1229:
647:
1248:
1210:
839:
1288:
504:
295:
1267:
77:
57:
219:
990:
1072:
1904:
Balmer, Oliver; Géneau, Céline E.; Belz, Elodie; Weishaupt, Bettina; Förderer, Gerda; Moos, Sebastian; Ditner, Nadine; Juric, Ivan; Luka, Henryk (2014). "Wildflower companion plants increase pest parasitation and yield in cabbage fields: Experimental demonstration and call for caution".
693:
breeding include the induction of phenotypic variation (e.g. in flower coloration, size and shape, foliage characteristics or plant height), higher flower yield, resistance to pests and diseases as well as tolerance to abiotic stress (e.g., extreme temperatures, drought or salinity).
725:
should be executed in late spring. In moderate climates, however, it is also possible to sow
Centaurea cyanus in early fall. In this case, plants will already start to flower in the following spring. Recommended spacing between plants is approx. 20 to 30 cm.
2562:
Depuis sa création en 1920, le Bleuet de France est le symbole de la mémoire et de la solidarité des français envers les anciens combattants, les victimes de guerre, les veuves et les orphelins. Il se porte sur le côté gauche, côté du cœur, chaque 8 mai et 11
2153:
Lockowandt L., Pinela J., Roriz C., Pereira C., Abreu R., Calhelha R., Alves M., Barros L., Bredol M., Ferreira I. (2019). "Chemical features and bioactivities of cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) capitula: The blue flowers and the unexplored non-edible part".
2565:[Since its creation in 1920, the Bleuet de France has been the symbol of the memory and solidarity of the French towards veterans, war victims, widows and orphans. It is worn on the left side, side of the heart, every May 8 and November 11.]
1579:
Le Corre V., Bellanger S., Guillemin J.-P., Darmency H. (2014). "Genetic diversity of the declining arable plant
Centaurea cyanus: Population fragmentation within an agricultural landscape is not associated with enhanced spatial genetic structure".
854:
are used in foods, including in spices. Their main purpose is to add colour to food. There are cheeses or oils that contain raw petals. Petals can also be added to salads, drinks, and desserts for garnishing purposes in raw or dried form.
1228:
1287:
315:
growing to 20–100 centimetres (8–39 in) tall, with grey-green branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate and 3–10 cm (1–4 in) long. The flowers are most commonly an intense blue colour and arranged in
824:
Deadheading will encourage the plant to produce more blooms. Cornflowers are often used for ornamental purposes and by cutting them, up to their third leaves, they will produce more blooms and grow a bigger stem.
812:
A seed harvesting machine is more efficient than collecting the seeds by hand, but it is costly. The main principle of such a machine is that it brushes the ripe seeds off the plant and creates a
1015:, not least because it was the same color as the Prussian military uniform. After the unification of Germany in 1871, it went on to become a symbol of the country as a whole. For this reason, in
1247:
2605:
1209:
2437:
1597:
Bellanger, Solène; Guillemin, Jean-Philippe; Touzeau, Solène; Darmency, Henri (2015). "Variation of inbreeding depression in
Centaurea cyanus L., a self-incompatible species".
459:, or they are threshed together with the cereal grains, contributing to the further spread of the species by the harvesting machinery and contaminated seed. The occurrence of
2066:
2203:
Karimi, Akbar; Khodaverdiloo, Habib; Rasouli-Sadaghiani, Habib (2018). "Microbial-Enhanced
Phytoremediation of Lead Contaminated Calcareous Soil by Centaurea cyanus L.".
2170:
Pirvu L., Dragomir C., Schiopu S., Mihul S. (2012). "Vegetal extracts with gastroprotective activity. Part. I. Extracts obtained from
Centaurea cyanus L. raw material".
806:
Seeds are harvested either by hand or, in an agricultural setting, with a seed harvesting machine. On average there are 97,000 seeds in a pound of cornflower seeds.
2927:
1827:
Carreck N., Williams I. (2002). "Food for insect pollinators on farmland: insect visits to flowers of annual seed mixtures". Journal of Insect
Conservation 6:13–23.
