatic animals are killed every year to provide humans with animal products for consumption, which many scholars and activists have described as an "
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the commercial practices and profitable tactics than they are to the holidays' origins. For some holidays, like
Halloween, there are arguments that the commodification of the original holiday turned it into the celebrations that people now love. The commodification of other holidays, like Christmas, sparks arguments about undoing the commercialization and getting back to the intended spirit of the holiday.
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410:, even revolutionary ones, are sold to the dominant culture for their enjoyment. And any messages of social change are not marketed for their messages but used as a mechanism for the dominant ones to acquire a piece of the "primitive". Any interests in past historical culture almost always have a modern twist. According to Mariana Torgovnick:
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described through viewing the perspective of
Hawaiian cultural change since the 1950s. The Hawaiian Luau was once a traditional performance reserved for community members and local people, but through the rise of tourism, this tradition has lost part of its cultural meaning and is now mostly a "for profit" performance.
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A critique of elites in modern societies using media to select aspects of a local culture, repackage and redistribute the alternate view of that culture for profit. Current research include books by: S. Jhally, H.M. Enzensberger, S. Gunster and J. Tunstall. Controversy and disruption occurs when this
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However, other authors distinguish them, with commodification used in social contexts to mean that a non-commercial good has become commercial, typically with connotations of "corrupted by commerce", while commoditization is used in business contexts to mean when the market for an
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is the process of transforming inalienable, free, or gifted things (objects, services, ideas, nature, personal information, people or animals) into commodities, or objects for sale. It has a connotation of losing an inherent quality or social relationship when something is integrated by a capitalist
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have been argued as having become commodified. The commodification of a holiday refers to making celebrations necessarily commercial and based on material goods, like gift giving, elaborate decorations, trick or treating, and card giving. Modern celebrations of many holidays are now more related to
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Critical cultural research reveal consequences for the lifting of bits of culture, remolding for a mass audience, then selling the alternate view. A few of repercussions of commodification of culture: Only selected, majority cultural practices are shown leaving out other important minority cultures
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Commodification of indigenous cultures refers to "areas in the life of a community which prior to its penetration by tourism have not been within the domain of economic relations regulated by criteria of market exchange" (Cohen 1988, 372). An example of this type of cultural commodification can be
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What corporations fear is the phenomenon now known, rather inelegantly, as "commoditization." What the term means is simply the conversion of the market for a given product into a commodity market, which is characterized by declining prices and profit margins, increasing competition, and lowered
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Prior to being turned into a commodity, an object has a "specific individual use value". After becoming a commodity, that same object has a different value: the amount for which it can be exchanged for another commodity. According to Marx, this new value of the commodity is derived from the time
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Intangible, non-produced items (love, water, air, Hawaii) are commodified whereas produced items (wheat, salt, microchips) are commoditized. The
Surowiecki article Commoditization Conundrum, speaks of raw materials as a commodity- "production meets demand and the commodity value is stabilized to
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Tourism has been analyzed in the context of commodification in the context of transforming local cultures and heritage into marketable goods. The commodification of tourism removes local culture from the foreground, replacing it with profitability from non-residents. This may be in the form of
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are also a recent examples of self-commodification. A travel blogger is an instance of a mediated micro-celebrity, the social-media influencer, targeting a niche audience interested in visiting exotic locale. Social Media networks expand the reach of this focused audience to make influencing a
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Digital commodification occurs when, a business or corporation uses information from an online community without their knowledge, for profit. The commodification of information allows a higher authority to make money rather than a collaborative system of free thoughts. Corporations such as
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Farah, Paolo Davide, Tremolada
Riccardo, Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs, in TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT, Special Issues "The New Frontiers of Cultural Law: Intangible Heritage Disputes", Volume 11, Issue 2, March 2014,
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are goods for which users cannot be barred from accessing or using them, for failing to pay for them. However, such goods can also be commodified by value addition in the form of products or services or both. Public goods like air and water can be subjected to commodification.
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Marx claimed that everything would eventually be commodified: "the things which until then had been communicated, but never exchanged, given, but never sold, acquired, but never bought – virtue, love, conscience – all at last enter into commerce."
