437:
314:
150:
377:"barbarians who live...in the middle of Persia, but have never become subject to the king of the Persians. For their abode is on sheer mountainsides which are altogether inaccessible, and so they have continued to be autonomous from ancient times down to the present day; but they always march with the Persians as mercenaries when they go against their enemies. And they are all foot-soldiers, each man carrying a sword and shield and three javelins in his hand (De Bello Persico 8.14.3-9)."
509:
139:
666:
326:
452:
The
Daylamites managed to resist the Arab invasion of their own mountainous homeland for several centuries under their own local rulers. Warfare in the region was endemic, with raids and counter-raids by both sides. Under the Arabs, the old Iranian fortress-city of
681:
sounds uncommon, but when in the 9th and 10th centuries
Daylamite chieftains appear in the spotlight in massive numbers, their names are undoubtedly pagan Iranian, not of the south-western "Persian" type, but of the north-western type: thus
492:, who began the gradual conversion of the Daylamites to Shia Islam. Nevertheless, a strong Iranian identity remained ingrained in the peoples of the region, along with an anti-Arab mentality. Local rulers such as the
1100:
The
Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and
706:
differentiates between
Persian and Daylami and comments that in the highlands of Daylam there was a tribe that spoke a language different from that of Daylam and Gilan, perhaps a surviving non-Iranian language.
480:
began evangelizing the
Daylamites and converting them to Christianity. He and his associates made only a little headway before encountering competition from Islam. During the reign of
715:
Many habits and customs of the
Daylamites have been recorded in historical records. Their men were strikingly tough and capable of lasting terrible privations. They were armed with
793:, they were "equals of men in strength of mind, force of character, and participation in the management of affairs." Furthermore, the Daylamites also strictly practised
579:
s, who were
Daylamite themselves, supplemented their army of Daylamite infantrymen with Turkic cavalrymen. Daylamites were among the people comprising the
572:(r. 908–929). For many decades, "it remained customary for the Caliph's personal guards to include the Daylamites as well as the ubiquitous Turks". The
657:, and bishoprics are reported in the remote area as late as the 790s, while it is possible that some remnants survived there until the 14th century.
423:, the 4000-strong Daylamite contingent of the Sasanian guard, along with other Iranian units, defected to the Arab side, converting to Islam.
1451:
1380:
1305:
1284:
1221:
1162:
986:
904:
857:
741:. A major disadvantage of the Daylamites was the low amount of cavalry that they had, which compelled them to work with Turkic mercenaries.
630:
1475:
528:
767:
Estakhri describes the
Daylamites as a bold but inconsiderate people, being thin in appearance and having fluffy hair. They practised
1401:
1257:
1183:
1135:
488:
fled to the largely pagan
Daylamites, with a few Zoroastrians and Christians, to escape persecution. Among these refugees were some
612:) which could be used either for thrusting or for hurling as a javelin. Their characteristic battle tactic was advancing with a
436:
267:
1320:
341:, as the king of the former lands of the Gushnaspid dynasty. In 522, Kavadh I sent an army under a certain Buya (known as
204:
1411:
826:
744:
The
Daylamites exaggeratedly mourned over their dead, and even over themselves in failure. In 963, the Buyid ruler of
732:
365:(r. 531-579), and his Daylamite troops would later play a significant role in the conversion of Yemen to the nascent
535:
From the 9th century onwards, Daylamite foot-soldiers began to comprise an important element of the armies in Iran.
1480:
1338:
1249:
1127:
852:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90, note 336.
