674:
20:
887:
574:, into Italy, which took a prominent part in the confused wars of the next thirty years. Towards the end of the century, the Italians began to organize armies of the same description. This ended the reign of the purely mercenary company and began that of the semi-national mercenary army which endured in Europe till replaced by the national standing army system. In 1363, Count von Landau was betrayed by his Hungarian soldiers, and defeated in combat, by the White Company's more advanced tactics under commanders
1026:
1011:
251:
284:
1975:
185:
542:) into military science more than any of their historical military predecessors—fighting indirectly, not directly—thus, only reluctantly endangering themselves and their enlisted men, avoiding battle when possible, also avoiding hard work and winter campaigns, as these all reduced the total number of trained soldiers available, and were detrimental to their political and economic interest.
901:
century, when the large cities had gradually swallowed up the small states, and Italy itself was drawn into the general current of
European politics, and became the battlefield of powerful armies—French, Spanish and German—the venture captains, who in the end proved quite unequal to the gendarmerie of France and the improved troops of the Italian states, gradually disappeared.
527:
1037:
904:
The soldiers of the condottieri were almost entirely heavy armoured cavalry (men-at-arms). Before 1400, they had little or nothing in common with the people among whom they fought, and their disorderly conduct and rapacity seem often to have exceeded that of medieval armies. They were always ready to
852:
None of the principal states were armed with their own proper forces. Thus the arms of Italy were either in the hands of the lesser princes, or of men who possessed no state; for the minor princes did not adopt the practice of arms from any desire of glory, but for the acquisition of either property
508:
Once aware of their military power monopoly in Italy, the condottieri bands became notorious for their capriciousness and soon dictated terms to their ostensible employers. In turn, many condottieri, such as
Braccio da Montone and Muzio Sforza, became powerful politicians. As most were educated men
800:
expired definitively, the condottiere could not declare war against the contracting city-state for two years. This military–business custom was respected because professional reputation (business credibility) was everything to the condottieri; a deceived employer was a reputation ruined; likewise,
900:
In time, the financial and political interests of the condottieri proved serious drawbacks to decisive, bloody warfare: the mercenary captains often were treacherous, tending to avoid combat, and "resolve" fights with a bribe—either for the opponent or for themselves. Towards the end of the 15th
908:
The age of firearms and weapons utilizing gunpowder further contributed to the decline of the condottieri. Although the mercenary forces were among the first to adapt to the emerging technologies on the battlefield, ultimately, the advent of firearms-governed warfare rendered their ceremonial
546:
even said that condottieri fought each other in grandiose, but often pointless and near-bloodless battles. However, later in the
Renaissance the condottieri line of battle still deployed the grand armoured knight and medieval weapons and tactics after most European powers had begun employing
905:
change sides at the prospect of higher pay—the enemy of today might be the comrade-in-arms of tomorrow. Further, a prisoner was always more valuable than a dead enemy. As a consequence, their battles were often as bloodless as they were theatrical.
995:
diminished Roman
Catholic influence in Europe and led to the consolidation of large states, while Italy was fragmented and divided. The condottieri tradition greatly suffered from the political and strategic decline of Italy and never recovered.
523:, the traditional medieval model of soldiering. Consequently, the condottieri fought by outmanoeuvring the opponent and fighting his ability to wage war, rather than risking uncertain fortune—defeat, capture, death—in battlefield combat.
457:. Werner's company differed from other mercenary companies because its code of military justice imposed discipline and an equal division of the contract's income. The Ventura Company increased in number until becoming the fearsome "
360:, yet possessed woefully small armies. In the event that foreign powers and envious neighbours attacked, the ruling nobles hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them. The military-service terms and conditions were stipulated in a
853:
or safety. The others (those who possessed no state) being bred to arms from their infancy, were acquainted with no other art, and pursued war for emolument, or to confer honour upon themselves.
687:
From the fifteenth century hence, most condottieri were landless
Italian nobles who had chosen the profession of arms as a livelihood; the most famous of such mercenary captains was the son of
2041:
909:
fighting style obsolete. When battlefields shifted from chivalric confrontations characterized by ostentatious displays of power to an everyman's war, they were ill-prepared to adjust.
