Cryopreservation - Knowledge (XXG)

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plate, one single colony of interest is chosen and liquid culture is made. From the liquid culture, the medium is directly mixed with an equal amount of glycerol; the colony should be checked for any defects like mutations. All antibiotics should be washed from the culture before long-term storage. Methods vary, but mixing can be done gently by inversion or rapidly by vortex and cooling can vary by either placing the cryotube directly at −50 to −95 °C, shock-freezing in liquid nitrogen or gradually cooling and then storing at −80 °C or cooler (liquid nitrogen or liquid nitrogen vapor). Recovery of bacteria can also vary, namely, if beads are stored within the tube then the few beads can be used to plate or the frozen stock can be scraped with a loop and then plated, however, since only little stock is needed the entire tube should never be completely thawed and repeated freeze-thaw should be avoided. 100% recovery is not feasible regardless of methodology.

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ease), sporulate but have delicate spores (large or freeze-dry sensitive), are pathogenic (dangerous to keep metabolically active fungus) or are to be used for genetic stocks (ideally to have an identical composition as the original deposit). As with many other organisms, cryoprotectants like DMSO or glycerol (e.g. filamentous fungi 10% glycerol or yeast 20% glycerol) are used. Differences between choosing cryoprotectants are species (or class) dependent, but generally for fungi penetrating cryoprotectants like DMSO, glycerol or polyethylene glycol are most effective (other non-penetrating ones include sugars mannitol, sorbitol, dextran, etc.). Freeze-thaw repetition is not recommended as it can decrease viability. Back-up deep-freezers or liquid nitrogen storage sites are recommended. Multiple protocols for freezing are summarized below (each uses screw-cap polypropylene cryotubes):

278: 754:. Since 1999, when the birth of the first baby from an embryo-derived from vitrified-warmed woman's eggs was reported by Kuleshova and co-workers in the journal of Human Reproduction, this concept has been recognized and widespread. This breakthrough in achieving vitrification of a woman's oocytes made an important advance in our knowledge and practice of the IVF process, as the clinical pregnancy rate is four times higher after oocyte vitrification than after slow freezing. Oocyte vitrification is vital for preserving fertility in young oncology patients and for individuals undergoing IVF who object, for either religious or ethical reasons, to the practice of freezing embryos. 509:, which resulted in live birth in 1999. For clinical cryopreservation, vitrification usually requires the addition of cryoprotectants before cooling. Cryoprotectants are macromolecules added to the freezing medium to protect cells from the detrimental effects of intracellular ice crystal formation or from the solution effects, during the process of freezing and thawing. They permit a higher degree of cell survival during freezing, to lower the freezing point, to protect cell membrane from freeze-related injury. Cryoprotectants have high solubility, low toxicity at high concentrations, low molecular weight and the ability to interact with water via hydrogen bonding. 572:, so that organs can cool more quickly and less antifreeze is needed. Since regions of tissue are separated by gas, small expansions do not accumulate, thereby protecting against shattering. A small company, Arigos Biomedical, "has already recovered pig hearts from the 120 degrees below zero", although the definition of "recovered" is not clear. Pressures of 60 atm can help increase heat exchange rates. Gaseous oxygen perfusion/persufflation can enhance organ preservation relative to static cold storage or hypothermic machine perfusion, since the lower viscosity of gases, may help reach more regions of preserved organs and deliver more oxygen per gram tissue. 709:

with no increase in birth defects or development abnormalities. A study of more than 11,000 cryopreserved human embryos showed no significant effect of storage time on post-thaw survival for IVF or oocyte donation cycles, or for embryos frozen at the pronuclear or cleavage stages. Additionally, the duration of storage did not have any significant effect on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, implantation, or live birth rate, whether from IVF or oocyte donation cycles. Rather, oocyte age, survival proportion, and number of transferred embryos are predictors of pregnancy outcome.

819: 78: 168:. Mixtures of solutes can achieve similar effects. Some solutes, including salts, have the disadvantage that they may be toxic at intense concentrations. In addition to the water-bear, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood and other tissues. Urea is accumulated in tissues in preparation for overwintering, and liver glycogen is converted in large quantities to glucose in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as " 424: 1054:

the use of cryonics in the future will have a self-perpetuating influence on these structures. Hence, there is further potential to amplify already existing power imbalances as implications from a legal, financial, and socio-cultural perspective will contribute to sustaining the cryonic practice, excluding most members of society in order to benefit an already dominant group. Ultimately, cryonics reinforces

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and perform slow freezing before storing it in liquid nitrogen whilst therapy is undertaken. Tissue can then be thawed and implanted near the fallopian, either orthotopic (on the natural location) or heterotopic (on the abdominal wall), where it starts to produce new eggs, allowing normal conception to occur. The ovarian tissue may also be transplanted into mice that are immunocompromised (

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Such machines are used for freezing oocytes, skin, blood products, embryos, sperm, stem cells, and general tissue preservation in hospitals, veterinary practices and research laboratories around the world. As an example, the number of live births from frozen embryos 'slow frozen' is estimated at some 300,000 to 400,000 or 20% of the estimated 3 million