555:
542:
and the army, thus they began recruiting Daylamites, who at the period were not as strong in numbers as the Turks,
420:
409:
301:
belonged to the kingdom of Gushnasp, who was a Parthian vassal but later submitted to the first Sasanian emperor
223:, they were a warlike people and skilled in close combat, being armed each with a sword, a shield, and spears or
91:
110:. Both the Zaidis and the Nizaris maintained a strong presence in Iran up until the 16th century rise of the
1094:
524:
276:
245:
The Daylamites first appear in historical records in the late 2nd century BC, where they are mentioned by
149:
126:
emerged and managed to gain control over much of modern-day Iran, which it held until the coming of the
90:
and in the subsequent Muslim empires. Daylam and Gilan were the only regions to successfully resist the
1424:
313:
753:
519:
346:
107:
457:
continued in its Sasanian-era role as a bulwark against Daylamite raids. According to the historian
1470:
638:
94:, albeit many Daylamite soldiers abroad accepted Islam. In the 9th century many Daylamites adopted
397:
890:
650:
473:
445:
886:
790:
749:
508:
538:
In the mid 9th century, the Abbasid Caliphate increased its need for mercenary soldiers in the
1447:
1397:
1376:
1348:
1315:
1301:
1280:
1253:
1235:
1217:
1179:
1158:
1131:
1113:
982:
900:
853:
821:
785:
466:
405:
590:
Islamic sources record their characteristic painted shields and two-pronged short spears (in
1231:
1193:
737:
591:
584:
543:
469:
penetrated the region and occupied parts of it, but their control was never very effective.
298:
293:
212:
211:. During the Sasanian Empire, they were employed as high-quality infantry. According to the
200:
49:
1175:
The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
849:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73
1428:
1368:
1272:
1239:
1207:
1150:
1117:
727:
with their shields against the attackers. Some Daylamites would use javelins with burning
602:
513:
497:
481:
381:
The equipment of the Dailamites of the Sasanian army included swords, shield, battle-axe (
318:
272:
87:
60:
1098:
981:. Publishing House of Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. p. 47.
896:
The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives
477:
138:
1333:
1329:
1109:
816:
806:
678:
654:
634:
547:
462:
349:. This Buya was a native of Daylam, which is proven by the fact that he bore the title
288:
284:
181:
76:
41:
665:
1464:
1325:
811:
723:, and had tall shields painted in gray colours. In battle, they would usually form a
670:
580:
573:
493:
153:
123:
103:
99:
558:. From 912/3 to 916/7, a Daylamite soldier, Ali ibn Wahsudhan, was chief of police (
1360:
1268:
780:
184:
and Christian sources indicate that the Daylamites originally arrived from eastern
127:
83:
1441:
1391:
1295:
1243:
1211:
1197:
1173:
1121:
894:
847:
1277:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia
1146:
768:
724:
613:
569:
539:
441:
72:
1364:
1245:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1213:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
1123:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
783:, the Daylamites were handsome and had beards. According to the author of the
761:
720:
485:
401:
393:
302:
173:
142:
119:
1443:
Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa
1352:
642:
458:
413:
370:
362:
325:
280:
216:
95:
645:, the Daylamites and Gilites "lived by the rule laid down by the mythical
794:
703:
646:
334:
246:
220:
185:
111:
17:
776:
757:
728:
716:
565:
419:
Some Muslim sources maintain that following the Sasanian defeat in the
224:
115:
789:, the Daylamite women took part in agriculture like men. According to
1375:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586.
1279:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 342–347.
1157:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 499–503.
560:
500:, made a point of celebrating old Iranian and Zoroastrian festivals.
454:
354:
333:
The descendants of Gushnasp were still ruling until in ca. 520, when
208:
189:
169:
165:
157:
64:
1418:. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
1155:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/5: Armenia and Iran IV–Art in Iran I
977:
Farrokh, Kaveh; Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2018).
936:
775:, but only a few horses. They also grew rice, fished, and produced
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
664:
551:
507:
489:
435:
366:
358:
338:
324:
312:
193:
177:
148:
137:
291:
to fight the newly established Sasanian Empire. According to the
1396:. London and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–558.
772:
745:
408:
as part of his guard. They also distinguished themselves at the
250:
68:
329:
A depiction of a Daylamite cavalryman from an Iranian textbook.
979:
A Synopsis of Sasanian Military Organization and Combat Units
731:. A poetic portrayal of Daylamite armed combat is present in
260:
254:
465:
were considered the worst enemies of the Arab Muslims. The
629:
The Daylamites were most likely adherents of some form of
1373:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II
1025:
The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
760:, which may have played a part in the evolution of the
702:"lion’s heart", etc. The medieval Persian geographer
385:), slings, daggers, pikes, and two-pronged javelins (
690:, as originally interpreted) corresponds to Persian
616:
and using their spears and battle-axes from behind.