562:(Tribune and effective dictator of the city) had Werner von Urslingen executed in Rome, and Konrad von Landau assumed command of the Great Company. On the conclusion (1360) of the
79:
being the contract by which the condottieri put themselves in the service of a city or lord. The term, however, came to refer to all the famed
Italian military leaders of the
366:(contract) between the city-state and the soldiers (officer and enlisted man), thus, the "contracted" leader, the mercenary captain commanding, was titled the "Condottiere".
519:), they began viewing warfare from the perspective of military science, rather than as a matter of valour or physical courage—a great, consequential departure from
976:
were prominent into the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. The political practice of hiring foreign mercenaries, however, did not end. For example, the
704:
1913:
1995:
134:(in virtue of his Italian origins) as the "last condottiero". According to this view, the condottieri tradition would span a huge diverse period from the
489:
of Milan (another condottiero and uncle of
Lodrisio) in April 1339. Later, in 1377, a second "Company of St. George" was formed under the leadership of
166:) and their transformation into captain generals fighting for the major powers during the struggle for political and religious supremacy in Europe.
24:
841:
considered it humiliating to so employ military sailors, and did not use naval mercenaries, even during the greatest danger in the city's history.
431:
in Italy in
October 1282, and, post-war, remained there, seeking military employment. By 1333 other mercenaries had arrived in Italy to fight with
940:. In the end, failure was political, rather than military, stemming from disunity and political indecision, and, by 1550, the military service
1990:
377:(1095–1291). These crusading officers provided large-scale warfare combat experience in the Holy Land. At the Crusades' conclusion, the first
2010:
1810:
2051:
1837:
1960:
1942:
1847:
1820:
232:
1701:
1395:
961:
104:
1553:
1213:
1160:
2046:
1877:
769:
210:
1674:
1273:
937:
712:
1450:
486:
256:
206:
1777:
1292:
894:
428:
80:
1760:
195:
673:
19:
747:
481:
The first mercenary company with an
Italian as its chief was the "Company of St. George" formed in 1339 and led by
458:
214:
199:
1588:
1383:
867:
692:
112:
88:
1969:Димов, Г. Войната в италийските земи през късното Средновековие: кондотиерите – В: сп. Алманах, I, 2015, 30–43.
1721:
635:
369:
From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, European soldiers led by professional officers fought against the
1532:
1316:
823:) stipulated naval military-service terms and conditions; sea captains and sailors so-contracted were called
1652:
1617:
1571:
1469:
1377:
1340:
1018:
992:
952:
remained current, denominating the great
Italian generals (mainly) fighting for foreign states; men such as
890:
886:
720:
645:
663:
1863:
1643:
1527:
1346:
1310:
1065:
965:
926:
918:
627:
543:
1707:
1513:
1432:
1419:
1081:
1071:
1040:
969:
667:
641:
563:
1454:
315:
2036:
1670:
1612:
1592:
1567:
1517:
1496:
1241:
1235:
1219:
1154:
1100:
988:
762:
740:
657:
490:
450:
349:
289:
264:
1025:
2019:
Condottieri di ventura – a complete database about Condottieri operating in Italy between 1300–1550
1713:
1687:
1648:
1623:
1579:
1438:
1413:
1279:
1044:
1014:
1005:
953:
736:
424:
268:
127:
56:
1683:
1549:
1536:
1500:
1371:
1304:
1197:
1148:
1138:
934:
871:
838:
621:
620:(flag). By that time, the campaigning condottieri companies were as much Italian as foreign: the
498:
345:
330:
139:
131:
96:
250:
1010:
1956:
1938:
1873:
1843:
1839:
The Book of Firsts: 150 World-Changing People and Events, from Caesar Augustus to the Internet
1816:
1635:
1629:
1561:
1540:
1463:
1442:
1322:
1298:
1113:
535:
482:
454:
353:
135:
320:
1717:
1475:
1407:
1389:
1334:
1261:
1186:
1029:
973:
957:
845:
751:
681:
539:
494:
410:
84:
70:
43:
1710:– Alexander Farnese for the Catholic League against Royal France, England and the Huguenots
1735:
1731:
1697:
1666:
1521:
1267:
1225:
688:
432:
1087:
1739:
1727:
1639:
1401:
559:
515:
2030:
1986:
1981:
1691:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1359:
1328:
1125:
1052:
571:
567:
307:
293:
92:
1759:
Tomassini, Luciano; storico, Italy Esercito Corpo di stato maggiore Ufficio (1978).