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barriers to entry. ("Commoditization" is therefore different from "commodification," the word cultural critics use to decry the corruption of higher goods by commercial values. Microprocessors are commoditized. Love is commodified.)
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When the dominant culture demands that the Other be offered as sign that progressive political change is taking place, that the
American Dream can indeed be inclusive of difference, it invites a resurgence of essentialist cultural
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What is clear now is that the West's fascination with the primitive has to do with its own crises in identity, with its own need to clearly demarcate subject and object even while flirting with other ways of experiencing the
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entertainment, souvenirs, food markets, or others. Tourism leads, in part, to the commodification of indigenous cultures as people return from visits with partial ideas and representations of the culture.
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existing product has become a commodity market, where products are interchangeable and there is heavy price competition. In a quip: "Microprocessors are commoditized. Love is commodified."
197:". The extensive use of land and other resources for the production of meat instead of grain for human consumption is a leading cause of malnutrition, hunger, and famine around the world.
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Farah, Paolo Davide, Tremolada
Riccardo, Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage, Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Issue 2, Part I, June 2014,
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Examples of profiting from love are the myriad "The
Bachelorette" and "The Bachelor" television shows, and the increase in luxury hotels catering to singles during Valentine's weekends
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Schiele, Kristen; Venkatesh, Alladi (2 September 2016). "Regaining control through reclamation: how consumption subcultures preserve meaning and group identity after commodification".
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The earliest use of the word "commodification" dates from 1975. Use of the concept of commodification became common with the rise of critical discourse analysis in
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Kirtsoglou, Elisabeth; Theodossopoulos, Dimitrios (1 June 2004). "'They are Taking Our
Culture Away': Tourism and Culture Commodification in the Garifuna Community of Roatan".
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Lipton, L (2003). "In
Selling Valentine's Day, U.S. Marketers Decide To Broaden 'Love' Concept --- Hotels Look Beyond Couples to Woo Singles, Pet Set; You, Me -- and Fido".
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271:), such as music purchases, how we identify, and user profiles are aggregated and sold to corporations and businesses for micro targeting, advertising and marketing.
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Robert Hartwell Fiske's Dictionary of Unendurable English: A Compendium of Mistakes in Grammar, Usage, and Spelling with commentary on lexicographers and linguists,
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Patel, Nayana Hitesh; Jadeja, Yuvraj Digvijaysingh; Bhadarka, Harsha Karsan; Patel, Molina Niket; Patel, Niket Hitesh; Sodagar, Nilofar Rahematkhan (2018).
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and a key starting point for an analysis of this politico-economic system. Marx extensively criticized the social impact of commodification under the name
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479:, have further commodified the use of the internet, giving each click, view, or stream, monetary value, even if it is an interaction with free content
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Krier, Daniel; Swart, William J. (1 January 2016). "The Commodification of Spectacle: Spectators, Sponsors and the Outlaw Biker Diegesis at Sturgis".
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Repka, Meneka (2019). Nocella Ii, Anthony J; Drew, Carolyn; George, Amber E; Ketenci, Sinem; Lupinacci, John; Purdy, Ian; Leeson-Schatz, Joe (eds.).
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marketplace. Concepts that have been argued as being commodified include broad items such as the body, intimacy, public goods, animals and holidays.
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Russell, Constance L.; Ankenman, M. J. (1 January 1996). "Orangutans as Photographic Collectibles: Ecotourism and The Commodification of Nature".
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alternate view is seen as untruthful to the culture that is depicted. Disruptions include misconceptions, sameness, and a focus on entertainment.
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Duffy, Andrew; Kang, Hillary Yu Ping (31 July 2019). "Follow me, I'm famous: travel bloggers' self-mediated performances of everyday exoticism".
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described the cultural commodification of race and difference as the dominant culture "eating the other". To hooks, cultural expressions of
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2019:"All hail the commodification of Halloween: Over the years, companies profiting off the holiday are what have made it an American favorite"
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Greenwood, D.J. (1977). V. L. Smith (ed.). "Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization".
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Currah, Andrew (1 August 2007). "Managing creativity: the tensions between commodities and gifts in a digital networked environment".