1011:'s forces, she hid her children in a field of cornflowers and kept them quiet by weaving wreaths for them from the flowers. The flower thus became identified with
3149:
3002:
551:
is very sweet with a sugar content of 34%. Due to its high sugar production of up to 0.2 mg sugar per day and flower, the species is highly appreciated by
885:. Especially the flower head finds application in herbal medicine, but leaves and seeds are also used for pharmacological purposes, albeit to a lesser extent.
2137:
Garbacki N., Gloaguen V., Damas J., Bodart P., Tits M., Angenot L. (1999). "Anti-inflammatory and immunological effects of
Centaurea cyanus flower-heads".
1000:
In folklore, cornflowers were worn by young men in love; if the flower faded too quickly, it was taken as a sign that the man's love was not returned.
646:
2621:
1087:
1076:
2865:
2091:
Rop O., Mlcek J., Jurikova T., Neugebauerová J., Vabkova J. (2012). "Edible
Flowers-A New Promising Source of Mineral Elements in Human Nutrition".
3271:
2940:
2878:
1198:
cookware. Its popularity in the United States, Canada, United
Kingdom and Australia was so high that it became the symbol of Corning Glass Works.
3110:
3038:
2639:
2521:
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1143:
2405:
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2445:
673:(such as 'Blue Boy' or 'Blue Diadem') are most commonly used for this purpose, but white, pink, lavender and black (actually a very dark
1266:
3020:
2826:
1794:
Pallutt, B.; Flatter, A. (1998). "Variability of weed competitiveness in cereals and consequences for the correctness of thresholds".
1101:
1097:
2489:
3296:
2362:
2264:
1856:"Olfactory attractiveness of flowering plants to the parasitoid Microplitis mediator: potential implications for biological control"
1841:
1746:
1548:
1520:
2378:
3266:
3218:
2628:
347:
flower (2n = 24). The genetic diversity within populations is high, although there could be a future decline in diversity due to
1064:
Due to its traditional association with
Germany, the cornflower has been made the official symbol of the annual German-American
2914:
1035:
wore it at the openings of the Austrian parliament since 2006. After the last general election 2017 they replaced it with the
2968:
1401:
3089:
838:
419:
is recorded in arable fields as very rare and almost extinct, while in northeast Ireland, it was abundant before the 1930s.
2945:
1970:
2989:
1173:
2613:
1658:
3281:
1416:
858:
Dried petals are also used in teas and other beverages. Blue cornflower petals are sometimes one of the ingredients in
3136:
2731:
2108:
35:
2467:
1563:
Martin E., Dinç M., Duran A. (2009). "Karyomorphological Study of Eight Centaurea L. Taxa (Asteraceae) from Turkey".
1684:
463:
strongly decreased during the last decades due to improved seed cleaning, more intensive nitrogen fertilization and
3256:
3123:
681:
are also used, albeit to a lesser extent. There are varieties with blue, white, purple, pink or even black petals.
76:
31:
3007:
3276:
3251:
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1032:
888:
In particular, extracts from the flower heads have anti-inflammatory properties used in the treatment of minor
348:
279:
3128:
1293:
Ukrainian stamp set: "Ukrainian Flowers" (2000), with cornflowers on the right. Painting by Kateryna Shtanko.
3306:
2549:
1050:
have used it symbolically, often sarcastically, to comment on the social and political climate of the time.
1004:
282:
in many other parts of the world, including North America and parts of Australia through introduction as an
2844:
2759:
1809:
Adamczewski, K.; Kierzek, R. (2010). "Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) cross resistant on ALS inhibitors".
665:, including pink and purple, have been selected for ornamental purposes. The species is also grown for the
294:
2839:
2779:
2654:
1277:
1272:
1003:
The blue cornflower was one of the national symbols of Germany. This is partly due to the story that when
907:
compounds. Furthermore, extracts of the flower head and vegetative parts of the plant were shown to have
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1768:
1169:
364:
226:
193:
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2040:
503:
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1632:
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in cabbage fields at a density of 1 plant / m can result in a significant increase in parasitation of
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2813:
2212:
1914:
1870:
1855:
1606:
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1036:
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requires full sun and neutral (pH 6.6–7.5) to mildly alkaline (pH 7.6–7.8), moist and well-drained
666:
2981:
2857:
2513:
Gardening with Heirloom Seeds: Tried-and-True Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for a New Generation
3246:
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action that generates sufficient air velocity to hold and gather the seeds into the seed bunker.