1393:Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era
1319:
192:, where Iranian ethnolinguistic groups, including
1199:The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946-447/1055
531:, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale.
357:, the Daylamite military commander who conquered
1048:
1046:
1044:
653:had spread among them due to the activities of
82:The Daylamites were warlike people skilled in
1216:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press.
940:
8:
86:. They were employed as soldiers during the
1267:Madelung, Wilferd; Felix, Wolfgang (1995).
972:
970:
1339:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
392:Daylamites also took part in the siege of
279:(r. 208–224) summoned all the troops from
75:, now comprising the southeastern half of
1009:
1007:
412:and in the battles against the forces of
317:Map showing Daylam (far right) under the
297:, during this period, Daylam, Gilan, and
164:The Daylamites lived in the highlands of
1412:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
1147:"ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period"
1077:
396:in 552. They supported the rebellion of
27:Medieval Iranian people of northern Iran
838:
337:(r. 488–531) appointed his eldest son,
1236:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
1097:; Margoliouth, David S., eds. (1921).
587:also employed them as elite infantry.
406:an elite detachment of 4000 Daylamites
369:. The 6th-century Byzantine historian
156:located to the southeast of Daylam in
1425:"ARABIA ii. The Sasanians and Arabia"
1414:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.).
961:
67:—the mountainous regions of northern
7:
1433:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
207:similar to that of the neighbouring
606:
595:
98:. In the 10th century some adopted
53:
1435:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
872:Dadagi, Farnbagh. Bahar, Mehrdad.
669:Artistic rendering of a Daylamite
25:
952:Farrokh (2007), pp. 201, 224, 231
711:Customs, equipment and appearance
353:, a Daylamite title also used by
1446:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
633:, while a minority of them were
529:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
846:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990).
265:). In the Middle Persian prose
345:in Byzantine sources) against
268:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
249:, who erroneously calls them "
145:on the western edge of Daylam.
71:on the southwest coast of the
1:
373:described the Daylamites as;
205:Northwestern Iranian language
122:. In the 930s, the Daylamite
1178:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
241:Seleucid and Parthian period
1038:Farrokh (2007), pp. 274-275
361:in 570 during the reign of
259:) instead of "Daylamites" (
102:, then in the 11th century
1497:
1476:Historical Iranian peoples
1250:Cambridge University Press
1128:Cambridge University Press
1104:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1027:, East and West Publishing
261:
255:
1423:Potts, Daniel T. (2012).
1390:Potts, Daniel T. (2014).
1172:Donohue, John J. (2003).
1023:David Wilmshurst (2011),
941:Madelung & Felix 1995
410:Yemeni campaign of Wahriz
130:in the mid-11th century.
92:Muslim conquest of Persia
1416:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
1294:Price, Massoume (2005).
1145:Bosworth, C. E. (1986).
899:. Multilingual Matters.
733:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
694:"chaser of wild asses",
404:, but he later employed
271:, the last ruler of the
180:. However, the earliest
1440:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
1347:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1114:"Iran under the Buyids"
504:The Daylamite expansion
472:Shortly after 781, the
432:Resistance to the Arabs
421:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
1297:Iran's diverse peoples
1001:Farrokh (2007), p. 269
674:
532:
525:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
484:(r. 785–809), several
449:
330:
322:
161:
146:
677:The name of the king
668:
511:
439:
328:
316:
152:
141:
1252:. pp. 198–249.
1130:. pp. 250–305.
754:Mourning of Muharram
568:during the reign of
347:Vakhtang I of Iberia
134:Origins and language
1013:Price (2005), p. 42
943:, pp. 342–347.
639:Nestorian Christian
517:(1256) depicted in
444:of Iran during the
675:
651:Church of the East
533:
450:
446:Iranian Intermezzo
331:
323:
236:Pre-Islamic period
162:
147:
104:Fatimid Isma'ilism
1481:History of Talysh
1453:978-3-447-03652-8
1382:978-0-71009-129-1
1307:978-1-57607-993-5
1286:978-1-56859-022-6
1223:978-0-306-81740-3
1194:Kabir, Mafizullah
1164:978-0-71009-105-5
1095:Amedroz, Henry F.
