2530:
2554:(1982, 1983). These sequences revealed that there are two distinct but homologous keratin families, which were named type I and type II keratins. By analysis of the primary structures of these keratins and other intermediate filament proteins, Hanukoglu and Fuchs suggested a model in which keratins and intermediate filament proteins contain a central ~310 residue domain with four segments in α-helical conformation that are separated by three short linker segments predicted to be in beta-turn conformation. This model has been confirmed by the determination of the crystal structure of a helical domain of keratins.
211:
3002:
494:
486:
429:
2724:
2974:
Metabolism ceases, and the cells are almost completely filled by keratin. During the process of epithelial differentiation, cells become cornified as keratin protein is incorporated into longer keratin intermediate filaments. Eventually the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles disappear, metabolism
2987:
These hard, integumentary structures are formed by intercellular cementing of fibers formed from the dead, cornified cells generated by specialized beds deep within the skin. Hair grows continuously and feathers molt and regenerate. The constituent proteins may be phylogenetically homologous but
2979:
as they become fully keratinized. In many other cell types, such as cells of the dermis, keratin filaments and other intermediate filaments function as part of the cytoskeleton to mechanically stabilize the cell against physical stress. It does this through connections to desmosomes, cell–cell
2983:
Cells in the epidermis contain a structural matrix of keratin, which makes this outermost layer of the skin almost waterproof, and along with collagen and elastin gives skin its strength. Rubbing and pressure cause thickening of the outer, cornified layer of the epidermis and form protective
2776:. Like all intermediate filaments, keratin proteins form filamentous polymers in a series of assembly steps beginning with dimerization; dimers assemble into tetramers and octamers and eventually, if the current hypothesis holds, into unit-length-filaments (ULF) capable of
2988:
differ somewhat in chemical structure and supermolecular organization. The evolutionary relationships are complex and only partially known. Multiple genes have been identified for the β-keratins in feathers, and this is probably characteristic of all keratins.
4119:
2757:) can form disulfide bridges with cysteine substructures of keratins getting covalently attached to these proteins. Thiomers exhibit therefore high binding properties to keratins found in hair, on skin and on the surface of many cell types.
4719:
42:
449:
Not particularly helpful to dump a big list of KRT genes here. Using the source a bit more to explain what each gene and each zone of genes mean will be helpful, as we currently have no particular examples of a hair
4111:
3666:
368:. However, beta sheets are also found in α-keratins. Recent scholarship has shown that sauropsid β-keratins are fundamentally different from α-keratins at a genetic and structural level. The new term
3361:
3356:
4587:
Itakura, Eijun; Tamiya, Sadafumi; Morita, Keisuke; Shiratsuchi, Hideki; Kinoshita, Yoshiaki; Oshiro, Yumi; Oda, Yoshinao; Ohta, Shigeru; Furue, Masutaka; Tsuneyoshi, Masazumi (September 2001).
3631:
Tombolato, Luca; Novitskaya, Ekaterina E.; Chen, Po-Yu; Sheppard, Fred A.; McKittrick, Joanna (February 2010). "Microstructure, elastic properties and deformation mechanisms of horn keratin".
4546:
Shiratsuchi, Hideki; Saito, Tsuyoshi; Sakamoto, Akio; Itakura, Eijun; Tamiya, Sadafumi; Oshiro, Yumi; Oda, Yoshinao; Toh, Satoshi; Komiyama, Sohtaro; Tsuneyoshi, Masazumi (February 2002).
4589:"Subcellular Distribution of Cytokeratin and Vimentin in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor: Three-Dimensional Imaging with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Double Immunofluorescence"
3178:
contains doublets about 10 μm across, with cores and coating, and may be arranged in up to 10 layers, also in plaques of variable shape. Adult hornets also use silk as a
3780:
Alibardi, Lorenzo (September 2016). "Sauropsids
Cornification is Based on Corneous Beta-Proteins, a Special Type of Keratin-Associated Corneous Proteins of the Epidermis".
3256:
4428:
Partenhauser, A; Zupančič, O; Rohrer, J; Bonengel, S; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2015). "Thiolated silicone oils as adhesive skin protectants for improved barrier function".
2984:
calluses, which are useful for athletes and on the fingertips of musicians who play stringed instruments. Keratinized epidermal cells are constantly shed and replaced.
5442:
4385:
Grießinger, JA; Bonengel, S; Partenhauser, A; Ijaz, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2017). "Thiolated polymers: Evaluation of their potential as dermoadhesive excipients".
4331:
Leichner, C; Jelkmann, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature".
2951:
Cornification is the process of forming an epidermal barrier in stratified squamous epithelial tissue. At the cellular level, cornification is characterised by:
4162:
2533:
Protein sequence alignment of human keratin 1, 2A, 3,4, 5, 6A, 7, and 8 (KRT1 – KRT8). Only the first rod domain is shown above. Alignment was created using
2750:
that may be further coiled. The β-keratins of reptiles and birds have β-pleated sheets twisted together, then stabilized and hardened by disulfide bridges.
2738:, hooves and claws (homologous structures), which are harder and more like their analogs in other vertebrate classes. Hair and other α-keratins consist of
4751:
4548:"Mutation Analysis of Human Cytokeratin 8 Gene in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor: A Possible Association with Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Body Formation"
2769:' and 'other keratins'. That model is now understood to be correct. A new nuclear addition in 2006 to describe keratins takes this into account.
3136:. Spider silk is typically about 1 to 2 micrometers (μm) thick, compared with about 60 μm for human hair, and more for some mammals. The
3124:
and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates. The structure of the
4156:
3707:
3448:
6070:
4521:
3943:"The cDNA sequence of a human epidermal keratin: Divergence of sequence but conservation of structure among intermediate filament proteins"
5435:
5399:
4714:
3325:. Furthermore, the precise expression-pattern of keratin subtypes allows prediction of the origin of the primary tumor when assessing
3085:
472:
4231:
3512:
2657:, with the rest having bulky side groups. The chains are antiparallel, with an alternating C → N orientation. A preponderance of
3566:
2708:
smells of burning hair and skin are due to the volatile sulfur compounds formed. Extensive disulfide bonding contributes to the
2574:
6589:
3409:
4370:
Hawkins, G; Afriat, IR; Xavier, JH; Popescu, LC (2011). "Cosmetic compositions containing thiomers for hair color retention".