1082:, was successfully cryopreserved after being allowed a medically aided death . In 2016, a fourteen year old girl won the legal right to have her corpse cryogenically frozen, becoming a landmark case in the United Kingdom . In that same year, it was confirmed by Cryonics UK that their youngest member was just 7 years old . 505:

engineering as both cells and biomaterials need to remain ice-free to preserve high cell viability and functions, integrity of constructs and structure of biomaterials. Vitrification of tissue engineered constructs was first reported by Lilia Kuleshova, who also was the first scientist to achieve vitrification of

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Fungi, notably zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and higher basidiomycetes, regardless of sporulation, are able to be stored in liquid nitrogen or deep-frozen. Cryopreservation is a hallmark method for fungi that do not sporulate (otherwise other preservation methods for spores can be used at lower costs and

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Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is of interest to women who want to preserve their reproductive function beyond the natural limit, or whose reproductive potential is threatened by cancer therapy, for example in hematologic malignancies or breast cancer. The procedure is to take a part of the ovary

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One pregnancy and resulting healthy birth has been reported from an embryo stored for 27 years, after the successful pregnancy of an embryo from the same batch three years earlier. Many studies have evaluated the children born from frozen embryos, or "frosties". The result has been uniformly positive

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Several independent studies have provided evidence that frozen embryos stored using slow-freezing techniques may in some ways be 'better' than fresh in IVF. The studies indicate that using frozen embryos and eggs rather than fresh embryos and eggs reduced the risk of stillbirth and premature delivery

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and William F. Rall helped to introduce vitrification to reproductive cryopreservation in the mid-1980s. As of 2000, researchers claim vitrification provides the benefits of cryopreservation without damage due to ice crystal formation. The situation became more complex with the development of tissue

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On April 22, 1966, the first human cadaver was frozen—it had been embalmed for two months—by being placed in liquid nitrogen and stored at just above freezing. The cadaver was that of an elderly woman from Los Angeles, whose name is unknown, and was soon thawed out and buried by relatives. The first

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is integrated into society as a new method of dictating power over the individual or phenomenological body when determining life or death outcomes. Considering the cyclical nature of wealth and power in society already (systemically undercut by race, gender, class, and religion), it is likely that

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culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies. Re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved products immediately post-thaw as compared

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Cryopreservation of immature testicular tissue is a developing method to avail reproduction to young boys who need to have gonadotoxic therapy. Animal data are promising since healthy offspring have been obtained after transplantation of frozen testicular cell suspensions or tissue pieces. However,

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For established methods of cryopreservation, the solute must penetrate the cell membrane in order to achieve increased viscosity and decrease the freezing temperature inside the cell. Sugars do not readily permeate through the membrane. Those solutes that do, such as DMSO, a common cryoprotectant,

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birth in 1984. Since then, machines that freeze biological samples using programmable sequences, or controlled rates, have been used for human, animal, and cell biology – "freezing down" a sample to better preserve it for eventual thawing, before it is frozen, or cryopreserved, in liquid nitrogen.

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stress, and that increasing the salt concentration in a dehydrating cell might damage it. In the mid-1950s, he experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallized into ice with no adverse effects; other organs

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Bacteria and fungi can be kept short-term (months to about a year, depending) refrigerated, however, cell division and metabolism is not completely arrested and thus is not an optimal option for long-term storage (years) or to preserve cultures genetically or phenotypically, as cell divisions can

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in the U.S., demonstrated that lethal intracellular freezing could be avoided if cooling was slow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cell during progressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. That rate differs between cells of differing size and water permeability: a typical cooling

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Additionally, cryopreservation is used for gene therapy treatments e. g. for cancer patients suffering from leukemia or lymphoma. The genetic materials used for gene therapy have to be modified in vivo or ex vivo. In order to do that they need to be kept viable during transport and storage. With

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Many common culturable laboratory strains are deep-frozen to preserve genetically and phenotypically stable, long-term stocks. Sub-culturing and prolonged refrigerated samples may lead to loss of plasmid(s) or mutations. Common final glycerol percentages are 15, 20, and 25. From a fresh culture

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MSCs, when transfused immediately within a few hours post-thawing, may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth (fresh). As a result, cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into the log phase of cell

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in health and wellness treatments, recontextualises waking of the un/dead into the biosocial sphere, framing mortality as something akin to illness which can be controlled or cured. Cryonics draws into question the boundaries of the sovereign self and the individual body, challenging legal

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which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation is an effective way to transport biological samples over long distances, store samples for prolonged periods of time, and create a bank of samples for users. Molecules, referred to as

1078:, suffering from a brain tumour, requested a medically assisted death . Due to the tumor, he was denied and his body was cryopreserved after the tumour had so devastated the surrounding brain tissue that Donaldson passed . It was not until 25 years later in 2018 that the first person, 1070:. Those seeking to expand their lifespan in spite of death through preservation suffer from chronic, incurable, and/or degenerative conditions, having to overcome numerous legalities regarding body disposal, human tissue storage, the rights of minors, and in some cases medically 540:

are often toxic in intense concentration. One of the difficult compromises of vitrifying cryopreservation concerns limiting the damage produced by the cryoprotectant itself due to cryoprotectant toxicity. Mixtures of cryoprotectants and the use of ice blockers have enabled the

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Vitrification of water is promoted by rapid cooling, and can be achieved without cryoprotectants by an extremely rapid decrease of temperature (megakelvins per second). The rate that is required to attain glassy state in pure water was considered to be impossible until 2005.