607:
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563:
263:
71:
3197:
2271:
The Cornflower was once the floral emblem of Germany (hence the German common name Kaiserblume).
1116:
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2354:
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2517:
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2358:
2290:
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1837:
1742:
1544:
1516:
1485:
1397:
1162:
1109:
536:
393:. In the United Kingdom, it has declined from 264 sites to just 3 sites in the last 50 years.
356:
2284:
754:
is recommended to prevent drying out of the soil and exposure of the root system to the sun.
3177:
2346:
2220:
1922:
1878:
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since 1969 and symbolizes daily bread to Estonians. It is also the symbol of the Estonian
1047:
859:
767:
329:
247:
114:
2349:
The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848–1916
1995:
Hanf, Martin (1943). "Keimung von Unkrauterun unter verschiedenen Bedingungen im Boden".
2703:
2216:
1918:
1874:
1610:
455:
produces around 800 seed per plant, which are either shed shortly before the harvest of
3102:
3097:
2186:
Shiono M., Matsugaki N., Takeda K. (2005). "Structure of the blue cornflower pigment".
1180:
1065:
813:
783:
101:
3154:
1836:
Helmut Horn, Cord LĂĽllmann: Das groĂźe Honigbuch, Kosmos, Stuttgart, 3. Auflage, 2006,
400:
named it as one of 101 species it would actively work to bring 'back from the brink'.
56:
3240:
2347:
1926:
1234:
1184:
1128:
904:
882:
842:
Raw cornflower petals used as a dessert decoration ingredient on strawberry ice cream
771:
662:
476:
472:
317:
209:
2121:
Al-Snafi A. (2015). "The pharmacological importance of Centaurea cynus - A review".
1890:
1741:(Third ed.). Institute of Irish Studies and The Queen's University of Belfast.
3210:
2792:
1536:
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920:
892:
488:
448:
404:
386:
328:, which in roses is red. Fruits are approx. 3.5 mm long with 2–3 mm-long
312:
2723:
977:(bacterium) would significantly enhance the biomass production and lead uptake of
218:
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325:
320:(capitula) of 1.5–3 cm diameter, with a ring of a few large, spreading ray
267:
3079:
2713:
2423:
1882:
1662:
1028:
1027:
ideas. It was worn as a secret symbol identifying members of the then-illegal
1020:
747:
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259:
251:
160:
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508:
464:
397:
379:
271:
170:
150:
2224:
2015:"Centaurea Cyanus [sic]: Best Practices for Growing the Cornflower"
2014:
1489:
17:
3167:
734:
from up to 10 cm depth, but the best result is obtained at 1 cm
487:. In addition, the emergence of resistance against the herbicide class of
483:
and the use of more selective herbicides with a low effectiveness against
3162:
3015:
2769:
2671:
1688:
1150:
1024:
1008:
943:
pigment that is also found in roses. Different anthocyanins derived from
916:
775:
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480:
444:
390:
140:
127:
3056:
1639:. Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
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2800:
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1083:
1016:
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989:
908:
635:
631:
595:
528:
456:
440:
412:
1071:
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2754:
1154:
1127:, where it is said to have been the favourite flower of the founder,
1105:
889:
873:
contains a wide range of pharmacologically active compounds, such as
787:
735:
722:
674:
544:
516:
344:
321:
301:
2648:
2580:
1480:
1463:
1108:, where it has since the dawn of the 20th century been a symbol for
1053:
The cornflower is also often seen as an inspiration for the German
523:
is used by several different insect species. Insects of the orders
451:, one plant per m can cause a yield loss of up to 30 kg / ha.