192:. Keratin comes in two types, the primitive, softer forms found in all vertebrates and harder, derived forms found only among
6858:
6701:
5428:
5409:
4744:
3023:
2864:
4170:
Fibrous proteins are characterized by a single type of secondary structure: a keratin is a left-handed coil of two a helices
202:
is classified as keratin, although production of the protein may have evolved independently of the process in vertebrates.
7737:
7291:
5131:
5035:
5010:
3235:
3230:
4260:
3113:
are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.
5163:
5092:
5030:
5025:
3240:
2727:
A human toe nail that fell off after a small trauma. Three small punctures were made on it, while it was still attached.
2529:
3490:
444:
5998:
5081:
5040:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4830:
3350:
3066:
4006:"The cDNA sequence of a type II cytoskeletal keratin reveals constant and variable structural domains among keratins"
4141:
3038:
7469:
5119:
5055:
4998:
4970:
4960:
4890:
4823:
4184:"Proteopedia entry: Coiled-coil structure of keratins: Multimedia in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education"
3012:
5108:
4843:
4805:
4737:
7702:
4473:"S-Protected thiolated chitosan versus thiolated chitosan as cell adhesive biomaterials for tissue engineering"
3330:
3045:
3019:
2965:
2713:
454:
145:
4041:
3978:
3469:"Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration"
3421:
2665:
side groups is characteristic of structural proteins, for which H-bonded close packing is more important than
289:. They are also present in epithelial cells in general. For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with
3245:
2731:
The more flexible and elastic keratins of hair have fewer interchain disulfide bridges than the keratins in
3588:
Vincent, Julian F.V; Wegst, Ulrike G.K (July 2004). "Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle".
3395:
3322:
408:
384:
3052:
7767:
7762:
6121:
5475:
5177:
4284:"Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia"
3920:
2773:
141:
513:
12 and 17. This suggests that they originated from a series of gene duplications on these chromosomes.
6390:
4772:
3736:
3597:
3338:
2666:
3034:
439:
7697:
6330:
5004:
3250:
2904:
2777:
136:
cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin
4062:
Lee, Chang-Hun; Kim, Min-Sung; Chung, Byung Min; Leahy, Daniel J; Coulombe, Pierre A (July 2012).
6150:
5780:
5343:
5154:
4453:
4410:
4352:
4213:
4033:
3970:
3540:
3334:
3161:
3125:
4525:
164:. Excessive keratinization participate in fortification of certain tissues such as in horns of
3195:
7757:
7548:
7251:
5912:
5348:
5158:
4949:
4694:
4645:
4610:
4569:
4502:
4445:
4402:
4344:
4313:
4205:
4152:
4093:
4025:
3962:
3898:
3846:
3797:
3762:
3703:
3648:
3613:
3532:
3444:
3294:
3263:
2958:
production of small proline-rich (SPRR) proteins and transglutaminase which eventually form a
2662:
7271:
4064:"Structural basis for heteromeric assembly and perinuclear organization of keratin filaments"
7496:
7203:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7163:
7084:
6793:
6773:
6743:
6738:
6620:
5975:
5970:
5273:
5268:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
4954:
4818:
4684:
4676:
4637:
4600:
4559:
4492:
4484:
4437:
4394:
4336:
4303:
4295:
4195:
4083:
4075:
4017:
3954:
3888:
3880:
3836:
3828:
3789:
3752:
3744:
3640:
3605:
3524:
3480:
3366:
3175:
2547:
55:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7153:
7143:
7133:
7128:
7099:
6803:
6798:
5845:
5733:
5723:
5698:
5678:
5582:
5562:
4628:
Mercer, Derry K; Stewart, Colin S (1 January 2019). "Keratin hydrolysis by dermatophytes".
7638:
6252:
6102:
5985:
5805:
5394:
5251:
5246:
5241:
4837:
4799:
3699:
3692:
3425:
3413:
3225:
2826:
2567:
325:
294:
242:
101:
85:
4497:
4472:
4235:
3740:
3601:
7601:
7464:
6161:
5992:
5501:
4881:
4689:
4664:
4308:
4283:
4088:
4063:
3893:
3868:
3841:
3816:
3757:
3724:
3211:
2690:
2604:
2563:
286:
250:
246:
215:
117:
109:
7751:
7665:
7660:
6625:
6495:
6444:
6394:
6334:
6256:
6224:
6165:
5951:
5470:
5182:
4764:
4471:
Le-Vinh, B; Steinbring, C; Nguyen Le, NM; Matuszczak, B; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2023).
4356:
4299:
4021:
3958:
3725:"New Aspects of the α-Helix to β-Sheet Transition in Stretched Hard α-Keratin Fibers"
3558:
3544:
3271:
3059:
2743:
2698:
2678:
2596:
motif to multimerise, forming filaments consisting of multiple copies of the keratin
230:
93:
4457:
4414:
4217:
4037:
3974:
3406:
2980:
junctional plaques, and hemidesmosomes, cell-basement membrane adhesive structures.
2765:
It has been proposed that keratins can be divided into 'hard' and 'soft' forms, or '
7509:
6564:
6319:
5863:
5455:
5306:
3290:
3282:
2830:
2615:
2551:
502:
376:
309:
278:
210:
7481:
7459:
4398:
3485:
4665:"Toward unraveling the complexity of simple epithelial keratins in human disease"
3644:
2681:, the distinguishing feature of keratins is the presence of large amounts of the
2653:, considered a β-keratin, can have these two as 75–80% of the total, with 10–15%
7655:
7606:
7476:
7366:
6696:
6140:
6095:
6014:
5936:
5484:
5384:
5313:
5049:
4994:
3748:
3215:
3157:
3145:
3001:
2766:
2739:
333:
199:
97:
5420:
4340:
7707:
7626:
7616:
7504:
6615:
6594:
6360:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6267:
6242:
6230:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6038:
5920:
5909:
5895:
5511:
5015:
4663:
Omary, M. Bishr; Ku, Nam-On; Strnad, Pavel; Hanada, Shinichiro (1 July 2009).