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Two conditions usually required to allow vitrification are an increase of viscosity and a decrease in the freezing temperature. Many solutes do both, but larger molecules generally have a larger effect, particularly on viscosity. Rapid cooling also promotes vitrification.

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Mikuła A., Chmielarz P., Hazubska-Przybył T., Kulus D., Maślanka M., Pawłowska B., Zimnoch-Guzowska E., 2022. Cryopreservation of plant tissues in Poland: Research contributions, current status, and applications. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 91: 9132

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to −135 °C with their proprietary vitrification mixture. Upon rewarming, the kidney was transplanted successfully into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney. In 2000,

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Roque-Borda C.A., Kulus D., Vacaro de Souza A., Kaviani B., Vicente E.F. 2021. Cryopreservation of agronomic plant germplasm using vitrification-based methods: An overview of selected case studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(11): 6157.

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shrinkage of cells. Frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if no more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Research exploring the phenomenon of "freezing frogs" has been performed primarily by the Canadian researcher, Dr.

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Lethal intracellular freezing can be avoided if cooling is slow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cell during progressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. To minimize the growth of extracellular ice crystals and recrystallization,

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Nevertheless, suitable combinations of cryoprotectants and regimes of cooling and rinsing during warming often allow the successful cryopreservation of biological materials, particularly cell suspensions or thin tissue samples. Examples include:

1036:. Ability to access and harness forms of cryotechnology (from cryostorage of food, blood or sperm) is historically bound to class, wealth and power. It is central to fertility, health and death and in this sense, cryonics is a mechanism in the ‘ 128:

and physical stresses cells undergo in the freezing process. Some cryoprotective agents used in research are inspired by plants and animals in nature that have unique cold tolerance to survive harsh winters, including: trees, wood frogs, and

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Cryopreservation was applied to human materials beginning in 1954 with three pregnancies resulting from the insemination of previously frozen sperm. Fowl sperm was cryopreserved in 1957 by a team of scientists in the UK directed by

991:), lizards, and snakes are freeze tolerant and have developed adaptations for surviving freezing. While some frogs hibernate underground or in water, body temperatures still drop to −5 to −7 °C, causing them to freeze. The 905:

lead to mutations or sub-culturing can cause phenotypic changes. A preferred option, species-dependent, is cryopreservation. Nematode worms are the only multicellular eukaryotes that have been shown to survive cryopreservation.

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Cryopreservation requires substantial financial and medical resources in order for its potential success. Therefore, suggesting those able to access cryonics must descend from significant wealth or power. This modern form of

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are the only eukaryotic organisms that have been proven to be viable after cryopreservation for many years (30,000 to 40,000 years). In this case, the preservation was natural rather than artificial, due to

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Friedrich, E 2017, 'The Rise of Cryopower: Biopolitics in the age Cryogenic Life', in EK Joanna Radin (ed.), Cryopolitics: Frozen Life in a Melting World, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 59-66.

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1019:, or second life, where the phenomenological body endures a transition or resurrection is recurrent across ancient tradition, religion and science fiction. However, the increasingly socialised language of 3008:

Shatilovich AV, Tchesunov AV, Neretina TV, Grabarnik IP, Gubin SV, Vishnivetskaya TA, Onstott TC, Rivkina EM (May 2018). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland".

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inequalities already existing in society today in which few will benefit and calls into question the ethical ambiguity of individual bodily autonomy in the pursuit of self-preservation or survival.

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is the hardest due to intolerance to low temperature and low water content. However, plant vitrification solution can solve the problem and help recalcitrant seed (Nymphaea caerulea) cryopreserve.

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rate around 1 °C/minute is appropriate for many mammalian cells after treatment with cryoprotectants such as glycerol or dimethyl sulphoxide, but the rate is not a universal optimum.

482:(DMSO), but the rate is not a universal optimum. The 1 °C / minute rate can be achieved by using devices such as a rate-controlled freezer or a benchtop portable freezing container. 3294:

Stan, O, A. (2016). Cryonics suspension – debating life finitude, extending time capital and cancelling death. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, 7(2), 71–91.

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Plant cryopreservation is becoming vital for its biodiversity value. Seeds are often considered as an important delivery system of genetic information. Cryopreservation of

3916: 2347:"High concentration of synthetic serum, stepwise equilibration and slow cooling as an efficient technique for large-scale cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells" 1306: 3425: 3401: 111:- are frozen to preserve the material for an extended period of time. At low temperatures (typically −80 °C (−112 °F) or −196 °C (−321 °F) using 4067: 3949: 3264:

Scheper-Hughes, N. Lock MM. 1987, 'The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology', Medical Anthropology Quarterly, vol 1, no. 1, pp 6-41.

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Nancy Scheper-Hughes, MML 1987, 'The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology', Medical Anthropology Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 6-41.