844:
In fifteenth-century Italy, the condottieri were masterful lords of war; during the
1806:
1604:
1479:
1365:
1203:
1119:
977:
930:
922:
875:
834:
575:
502:
157:
108:
100:
283:
1950:
794:(wait) period, wherein the contracting city-state considered its renewal. If the
1173:
981:
754:(Milan); the enlisted soldier's pay was 3,300 florins, half that of an officer's
326:
311:
184:
52:
711:
also fought as condottieri, given the sizable income to their estates, notably
1867:
449:. The first well-organised mercenaries in Italy were the Ventura Companies of
341:
1999:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 854–855.
728:
552:
60:
1872:. Translated by Rebhorn, Wayne A. Barnes & Noble Classics. p. 57.
1600:
1575:
1142:
696:
520:
510:
406:
374:
272:
776:
The condottieri company commanders selected the soldiers to enlist; the
1544:
555:; this helped to contribute to their eventual decline and destruction.
548:
442:
370:
51:: condottiero or condottiere) were Italian military leaders during the
526:
107:. They served Popes and other European monarchs and states during the
2018:
1678:
1660:
1656:
1608:
1557:
1508:
1491:
1446:
1207:
724:
716:
446:
420:
357:
28:
1036:
984:
are the modern remnants of a historically effective mercenary army.
2011:
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Condottieri Statues & Paintings
1980:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1596:
1583:
1458:
1075:
1035:
1024:
1009:
885:
830:
758:
672:
525:
18:
878:
and the Swiss infantry, the best soldiers in Europe at the time.
325:
in 1379, as well as fostering notable other condottiere such as
142:
in 1815. Most historians would narrow it down to the years from
534:
The earlier, medieval condottieri developed the "art of war" (
178:
874:
successfully met and acquitted themselves against the German
1765:(in Italian). Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio storico.
921:'s royal army invaded the Italian Peninsula, initiating the
399:
were less mercenaries than bandits and desperate men. These
1952:
Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy
925:. The most renowned condottieri fought for foreign powers:
493:, also an Italian and the Count of Conio, who later taught
156:, with a particular focus on the rise of the commanders of
59:. The definition originally applied only to commanders of
423:. The latter were Spanish soldiers who had followed King
1776:
Pronti, Stefano; civici, Piacenza (Italy) Musei (1995).
1704:
for Catholic Spain against Dutch Protestants and England
340:
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Italian
1032:, one of the last examples of the condottieri tradition
1812:
French Caesarism from Napoleon I to Charles de Gaulle
1047:, showing a 15th-century condottiero's typical attire
509:
acquainted with Roman military science manuals (e.g.
1779:Alessandro Farnese: condottiero e duca (1545–1592)
2042:Mercenary units and formations of the Middle Ages
788:(service period) elapsed, the company entered an
393:) appeared in Italy. Given the profession, some
1690:for Florence and the Holy Roman Empire against
850:
570:led an army of English mercenaries, called the
1524:and others for the Bolognese-Florentine league
893:, one of the condottieri who took part in the
1937:, Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd.
947:
941:
824:
802:
795:
789:
783:
777:
655:
649:
633:
625:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
584:was replaced with the three-soldier, mounted
579:
485:. This company was defeated and destroyed by
468:
462:
436:
414:
400:
394:
388:
378:
361:
297:
161:
74:
64:
8:
1720:for Spain and Holy Roman Empire against the
1928:Storia delle compagnie di ventura in Italia
1762:Raimondo Montecuccoli: capitano e scrittore
837:, beginning in the fourteenth century, yet
808:
782:was a consolidated contract, and, when the
213:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
768:100,000 yearly scudi for 200 men in 1505:
705:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
126:Some authors have described the legendary
16:Mercenary soldier leader in medieval Italy
356:were very rich from their trade with the
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
1490:slaughtered more than 2,000 citizens of
25:equestrian statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni
1933:Lenman, B., Anderson, T., eds. (2000).
1892:
1751:
306:, and reached acclaim by defeating the
578:and John Hawkwood. Strategically, the
1244:(Muzio Attendolo's cousin or nephew,
530:Detail of the frescoes, with soldiers
48:
42:
7:
1935:Chambers Dictionary of World History
1842:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1794:Chambers Dictionary of World History
1196:Andrea Fortebracci, better known as
662:(Company of the Rose), commanded by
473:comprised a knight and a sergeant).