4605:
4588:
4564:
4547:
4256:
3832:
3609:
3371:
3326:
3306:
3121:
2976:
2959:
2935:
2931:
2916:
2899:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2859:
2842:
2821:
2735:
2694:
2658:
2593:
510:
392:
365:
337:
193:
133:
3782:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
17:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7486:
7324:
7319:
7314:
6672:
6652:
6307:
6302:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6262:
6171:
6075:
6009:
3468:
3310:
3207:
3191:
3153:
3133:
2926:
2911:
2890:
2871:
2854:
2837:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2732:
2693:
that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent, thermally stable
2627:
2578:
2534:
657:
313:
282:
185:
177:
173:
157:
4698:
4649:
4614:
4573:
4506:
4488:
4449:
4406:
4348:
4317:
4209:
4097:
3902:
3850:
3801:
3766:
3652:
3617:
3536:
493:
485:
4729:
4029:
3966:
3884:
3690:
Hickman, Cleveland
Pendleton; Roberts, Larry S.; Larson, Allan L. (2003).
3206:
Abnormal growth of keratin can occur in a variety of conditions including
3148:
depend on the organization of multiple adjacent protein chains into hard,
2562:
The human genome has 54 functional annotated
Keratin genes, 28 are in the
7650:
7611:
7543:
7516:
7383:
7371:
7246:
7241:
6682:
6677:
6599:
6033:
6028:
5890:
5167:
5146:
4783:
4641:
3286:
3267:
3179:
3141:
2754:
2705:
2686:
2619:
489:
The neutral–basic keratins are encoded on chromosome 12 (12q13.13).
404:
400:
396:
388:
349:
341:
329:
290:
35:
31:
4724:
3793:
1939:
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
7677:
7631:
7521:
7451:
7420:
7350:
7345:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7266:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
6906:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6710:
6647:
6080:
6021:
6004:
5965:
5451:
5389:
5328:
5301:
5196:
5172:
5136:
5124:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4860:
4760:
3513:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals"
3318:
3314:
3164:
3149:
3137:
3102:
2709:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2597:
2592:
Fibrous keratin molecules supercoil to form a very stable, left-handed
380:
353:
317:
293:
for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14. These antibodies are used as
262:
181:
149:
137:
113:
4441:
4200:
4183:
4079:
3528:
41:
7596:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7388:
7281:
7276:
7261:
7256:
7168:
7114:
7079:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7029:
7024:
7014:
6999:
6994:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6778:
6768:
6748:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6584:
6355:
6350:
6107:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5536:
5333:
5097:
5070:
5065:
5060:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4965:
4900:
4895:
4853:
4848:
4810:
4680:
3172:
3110:
3106:
2847:
2701:
2682:
2654:
2608:
553:
549:
412:
345:
302:
298:
266:
219:
189:
165:
161:
2723:
1867:
obsolete negative regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells
4005:
3942:
2970:
loss of nuclei and organelles, in the final stages of cornification
2573:
7621:
7393:
7376:
7213:
7208:
7198:
7193:
7158:
7148:
7138:
7123:
7104:
7094:
7089:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7034:
7019:
7009:
7004:
6989:
6984:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6886:
6881:
6848:
6843:
6813:
6808:
6788:
6783:
6763:
6753:
6668:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6345:
6340:
6050:
5980:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5915:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5840:
5830:
5815:
5748:
5738:
5718:
5693:
5688:
5673:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5623:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5493:
5358:
5353:
5323:
5318:
5296:
5278:
5256:
4865:
3418:
3305:
Keratin expression is helpful in determining epithelial origin in
3168:
3129:
2722:
2717:
2585:
2582:
2572:
2528:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
492:
484:
270:
254:
209:
169:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7672:
7643:
7558:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7329:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6896:
6891:
6758:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6090:
6085:
6043:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5835:
5825:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5708:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5338:
3297:, an extremely rare but potentially fatal intestinal condition.
3221:
Mutations in keratin gene expression can lead to, among others:
3117:
3099:
2747:
2697:—in much the same way that non-protein sulfur bridges stabilize
2647:
2631:
2623:
2291:
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
1276:
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
621:
506:
361:
357:
321:
258:
238:
234:
223:
153:
129:
125:
121:
105:
5424:
4733:
3867:
Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al. (July 2006).
3390:
3278:
2995:
422:
407:
and many other non-chordate animals seem to have only type VI
64:
4720:
Hair-Science.com's entry on the microscopic elements of hair
3362:
List of keratins expressed in the human integumentary system
3357:
List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins
3277:
Keratin is highly resistant to digestive acids if ingested.
372:(CBP) has been proposed to avoid confusion with α-keratins.
4140:
Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith G.; Pratt, Charlotte W. (1998).
3723:
Kreplak, L.; Doucet, J.; Dumas, P.; Briki, F. (July 2004).
3128:
on spiders' tails, and the contributions of their interior
497:
The acidic keratins are encoded on chromosome 17 (17q21.2).
67:
2712:
of keratins, except in a small number of solvents such as
3916:
1947:
negative regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell
1180:
obsolete Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
233:(α-keratins) are found in all vertebrates. They form the
73:
3815:
Moll, Roland; Divo, Markus; Langbein, Lutz (June 2008).
2742:
coiled single protein strands (with regular intra-chain
2603:
The major force that keeps the coiled-coil structure is
3441:
Keratins: Their composition, structure and biosynthesis
4112:"Type II Keratin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3443:. Bannerstone House: Charles C Thomas. pp. 3–6.
3190:
Glues made from partially-hydrolysed keratin include
1883:
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
1787:
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
516:
The keratins include the following proteins of which
76:
61:
4282:
H Bragulla, Hermann; G Homberger, Dominique (2009).
3289:
that may be expelled orally or excreted. In humans,
3152:
regions of varying size, alternating with flexible,
2746:), which are then further twisted into superhelical
70:
7690:
7589:
7495:
7450:
7359:
7338:
7290:
7113:
6905:
6857:
6709:
6695:
6661:
6608:
6577:
6557:
6436:
6318:
6149:
6131:
6120:
6063:
5856:
5535:
5492:
5483:
5469:
5462:
5373:
5289:
5195:
5145:
4874:
4791:
4782:
4771:
3869:"New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins"
3026:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2546:The first sequences of keratins were determined by
58:
3941:Hanukoglu, Israel; Fuchs, Elaine (November 1982).