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ice formation. Many of these effects can be reduced by cryoprotectants. Once the preserved material has become frozen, it is relatively safe from further damage.

2901:"Cryopreserved mesenchymal stromal cells display impaired immunosuppressive properties as a result of heat-shock response and impaired interferon-γ licensing" 2964:

Cryopreservation of seeds of blue waterlily (Nymphaea caerulea) using glutathione adding plant vitrification solution, PVS+ / 埃及藍睡蓮種子的冷凍保存 — 使用添加穀胱甘肽的植物抗凍配方

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can be used to impede ice crystal growth along with traditional small molecule cryoprotectants. That rate differs between cells of differing size and water

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Migration of water, causing extracellular ice formation, can also cause cellular dehydration. The associated stresses on the cell can cause damage directly.

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Umeh, GF. 2024, ‘Cryonics and the Dignity of Human Life: an Ethical Approach’, Nnadiebube Journal of Languages and Literature, vol 2, no. 2, pp 28-40.

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Falconer, K 2023, 'Cryopreservation and the death of legal personhood', Mortality- Promoting the interdisciplinary study of death and dying, pp. 1–16.

750:) are extracted, frozen and stored. Later, when she is ready to become pregnant, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as 427:

A tank of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer (for storing laboratory samples at a temperature of about −150 °C or −238 °F)

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Generally, cryopreservation is easier for thin samples and suspended cells, because these can be cooled more quickly and so require lesser doses of

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is a flash-freezing (ultra-rapid cooling) process that helps to prevent the formation of ice crystals and helps prevent cryopreservation damage.

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can be used successfully almost indefinitely after cryopreservation. The longest reported successful storage is 22 years. It can be used for

187:, in which organisms survive the winter by freezing solid and ceasing life functions, is known in a few vertebrates: five species of frogs ( 3993: 1091: 263:

one cryopreservant is ordinary glucose, which increases in concentration by approximately 19 mmol/L when the frogs are cooled slowly.

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are excluded, causing them to become concentrated in the remaining liquid water. High concentrations of some solutes can be very damaging.

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Perry, RM. 2014, ‘Suspension Failures: Lessons from the Early Years’, Cryonics Archive, For The Record, retrieved 19th August 2024 >

474:: a typical cooling rate of about 1 °C/minute is appropriate for many mammalian cells after treatment with cryoprotectants such as 2589:"Human ovarian tissue vitrification versus conventional freezing: morphological, endocrinological, and molecular biological evaluation" 2025:

Kuleshova LL, Wang XW, Wu YN, Zhou Y, Yu H (2004). "Vitrification of encapsulated hepatocytes with reduced cooling and warming rates".

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Several animal species, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles have been shown to tolerate freezing. At least four species of frogs (

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are defined through Western philosophy and law. To understand the imprint of cryonics on the body politic it is useful to apply the

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Romain, T. (2010). Extreme Life Extension: Investing in Cryonics for the Long, Long Term. MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 29(2), 194–215.

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definitions of personhood . These boundaries, however, are not universal and ideas which limit the self within the dichotomy of

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Cryopreservation for embryos is used for embryo storage, e.g., when IVF has resulted in more embryos than is currently needed.

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where the recipient wants the treatment in a different time or place or as a means of preserving fertility for men undergoing

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forms in the extracellular space. Too much extracellular ice can cause mechanical damage to the cell membrane due to crushing.

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which can cause damage to cells during cryopreservation mainly occur during the freezing stage, and include solution effects,

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Cohen, J. (2020). Frozen Bodies and Future Imaginaries: Assisted Dying, Cryonics, and a Good Death. Religions, 11(11), 584.

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Cohen, J. (2020). Frozen Bodies and Future Imaginaries: Assisted Dying, Cryonics, and a Good Death. Religions, 11(11), 584.

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Cohen, J. (2020). Frozen Bodies and Future Imaginaries: Assisted Dying, Cryonics, and a Good Death. Religions, 11(11), 584.

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Rall WF, Fahy GM (February 14–20, 1985). "Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196 degrees C by vitrification".

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Bhat SN, Sharma A, Bhat SV (December 2005). "Vitrification and glass transition of water: insights from spin probe ESR".

3647: 3625: 2548:"Does storage time influence postthaw survival and pregnancy outcome? An analysis of 11,768 cryopreserved human embryos" 1364: 942: 3243:

Foucualt, M. Rabinow, P. 1991, ‘Right to Death and Power over Life’, The Foucault reader, Penguin Books, pp 258-272.

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Conway, H. (2018). Frozen Corpses and Feuding Parents: Re JS (Disposal of Body) Modern Law Review, 81(1), 132–141.

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Slow programmable freezing was developed during the early 1970s, and eventually resulted in the first human frozen

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Planer NEWS and Press Releases > Child born after 22-year semen storage using Planer controlled rate freezer

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also survive nominal freezing but it has not been established to be adaptive for overwintering. In the case of

3385: 2686:"Tissue culture before transplantation of frozen-thawed human fetal ovarian tissue into immunodeficient mice" 4256: 4229: 4157: 3764: 3759: 3744: 3590: 2587:

Isachenko V, Lapidus I, Isachenko E, Krivokharchenko A, Kreienberg R, Woriedh M, et al. (August 2009).