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2426:"The strange and spooky battle over bats and black dresses: The commodification of Whitby Goth Weekend and the loss of a subculture"
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https://uri.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/nyupresskms/commodification/0?institutionId=4949
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687:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, p. 130.For body commodification, Lesley A. Sharp, "The Commodification of the Body and Its Parts,"
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taken to produce the good, and other considerations are obsolete, including morality, environmental impact, and aesthetic appeal.
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1100:"Chapter 1, Section 3: The Form of Value or Exchange-Value, Part 4 The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof"
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Commodification of animals is one of the earliest forms of commodification, which can be traced back to the time when
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Groom, Nick (2 October 2018). "Hallowe'en and Valentine: The Culture of Saints' Days in the English-Speaking World".
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Rinehart, Nicholas T (1 September 2016). "The Man That Was a Thing: Reconsidering Human Commodification in Slavery".
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2160:"The commodification of patient opinion: the digital patient experience economy in the age of big data"
1947:"Valentine's Day and the Commodification of Love or the Economic Impacts of Courtship – City REDI Blog"
1077:"A Note on the Ongoing Processes of Commodification: From the Audience Commodity to the Social Factory"
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The codes of advertising : fetishism and the political economy of meaning in the consumer society
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2400:"Public Reason – The Commodification of the Public Service of Water: A Normative Perspective"
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accelerate and concentrate the commodification of online communities. Digital tracking, like
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Watson, Cate (December 2011). "Test Match Special , Twenty20 and the future of cricket".
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Education for Total Liberation: Critical Animal Pedagogy and Teaching Against Speciesism
1243:"Wildlife Trade and COVID-19: Towards a Criminology of Anthropogenic Pathogen Spillover"
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Transformation of goods, services, ideas and people into commodities or objects of trade
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are seduced by this concept because of "the promise of recognition and reconciliation".
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Barlow, Maude (1 February 2001). "Commodification of water – the wrong prescription".
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Various subcultures have been argued to as having become commodified, for example the
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53: are sometimes used synonymously, to describe the process of making
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1345:. Radical Animal Studies and Total Liberation (1 ed.). New York: Peter Lang.
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is distinct from its meaning in business. Commodity played a key role throughout
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1571:"Protecting Women: Preserving Autonomy in the Commodification of Motherhood"
1106:. Vol. 1. Progress Press, Moscow – via Marxists Internet Archive.
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commodification, n. Second edition, 1989; online version November 2010. <
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Hearn, A. (2017). Commodification. In L. Ouellette, & J. Gray (Eds.),
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bell hooks, pen name for Gloria Jean Watkins, educator and social critic.
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Leopold, David (29 April 2015). "Karl Marx". In Duncan Pritchard (ed.).
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2317:"From Polanyi to Pollyanna: The False Optimism of Global Labor Studies"
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Commodification of humans have been discussed in various context, from
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2546:"Commodification and Popular Imagery of the Biker in American Culture"
1664:"Virginity for Sale: A Foucauldian Moment in the History of Sexuality"
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The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer Studies
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For slaves as commodities, Appadurai 1986, pp. 84–85; David Hawkes,
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and others is also discussed to be a case of human commodification.
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Cohen, Erik (1988). "Authenticity and commodification in tourism".
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Appadurai 1986, also cited in Martha M. Ertman, Joan C. Williams,
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The consciousness industry; on literature, politics and the media
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The Politics of Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century
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2585:"An Ironic Fad: The Commodification and Consumption of Tattoos"
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Permissible Progeny?: The Morality of Procreation and Parenting
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Cova, Bernard; Kozinets, Robert; Shankar, Avi (25 June 2012).
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William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
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to mean "become a commodity market", and considers the use of
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The Marketization of Society: Economizing the Non-Economic
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Niemeyer, Katharina; Keightley, Emily (1 September 2020).
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Commodification of media, Internet and online communities
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Karl Marx considered commodity a cell-form of capitalism.
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Austin, D. Mark; Gagne, Patricia; Orend, Angela (2010).
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Dunn, Jennifer C.; Vik, Tennley A. (1 September 2014).
1512:"Insight into Different Aspects of Surrogacy Practices"
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Personal information through Social Networking Sites (
2915:. Bremen: Research Cluster "Welfare Societies", 2012.