211:adding citations to reliable sources
384:
929:abandoned Milan for France, while
505:, who also served in the company.
14:
829:. Their principal employers were
83:era. Notable condottieri include
1973:
1445:'s "Company of St. George", for
946:had disappeared, while the term
801:for maritime mercenaries, whose
566:between England and France, Sir
547:professional standing armies of
296:, founded his own (all Italian)
282:
249:
183:
1214:Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola
1161:Johann II (Habsburg-Laufenburg)
746:6,600 monthly florins in 1448:
405:were not Italian, but (mostly)
130:as the "first condottiero" and
770:Francesco Maria I della Rovere
654:(Little Hat Company); and the
640:(Company of St. George) under
1:
1926:Ricotti, Ercole (1844–1845).
1350:
1283:
1274:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
1252:
1245:
1177:
1164:
1129:
1104:
1091:
1056:
713:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
632:(Company of the Star); a new
150:
143:
596:, a groom, and a boy); five
1955:. London: The Bodley Head.
1730:(1641–1649) – between Pope
1293:Federico III da Montefeltro
895:Battle of Garigliano (1503)
503:Giacomuzzo Attendolo Sforza
429:War of the Sicilian Vespers
383:(bands of roving soldiers;
81:Renaissance and Reformation
2068:
1003:
748:William VIII of Montferrat
731:, soldier's pay was high:
2052:Medieval history of Italy
1949:Mallett, Michael (1974).
1919:Rendina, Claudio (1992).
1792:Lenman, B., Anderson, T.
1589:Battle of Anghiari (1440)
1384:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
1187:Angelo Broglio da Lavello
991:in 1648 and the birth of
917:In 1494, the French king
693:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
678:Portrait of a condottiero
651:Compagnia del Cappelletto
451:Duke Werner von Urslingen
441:(Company of the Dove) in
113:European Wars of Religion
89:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
73:meaning 'contractor' and
1722:Electorate of Palatinate
848:, Machiavelli observed:
636:Compagnia di San Giorgio
292:, a mercenary alongside
1996:Encyclopædia Britannica
1836:D'Epiro, Peter (2010).
1618:Battle of Bosco Marengo
1539:, for himself, against
1470:War of the Eight Saints
1017:defeated the French at
993:Westphalian sovereignty
721:Federico da Montefeltro
497:to condottieri such as
455:Count Konrad von Landau
438:Compagnia della Colomba
261:Company of Saint George
44:[kondotˈtjɛːri]
1908:Machiavelli, Niccolò.
1782:(in Italian). TipLeCo.
1663:and the Italian League
1644:Charles VIII of France
1528:Battle of Motta (1412)
1503:, for Verona, against
1347:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
1311:Oliverotto Euffreducci
1066:Malatesta da Verucchio
1048:
1033:
1022:
966:Marcantonio II Colonna
948:
942:
927:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
897:
864:
825:
803:
796:
790:
784:
778:
684:
656:
650:
646:Niccolò da Montefeltro
634:
628:Compagnia della Stella
626:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
531:
469:
463:
437:
415:
401:
395:
389:
379:
362:
298:
162:
75:
65:
32:
2047:16th century in Italy
1921:I Capitani di ventura
1708:Siege of Paris (1590)
1533:Battle of Sant'Egidio
1520:, for Milan, against
1514:Battle of Casalecchio
1433:Battle of Montecatini
1420:Raimondo Montecuccoli
1317:Niccolò di Pitigliano
1174:Facino Cane de Casale
1082:Cangrande della Scala
1072:Castruccio Castracani
1041:Farinata degli Uberti
1039:
1028:
1013:
970:Raimondo Montecuccoli
889:
761:for 250 men in 1505:
676:
664:Giovanni da Buscareto
529:
516:Epitoma rei militarii
310:company of anti-pope
304:Company of St. George
22:
1912:. book I, ch. vii. (
1864:Machiavelli, Niccolò
1694:for Siena and France
1653:Bartolomeo d'Alviano
1613:Micheletto Attendolo
1572:Niccolò da Tolentino
1568:Battle of San Romano
1518:Alberico da Barbiano
1497:Battle of Castagnaro
1341:Bartolomeo d'Alviano
1242:Micheletto Attendolo
1220:Giovanni Vitelleschi
1210:(Strong) (1369–1424)
1155:Alberico da Barbiano
1116:(died 22 April 1363)
1101:Walter VI of Brienne
891:Bartolomeo d'Alviano