741: 700: 669: 660: 82: 4266: 4261: 4234: 4118: 3895: 3829: 3774: 3668: 3657: 2990: 1142: 999:) can withstand repeated freezing, during which about 65% of its extracellular fluid is converted to ice. 763: 608: 471: 447: 1621:"Studies on rapidly frozen suspensions of yeast cells by differential thermal analysis and conductometry" 1265: 4192: 4101: 4096: 3973: 3958: 2830:

Schulte J, Reski R (2004). "High throughput cryopreservation of 140,000 Physcomitrella patens mutants".

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Ungoed-Thomas, J., & Leake, J. (2016). Child of 7 signed up for body freezing. The Sunday Times, 1.

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can tolerate some extracellular ice, any appreciable intracellular ice is almost always fatal to cells.

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Dein, S. (2022). Cryonics: Science or Religion. Journal of Religion & Health, 61(4), 3164–3176.

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none of the fertility restoration options from frozen tissue, i.e. cell suspension transplantation,

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Nakasone KK, Peterson SW, Jong SC (2004). "Preservation and distribution of fungal cultures.".

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The main techniques to prevent cryopreservation damages are a well-established combination of

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Lovelock JE (March 1953). "The haemolysis of human red blood-cells by freezing and thawing".

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Malek Zadeh S (2009). "ICryopreservation of the axial meristem of Crocus sativus L.".

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cryopreservation they are brought to ultra-low temperatures and thawed when needed.

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is controversial in scientific debate and can be better understood as an emergent

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at cleavage stage (that are 2, 4, 8 or 16 cells) or at early blastocyst stage, in

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Riggs R, Mayer J, Dowling-Lacey D, Chi TF, Jones E, Oehninger S (January 2010).

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New York Times > Girl is Born in Tennessee From Embryo Frozen for 27 years.

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When tissues are cooled slowly, water migrates out of

172:" to limit the amount of ice that forms and to reduce 81:

Cryogenically preserved samples being removed from a

4170: 3972: 3965: 3909: 3868: 3817: 3737: 3656: 3599: 3551: 2412:Panis B, Nagel M, Van den houwe I (November 2020). 1699:"Suspension Failures – Lessons from the Early Days" 1528:. March 1988. p. 27. Issue #92. Archived from 486:though the exact reasons are still being explored. 152:, microscopic multicellular organisms, can survive 3917:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 3095: 3093: 156:by replacing most of their internal water with a 1363:Costanzo JP, Lee RE, Wright MF (December 1991). 884:to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs. 810:has proved efficient and safe in humans as yet. 4068:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 3445:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 3403:Cryopreservation of Musa germplasm: 2nd Edition 1725:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 1337:"How tardigrades survive freezing temperatures" 1003:Anthropological Perspective on Cryopreservation 288:One early theoretician of cryopreservation was 3148:Freeze-Drying and Cryopreservation of Bacteria 3100:Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). 2003:. Alcor Life Extension Foundation. Winter 2000 326:corpse frozen before 1974 still frozen today. 141:corpse frozen before 1974 still frozen today. 3943: 3529: 1919:Thompson M, Nemits M, Ehrhardt R (May 2011). 8: 3466:Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols 2020: 2018: 1335:Mayer-Grenu, rea; Stuttgart, University of. 411:and a newer flash-freezing process known as 281:Tubes of biological samples being placed in 1440:Fuller BJ, Lane N, Benson EE, eds. (2004). 4332: 3969: 3950: 3936: 3928: 3536: 3522: 3514: 3504:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3284:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01166-6 3134:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 862:collects, preserves, and distributes moss 3341:https://doi.org/10.1080/01459741003715391 2924: 2806: 2746: 2701: 2648: 2604: 2563: 2439: 2429: 2362: 2321: 2179: 2106: 2069: 1895: 1885: 1844: 1775: 1652: 1358: 1356: 1172:Stem Cell Banking: Concepts and Protocols 99:is a process where biological material - 2626: 2624: 2541: 2539: 2537: 817: 352:As ice crystals grow in freezing water, 301:were shown to be susceptible to damage. 60:of all important aspects of the article. 3353:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12319 2731:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1158: 292:. In 1953, he suggested that damage to 4188:Differential technological development 3497: 3127: 3082:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3075: 2225:from the original on November 19, 2010 1515:"The Cryobiological Case for Cryonics" 854:and coworkers and is performed at the 568:and/or metabolically vital gases like 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 1118:Cryopreservation of testicular tissue 900:Preservation of microbiology cultures 797:Cryopreservation of testicular tissue 27:Process to preserve biological matter 7: 3994:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation 2950:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116157 1092:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation 4277:Future-oriented technology analysis 3428:. ReproTech Limited. Archived from 3381:Conserving coffee genetic resources 3329:https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110584 3317:https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110584 3305:https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110584 1062:Issues Relative to the Body Politic 2631:Oktay K, Oktem O (February 2010). 1372:The American Journal of Physiology 1241:"How do trees survive the winter?" 983:) and several species of turtles ( 957:. They came alive when warmed up. 25: 3719:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 2970:. National Tsing Hua University. 2492:https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9132 2203:Chamberlain, Fred (Winter 2000). 564:Blood can be replaced with inert 516:, the syrupy solution becomes an 432:Controlled-rate and slow freezing 409:controlled rate and slow freezing 4331: 3699:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 3674:Autologous endometrial coculture 3545:Assisted reproductive technology 2703:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.020 2650:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.006 2565:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.084 2364:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.017 1777:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.076 1703:ALCOR: Life Extension Foundation 1384:10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.R1549 1278:10.1016/b978-012088457-5/50021-6 1007:Based on a speculative science, 874:Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) 436:slow programmable freezing (SPF) 341:ice formation, dehydration, and 309:. During 1963, Peter Mazur, at 124:(CPAs), are added to reduce the 34: 1998:"Alcor: The Origin of Our Name" 1737:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.247.3.C125 1526:Alcor Life Extension Foundation 1123:Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates) 856:International Moss Stock Center 834:International Moss Stock Center 719:Ovarian tissue cryopreservation 679:ovarian tissue cryopreservation 48:may be too short to adequately 3782:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 3729:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 3184:"Growth of Bacterial Cultures" 2739:10.1002/14651858.CD010047.pub2 2674:The Lancet, September 24, 2004 2516:"Genetics & IVF Institute" 2477:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.10.163 2314:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.01.007 936:The microscopic soil-dwelling 58:provide an accessible overview 1: 4304:Technology in science fiction 3886:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 3714:Partner-assisted reproduction 2125:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.235702 1645:10.1016/S0006-3495(63)86824-1 1407:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 403:Main methods to prevent risks 311:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2917:10.3109/14653249.2011.623691 1493:10.1126/science.168.3934.939 1419:10.1016/0006-3002(53)90273-X 1313:. 2007-02-20. Archived from 1270:Vascular Transport in Plants 1145:– Cryoconservation of plant 3724:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 3106:(4th ed.). Amsterdam. 3011:Doklady Biological Sciences 1524:. Vol. 9, no. 3. 1180:10.1007/978-1-4939-6921-0_5 943:Panagrolaimus detritophagus 927:Freeze tolerance in animals 651:histological cross sections 385:Intracellular ice formation 361:Extracellular ice formation 296:during freezing was due to 4381: 4309:Technology readiness level 4245:Technological unemployment 3424:ReproTech Limited (2012). 