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Cousins, Jenny A.; Evans, James; Sadler, Jon (2009).
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Spracklen, Karl; Spracklen, Beverley (1 April 2014).
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The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination
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The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination
665:"United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database"
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509:, the biker subculture, the tattoo subculture, the
1779:(Third ed.). Cambridge Medford, MA: Polity.
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4229:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
2627:Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America
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772:"The Commodification of the Body and its Parts"
239:are a further example of self-commodification.
2012:
2010:
1389:. In S. Hannan; S. Brennan; R. Vernon (eds.).
1127:. New York University Press. Credo Reference:
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2924:Polanyi, Karl. "The Self-Regulating Market,"
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215:Human flesh at auction by Van Ingen Snyder.
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675:, 38(4), Fall 2011 (pp. 202–217), p. 203.
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2185:
2175:
1979:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–2,
1545:
1527:
1274:
92:'s work; he considered it a cell-form of
57: out of goods, services, and ideas.
2903:, Giuffre, pp. 21–47. Available at
1104:Capital: A Critique of Political Economy
393:
2909:Schimank, Uwe and Volkmann, Ute (ed.):
1253:(3). Oxford University Press: 607–626.
1206:; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II;
896:; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II;
835:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085133
600:
314:
2624:Berger, Helen A. (25 September 2006).
1748:The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
1516:Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
390:Commodification of Indigenous cultures
1303:Social Sciences & Humanities Open
1188:. Cengage Learning. pp. 328–331.
613:"The Commodification of Human Beings"
49:. The terms commodification and
7:
2630:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2044:Black Looks: Race and Representation
770:Sharp, Lesley A. (21 October 2000).
611:Maloney, Lauren (19 November 2015).
3580:Marxist phraseology and terminology
1449:"A Haven From the Animal Holocaust"
1182:Baran, S. J.; Davis, D. K. (2015).
741:10.18574/nyu/9781479817474.003.0016
712:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37198
691:, 29, 2000 (pp. 287–328) p. 295ff.
671:, "Aestheticizing Animal Cruelty,"
1247:The British Journal of Criminology
817:Constable, Nicole (October 2009).
14:
3830:Commanding heights of the economy
3696:Primitive accumulation of capital
2653:Consumption Markets & Culture
2260:Jose, George (3 September 2017).
2164:Sociology of Health & Illness
860:"Commodification | Neoliberalism"
227:. Auctions of cricket players by
4244:Revolution is not a dinner party
4214:Whole-process people's democracy
2602:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00333.x
2562:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00781.x
2315:Burawoy, Michael (31 May 2010).
2017:Morton, Lisa (30 October 2015).
1845:The Political Economy of Culture
1614:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00225.x
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
317:
247:, paid surrogacy (also known as
243:is a term used in case of human
4141:Uneven and combined development
3656:Dictatorship of the proletariat
1985:10.1002/9781118989463.wbeccs260
1745:Esping-Andersen, Gosta (1990).
1447:Hedges, Chris (3 August 2015).
1047:"The Commoditization Conundrum"
1014:(Appadurai 1986) as equivalent.
788:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.287
727:Hearn, Alison (14 March 2017),
685:Shakespeare and Economic Theory
483:Commodification of public goods
3910:Socially necessary labour time
2708:10.1080/02508281.1996.11014765
2589:The Journal of Popular Culture
2550:The Journal of Popular Culture
1154:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0265
714:>; accessed 6 January 2011.
501:Commodification of subcultures
157:of animals began. It includes
1:
4270:People's Multiparty Democracy
3820:Capitalist mode of production
3805:Critique of political economy
3636:Capitalist mode of production
3430:List of commodities exchanges
2926:Economics as a Social Science
2665:10.1080/10253866.2015.1135797
2286:10.1080/13604813.2017.1374779
1917:10.1080/0015587X.2018.1510651
1716:Capron, Alexander M. (2017).
823:Annual Review of Anthropology
776:Annual Review of Anthropology
689:Annual Review of Anthropology
637:Wilsterman, James M. (2008).