324:
surrounding a central cluster of disc florets. The blue pigment is
2919:
2109:"Discovery Collection Orangery of Lady Grey - 15 Pyramid Tea Bags"
1070:
994:
988:
947:
are used as natural additives in food products, such as yoghurts.
851:
837:
751:
645:
502:
293:
262:, such as wheat, barley, rye, or oats), hence its name. It is now
217:
88:
809:
Hand collecting can be time-consuming and yields are rather low.
2537:
963:
706:
436:
255:
2818:
2652:
610:
was thus suggested as an alternative to the widespread use of
552:
2406:"New far-right German party adopts former secret Nazi symbol"
750:
fertilization in mid-summer will increase flower production.
382:
Europe, but is widely naturalized outside its native range.
258:
in cornfields (in the broad sense of "corn", referring to
2256:
Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Herbs
471:
has become more common in cropland due to an increase in
1854:
Belz, Elodie; Kölliker, Mathias; Balmer, Oliver (2013).
1739:
Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland
2629:
sheet - Cornflower Centaurea briefing sheet.pdf archive
2490:"FPĂ–-Mandatare tragen heute EdelweiĂź statt Kornblume"
2123:
International Journal of Pharmacy Review and Research
1515:(in German). Berne: Paul Haupt Verlag. p. 1152.
1115:
It is the official flower of the Swedish province of
491:
has been reported recently. Due to its strong roots,
30:"Cornflower" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1082:
The blue cornflower has been the national flower of
286:
in gardens and as a seed contaminant in crop seeds.
2661:
2312:
Pan-Germanism: Anti-Semitism in Mass-Style Politics
1941:"Breeding and Seed Production of Ornamental Crops"
1432:Keil, David J.; Ochsmann, Jörg (5 November 2020).
1046:. Because of its ties to royalty, authors such as
254:native to Europe. In the past, it often grew as a
1042:It was also the favourite flower of Louise's son
689:As for all ornamental plants, important goals of
385:It has been present in Britain and Ireland as an
1633:"Online atlas of the British & Irish flora:
738:depth. Germination occurs quickly after sowing.
495:is difficult to control mechanically in spring.
713:is quite tolerant to drought once established.
2253:Cleene, Marcel; Lejeune, Marie Claire (2002).
1543:. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 386–387.
1019:the blue cornflower is a political symbol for
396:In reaction to this, the conservation charity
1775:. Bayerische Landesanstalt fĂĽr Landwirtschaft
531:are particularly attracted by the flower. As
8:
2516:. ReadHowYouWant.com, Limited. p. 165.
1135:
966:. Inoculation of the contaminated soil with
669:in Canada for use by florists. Doubled blue
993:Cornflower pictured in the coat of arms of
2649:
1464:"Structure of the blue cornflower pigment"
1165:worn in the United Kingdom and in Canada.
577:was found to produce volatiles attracting
363:still occurs occasionally, but results in
55:
44:
2314:. Vol. 3/2. de Gruyter. p. 691.
1479:
850:can be eaten raw, dried or cooked. Dried
618:. Field experiments showed that planting
1796:Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
1511:Lauber, Konrad; Wagner, Gerhart (1996).
1462:Shiono M, Matsugaki N, Takeda K (2005).
1194:for the initial release of Corning Ware
1031:in Austria in the 1930s. Members of the
1710:Skeffington, M.S. (2015). "Cornflower (
1368:
1316:
1205:
594:), which is the most important pest of
351:and intensive agriculture. In general,
2327:
2317:
1767:Gehring, K.; Seemann, W.; Thyssen, S.
1168:The cornflower is also the symbol for
1077:Conservative People's Party of Estonia
562:are one of the favourite foods of the
2579:. Als.ca. 31 May 2004. Archived from
2540:[Wearing French Cornflower].
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1762:
1760:
1758:
7:
3031:29d6f88d-7afd-4d62-a339-5ab3103c7f35
742:Fertilization and cultural practices
2353:. Purdue University Press. p.
2468:"Wirbel um Nazi-Blume bei der FPĂ–"
2404:Josie Le Blond (11 January 2019).