2518:. Givf.com. Archived from 839:Cryopreservation of whole 794: 761: 739: 716: 698: 419:Slow programmable freezing 270: 220:Salamandrella keyserlingii 4327: 4292:Technological singularity 4252:Technological convergence 3891:Religious response to ART 3023:10.1134/S0012496618030079 2795:Human Reproduction Update 2071:10.1093/humrep/14.12.3077 1868:Sambu S (June 25, 2015). 1697:Perry RM (October 2014). 3987:Microgravity bioprinting 3709:Ovarian hyperstimulation 3474:10.1385/0-89603-296-5:21 3426:"Fertility Preservation" 2258:Flynn M (Oct 10, 2018). 1443:Life in the Frozen State 850:, has been developed by 229:) and three of turtles ( 145:Natural cryopreservation 4257:Technological evolution 4230:Exploratory engineering 4158:Whole genome sequencing 3745:Artificial insemination 3591:Male infertility crisis 2961:Lee, Chung-Hao (2016). 2690:Fertility and Sterility 2637:Fertility and Sterility 2552:Fertility and Sterility 2351:Fertility and Sterility 2095:Physical Review Letters 1933:10.1038/protex.2011.224 1764:Fertility and Sterility 1245:www.nationalforests.org 742:Oocyte cryopreservation 701:Embryo cryopreservation 670:embryo cryopreservation 661:oocyte cryopreservation 273:Cryonics § History 217:), one of salamanders ( 4267:Technology forecasting 4262:Technological paradigm 4235:Proactionary principle 4119:Robot-assisted surgery 3896:Mitochondrial donation 3830:Donor Sibling Registry 3669:Assisted zona hatching 3658:In vitro fertilisation 2205:"A Tribute to FM-2030" 1590:10.1098/rspb.1957.0068 1143:Plant cryopreservation 836: 764:Semen cryopreservation 609:semen cryopreservation 596:is still impractical. 448:in vitro fertilization 428: 285: 89: 4193:Disruptive innovation 4102:Regenerative medicine 4097:Personalized medicine 3959:Emerging technologies 2989:Weisberger M (2018). 2882:"Mosses, deep frozen" 2852:10.1055/s-2004-817796 2808:10.1093/humupd/dmp054 2431:10.3390/plants9121634 1825:Nature Communications 1679:. Cryonics. July 1991 1619:Mazur P (July 1963). 1221:www.sciencedirect.com 997:Lithobates sylvaticus 980:Lithobates sylvaticus 976:Pseudacris triseriata 848:Physcomitrella patens 829:Physcomitrella patens 821: 544:company to vitrify a 542:21st Century Medicine 426: 280: 196:Pseudacris triseriata 122:cryoprotective agents 80: 4365:Preservation methods 4240:Technological change 4183:Collingridge dilemma 3787:Reproductive surgery 3679:Cytoplasmic transfer 3609:Estrogen antagonists 3601:Fertility medication 2172:10.4161/org.5.3.9974 1555:Cedar Rapids Gazette 1378:(6 Pt 2): R1549–53. 1133:Ex-situ conservation 1128:Directional freezing 645:Tissue samples like 635:Umbilical cord blood 247:). Snapping turtles 4297:Technology scouting 4272:Accelerating change 4041:Genetic engineering 3799:Selective reduction 3750:Ovulation induction 3694:In vitro maturation 3689:Gestational carrier 3614:aromatase inhibitor 2844:2004PlBio...6..119S 2606:10.1530/REP-09-0039 2522:on December 6, 2012 2117:2005PhRvL..95w5702B 1960:1985Natur.313..573R 1837:2014NatCo...5.3244D 1637:1963BpJ.....3..323M 1625:Biophysical Journal 1582:1957RSPSB.147..498P 1485:1970Sci...168..939M 1108:Cryogenic processor 968:Pseudacris crucifer 808:in vitro maturation 250:Chelydra serpentina 226:Thamnophis sirtalis 4314:Technology roadmap 4134:Synthetic genomics 4124:Relational biology 4112:Tissue engineering 4036:Generative biology 3825:Donor registration 3792:Vasectomy reversal 2386:Fischer, Barbara. 2058:Human Reproduction 1887:10.7717/peerj.1039 1846:10.1038/ncomms4244 1097:Cells Alive System 985:Terrapene carolina 837: 480:dimethyl sulfoxide 429: 286: 238:Terrapene carolina 223:), one of snakes ( 90: 4347: 4346: 4166: 4165: 4129:Synthetic biology 4107:Stem-cell therapy 4090:engineered uterus 4004:Artificial organs 3925: 3924: 3876:Accidental incest 3586:Fertility tourism 3581:Fertility testing 3416:978-2-910810-86-3 3113:978-0-12-386919-7 2505:December 3, 2020. 2392:www.susupport.com 1925:Protocol Exchange 1287:978-0-12-088457-5 1189:978-1-4939-6921-0 1147:genetic resources 1026:Cartesian dualism 894:recalcitrant seed 791:Testicular tissue 785:radiation therapy 576:Freezable tissues 464:polyvinyl alcohol 307:Christopher Polge 253:and wall lizards 214:Hyla chrysoscelis 179:Kenneth B. Storey 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 4372: 4360:Cryopreservation 4335: 4334: 4282:Horizon scanning 4198:Ephemeralization 4026:Brain transplant 3970: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3850:Semen collection 3755:Cryopreservation 3704:Oocyte selection 3576:Fertility clinic 3538: 3531: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3460: 3444: 3433: 3420: 3408: 3400:Panis B (2009). 3396: 3394: 3393: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3186:. Archived from 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3058:. 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April 9, 1954. 1550: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1519: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1479:(3934): 939–49. 1468: 1462: 1461: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317:on March 2, 2021 1303: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1163: 1076:Thomas Donaldson 1072:assisted suicide 628:Genetic Material 592:for storage and 526:glass transition 434:, also known as 349:Solution effects 256:Podarcis muralis 244:Terrapene ornata 185:Freeze tolerance 97:cryoconservation 93:Cryopreservation 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4323: 4162: 4151:Oncolytic virus 4053:Head transplant 3961: 3956: 3926: 3921: 3905: 3881:Fertility fraud 3864: 3813: 3733: 3684:Embryo transfer 3661: 3652: 3595: 3547: 3542: 3512: 3496: 3484: 3463: 3457: 3436: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3389: 3377: 3373: 3371:Further reading 3368: 3367: 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1991: 1954:(6003): 573–5. 1945: 1944: 1940: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1190: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1088: 1064: 1046: 1044:Power Imbalance 1005: 989:Chrysemys picta 972:Hyla versicolor 963: 934: 929: 920: 911: 902: 890: 876: 822:Four different 816: 804:tissue grafting 799: 793: 766: 760: 744: 738: 730:graft rejection 721: 715: 703: 697: 639:Cord blood bank 578: 562: 528:" temperature. 492: 421: 405: 332: 294:red blood cells 283:liquid nitrogen 275: 269: 232:Chrysemys picta 208:Hyla versicolor 170:cryoprotectants 147: 113:liquid nitrogen 87:liquid nitrogen 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4378: 4376: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4063:Life extension 4060: 4058:Isolated brain 4055: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4021:Biofabrication 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4009:Organ printing 4001: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3982:3D bioprinting 3978: 3976: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3770:ovarian tissue 3767: 3762: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3662:and expansions 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3605: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3510: 3482: 3461: 3455: 3434: 3432:on 2012-09-04. 