3691:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3257:large cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype
2251:tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
1172:tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
1148:positive regulation of hair follicle development
656:Table of keratin genes and biological processes (
3171:, developed as a silk substitute. Silk from the
2704:. Human hair is approximately 14% cysteine. The
2099:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1987:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1515:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1204:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1060:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
876:regulation of translation in response to stress
4182:Hanukoglu, Israel; Ezra, Liora (January 2014).
3862:
3860:
3337:express CK7, CK8 and CK18, while metastases of
2642:also has a high percentage of both glycine and
4004:Hanukoglu, Israel; Fuchs, Elaine (July 1983).
2611:residues along the keratins helical segments.
2115:hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
100:. It is the key structural material making up
5436:
4745:
3309:cancers. Tumors that express keratin include
3160:. A somewhat analogous situation occurs with
2614:Limited interior space is the reason why the
1340:positive regulation of epidermis development
804:positive regulation of epidermis development
740:negative regulation of inflammatory response
652:have been used to describe keratins past 20.
8:
4188:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
1923:defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
45:Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells
3817:"The human keratins: biology and pathology"
3462:
3460:
2443:regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
1699:regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
1188:Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
301:epithelial cells in genetic studies of the
6706:
6146:
6128:
5489:
5480:
5466:
5443:
5429:
5421:
4788:
4779:
4752:
4738:
4730:
654:
285:; these are proteins which have undergone
96:(α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in
4715:Composition and β-sheet structure of silk
4688:
4604:
4563:
4496:
4307:
4199:
4087:
4068:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
3917:"GeneCards - Human Genes | Gene Database"
3892:
3840:
3756:
3484:
3086:Learn how and when to remove this message
2677:In addition to intra- and intermolecular
1196:negative regulation of apoptotic process
473:Learn how and when to remove this message
364:. These keratins are formed primarily in
132:among vertebrates. Keratin also protects
2787:
40:
4142:"Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure"
3382:
3281:regularly ingest hair as part of their
222:are made of keratin covering a core of
3285:, leading to the gradual formation of
2618:of the (unrelated) structural protein
2299:extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
1212:extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
1020:negative regulation of cell migration
940:intermediate filament bundle assembly
852:cornea development in camera-type eye
676:complement activation, lectin pathway
3590:Arthropod Structure & Development
3132:, provide remarkable control of fast
1851:intermediate filament polymerization
261:of mammals, and the slime threads of
7:
3698:. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. p.
3333:typically express CK8 and CK18, and
3024:adding citations to reliable sources
2634:, likewise has a high percentage of
1931:cytolysis by host of symbiont cells
5400:Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
2577:Keratin (high molecular weight) in
2523:intermediate filament organization
2483:intermediate filament organization
2467:intermediate filament organization
2435:intermediate filament organization
2403:intermediate filament organization
2363:intermediate filament organization
2339:intermediate filament organization
2323:intermediate filament organization
2259:intermediate filament organization
2235:intermediate filament organization
2219:intermediate filament organization
2203:intermediate filament organization
2171:intermediate filament organization
2131:intermediate filament organization
2107:intermediate filament organization
2083:intermediate filament organization
2059:intermediate filament organization
2035:intermediate filament organization
2011:intermediate filament organization
1995:intermediate filament organization
1971:intermediate filament organization
1915:intermediate filament organization
1859:intermediate filament organization
1843:regulation of protein localization
1803:intermediate filament organization
1779:intermediate filament organization
1747:intermediate filament organization
1731:intermediate filament organization
1715:intermediate filament organization
1691:intermediate filament organization
1667:intermediate filament organization
1651:anatomical structure morphogenesis
1643:intermediate filament organization
1619:intermediate filament organization
1587:intermediate filament organization
1571:intermediate filament organization
1547:intermediate filament organization
1523:intermediate filament organization
1483:intermediate filament organization
1452:intermediate filament organization
1404:intermediate filament organization
1380:intermediate filament organization
1332:intermediate filament organization
1260:intermediate filament organization
1164:anatomical structure morphogenesis
1140:positive regulation of translation
1132:intermediate filament organization
1100:positive regulation of cell growth
1068:intermediate filament organization
972:intermediate filament organization
932:intermediate filament organization
884:intermediate filament organization
724:intermediate filament organization
312:(β-keratins) are found only in the
84:) is one of a family of structural
144:, which are tough and form strong
25:
4669:Journal of Clinical Investigation
4524:. Amonline.net.au. Archived from
4168:from the original on 2006-09-17.
3419:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
2275:response to hydrostatic pressure
413:fibers that structure the nucleus
6071:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
4300:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x
4263:from the original on 13 May 2014
3694:Integrated principles of zoology
3000:
2780:end-to-end into long filaments.