988:978-83-62447-22-0
906:978-1-85359-509-7
859:978-0-7914-0221-4
822:Fayruz Al Daylami
554:tribesmen of the
520:Jami' al-tawarikh
467:Abbasid Caliphate
461:, Daylamites and
114:who espoused the
108:Nizari Isma'ilism
106:and subsequently
16:(Redirected from
1488:
1457:
1436:
1429:Yarshater, Ehsan
1419:
1407:
1386:
1369:Yarshater, Ehsan
1356:
1323:
1311:
1290:
1273:Yarshater, Ehsan
1263:
1240:Frye, Richard N.
1227:
1203:
1189:
1168:
1151:Yarshater, Ehsan
1141:
1118:Frye, Richard N.
1105:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
974:
965:
959:
953:
950:
944:
938:
911:
910:
883:
877:
870:
864:
863:
843:
631:Iranian paganism
608:
597:
294:Letter of Tansar
264:
263:
258:
257:
203:, a now-extinct
201:Daylami language
55:
21:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1359:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1266:
1260:
1230:
1224:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1144:
1138:
1110:Bosworth, C. E.
1108:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1065:
1061:Bosworth (1975)
1060:
1056:
1052:Bosworth (1986)
1051:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
996:
989:
976:
975:
968:
960:
956:
951:
947:
939:
914:
907:
885:
884:
880:
871:
867:
860:
845:
844:
840:
835:
803:
779:. According to
750:Mu'izz al-Dawla
713:
663:
641:. According to
627:
622:
561:ṣāḥib al-shurṭa
514:Siege of Alamut
506:
482:Harun al-Rashid
434:
429:
319:Sasanian Empire
311:
309:Sasanian period
273:Parthian Empire
243:
238:
233:
199:They spoke the
172:range, between
136:
88:Sasanian Empire
63:inhabiting the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1420:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1357:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1264:
1258:
1228:
1222:
1204:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1142:
1136:
1106:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1054:
1040:
1031:
1015:
1003:
994:
987:
966:
964:, p. 165.
954:
945:
912:
905:
878:
865:
858:
837:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
817:Lambsar Castle
814:
809:
807:Rudkhan Castle
802:
799:
786:Hudud al-'Alam
752:, popularized
712:
709:
662:
659:
655:John of Dailam
626:
623:
621:
618:
505:
502:
463:Turkic peoples
433:
430:
428:
427:Islamic period
425:
379:
378:
310:
307:
305:(r. 224–242).
289:Padishkhwargar
287:, Daylam, and
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
196:, live today.
168:, part of the
135:
132:
77:Gilan Province
61:Iranian people
42:Middle Persian
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1493:
1482:
1479:
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1474:
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1466:
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1445:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1403:9780199330799
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Nagel, Tilman
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:0-521-20093-8
1255:
1251:
1248:. Cambridge:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:Kennedy, Hugh
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:90-04-12860-3
1181:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1137:0-521-20093-8
1133:
1129:
1126:. Cambridge:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1078:Minorsky 1965
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
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973:
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913:
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902:
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892:
888:
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879:
875:
869:
866:
861:
855:
851:
850:
842:
839:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:Alamut Castle
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
787:
782:
778:
777:silk textiles
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
739:
738:Vis and Rāmin
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
672:
667:
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619:
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499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
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468:
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460:
456:
447:
443:
442:Caspian coast
438:
431:
426:
424:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Bahrām Chōbin
395:
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154:Alamut Castle
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124:Buyid dynasty
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35:
30:
19:
1442:
1432:
1415:
1392:
1372:
1344:
1337:
1316:Minorsky, V.
1300:. ABC-CLIO.
1296:
1276:
1269:"DEYLAMITES"
1244:
1232:Madelung, W.
1212:
1198:
1174:
1154:
1122:
1099:
1057:
1034:
1024:
1018:
997:
978:
957:
948:
895:
891:Gorter, Durk
881:
873:
868:
848:
841:
784:
781:al-Muqaddasi
766:
743:
736:
714:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:infantryman.