3421: 3415: 3397: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3287: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3175: 3150: 3141: 3112: 3089: 3044: 3017:(1): 100–102. 3000: 2981: 2953: 2940: 2891: 2873: 2822: 2781: 2775:2012-09-08 at 2762: 2717: 2676: 2664: 2620: 2579: 2533: 2507: 2495: 2482: 2455: 2404: 2378: 2337: 2288: 2269: 2260:"Heart of Ice" 2250: 2235: 2195: 2146: 2101:(23): 235702. 2085: 2064:(12): 3077–9. 2044: 2014: 1989: 1938: 1911: 1860: 1811: 1791: 1750: 1715: 1689: 1668: 1611: 1560: 1545: 1506: 1463: 1457:978-0203647073 1456: 1432: 1397: 1352: 1327: 1298: 1286: 1256: 1232: 1208: 1188: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1087: 1084: 1063: 1060: 1045: 1042: 1032:definition of 1021:cryotechnology 1004: 1001: 962: 959: 949:Plectus parvus 933: 930: 928: 925: 919: 916: 910: 907: 901: 898: 889: 886: 875: 872: 832:stored at the 815: 812: 795:Main article: 792: 789: 773:sperm donation 762:Main article: 759: 756: 740:Main article: 737: 734: 717:Main article: 714: 713:Ovarian tissue 711: 699:Main article: 696: 693: 692: 691: 681: 675:Ovarian tissue 672: 663: 653: 643: 642: 641: 632: 625: 619: 611: 577: 574: 561: 558: 491: 488: 450:(IVF) births. 420: 417: 404: 401: 398: 397: 386: 382: 381: 378: 374: 373: 362: 358: 357: 350: 331: 328: 290:James Lovelock 268: 265: 261:Rana sylvatica 190:Rana sylvatica 166:cell membranes 146: 143: 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4377: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4319:Transhumanism 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4085:Organ culture 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4031:De-extinction 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3901:Sex selection 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804:Sex selection 3802: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738:Other methods 3736: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3636:Gonadotropins 3634: 3632: 3631:GnRH agonists 3629: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3483:0-89603-296-5 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3456:9780125095518 3452: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3388:on 2007-12-04 3387: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3190:on 2013-09-07 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3065:on 2014-05-17 3061: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911:(2): 147–52. 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:Plant Biology 2826: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2801:(3): 312–28. 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2777:archive.today 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2599:(2): 319–27. 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2558:(1): 109–15. 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2357:(3): 976–85. 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308:(3): 125–43. 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2264:BOSS Magazine 2261: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2245:New Scientist 2239: 2236: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166:(3): 167–75. 2165: 2161: 2160:Organogenesis 2157: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2033:(4): 241–54. 2032: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2015: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1770:(6): 1921–8. 1769: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631:(4): 323–53. 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1535:on 2020-04-17 1531: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1450:. p. 7. 1449: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:(3): 414–26. 1412: 1408: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981: 977: 973: 969: 960: 958: 956: 951: 950: 945: 944: 939: 931: 926: 924: 917: 915: 908: 906: 899: 897: 895: 887: 885: 882: 873: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 846:, especially 845: 842: 835: 831: 830: 825: 820: 813: 811: 809: 805: 798: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 757: 755: 753: 749: 743: 735: 733: 731: 727: 720: 712: 710: 706: 702: 694: 689: 685: 682: 680: 676: 673: 671: 667: 664: 662: 658: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 616: 615: 612: 610: 606: 603: 602: 601: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 575: 573: 571: 567: 560:Persufflation 559: 557: 555: 550: 547: 543: 537: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 518:amorphous ice 515: 514:crystallizing 510: 508: 503: 498: 496: 495:Vitrification 490:Vitrification 489: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 451: 449: 444: 439: 437: 433: 425: 418: 416: 414: 413:vitrification 410: 402: 400: 395: 391: 387: 384: 383: 379: 376: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 359: 355: 351: 348: 347: 346: 344: 343:intracellular 340: 339:extracellular 336: 329: 327: 325: 321: 320:James Bedford 315: 312: 308: 302: 299: 295: 291: 284: 279: 274: 266: 264: 262: 258: 257: 252: 251: 246: 245: 240: 239: 234: 233: 228: 227: 222: 221: 216: 215: 210: 209: 204: 203: 202:Hyla crucifer 198: 197: 192: 191: 186: 182: 180: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 144: 142: 140: 136: 135:James Bedford 132: 127: 126:osmotic shock 123: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 88: 84: 79: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 18:Cryopreserved 4336: 4223:Robot ethics 4075:Nanomedicine 4046:Gene therapy 3835:Egg donation 3754: 3465: 3440: 3430:the original 3402: 3390:. Retrieved 3386:the original 3380: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3290: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3192:. Retrieved 3188:the original 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3162: 3153: 3144: 3102: 3067:. Retrieved 3060:the original 3047: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2995:Live Science 2994: 2984: 2963: 2956: 2943: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2886:ScienceDaily 2885: 2876: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2765: 2730: 2720: 2696:(3): 913–9. 2693: 2689: 2679: 2667: 2643:(3): 762–8. 2640: 2636: 2596: 2593:Reproduction 2592: 2582: 2555: 2551: 2524:. Retrieved 2520:the original 2510: 2498: 2485: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2424:(12): 1634. 2421: 2417: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2391: 2381: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2272: 2263: 2253: 2244: 2238: 2227:. Retrieved 2215: 2211: 2198: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2030: 2027:Cryo Letters 2026: 2005:. Retrieved 1992: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1924: 1914: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1803:. 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