1687:. Plantlife.org.uk. Archived from
1659:"Action plan for Centaurea cyanus"
1396:. Frogmore: Paladin. p. 419.
1179:Cornflowers are sometimes worn by
1149:and, as such, a common symbol for
1007:was fleeing Berlin and pursued by
25:
2172:Romanian Biotechnological Letters
774:. However, it may be affected by
389:(ancient introduction) since the
332:bristles. It flowers all summer.
3129:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190310-1
2577:"The Cornflower - an ALS symbol"
2552:from the original on 24 May 2023
1927:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.04.008
1286:
1265:
1246:
1227:
1208:
911:effects due to their content of
638:) and ultimately cabbage yield.
75:
2424:"Anklänge an illegale NSDAPler"
1258:Group Portrait with Cornflowers
1183:, former pupils of the British
3272:Garden plants of North America
1997:Landwirtschaftliche JahrbĂĽcher
1661:. Ukbap.org.uk. Archived from
1190:A blue cornflower was used by
602:) in central Europe. Planting
298:Flowering shoot of cornflower.
270:, particularly by over-use of
1:
2614:UK Biodiversity Action Plan:
2310:Whiteside, Andrew G. (1993).
2156:Industrial Crops and Products
1174:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1093:It is also the symbol of the
794:can cause relevant damage to
698:Soil and climate requirements
2538:"Porter le Bleuet de France"
2139:Journal of ethnopharmacology
2067:"Methods of seed harvesting"
2041:"Tall Blue Cornflower Seeds"
1811:Progress in Plant Protection
1798:(Special Issue 16): 333–344.
1220:Wheat Field with Cornflowers
1153:(especially the now defunct
782:if grown too tightly or by
721:For summer-blooming plants,
499:Fodder for insects and birds
439:in arable crops, especially
268:agricultural intensification
3302:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3292:National symbols of Germany
3287:National symbols of Estonia
3262:Flora of the United Kingdom
2444:(in German). Archived from
2345:Unowsky, Daniel L. (2005).
1769:"Leitunkräuter in Getreide"
1619:10.1016/j.flora.2015.02.003
1375:Rosamond Richardson, 2017,
1088:Conservative People's Party
962:of soils contaminated with
899:properties are high due to
766:is not very susceptible to
539:species, it needs external
229:, Chelan County, Washington
36:Cornflower (disambiguation)
3323:
2426:. ORF.at. 30 October 2006.
1720:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1716:Chenopodium bonus-henricus
225:(introduced species) near
29:
27:Species of flowering plant
2240:Traditional Folk Remedies
1883:10.1007/s10526-012-9472-0
1714:L.) and Good-king-henry (
1565:Turkish Journal of Botany
1119:and the school flower of
266:in its native habitat by
199:
192:
72:Scientific classification
70:
63:
54:
47:
3297:Plants described in 1753
2289:. Lulu.com. p. 40.
2238:Howard, Michael (1987).
2205:CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water
1971:"How to Grow Cornflower"
1098:National Coalition Party
435:is considered a noxious
371:Distribution and habitat
349:population fragmentation
3267:Garden plants of Europe
2286:Mythical Flower Stories
1005:Queen Louise of Prussia
958:has been evaluated for
606:in cabbage fields as a
570:Control of insect pests
2642:1 January 2017 at the
2510:Coulter, Lynn (2009).
2283:Reid, Marilyn (2007).
2225:10.1002/clen.201700665
1442:Flora of North America
1420:Daylilies in Australia
1394:The Englishman's Flora
1377:Britain's Wildflowers.
1136:
1102:Liberal People's Party
1079:
997:
843:
650:
512:
305:
230:
34:. For other uses, see
2259:. Man & Culture.
1170:motor neurone disease
1142:is the symbol of the
1074:
992:
841:
649:
626:larvae, predation of
588:of the cabbage moth (
506:
365:inbreeding depression
297:
221:
1737:Hackney, P. (1992).
1323:Other names include
428:Weed in arable crops
238:, commonly known as
3282:Melliferous flowers
2631:) from Plantlife's
2548:] (in French).