763:Francesco II Gonzaga
741:Micheletto Attendolo
707:; besides noblemen,
701:The Last Condottiere
658:Compagnia della Rosa
491:Alberico da Barbiano
290:Alberico da Barbiano
265:Werner von Urslingen
207:improve this section
1910:History of Florence
1714:Palatinate campaign
1688:Gian Giacomo Medici
1649:Battle of Agnadello
1624:Battle of Molinella
1580:Francesco Piccinino
1554:Count of Carmagnola
1439:Battle of Parabiago
1414:Ottavio Piccolomini
1280:Bartolomeo Colleoni
1193:(1350 or 1370–1421)
1045:Andrea del Castagno
1015:Bartolomeo Colleoni
1006:List of condottieri
954:Gian Giacomo Medici
933:was Admiral of the
804:contratto d'assento
727:; despite war-time
544:Niccolò Machiavelli
425:Peter III of Aragon
269:Battle of Parabiago
163:capitani di ventura
128:Alberto da Giussano
57:Early Modern Period
1734:and his successor
1684:Battle of Marciano
1673:for the Empire of
1550:Battle of Maclodio
1537:Braccio da Montone
1501:Giovanni Ordelaffi
1486:mercenaries under
1372:Marquis of Pescara
1305:Vitellozzo Vitelli
1198:Braccio da Montone
1149:Astorre I Manfredi
1139:Giovanni Ordelaffi
1088:Montréal d'Albarno
1049:
1034:
1023:
935:Holy Roman Emperor
898:
818:contract of assent
685:
668:Bartolomeo Gonzaga
622:Astorre I Manfredi
532:
499:Braccio da Montone
331:Braccio da Montone
170:Mercenary captains
140:Battle of Waterloo
132:Napoleon Bonaparte
97:Marquis of Pescara
33:
1923:. Newton Compton.
1702:Alexander Farnese
1671:Fernando d'Avalos
1636:Battle of Fornovo
1630:Battle of Crevola
1593:Niccolò Piccinino
1562:Carlo I Malatesta
1541:Carlo I Malatesta
1464:Battle of Cascina
1443:Lodrisio Visconti
1427:Principal battles
1396:Alexander Farnese
1323:Ettore Fieramosca
1299:Francesco Alidosi
1236:Niccolò Piccinino
1128:(Giovanni Acuto,
1114:Konrad von Landau
989:Thirty Years' War
962:Alexander Farnese
642:Ambrogio Visconti
564:Peace of Bretigny
536:military strategy
483:Lodrisio Visconti
243:
242:
235:
136:Battle of Legnano
2059:
2023:
2015:
2000:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1718:Ambrogio Spinola
1476:Cesena Bloodbath
1455:Ettore da Panigo
1451:Luchino Visconti
1408:Ambrogio Spinola
1390:Ferrante Gonzaga
1378:Marquis of Vasto
1355:
1354: 1441–1518
1352:
1335:Prospero Colonna
1288:
1287: 1400–1475
1285:
1262:Francesco Sforza
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1228:, also known as
1189:, also known as
1182:
1181: 1360–1412
1179:
1169:
1168: 1330–1380
1166:
1134:
1133: 1320–1394
1131:
1109:
1108: 1304–1356
1106:
1096:
1095: 1315–1354
1093:
1061:
1060: 1268–1305
1058:
1030:Ambrogio Spinola
974:Prospero Colonna
958:Ambrogio Spinola
951:
945:
913:Captain generals
862:
846:wars in Lombardy
828:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
799:
793:
787:
781:
752:Francesco Sforza
682:Ermanno Stroiffi
661:
653:
639:
631:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
495:military science
487:Luchino Visconti
472:
466:
461:" of some 3,000
440:
418:
411:Duchy of Brabant
404:
398:
392:
386:
382:
365:
324:
301:
286:
257:Luchino Visconti
253:
238:
231:
227:
224:
218:
187:
179:
165:
155:
152:
148:
145:
85:Prospero Colonna
78:
71:medieval Italian
68:
50:
46:
41:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2007:
1989:, ed. (1911). "
1985:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1948:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1698:Fall of Antwerp
1667:Battle of Pavia
1522:Muzio Attendolo
1429:
1353:
1286:
1268:Onorata Rodiani
1255:
1248:
1226:Erasmo da Narni
1204:Muzio Attendolo
1180:
1167:
1132:
1122:(executed 1366)
1107:
1094:
1059:
1008:
1002:
987:The end of the
915:
884:
863:
857:
820:
817:
814:
811:
689:Caterina Sforza
479:
445:'s war against
433:John of Bohemia
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
318:
287:
278:
277:
276:
254:
239:
228:
222:
219:
204:
188:
177:
172:
153:
146:
138:in 1176 to the
124:
118:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2006:
2005:External links
2003:
2002:
2001:
1987:Chisholm, Hugh
1970:
1967:
1961:
1946:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1878:
1866:(2004). "12".