2638:. The connective tissue protein
2507:epithelial cell differentiation
1819:response to mechanical stimulus
1795:epithelial cell differentiation
1763:epithelial cell differentiation
1739:epithelial cell differentiation
1723:epithelial cell differentiation
1707:epithelial cell differentiation
1683:epithelial cell differentiation
1659:epithelial cell differentiation
1635:epithelial cell differentiation
1603:epithelial cell differentiation
1579:epithelial cell differentiation
1563:epithelial cell differentiation
1539:epithelial cell differentiation
1499:epithelial cell differentiation
1396:epithelial cell differentiation
1388:regulation of protein secretion
1372:epithelial cell differentiation
1364:cellular response to starvation
1244:epithelial cell differentiation
1108:epithelial cell differentiation
1028:epithelial cell differentiation
964:epithelial cell differentiation
916:epithelial cell differentiation
868:epithelial cell differentiation
844:epithelial cell differentiation
796:epithelial cell differentiation
427:
297:to distinguish subsets of mouse
184:matter known to approximate the
54:
7292:Microtubule organising proteins
4122:from the original on 2023-03-28
4044:from the original on 2021-01-26
3981:from the original on 2021-01-26
3923:from the original on 2023-05-13
3821:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
3569:from the original on 1 May 2021
3493:from the original on 2022-09-19
3011:needs additional citations for
1875:morphogenesis of an epithelium
1092:morphogenesis of an epithelium
980:morphogenesis of an epithelium
820:morphogenesis of an epithelium
764:morphogenesis of an epithelium
324:. They are found in the nails,
4234:. Elmhurst.edu. Archived from
1084:establishment of skin barrier
812:protein heterotetramerization
756:establishment of skin barrier
748:protein heterotetramerization
505:encodes 54 functional keratin
281:in the hornified layer of the
148:epidermal appendages found in
140:assemble into bundles to form
1:
7339:Microtubule severing proteins
4399:10.1080/03639045.2016.1231809
3486:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001
3473:Progress in Materials Science
3236:Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
3231:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
3156:regions where the chains are
2307:hepatocyte apoptotic process
1827:regulation of cell migration
1220:hepatocyte apoptotic process
1012:keratinocyte differentiation
908:keratinocyte differentiation
788:keratinocyte differentiation
692:response to oxidative stress
509:, located in two clusters on
387:that have been found only in
5999:actin depolymerizing factors
5164:Cartilage associated protein
4725:Proteopedia page on keratins
4149:Fundamentals of Biochemistry
4022:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90034-x
3959:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90424-x
3645:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.033
3241:Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
2179:sebaceous gland development
2019:hair follicle morphogenesis
1475:hair follicle morphogenesis
1436:hair follicle morphogenesis
1116:hair follicle morphogenesis
375:Keratins (also described as
7477:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
3749:10.1529/biophysj.103.036749
3563:Webster's Online Dictionary
3351:Keratin-associated proteins
3341:express CK20, but not CK7.
3255:Rhabdoid cell formation in
2975:ceases and cells undergo a
2962:beneath the plasma membrane
2283:response to other organism
1324:keratinocyte proliferation
732:regulation of angiogenesis
447:. The specific problem is:
7784:
4522:"Spiders – Silk structure"
4341:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007
3262:Several diseases, such as
2566:family, and 26 are in the
2411:hair follicle development
2139:cytoskeleton organization
1755:cytoskeleton organization
1420:cytoskeleton organization
996:cytoskeleton organization
948:stem cell differentiation
860:cytoskeleton organization
443:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
273:are also made of keratin.
29:
27:Structural fibrous protein
7733:
4606:10.1038/modpathol.3880401
4565:10.1038/modpathol.3880506
4477:ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
3833:10.1007/s00418-008-0435-6
3610:10.1016/j.asd.2004.05.006
3511:Nasoori, Alireza (2020).
3331:hepatocellular carcinomas
1284:keratinocyte development
269:plates of filter-feeding
188:of keratinized tissue is
128:, and the outer layer of
7703:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
2966:terminal differentiation
2605:hydrophobic interactions
1316:keratinocyte activation
1236:Notch signaling pathway
30:Not to be confused with
3439:Fraser, R.D.B. (1972).
3323:trophoblastic neoplasms
3246:Steatocystoma multiplex
2960:cornified cell envelope
2685:-containing amino acid
2581:cell and oval cells of
2267:sarcomere organization
1348:keratinocyte migration
1268:sarcomere organization
1076:keratinocyte migration
1052:innate immune response
4489:10.1021/acsami.3c09337
4151:. Wiley. p. 158.
3274:that feed on keratin.
2885:stratified epithelium
2774:intermediate filaments
2772:Keratin filaments are
2728:
2589:
2538:
2499:epidermis development
2451:epidermis development
2379:epidermis development
2147:epidermis development
1811:epidermis development
1627:epidermis development
1555:epidermis development
1531:epidermis development
1300:peptide cross-linking
1292:epidermis development
988:inflammatory response
956:epidermis development
900:epidermis development
836:epidermis development
780:peptide cross-linking
772:epidermis development
700:peptide cross-linking
498:
490:
409:intermediate filaments
385:intermediate filaments
383:of type I and type II
227:
206:Examples of occurrence
196:(reptiles and birds).
142:intermediate filaments
46:
6323:(hard alpha-keratins)
6154:(soft alpha-keratins)
5178:Procollagen peptidase
4116:www.sciencedirect.com
3885:10.1083/jcb.200603161
3394:2nd edition, 1989 as
3339:colorectal carcinomas
3202:Clinical significance
3144:useful properties of
3116:Silk found in insect
2955:production of keratin
2865:stratified epithelium
2753:Thiolated polymers (=
2726:
2576:
2558:Type 1 and 2 Keratins
2532:
1955:ectoderm development
1891:cell differentiation
1252:response to estrogen
496:
488:
370:corneous beta protein
316:, that is all living
213:
44:
7738:cytoskeletal defects
7698:Major sperm proteins
4387:Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm
4335:. 151–152: 191–221.
3020:improve this article
2667:chemical specificity
455:improve this section
6151:Epithelial keratins
4483:(34): 40304–40316.
4232:"Secondary Protein"
3794:10.1002/jez.b.22689
3741:2004BpJ....87..640K
3729:Biophysical Journal
3602:2004ArtSD..33..187V
3335:cholangiocarcinomas
3251:Keratosis pharyngis
2905:squamous epithelium
2689:, required for the
2347:biological_process
2187:biological_process
2067:biological_process
2043:biological_process
1675:biological_process
1491:biological_process
1467:biological_process
1412:biological_process
1228:cell-cell adhesion
684:retina homeostasis
668:Biological process
661:
295:fluorescent markers
243:outer layer of skin
5344:Matrix gla protein
5155:Prolyl hydroxylase
4642:10.1093/mmy/myx160
4333:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
4288:Journal of Anatomy
4257:"What is Keratin?"
3633:Acta Biomaterialia
3517:Biological Reviews
3467:Wang, Bin (2016).