628:
609:
598:
589:
576:
559:
537:
534:
518:
512:
486:Shia Muslims
478:Shubhalishoʿ
471:
451:
418:
394:Archaeopolis
391:
386:
382:
380:
350:
342:
332:
292:
266:
244:
198:
163:
128:Seljuk Turks
84:close combat
81:
56:
45:
37:
33:
31:
29:
1334:Schacht, J.
1330:Pellat, Ch.
887:Extra, Guus
876:. Tus, 1991
769:agriculture
721:battle axes
635:Zoroastrian
614:shield wall
570:al-Muqtadir
540:Royal Guard
440:Map of the
277:Artabanus V
215:historians
182:Zoroastrian
96:Zaidi Islam
73:Caspian Sea
1471:Daylamites
1465:Categories
1343:Volume II:
962:Potts 2014
874:Bundahishn
833:References
827:Al-Daylami
791:Rudhrawari
585:Ghaznavids
583:army, and
550:, and the
544:Khorasanis
402:Khosrow II
303:Ardashir I
174:Tabaristan
143:Rainforest
120:Shia Islam
100:Isma'ilism
59:) were an
57:Deylamiyān
46:Daylamīgān
38:Dailamites
34:Daylamites
1353:495469475
1326:Lewis, B.
1029:, p. 166.
692:gōr-angēz
643:al-Biruni
556:Maghariba
548:Farghanis
474:Nestorian
459:al-Tabari
414:Justin II
383:tabar-zīn
371:Procopius
363:Khosrow I
355:Khurrazad
262:Δελυμαῖοι
217:Procopius
213:Byzantine
188:near the
18:Daylamite
1365:"BUYIDS"
1363:(1990).
1336:(eds.).
1321:"Daylam"
1318:(1965).
1234:(1975).
1210:(2007).
1196:(1964).
1112:(1975).
893:(2001).
801:See also
795:endogamy
771:and had
717:javelins
704:Estakhri
700:Shēr-dil
696:Shēr-zil
688:Kūrānkīj
684:Gōrāngēj
625:Religion
552:Egyptian
498:Ziyarids
496:and the
400:against
335:Kavadh I
285:Damavand
256:Ἐλυμαῖοι
251:Elamites
247:Polybius
225:javelins
221:Agathias
186:Anatolia
118:sect of
112:Safavids
1431:(ed.).
1371:(ed.).
1275:(ed.).
1242:(ed.).
1153:(ed.).
1120:(ed.).
1088:Sources
762:ta'zieh
758:Baghdad
729:naphtha
649:." The
647:Afridun
620:Culture
592:Persian
566:Isfahan
231:History
209:Gilites
116:Twelver
54:دیلمیان
50:Persian
1450:
1400:
1379:
1351:
1332:&
1304:
1283:
1256:
1220:
1182:
1161:
1134:
985:
903:
856:
610:mizrāq
603:Arabic
599:zhūpīn
581:Seljuq
546:, the
494:Buyids
455:Qazvin
387:zhūpīn
351:wahriz
190:Tigris
170:Alborz
166:Daylam
158:Alamut
65:Daylam
1427:. In
1367:. In
1324:. In
1271:. In
1238:. In
1149:. In
1116:. In
773:herds
686:(not
671:Buyid
661:Names
607:مزراق
601:; in
596:ژوپین
574:Buyid
564:) in
490:Alids
476:monk
367:Islam
359:Yemen
339:Kawus
299:Ruyan
194:Zazas
178:Gilan
1448:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1349:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1101:Ta'i
983:ISBN
901:ISBN
854:ISBN
746:Iraq
725:wall
719:and
679:Muta
637:and
577:amīr
343:Boes
219:and
176:and
69:Iran
32:The
1345:C–G
756:in
735:'s
698:to
523:by
389:).
281:Ray
253:" (
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1467::
1341:.
1328:;
1066:^
1043:^
1006:^
969:^
915:^
889:;
797:.
764:.
748:,
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527:.
416:.
283:,
275:,
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1406:.
1385:.
1355:.
1310:.
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1226:.
1202:.
1188:.
1167:.
1140:.
1080:.
991:.
909:.
862:.
448:.
321:.
160:.
40:(
20:)
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