1855:
1848:
1828:
1821:
1798:
1785:
1768:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:Duchy of Parma
1728:Wars of Castro
1724:
1716:(1620–1622) –
1711:
1705:
1695:
1681:
1664:
1646:
1640:Italian League
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1586:
1565:
1547:
1530:
1525:
1511:
1494:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1402:Torquato Conti
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1239:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1206:, also called
1201:
1194:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
914:
911:
883:
880:
855:
774:
773:
766:
757:33,000 yearly
755:
744:
735:1,900 monthly
703:; his son was
560:Cola di Rienzo
478:
475:
288:
281:
280:
279:
255:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
191:
189:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
158:free companies
123:
120:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:public domain
1971:
1968:
1964:
1962:0-370-10502-8
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:0-550-13000-4
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1849:9780307476661
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1822:9781349200894
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:Thody, Philip
1802:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:Piero Strozzi
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:(1495) – The
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:John Hawkwood
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:John Hawkwood
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:Piero Strozzi
1358:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:Cesare Borgia
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1126:John Hawkwood
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1054:
1053:Roger de Flor
1051:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1019:Bosco Marengo
1016:
1012:
1007:
999:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
910:
906:
902:
896:
892:
888:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
860:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
805:
798:
792:
786:
780:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
733:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
665:
660:
659:
652:
647:
643:
638:
637:
630:
629:
623:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
577:
573:
572:White Company
569:
568:John Hawkwood
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
528:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
471:
465:
460:
459:Great Company
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
412:
408:
403:
397:
391:
381:
376:
372:
367:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
332:
328:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
295:
294:John Hawkwood
291:
285:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:defeated the
258:
252:
237:
234:
226:
216:
212:
208:
202:
201:
197:
192:This section
190:
186:
181:
180:
174:
169:
167:
164:
159:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
119:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:Duke of Parma
102:
98:
94:
93:Cesare Borgia
90:
86:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
45:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2022:(in Italian)
2014:(in English)
1994:
1951:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1914:on-line text
1909:
1895:, p. 6.
1893:Mallett 1974
1888:
1868:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1815:. Springer.
1811:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1605:Papal States
1366:Andrea Doria
1229:
1190:
1120:Albert Sterz
986:
931:Andrea Doria
923:Italian Wars
919:Charles VIII
916:
907:
903:
899:
876:landsknechte
866:In 1487, at
865:
858:
851:
843:
835:Papal States
775:
708:
700:
686:
677:
576:Albert Sterz
557:
533:
514:
507:
480:
419:), and from
375:the Crusades
368:
339:
303:
260:
229:
220:
205:Please help
193:
125:
117:
109:Italian Wars
101:Andrea Doria
35:
34:
2037:Condottieri
1991:Condottiere
1564:, for Milan
1472:(1375–1378)
1422:(1609–1680)
1416:(1599–1656)
1410:(1569–1630)
1404:(1591–1636)
1398:(1545–1592)
1392:(1507–1557)
1386:(1498–1526)
1380:(1502–1546)
1374:(1489–1525)
1368:(1466–1560)
1362:(1510–1558)
1343:(1455–1515)
1337:(1452–1523)
1331:(1475–1507)
1325:(1479–1515)
1319:(died 1510)
1313:(1475–1502)
1307:(1458–1502)
1301:(1455–1511)
1295:(1422–1482)
1276:(1417–1468)
1270:(1403–1452)
1264:(1401–1466)
1256: 1451
1249: 1390
1238:(1380–1444)
1232:(1370–1443)
1230:Gattamelata
1222:(died 1440)
1216:(1390–1432)
1200:(1368–1424)
1157:(1344–1409)
1151:(1345–1405)
1145:(1355–1399)
1084:(1291–1329)
1078:(1281–1328)
1068:(1212–1312)
982:Swiss Guard
949:condottiere
699:, known as
614:composed a
602:composed a
593:capo-lancia
409:, from the
342:city-states
327:Facino Cane
319: [
312:Clement VII
154: 1650
147: 1350
122:Time period
66:condottiero
63:companies,
53:Middle Ages
36:Condottieri
2031:Categories
1879:1593083289
1869:The Prince
1746:References
1738:, and the
1736:Innocent X
1732:Urban VIII
1659:, against
1599:, against
1578:, against
1560:, against
1449:, against
1074:, Lord of
826:assentisti
772:(Florence)
765:(Florence)
743:(Florence)
723:, Duke of
715:, Lord of
553:musketeers
416:Brabanzoni
223:April 2018
175:Background
103:, and the
1930:, 4 vols.