402:American author and feminist
4184:Continuous revolution theory
3905:Socialist mode of production
3761:Workers of the world, unite!
3736:Socialist mode of production
3701:Proletarian internationalism
2358:Water Science and Technology
2262:"Hawa khaana in Vasai Virar"
2083:10.1016/0160-7383(88)90028-X
1892:. Columbia University Press.
1858:Enzensberger, H. M. (1974).
1802:Media, Culture & Society
1641:10.1080/17430437.2011.620379
3900:Simple commodity production
3492:Commodity status of animals
3482:Commodification of the womb
2696:Tourism Recreation Research
2055:Torgovnick, Marianna 1991.
1754:. Oxford University Press.
1148:. Oxford University Press.
291:Commodification of holidays
249:commodification of the womb
207:Commodification of the womb
4317:
4169:Antagonistic contradiction
4116:Degenerated workers' state
3539:List of traded commodities
2746:10.1177/146879702761936653
2071:Annals of Tourism Research
1297:Arcari, Paula (May 2020).
1241:Beirne, Piers (May 2021).
1125:Keywords for media studies
1000:Rethinking commodification
733:Keywords for Media Studies
548:Commodification of animals
517:Commodification of tourism
493:
282:Commodification of Culture
204:
146:
143:Commodification of animals
140:
116:Mass Communication Studies
18:
4013:People's democratic state
3998:General line of the party
3721:Revolutionary spontaneity
3534:
3477:Commodification of nature
3435:List of futures exchanges
2231:10.1080/03085140701428415
1680:10.1007/s12119-013-9207-0
1569:Neal, M. (1 April 2011).
1477:Journal of Social History
553:Commodification of nature
543:Commercialization of love
149:Animal-industrial complex
83:Marxist understanding of
4063:Socialism in one country
4023:Political rehabilitation
3502:Heritage commodification
3487:Commodification of water
2789:10.1177/0308275X04042650
2777:Critique of Anthropology
2515:10.1177/0896920514524605
2445:10.1177/1468797613511688
2158:Lupton, Deborah (2014).
2129:10.1177/1461444820914869
1814:10.1177/0163443719853503
1529:10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_138_17
1218:Rowman & Littlefield
1075:Prodnik, Jernej (2012).
1010:(Peggy Radin, 1987) and
908:Rowman & Littlefield
573:Human commodity auctions
513:subculture, and others.
496:Commodification of water
275:Social Media Influencers
19:Not to be confused with
4239:Revolutionary base area
4199:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
4111:Deformed workers' state
3890:Relations of production
3810:Accumulation of capital
3790:Sociology and economics
3606:Base and superstructure
3586:Philosophy and politics
2837:10.5751/ES-02804-140132
2177:10.1111/1467-9566.12109
2117:New Media & Society
2098:The Wall Street Journal
1668:Sexuality & Culture
1395:Oxford University Press
986:Robert Hartwell Fiske,
437:Commodification of love
132:Commodification of life
4058:Socialist accumulation
3706:Proletarian revolution
3661:Historical materialism
3497:Fictitious commodities
3451:Commodity Exchange Act
2334:10.15173/glj.v1i2.1079
1890:The media are American
430:
417:
399:
295:Many holidays such as
216:
137:Animal commodification
78:
3978:Democratic centralism
3621:Bourgeois nationalism
2370:10.2166/wst.2001.0183
2321:Global Labour Journal
1971:Cox, Patrick (2015),
1775:Ess, Charles (2020).
1418:Best, Steven (2014).
729:"13. Commodification"
639:"The Human Commodity"
425:
412:
397:
257:Gøsta Esping-Andersen
229:Indian Premier League
214:
201:Human commodification
171:fashion and cosmetics
76:
4219:One Divides Into Two
4126:Permanent revolution
4083:Democracy in Marxism
4043:Revolutionary terror
3840:Commodity production
3825:Crisis of capitalism
3731:Scientific socialism
3626:Bourgeois revolution
2583:Kosut, Mary (2006).
1888:Tunstall, J (1977).
1777:Digital media ethics
1311:10.2139/ssrn.3599772
910:. pp. 197–209.
