663:
702:). It is also advisable to avoid words with negative connotations. The authors describe studies which have shown that people abhor incomplete explanations – they write "In the absence of a better explanation, opt for the wrong explanation". It is important to fill in conceptual gaps, and to explain the cause of the misconception in the first place. The authors believe these techniques can reduce the odds of a "backfire" – that an attempt to debunk bad science will increase the audience's belief in misconceptions.
1581:, September 1, 1986, "Randi began his campaign against fakes in earnest in 1964, during a stint as the host of a radio talk show in Manhattan. He had become disturbed by the number of listeners phoning in with such flummery as tales of self-styled clairvoyants' uncannily correct forecasts. Gradually, his work as a debunker began to rival his show-business career, gathering momentum in the early 1970s, when Uri Geller caught Randi's attention."
1307:, November 3, 2007, "Houdini himself wouldn’t have believed in his second coming anyway, because he didn’t believe in spirit manifestations. In fact, he spent much of his life and career debunking spiritualists and mediums – an admirable mission that history and forensic specialists now tell us probably led to his untimely death at the age of 52."
694:
people's familiarity with the facts." They recommend providing fewer and clearer arguments, considering that more people recall a message when it is simpler and easier to read. "Less is more" is especially important because scientific truths can get overwhelmingly detailed; pictures, graphs, and memorable tag lines all help keep things simple.
708:, 2020, explains that "backfire effects occur only occasionally and the risk of occurrence is lower in most situations than once thought". The authors recommend to "not refrain from attempting to debunk or correct misinformation out of fear that doing so will backfire or increase beliefs in false information".
693:
Cook and
Lewandowsky offer possible solutions to the backfire effects as described in different psychological studies. They recommend spending little or no time describing misconceptions because people cannot help but remember ideas that they have heard before. They write "Your goal is to increase
84:
If debunkers are not careful, their communications may backfire – increasing an audience's long-term belief in myths. Backfire effects can occur if a message spends too much time on the negative case, if it is too complex, or if the message is threatening.
200:
cult then widely popular in the Roman Empire. He described
Alexander's alleged miracles as tricks, including the appearance of the god Glycon being an elaborate puppet. Lucian also describes him as using thuggery against critics to silence them, including
697:
The authors write that debunkers should try to build up people's egos in some way before confronting false beliefs because it is difficult to consider ideas that threaten one's worldviews (i.e., threatening ideas cause
352:
with the online pseudonym "Thunderf00t" (also "VoiceofThunder"), who debunks various snake-oil merchants and fundraiser campaigns for certain products, using basic scientific understanding, e.g. the laws of
148:
The term "debunkery" is not limited to arguments about scientific validity; it is also used in a more general sense at attempts to discredit any opposing point of view, such as that of a political opponent.
670:
warn that a failed debunking can actually worsen misconceptions. They recommend simple, positive, and emotionally sensitive education (e.g., bolstering the learner's ego, or avoiding threatening words).
605:
485:
who has authored, coauthored or contributed to over twenty books and written over a thousand articles and columns debunking topics such as urban legends, unexplained mysteries and the paranormal.
686:, in which they warn that debunking efforts may backfire. Backfire effects occur when science communicators accidentally reinforce false beliefs by trying to correct them, a phenomenon known as
1521:
240:
is a professional magician and
Houdini expert and historian. Has been put in charge of Houdini's grave site, and is the founder of The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
371:
is a debunker of viral videos and hoaxes on the
Internet, usually deconstructing them and explaining the post production techniques and software used to create the illusions.
1361:
1850:
Weaver, K.; Garcia, S.M.; Schwarz, N.; Miller, D.T. (2007). "Inferring the popularity of an opinion from its familiarity: A repetitive voice sounds like a chorus".
1274:
601:
357:, to show that the advertised things simply make no sense and cannot deliver what is promised. He is known for criticising religion, pseudoscience, creationism,
422:
1694:
1251:
1164:
1668:
411:
to counter public misconceptions about astronomy and space science, providing critical analysis of pseudoscientific theories related to these subjects.
395:
are an entertainment team who often demystify magic tricks and illusions. They have also debunked many other aspects of popular belief on their show,
1531:
1406:
36:
is a person or organization that exposes or discredits claims believed to be false, exaggerated, or pretentious. The term is often associated with
1774:
1191:
1965:
Hardisty, D.J.; Johnson, E.J.; Weber, E.U. (1999). "A dirty word or a dirty world?: Attribute framing, political affiliation, and query theory".