1700:(1585) –
1686:(1554) –
1675:Charles V
1669:(1525) –
1651:(1509) –
1570:(1432) –
1552:(1427) –
1535:(1416) –
1516:(1402) –
1499:(1387) –
1478:(1377) –
1441:(1339) –
1191:Tartaglia
938:Charles V
872:Venetians
739:in 1432:
729:inflation
558:In 1347,
194:does not
61:mercenary
1809:(1989).
1796:, p. 200
1677:against
1642:against
1611:, under
1601:Florence
1576:Florence
943:condotta
868:Calliano
856:—
833:and the
797:condotta
779:condotta
617:bandiera
521:chivalry
511:Vegetius
413:(hence,
407:Flemings
363:condotta
350:Florence
299:condotta
275:in 1339.
273:Lombardy
111:and the
76:condotta
55:and the
40:Italian:
1984::
1903:Sources
1545:Perugia
1021:(1447).
978:Vatican
882:Decline
861:I. vii.
859:History
812:
791:aspetto
750:, from
737:florins
709:princes
695:, from
608:, five
581:barbuta
549:pikemen
540:tactics
470:barbuta
464:barbute
443:Perugia
435:as the
427:in the
402:masnade
396:masnade
390:masnade
380:masnada
371:Muslims
267:at the
215:removed
200:sources
31:, Italy
1978:
1959:
1941:
1876:
1846:
1819:
1679:France
1661:France
1657:Venice
1655:, for
1632:(1487)
1626:(1467)
1620:(1447)
1609:Venice
1595:, for
1582:, for
1574:, for
1558:Venice
1556:, for
1543:, for
1509:Padova
1507:, for
1492:Cesena
1484:Breton
1466:(1364)
1447:Verona
1435:(1315)
1208:Sforza
870:, the
839:Venice
725:Urbino
719:, and
717:Rimini
587:lancia
467:(each
447:Arezzo
421:Aragon
358:Levant
352:, and
346:Venice
316:Marino
308:Breton
302:, the
95:, the
29:Venice
1597:Milan
1584:Siena
1480:Papal
1459:Milan
1143:Forlì
1141:from
1076:Lucca
831:Genoa
785:ferma
759:scudi
697:Forlì
611:poste
605:posta
599:lance
354:Genoa
323:]
1957:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1726:The
1607:and
1482:and
1457:for
1453:and
1000:List
972:and
809:lit.
666:and
551:and
538:and
501:and
477:Rise
453:and
329:and
198:any
196:cite
23:The
1993:".
1043:by
980:'s
680:by
648:'s
624:'s
590:(a
513:'s
385:pl.
373:in
344:of
314:at
271:in
263:of
209:by
149:to
69:in
49:sg.
27:in
2033::
1603:,
1591:–
1351:c.
1284:c.
1253:c.
1251:–
1246:c.
1178:c.
1165:c.
1130:c.
1105:c.
1092:c.
1057:c.
968:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
691:,
670:.
644:;
387::
348:,
321:fr
151:c.
144:c.
115:.
99:,
91:,
87:,
47:;
1965:.
1945:.
1916:)
1882:.
1852:.
1825:.
1356:)
1349:(
1289:)
1282:(
1258:)
1183:)
1176:(
1170:)
1163:(
1135:)
1110:)
1103:(
1097:)
1090:(
1062:)
1055:(
821:'
815:'
807:(
333:.
236:)
230:(
225:)
221:(
217:.
203:.
160:(
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