3424:2017-09-22 at the
3412:2013-05-09 at the
2940:simple epithelium
2761:Filament formation
2729:
2590:
2539:
1356:apoptotic process
828:visual perception
655:
499:
491:
332:, in some reptile
228:
47:
7745:
7744:
7686:
7685:
7446:
7445:
6691:
6690:
6573:
6572:
6116:
6115:
6059:
6058:
5418:
5417:
5369:
5368:
5191:
5190:
5159:Lysyl hydroxylase
4950:basement membrane
4442:10.1111/ics.12284
4430:Int. J. Cosm. Sci
4201:10.1002/bmb.20746
4158:978-0-471-58650-0
4080:10.1038/nsmb.2330
3709:978-0-07-243940-3
3529:10.1111/brv.12597
3450:978-0-398-02283-9
3295:Rapunzel syndrome
3283:grooming behavior
3182:, as do spiders.
3096:
3095:
3088:
3070:
2944:
2943:
2921:ductal epithelia
2691:disulfide bridges
2673:Disulfide bridges
2542:Protein structure
2527:
2526:
2515:skin development
2427:nail development
483:
482:
475:
445:quality standards
436:This section may
275:Keratin filaments
180:. The only other
16:(Redirected from
7775:
6707:
6147:
6129:
5490:
5481:
5467:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5422:
4789:
4780:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4731:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4681:10.1172/JCI37762
4675:(7): 1794–1805.
4660:
4654:
4653:
4630:Medical Mycology
4625:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4593:Modern Pathology
4584:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4552:Modern Pathology
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4228:
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4221:
4203:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4146:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4001:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3697:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3436:
3430:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3367:List of keratins
3272:infectious fungi
3270:, are caused by
3091:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3028:
3004:
2996:
2977:programmed death
2794:(neutral-basic)
2788:
2548:Israel Hanukoglu
2491:spermatogenesis
662:
478:
471:
467:
464:
458:
431:
430:
423:
277:are abundant in
86:fibrous proteins
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
21:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7729:
7682:
7585:
7491:
7442:
7355:
7334:
7286:
7109:
6901:
6853:
6699:
6687:
6657:
6604:
6569:
6553:
6437:Ungrouped alpha
6432:
6322:
6314:
6153:
6139:
6133:
6123:
6112:
6055:
5852:
5531:
5473:
5458:
5449:
5419:
5414:
5365:
5285:
5187:
5141:
5024:transmembrane:
4870:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4711:
4706:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4372:Us20110229430A1
4369:
4368:
4364:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4003:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3565:. 22 May 2023.
3557:
3556:
3552:
3523:(4): 986–1019.
3510:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3426:Wayback Machine
3414:Wayback Machine
3407:Entry "keratin"
3405:
3401:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3347:
3329:. For example,
3303:
3226:Alopecia areata
3204:
3188:
3158:randomly coiled
3092:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3029:
3027:
3017:
3005:
2994:
2949:
2827:stratum corneum
2786:
2763:
2675:
2560:
2544:
2475:keratinization
2459:keratinization
2419:keratinization
2387:keratinization
2355:keratinization
2331:keratinization
2315:keratinization
2243:keratinization
2227:keratinization
2211:keratinization
2195:keratinization
2155:keratinization
2123:keratinization
2091:keratinization
2075:keratinization
2051:keratinization
2027:keratinization
2003:keratinization
1979:keratinization
1963:keratinization
1899:keratinization
1835:keratinization
1771:keratinization
1507:keratinization
1308:keratinization
1124:keratinization
1036:keratinization
708:keratinization
479:
468:
462:
459:
452:
432:
428:
421:
360:, and claws of
328:, and claws of
208:
57:
53:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7781:
7779:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7750:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7700:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7602:Corneodesmosin
7593:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7501:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7386:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7296:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
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7239:
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7229:
7224:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
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7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
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7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6704:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:Nuclear lamins
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6157:
6155:
6144:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
5995:
5993:Arp2/3 complex
5990:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5918:
5907:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5471:Microfilaments
5464:
5460:
5459:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4834:
4827:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4795:
4793:
4792:Fibril forming
4786:
4777:
4773:Extracellular
4769:
4768:
4765:scleroproteins
4759:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4710:
4709:External links
4707:
4705:
4704:
4655:
4620:
4599:(9): 854–861.
4579:
4558:(2): 146–153.
4538:
4512:
4463:
4436:(3): 257–265.
4420:
4393:(2): 204–212.
4377:
4362:
4323:
4294:(4): 516–559.
4274:
4248:
4223:
4174:
4157:
4132:
4103:
4074:(7): 707–715.
4054:
4016:(3): 915–924.
3991:
3953:(1): 243–252.
3933:
3908:
3856:
3827:(6): 705–733.
3807:
3788:(6): 338–351.
3772:
3735:(1): 640–647.
3715:
3708:
3682:
3658:
3639:(2): 319–330.
3623:
3596:(3): 187–199.
3580:
3550:
3503:
3456:
3449:
3431:
3399:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3302:
3301:Diagnostic use
3299:
3264:athlete's foot
3260:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3212:hyperkeratosis
3203:
3200:
3187:
3184:
3094:
3093:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2785:
2782:
2762:
2759:
2679:hydrogen bonds
2674:
2671:
2568:Keratin type 2
2564:Keratin type 1
2559:
2556:
2543:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:wound healing
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
966:
965:
962:
958:
957:
954:
950:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
766:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
742:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
726:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
694:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
481:
480:
435:
433:
426:
420:
417:
352:), and in the
287:keratinization
231:Alpha-keratins
207:
204:
90:scleroproteins
88:also known as
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7780:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7482:Delta catenin
7480:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7460:Alpha catenin
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:cytoplasmic:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6626:Neurofilament
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6496:chromosome 12
6493:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6445:chromosome 17
6442:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6395:chromosome 12
6392:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6335:chromosome 17
6332:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6320:Hair keratins
6317:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6257:chromosome 12
6254:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6225:chromosome 12
6222:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6166:chromosome 17
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:Intermediate
6119:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5183:Lysyl oxidase
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4528:on 2009-05-08
4527:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4238:on 2010-09-22
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4133:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:(2): 169–74.