2542:Le Bleuet de France
2217:2018CSAW...4600665K
1919:2014BiolC..76...19B
1875:2013BioCo..58..163B
1685:"Plantlife website"
1665:on 21 February 2009
1611:2015FMDFE.212...24B
1541:The Wild Flower Key
1192:Corning Glass Works
1163:Remembrance poppies
667:cut flower industry
584:, which is a major
304:in vertical section
2622:Briefing sheet on
2071:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
1907:Biological Control
1691:on 27 January 2010
1345:boutonierre flower
1161:), similar to the
1121:Winchester College
1080:
998:
931:The blue color of
844:
758:Pests and diseases
651:
628:Mamestra brassicae
624:Mamestra brassicae
616:Mamestra brassicae
591:Mamestra brassicae
564:European goldfinch
513:
359:species. However,
306:
244:bachelor's button,
231:
3257:Flora of Michigan
3234:
3233:
3065:Open Tree of Life
2655:Taxon identifiers
2546:French cornflower
2523:978-1-4587-2217-1
2470:. 29 October 2013
2383:www.ris.bka.gv.at
2296:978-1-84753-521-4
1712:Centaurea cynanus
1390:Grigson, Geoffrey
1311:Explanatory notes
1110:social liberalism
600:Brassica oleracea
537:self-incompatible
357:self-incompatible
216:
215:
16:(Redirected from
3314:
3277:Medicinal plants
3252:Flora of Estonia
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3190:
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3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3093:
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3083:
3082:
3080:Centaurea_cyanus
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:Centaurea~cyanus
3011:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2995:NBNSYS0000004503
2985:
2984:
2972:
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2958:
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2948:
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2923:
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2861:
2860:
2858:Centaurea cyanus
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2760:centaurea-cyanus
2750:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2693:Centaurea cyanus
2682:
2681:
2680:
2663:Centaurea cyanus
2650:
2635:Centaurea cyanus
2624:Centaurea cyanus
2616:Centaurea cyanus
2608:Centaurea cyanus
2606:Flora Europaea:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2448:on 25 March 2018
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1975:American Meadows
1967:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1764:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1635:Centaurea cyanus
1629:
1623:
1622:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1436:Centaurea cyanus
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1356:
1321:
1290:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1216:Vincent van Gogh
1212:
1144:11 November 1918
1141:
1138:bleuet de France
1044:Kaiser Wilhelm I
979:Centaurea cyanus
960:phytoremediation
956:Centaurea cyanus
951:Phytoremediation
945:Centaurea cyanus
933:Centaurea cyanus
909:gastroprotective
871:Centaurea cyanus
848:Centaurea cyanus
796:Centaurea cyanus
764:Centaurea cyanus
728:Centaurea cyanus
711:Centaurea cyanus
703:Centaurea cyanus
691:Centaurea cyanus
659:Centaurea cyanus
620:Centaurea cyanus
604:Centaurea cyanus
575:Centaurea cyanus
560:Centaurea cyanus
549:Centaurea cyanus
533:Centaurea cyanus
521:Centaurea cyanus
493:Centaurea cyanus
485:Centaurea cyanus
469:Centaurea cyanus
461:Centaurea cyanus
453:Centaurea cyanus
433:Centaurea cyanus
376:Centaurea cyanus
353:Centaurea cyanus
341:Centaurea cyanus
309:Centaurea cyanus
284:ornamental plant
276:Centaurea cyanus
235:Centaurea cyanus
223:Centaurea cyanus
205:
203:Centaurea cyanus
80:
79:
65:Centaurea cyanus
59:
49:Centaurea cyanus
45:
21:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3052:Observation.org
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2953:MichiganFlora:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2644:Wayback Machine
2602:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2583:on 26 July 2009
2575:
2574:
2570:
2555:
2553:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2045:www.ufseeds.com
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1513:Flora Helvetica
1510:
1509:
1505:
1481:10.1038/436791a
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1305:Cornflower blue
1301:
1294:
1291:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1213:
1204:
1125:Dulwich College
1048:Theodor Fontane
987:
953:
929:
868:
846:The flowers of
836:
831:
822:
804:
802:Seed harvesting
786:. Furthermore,
760:
744:
719:
700:
687:
644:
608:companion plant
572:
511:on a cornflower
501:
430:
425:
373:
338:
299:
292:
248:flowering plant
212:
207:
201:
188:
74:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3307:Flora of Malta
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3215:
3211:wfo-0000008997
3202:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2751:
2741:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2683:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2619:
2611:
2601:
2600:External links
2598:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2529:
2522:
2502:
2481:
2459:
2429:
2415:
2396:
2379:"RIS Dokument"
2370:
2363:
2337:
2302:
2295:
2275:
2265:
2245:
2230:
2195:
2179:
2163:
2146:
2130:
2114:
2100:
2084:
2058:
2032:
2021:. 8 March 2019
2006:
1987:
1953:
1932:
1896:
1869:(2): 163–173.