263:Self-commodification
120:Media, as a culture
4291:Marxist terminology
4136:Transitional demand
4003:National liberation
3988:Enemy of the people
3870:Means of production
3631:Bourgeois socialism
3616:Bourgeois democracy
3268:Compressed hydrogen
3019:Frozen orange juice
2824:Ecology and Society
2278:2017City...21..632J
2219:Economy and Society
1843:Jhally, S. (1987).
1259:10.1093/bjc/azaa084
1220:. pp. ix–xxv.
1098:Marx, Karl (1867).
1087:– via Scribd.
1045:(30 January 1998).
421:marginalized groups
179:labor and transport
98:commodity fetishism
4249:Social imperialism
4073:Social imperialism
3945:Worker cooperative
3885:Production for use
3875:Mode of production
3726:Revolutionary wave
3691:Petite bourgeoisie
3601:Barracks communism
3199:Pork belly futures
2503:Critical Sociology
2042:hooks, bell 1992.
1873:Jhally, S (1987).
1489:10.1093/jsh/shv129
1424:Palgrave Macmillan
1079:. pp. 274–301
941:. 20 December 2018
673:College Literature
419:hooks states that
400:
237:Virginity auctions
217:
79:
4278:
4277:
4179:Capitalist roader
4131:Social revolution
3973:Central Committee
3880:Productive forces
3845:Dominant ideology
3741:Super-imperialism
3676:Lumpenproletariat
3547:
3546:
3403:
3402:
3312:Industrial metals
3244:
3243:
2928:, 2nd edn, 2004.
2637:978-0-8122-1971-5
2487:978-1-136-41467-1
2046:(South End Press)
1994:978-1-118-98946-3
1786:978-1-5095-3342-8
1731:978-2-7351-2285-1
1635:(10): 1383–1394.
1602:Sociology Compass
1433:978-1-137-47111-6
1404:978-0-19-937812-8
1360:978-1-4331-5789-9
1227:978-0-7391-3698-0
1163:978-0-19-539657-7
1043:Surowiecki, James
917:978-0-7391-3698-0
750:978-1-4798-1747-4
669:Josephine Donovan
615:. nulawreview.org
558:Decommodification
538:Commercialization
360:St. Patrick's day
253:human trafficking
69:In Marxist Theory
4308:
4254:Struggle session
4174:Anti-revisionism
4151:World revolution
4078:Soviet democracy
3963:Anti-revisionism
3955:Marxist–Leninist
3925:Subject of labor
3855:Free association
3798:
3781:World revolution
3771:Workers' control
3766:Workers' council
3751:Two-stage theory
3594:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3551:
3425:Futures exchange
3420:Futures contract
3415:Commodity market
3253:
3249:Hard commodities
2979:
2974:Soft commodities
2955:
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2595:(6): 1035–1048.
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2123:(9): 1639–1662.
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1862:. Seabury Press.
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1629:Sport in Society
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645:. thecrimson.com
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195:animal holocaust
175:medical research
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4301:Commodification
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3776:World communism
3646:Commodification
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3578:
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3543:
3530:
3472:Commoditization
3467:Commodification
3455:
3439:
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3373:Precious metals
3368:
3324:Aluminium alloy
3307:
3240:
3101:animal products
3099:
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2966:commoditization
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2920:Further reading
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2734:Tourist Studies
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2477:Consumer Tribes
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2433:Tourist Studies
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2023:nydailynews.com
2016:
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1008:commodification
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336:Valentine's Day
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255:. According to
241:Human commodity
233:Big Bash League
209:
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118:
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51:commoditization
43:
38:
29:Commodification
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4068:Social fascism
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4053:Self-criticism
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4033:Real socialism
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3711:Pure communism
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3686:Metabolic rift
3683:
3681:Means of labor
3678:
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3671:Liquidationism
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3641:Class struggle
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3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Cottonseed oil
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2893:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2810:
2783:(2): 135–157.
2767:
2740:(2): 183–201.
2721:
2686:
2659:(5): 427–450.
2643:
2636:
2616:
2575:
2556:(5): 942–963.
2536:
2493:
2486:
2466:
2416:
2391:
2348:
2307:
2272:(5): 632–640.
2252:
2225:(3): 467–494.