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3683:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3079:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037: –
3036:
3032:
3031:Find sources:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3009:This article
3007:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:Cornification
2946:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:keratinocytes
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2535:Clustal Omega
2531:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:pigmentation
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
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1123:
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752:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
723:
720:
719:
716:fibrinolysis
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
679:
675:
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631:
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623:
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583:
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547:
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531:
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386:
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378:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:beta-keratins
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:keratinocytes
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
225:
221:
217:
212:
205:
203:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:unmineralized
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Alpha-keratin
91:
87:
81:
51:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Cornification
7768:Skin anatomy
7763:Cytoskeleton
7735:
7510:Dystroglycan
7465:Beta catenin
6697:Microtubules
6565:Beta-keratin
6494:
6443:
6389:
6329:
6251:
6237:
6223:
6160:
6135:
5997:
5864:Tropomodulin
5456:cytoskeleton
5380:
5307:Tropoelastin
5263:
5236:
5204:
5114:
5104:
5087:
5077:
5048:
5003:
4953:
4907:
4885:
4836:
4829:
4817:
4798:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4636:(1): 13–22.
4633:
4629:
4623:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4530:. Retrieved
4526:the original
4515:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4371:
4365:
4332:
4326:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4259:. WiseGEEK.
4251:
4240:. Retrieved
4236:the original
4226:
4194:(1): 93–94.
4191:
4187:
4177:
4169:
4148:
4135:
4124:. Retrieved
4115:
4106:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4046:. Retrieved
4013:
4009:
3983:. Retrieved
3950:
3946:
3936:
3925:. Retrieved
3911:
3876:
3873:J. Cell Biol
3872:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3693:
3685:
3674:. Retrieved
3670:
3661:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3495:. Retrieved
3476:
3472:
3440:
3434:
3417:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3304:
3293:may lead to
3291:trichophagia
3276:
3261:
3220:
3205:
3189:
3142:commercially
3138:biologically
3115:
3105:produced by
3097:
3082:
3076:January 2022
3073:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3030:
3018:Please help
3013:verification
3010:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2950:
2797:
2791:
2771:
2767:cytokeratins
2764:
2752:
2730:
2714:dissociating
2710:insolubility
2695:crosslinking
2676:
2661:with small,
2616:triple helix
2613:
2602:
2594:superhelical
2591:
2561:
2552:Elaine Fuchs
2545:
515:
503:human genome
500:
469:
463:October 2022
460:
453:Please help
448:
437:
401:urochordates
377:cytokeratins
374:
369:
307:
274:
229:
198:
89:
49:
48:
7656:Plakophilin
7607:Desmoplakin
7367:Tau protein
6141:Cytokeratin
5937:Tropomyosin
5485:Myofilament
5385:Cytokeratin
5314:Vitronectin
4995:multiplexin
4520:Australia.
3479:: 229–318.
3216:keratoderma
3150:crystalline
3146:silk fibers
3122:spider webs
2803:Occurrence
2740:α-helically
2736:fingernails
2663:nonreactive
2659:amino acids
2622:, found in
2395:hair cycle
1611:hair cycle
1444:hair cycle
1156:cell cycle
1044:hair cycle
924:hair cycle
511:chromosomes
457:if you can.
393:vertebrates
366:beta sheets
308:The harder
237:(including
200:Spider silk
98:vertebrates
7752:Categories
7736:See also:
7708:Crescentin
7627:Periplakin
7617:Envoplakin
7505:Dystrophin
7122:axonemal:
6616:Internexin
6595:Peripherin
5016:Endostatin
5005:type XVIII
4532:2010-09-23
4242:2010-09-23
4126:2023-03-28
4048:2019-07-03
3985:2019-07-03
3927:2023-05-08
3676:2022-01-07
3497:2019-07-03
3396:/ˈkɛrətɪn/
3378:References
3372:Keratinase
3327:metastases
3311:carcinomas
3307:anaplastic
3126:spinnerets
3046:newspapers
2936:keratin 20
2932:keratin 18
2917:keratin 19
2900:keratin 17
2896:keratin 16
2881:keratin 15
2877:keratin 14
2860:keratin 13
2843:keratin 12
2822:keratin 10
2699:vulcanized
2570:family.
340:, such as
338:Testudines
314:sauropsids
291:antibodies
194:sauropsids
182:biological
174:armadillos
158:amphibians
134:epithelial
7325:Centrin 3
7320:Centrin 2
7315:Centrin 1
6653:Syncoilin
6558:Not alpha
6124:filaments
6076:Fibrillin
5395:Reticulin
5088:type VIII
4357:135464452
3667:"Keratin"
3559:"Keratin"
3545:216556342
3287:hairballs
3208:keratosis
3196:horn glue
3192:hoof glue
3162:synthetic
3154:amorphous
3134:extrusion
3120:, and in
3035:"Keratin"
2927:keratin 8
2912:keratin 7
2891:keratin 6
2872:keratin 5
2855:keratin 4
2838:keratin 3
2818:keratin 9
2813:keratin 2
2809:keratin 1
2800:(acidic)
2778:annealing
2744:H-bonding
2733:mammalian
2628:cartilage
2579:bile duct
658:GeneCards
405:Nematodes
389:chordates
283:epidermis
186:toughness
178:osteoderm
7758:Keratins
7691:Nonhuman
7651:Vinculin
7612:Dystonin
7544:Spectrin
7517:Utrophin
7497:Membrane
7452:Catenins
7384:Stathmin
7372:Dynactin
7252:DYNC2LI1
7247:DYNC1LI2
7242:DYNC1LI1
6907:Kinesins
6711:Tubulins
6600:Vimentin
6132:Type 1/2
6034:Profilin
6029:Gelsolin
5891:Troponin
5452:Proteins
5410:diseases
5406:See also
5349:Tectorin
5168:Leprecan
5078:type VII
4908:type XII
4831:type III
4784:Collagen
4699:19587454
4650:29361043
4615:11557780
4574:11850543
4507:37594415
4498:10472333
4458:38357104
4450:26444859
4415:19045608
4407:27585266
4349:31028759
4318:19422428
4261:Archived
4218:30720797
4210:24265184
4163:Archived
4120:Archived
4098:22705788
4042:Archived
4038:21490380
3979:Archived
3975:35796315
3921:Archived
3903:16831889
3851:18461349
3802:27506161
3767:15240497
3653:19577667
3618:18089034
3573:9 August
3567:Archived
3537:32338826
3491:Archived
3422:Archived
3410:Archived
3353:(KRTAPs)
3345:See also
3319:sarcomas
3315:thymomas
3268:ringworm
3167:such as
3165:polymers
3103:fibroins
2755:thiomers
2720:agents.