1846:
1829:
1820:
1801:
1786:
1754:
1747:
1729:
1702:
1676:
1650:
1624:
1589:
1572:
1556:
1549:
1528:
1521:
1503:
1454:
1424:
1422:, May 17, 2021
1409:
1402:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1181:Old Harrovians
1134:In France the
1066:Steuben Parade
1057:symbol of the
986:
983:
952:
949:
928:
925:
883:aromatic acids
867:
864:
835:
832:
830:
827:
821:
818:
814:cross flow fan
803:
800:
784:powdery mildew
772:plant diseases
759:
756:
743:
740:
718:
715:
699:
696:
686:
685:Breeding goals
683:
663:pastel colours
643:
640:
630:eggs (e.g. by
571:
568:
500:
497:
477:winter cereals
473:crop rotations
467:use. However,
429:
426:
424:
421:
372:
369:
337:
334:
291:
288:
250:in the family
214:
213:
208:
197:
196:
190:
189:
185:C. cyanus
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3319:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2364:9781557534002
2360:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:9789077135044
2262:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:(2): 169–259.
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:3-440-10838-4
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1817:(1): 285–290.
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:0-85389-446-9
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1638:
1637:(Cornflower)"
1636:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:Weed Research
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1550:0-7232-2419-6
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Rose, Francis
1532:
1529:
1524:
1522:3-258-05405-3
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1474:(7052): 791.
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:Sergei Osipov
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:Isaac Levitan
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:Harrow School
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1129:Edward Alleyn
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:Freedom Party
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
984:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:(fungus) and
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:ascorbic acid
898:
894:
893:inflammations
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
863:
861:
860:Lady Grey tea
856:
853:
849:
840:
833:
828:
826:
819:
817:
815:
810:
807:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
697:
695:
692:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:with varying
660:
656:
648:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
581:
576:
569:
567:
565:
561:
558:The seeds of
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
489:sulfonylureas
486:
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475:dominated by
474:
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246:is an annual
245:
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194:Binomial name
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1117:Östergötland
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930:
921:caffeic acid
887:
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870:
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761:
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432:
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405:County Clare
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387:archaeophyte
384:
375:
374:
352:
340:
339:
313:annual plant
308:
307:
278:is now also
275:
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234:
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2977:NatureServe
2892:iNaturalist
2687:Wikispecies
2442:www.kpoe.at
2385:(in German)
2328:|work=
2177::7169-7176.
2077:17 November
2051:21 February
2019:Best Plants
1946:22 November
1337:blue bonnet
1278:Cornflowers
1254:Igor Grabar
1239:Cornflowers
1159:World War I
1059:Blue Flower
973:Pseudomonas
968:Glomus spp.
941:anthocyanin
937:protocyanin
923:derivates.
897:Antioxidant
792:leafhoppers
709:. However,
642:Cultivation
634:beetles or
614:to control
580:Microplitis
541:pollination
525:Hymenoptera
326:protocyanin
318:flowerheads
290:Description
280:naturalised
274:. However,
115:Angiosperms
18:Cornflowers
3241:Categories
3195:WisFlora:
3103:gcc-108710
3098:Plant List
2777:Calflora:
2587:5 November
2242:. Century.