2209:
2170:(6): 856–869.
2150:
2103:
2088:
2077:(3): 371–386.
2061:
2048:
2035:
2006:
1993:
1963:
1938:
1911:(4): 331–352.
1895:
1880:
1865:
1850:
1835:
1808:(2): 172–190.
1792:
1785:
1767:
1760:
1737:
1730:
1708:
1674:(3): 487–504.
1654:
1619:
1608:(4): 543–558.
1592:
1561:
1522:(3): 212–218.
1502:
1467:
1439:
1432:
1410:
1403:
1397:. p. 44.
1383:Benatar, David
1374:
1359:
1351:10.3726/b14204
1331:
1289:
1233:
1226:
1191:
1169:
1162:
1132:
1109:
1090:
1067:
1031:
1016:
991:
976:
952:
939:In These Times
923:
916:
876:
864:neolib.uga.edu
848:
809:
782:(1): 287–328.
762:
749:
716:
700:
656:
626:
599:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
568:Exchange value
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
527:
524:
518:
515:
502:
499:
484:
481:
451:
448:
438:
435:
391:
388:
387:
386:
384:New Year's Eve
383:
376:
374:
371:
364:
362:
359:
352:
350:
347:
340:
338:
335:
328:
326:
323:
316:
292:
289:
283:
280:
264:
261:
202:
199:
187:wildlife trade
159:animal slavery
141:Main article:
138:
135:
133:
130:
117:
114:
70:
67:
42:
39:
37:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4313:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:New Democracy
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Popular front
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Surplus value
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Social murder
3918:
3916:
3915:Socialization
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:Miscellaneous
3458:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:Organizations
3406:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Feeder cattle
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:Animals &
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2889:Available at
2888:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2480:. Routledge.
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(1): 86–102.
2438:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1761:0-691-09457-8
1757:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:Peter McLaren
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
962:
956:
953:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
919:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
898:Peter McLaren
895:
891:
890:Nibert, David
885:
883:
881:
877:
865:
861:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
763:
752:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
721:
717:
713:
707:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:For animals,
660:
657:
644:
640:
633:
631:
627:
614:
607:
605:
601:
594:
589:
588:Globalization
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Privatization
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
525:
523:
516:
514:
512:
508:
500:
497:
492:
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
449:
447:
446:
445:
436:
434:
429:
424:
422:
416:
411:
409:
405:
396:
389:
380:
375:
368:
363:
356:
351:
344:
339:
332:
327:
320:
315:
313:
312:
311:
306:
302:
298:
290:
288:
281:
279:
276:
272:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
213:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
191:companionship
188:
184:
183:entertainment
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:domestication
150:
144:
136:
131:
129:
125:
123:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
75:
68:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
48:
40:
35:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4224:People's war
4146:United front
4088:United front
3895:Ruling class
3860:Law of value
3756:Wage slavery
3746:Theoretician
3645:
3466:
3194:Pork bellies
3189:Pet industry
2925:
2923:
2911:
2875:Bibliography
2827:
2823:
2813:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2737:
2733:
2702:(1): 71–78.
2699:
2695:
2689:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2626:
2619:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2509:(1): 11–32.
2506:
2502:
2496:
2476:
2469:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2364:(4): 79–84.
2361:
2357:
2351:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:
1998:, retrieved
1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1877:. F. Pinter.
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1776:
1770:
1747:
1740:
1721:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1671:
1667:
1657:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1483:(1): 28–50.
1480:
1476:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1452:
1442:
1419:
1413:
1390:
1377:
1341:
1334:
1324:19 September
1322:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1282:19 September
1280:. Retrieved
1250:
1246:
1236:
1212:
1200:Best, Steven
1194:
1184:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1103:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
983:
979:
969:22 September
967:. Retrieved
955:
943:. Retrieved
938:
902:
867:. Retrieved
863:
829:(1): 49–64.
826:
822:
812:
779:
775:
765:
754:, retrieved
732:
688:
684:
672:
659:
647:. Retrieved
642:
617:. Retrieved
563:Deregulation
520:
504:
488:Public goods
486:
453:
443:
442:
440:
431:
428:nationalism.