2718:reducing
2687:cysteine
2620:collagen
2607:between
450:keratin.
438:require
397:amphioxi
381:polymers
354:feathers
350:terrapin
342:tortoise
330:reptiles
318:reptiles
150:reptiles
138:monomers
114:feathers
36:Creatine
32:Carotene
7678:PLEKHA7
7632:Plectin
7597:Plakins
7522:Ankyrin
7421:Dynamin
7351:Spastin
7346:Katanin
7310:CAMSAP3
7305:CAMSAP2
7300:CAMSAP1
7272:DYNLRB2
7267:DYNLRB1
7237:DYNC1I2
7232:DYNC1I1
7227:DYNC2H1
7222:DYNC1H1
7115:Dyneins
6839:TUBGCP6
6834:TUBGCP5
6829:TUBGCP4
6824:TUBGCP3
6819:TUBGCP2
6648:Synemin
6391:type II
6253:type II
6136:Keratin
6081:Filamin
6022:Destrin
6005:Cofilin
5966:Actinin
5537:Myosins
5454:of the
5390:Gelatin
5381:Keratin
5329:Decorin
5302:Elastin
5197:Laminin
5173:ADAMTS2
5147:Enzymes
5137:COL28A1
5132:COL27A1
5125:COL11A2
5120:COL11A1
5115:type XI
5109:COL10A1
5050:type VI
5047:other:
5041:COL25A1
5036:COL23A1
5031:COL17A1
5026:COL13A1
5011:COL18A1
4999:COL15A1
4955:type IV
4943:COL22A1
4938:COL21A1
4933:COL20A1
4928:COL19A1
4923:COL16A1
4918:COL14A1
4912:COL12A1
4886:type IX
4866:COL26A1
4861:COL24A1
4819:type II
4761:Protein
4690:2701867
4309:2736122
4089:3864793
4030:6191871
3967:6186381
3894:2064177
3842:2386534
3758:1304386
3737:Bibcode
3671:VEDANTU
3598:Bibcode
3111:spiders
3107:insects
3060:scholar
2784:Pairing
2706:pungent
2651:fibroin
2644:alanine
2640:elastin
2636:glycine
2598:monomer
1616:KRT33B
1608:KRT33B
1600:KRT33B
1592:KRT33B
1584:KRT33A
1576:KRT33A
665:Symbol
440:cleanup
263:hagfish
241:), the
218:of the
162:mammals
50:Keratin
7579:SPTBN5
7574:SPTBN4
7569:SPTBN2
7564:SPTBN1
7554:SPTAN1
7389:Tektin
7282:DYNLT3
7277:DYNLT1
7262:DYNLL2
7257:DYNLL1
7204:DNALI1
7189:DNAH17
7184:DNAH14
7179:DNAH13
7174:DNAH12
7169:DNAH11
7164:DNAH10
7085:KIF26B
7080:KIF26A
7055:KIF21B
7050:KIF21A
7045:KIF20B
7040:KIF20A
7030:KIF18B
7025:KIF18A
7015:KIF16B
7000:KIF13B
6995:KIF13A
6794:TUBB4Q
6779:TUBB2C
6774:TUBB2B
6769:TUBB2A
6749:TUBA4A
6744:TUBA3E
6739:TUBA3D
6734:TUBA3C
6729:TUBA1C
6724:TUBA1B
6719:TUBA1A
6662:Type 5
6621:Nestin
6609:Type 4
6585:Desmin
6578:Type 3
6331:type I
6162:type I
6108:TRIOBP
5774:MYO18B
5769:MYO18A
5765:XVIII
5759:MYO15A
5494:Actins
5334:FAM20C
5105:type X
5098:COL8A2
5093:COL8A1
5082:COL7A1
5071:COL6A5
5066:COL6A3
5061:COL6A2
5056:COL6A1
4986:COL4A6
4981:COL4A5
4976:COL4A4
4971:COL4A3
4966:COL4A2
4961:COL4A1
4901:COL9A3
4896:COL9A2
4891:COL9A1
4854:COL5A3
4849:COL5A2
4844:COL5A1
4838:type V
4824:COL2A1
4811:COL1A2
4806:COL1A1
4800:type I
4775:matrix
4697:
4687:
4648:
4613:
4572:
4505:
4495:
4456:
4448:
4413:
4405:
4355:
4347:
4316:
4306:
4267:11 May
4216:
4208:
4155:
4096:
4086:
4036:
4028:
3973:
3965:
3901:
3891:
3849:
3839:
3800:
3765:
3755:
3706:
3651:
3616:
3543:
3535:
3447:
3176:cocoon
3173:hornet
3130:glands
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
2848:cornea
2702:rubber
2683:sulfur
2655:serine
2609:apolar
2480:KRT86
2472:KRT86
2464:KRT85
2456:KRT85
2448:KRT85
2440:KRT84
2432:KRT84
2424:KRT84
2416:KRT84
2408:KRT84
2400:KRT83
2392:KRT83
2384:KRT83
2376:KRT83
2371:aging
2368:KRT83
2360:KRT82
2352:KRT82
2344:KRT82
2336:KRT81
2328:KRT81
2320:KRT80
2312:KRT80
2232:KRT79
2224:KRT79
2216:KRT78
2208:KRT78
2200:KRT77
2192:KRT77
2184:KRT77
2176:KRT76
2168:KRT76
2160:KRT76
2152:KRT76
2144:KRT76
2136:KRT76
2128:KRT75
2120:KRT75
2112:KRT75
2104:KRT74
2096:KRT74
2088:KRT74
2080:KRT73
2072:KRT73
2064:KRT73
2056:KRT72
2048:KRT72
2040:KRT72
2032:KRT71
2024:KRT71
2016:KRT71
1992:KRT6C
1984:KRT6C
1976:KRT6C
1968:KRT6B
1960:KRT6B
1952:KRT6B
1944:KRT6A
1936:KRT6A
1928:KRT6A
1920:KRT6A
1912:KRT6A
1904:KRT6A
1896:KRT6A
1888:KRT6A
1880:KRT6A
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