2025:5 November
1980:5 November
1863:BioControl
1773:LfL Bayern
1695:5 November
1669:5 November
1403:0586082093
1363:References
1349:hurtsickle
1341:cornbottle
1325:bluebottle
1100:, and the
1021:pan-German
985:In culture
935:is due to
875:flavonoids
748:phosphorus
586:parasitoid
553:beekeepers
272:herbicides
264:endangered
252:Asteraceae
240:cornflower
161:Asteraceae
3247:Centaurea
2845:200023634
2747:286-138-1
2563:novembre.
2330:ignored (
2320:cite book
2193::791–791.
2161::496–503.
2144::235–241.
2098::6672–83.
2093:Molecules
1913:: 19–27.
1605:: 24–29.
1587::436–444.
1379:Pavilion.
1333:blue blob
1196:Pyroceram
1147:armistice
1037:edelweiss
913:quercetin
780:stem rust
732:germinate
679:cultivars
671:cultivars
655:cultivars
509:honey bee
465:herbicide
417:C. cyanus
398:Plantlife
380:temperate
227:Peshastin
179:Species:
172:Centaurea
151:Asterales
85:Kingdom:
32:Cornflour
3185:VASCAN:
3163:Tropicos
3077:PalDat:
3016:NSWFlora
2982:2.134974
2933:11247060
2920:190310-1
2767:BioLib:
2672:Wikidata
2640:Archived
2550:Archived
2495:24 March
2474:24 March
2452:24 March
2389:24 March
2128:379–384.
1891:17117503
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1570::97–104.
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1490:16094358
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1299:See also
1151:veterans
1055:Romantic
1025:rightist
1009:Napoleon
917:apigenin
905:phenolic
866:Medicine
834:Culinary
776:stem rot
752:Mulching
653:Several
582:mediator
481:rapeseed
445:rapeseed
391:Iron Age
336:Genetics
300:I. Disk-
157:Family:
141:Asterids
128:Eudicots
3224:1198327
3168:2700409
2964:MoBotPF
2871:3089561
2801:Ecocrop
2678:Q156921
2556:11 June
2213:Bibcode
1915:Bibcode
1871:Bibcode
1844:, S. 31
1779:26 July
1607:Bibcode
1498:4312804
1447:18 June
1329:bluecap
1281:, 1976.
1260:, 1914.
1241:, 1894.
1222:, 1890.
1095:Finnish
1084:Estonia
1017:Austria
1013:Prussia
927:Pigment
820:Pruning
636:spiders
632:carabid
596:cabbage
529:Diptera
457:cereals
441:cereals
423:Ecology
413:Ireland
411:H9) in
403:In the
361:selfing
345:diploid
322:florets
167:Genus:
147:Order:
89:Plantae
3178:462749
3175:uBio:
3155:3205-2
3111:PLANTS
3028:NZOR:
2969:277177
2832:153132
2819:467789
2755:ARKive
2744:APSA:
2724:100866
2721:APDB:
2701:AoFP:
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545:nectar
543:. The
517:pollen
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302:floret
260:grains
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3070:18501
3039:NZPCN
3008:41522
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2897:48159
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2770:41509
2737:58282
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1887:S2CID
1859:(PDF)
1599:Flora
1494:S2CID
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355:is a
343:is a
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122:Clade
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2941:ITIS
2915:IPNI
2907:5269
2884:9817
2879:GRIN
2866:GBIF
2806:4398
2780:1846
2732:APNI
2704:1950
2589:2009
2558:2023
2518:ISBN
2497:2018
2476:2018
2454:2018
2391:2018
2359:ISBN
2332:help
2291:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2079:2020
2053:2021
2027:2020
1982:2020
1948:2020
1838:ISBN
1781:2020
1743:ISBN
1697:2009
1671:2009
1645:2016
1545:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1486:PMID
1449:2024
1398:ISBN
1172:and
1023:and
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964:lead
919:and
903:and
881:and
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790:and
778:and
770:and
730:can
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527:and
515:The
479:and
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256:weed
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3137:RHS
2990:NBN
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