426:
418:
413:
401:
310:
309:
294:
285:
273:
266:
240:
218:
152:
126:
119:
110:
106:
84:
80:
63:
59:
44:
28:
27:
25:
4234:Revisionism
4121:French Turn
4093:Vanguardism
4048:Secretariat
4038:Revisionism
3865:Materialism
3716:Revisionism
3666:Imperialism
3611:Bourgeoisie
3288:Natural gas
3283:Heating oil
3159:Hide (skin)
3149:Live cattle
3074:Soybean oil
2962:Commodities
2028:16 November
1973:"Christmas"
1204:Steven Best
945:16 November
894:Steven Best
649:26 February
619:26 February
245:organ trade
55:commodities
41:Terminology
4285:Categories
4103:Trotskyist
3983:Dual power
3651:Dialectics
3344:Molybdenum
3039:Peanut oil
2847:10535/3507
1581:(3): 611.
1146:Philosophy
756:29 January
643:thecrimson
595:References
583:Value-form
511:witchcraft
494:See also:
404:bell hooks
205:See also:
147:See also:
102:alienation
94:capitalism
4204:Mass line
4194:Four Olds
4018:Politburo
4008:New class
3935:Use value
3835:Commodity
3522:Use value
3385:Palladium
3319:Aluminium
3273:Crude oil
3236:Wool tops
3226:Whalebone
3109:Ambergris
3029:Olive oil
2901:0035-614X
2887:1875-4120
2856:1708-3087
2805:144331095
2797:0308-275X
2754:1468-7976
2716:0250-8281
2681:146815933
2673:1025-3866
2611:1540-5931
2570:1540-5931
2531:145097590
2523:0896-9205
2461:145623916
2453:1468-7976
2378:0273-1223
2343:1918-6711
2302:149420789
2294:1360-4813
2247:145631922
2239:0308-5147
2196:1467-9566
2187:2123/9063
2145:214293153
2137:1461-4448
2059:(Chicago)
1933:165870855
1925:0015-587X
1830:201407654
1822:0163-4437
1696:143947497
1688:1936-4822
1649:145758426
1587:1081-549X
1538:0974-1208
1497:0022-4529
1460:29 August
1369:240272942
1319:225822910
1267:1464-3529
1142:Karl Marx
1056:16 August
843:0084-6570
796:0084-6570
415:universe.
408:Otherness
348:Halloween
324:Christmas
301:Halloween
297:Christmas
225:surrogacy
90:Karl Marx
85:commodity
47:semiotics
3390:Platinum
3144:Lean Hog
3134:Feathers
3124:Cashmere
3049:Rapeseed
3044:Potatoes
3034:Palm oil
3014:Flaxseed
2905:SSRN.com
2891:SSRN.com
2864:26268031
2762:55744323
2386:11379230
2204:24443847
2000:18 March
1956:18 March
1905:Folklore
1556:30568349
1454:Truthdig
1385:(2015).
1210:(eds.).
1083:30 March
900:(eds.).
804:15977341
681:41302895
533:Big data
526:See also
465:Facebook
167:medicine
122:industry
3815:Capital
3795:Marxian
3591:Marxist
3526:utility
3303:Uranium
3298:Thorium
3293:Propane
3278:Ethanol
3216:Sponges
3114:Bristle
3069:Soybean
2982:General
2409:15 June
2274:Bibcode
1547:6262674
1276:7953978
869:11 June
477:cookies
469:Netflix
251:), and
221:slavery
36:History
4161:Maoist
3395:Silver
3349:Nickel
3334:Copper
3329:Cobalt
3256:Energy
3221:Tallow
3164:Horses
3119:Butter
3064:Rubber
3004:Cotton
2999:Coffee
2989:Barley
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3968:Cadre
3940:Value
3517:Price
3354:Steel
3206:Sheep
3169:Ivory
3154:Goats
3129:Civet
3089:Wheat
3079:Sugar
2994:Cocoa
2860:JSTOR
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2801:S2CID
2758:S2CID
2677:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2457:S2CID
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3444:Laws
3380:Gold
3364:Zinc
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3263:Coal
3231:Wool
3211:Silk
3184:Musk
3179:Milk
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