984:
561:
1658:, Oct 24, 2004, "Carl Sagan, the Pulitzer Prize-winning astronomer, was among the Hills' debunkers, yet he considered their story noteworthy."
99:
traces the passage of the words "bunk" (noun), "debunk" (verb) and "debunker" (noun) into
American English in 1923 as a belated outgrowth of "
278:
which has the mission of improving the skeptical content of
Knowledge (XXG). She has focused her skeptical activism at debunking celebrity
757:"to expose or excoriate (a claim, assertion, sentiment, etc.) as being pretentious, false, or exaggerated: to debunk advertising slogans."
1902:
1784:
1603:
1468:
890:
831:
611:
112:
1887:
Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public information campaigns
1138:
1041:
938:, April 1, 2002, "That is coincidence, said Dr. Stephen Barrett of Allentown, a veteran debunker and operator of Quackwatch.com."
1380:
1949:
1633:
566:
528:
496:
104:
1370:, April 4, 1991, "As debunkers, they seek to remove the mystique from magic, to demonstrate the digitation behind the presti."
1112:
407:
is an astronomer and science writer whose speciality is fighting pseudoscience related to space and astronomy. He established
1303:
77:
1011:
1336:
678:
and John Cook, Climate
Communication Fellow for the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland (and author at
75:
According to the
Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "debunk" is defined as: "to expose the sham or falseness of." The
855:
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1920:
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95:
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722:
116:
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1918:
Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (June 2010). "When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions".
1575:
The wizard gets a windfall – even the
Amazing Randi needs advice on how to keep his $ 272,000 prize from vanishing
193:
1815:
Skurnik, I.; Yoon, C.; Park, D.; Schwarz, N. (2005). "How warnings about false claims become recommendations".
131:
1243:
621:
has released several publications also debunking 9/11 conspiracy theories, in particular those mentioned in
547:
315:
243:
2089:
1623:
905:
921:"Alexander the False Prophet," translated with annotation by A. M. Harmon, Loeb Classical Library, 1936.
657:
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103:". The first recorded use of the words was in 1828, apparently related to a poorly received "speech for
37:
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301:
1275:"Should naturopaths be restricted from treating children after tragic death of Alberta toddler?"
948:
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2079:
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1982:
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1654:
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1458:
886:
837:
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818:
717:
679:
617:
578:
368:
1165:"Wikapediatrician Susan Gerbic discusses her Guerrilla Skepticism on Knowledge (XXG) project"
2056:
2021:
1974:
1929:
1890:
1859:
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478:
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2010:"Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation"
1049:
426:
362:
354:
325:
265:
261:
168:
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81:
defines "debunk" as "expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief)".
65:
1894:
2073:
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586:
500:
464:
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283:
275:
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225:
741:
1701:. Cognitive Science Laboratories, University of Western Australia. Archived from
1113:"'Skeptical Inquirer' Magazine Names the Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the Century"
1019:
1591:
1553:
590:
573:
460:
380:
305:
291:
287:
1863:
258:
has debunked both supposed UFO cases and debunking attempts on other UFO cases.
1933:
1889:. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 39. pp. 127–161.
1751:"The Backfire Effect: More on the press’s inability to debunk bad information"
1724:
1431:
867:
630:
488:
472:
404:
345:
215:
134:
45:
1978:
1460:
Disenchanting India: Organized
Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India
1072:
841:
1578:
358:
321:
138:
123:
2035:
1986:
1871:
1362:
Review/Theater; "Penn and Teller Offer Several Variations On a Magic Theme"
2026:
2009:
349:
248:
219:
61:
1652:"Obituaries; Betty Hill, 85; Claim of Abduction by Aliens Led to Fame",
142:
17:
468:
279:
49:
1192:"E! about to debut new show starring a psychic 'grief vampire' "
2060:
1337:"Beakman and Captain Disillusion debunk those "free energy" machines"
635:
197:
185:
163:
100:
1828:
661:
454:
438:
434:
430:
179:
1244:"Inside the Secret Sting Operations to Expose Celebrity Psychics"
537:
is executive director and founder of the non-profit organization
442:
141:
William Woodward (1874–1950), who used it to mean to "take the
264:
was a mathematics and science writer who extensively debunked
606:
World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories
2050:
1407:"James Randi Educational Foundation Names New President"
860:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
949:"Adam Ruins Facebook…. On Facebook - the Shorty Awards"
1885:
Schwarz, N.; Sanna, L.; Skurnik, I.; Yoon, C. (2007).
1317:"Pseudoscience, Skepticism To Make A Close Encounter"
449:) and was known for being the most fierce critic of
1522:"His harshest critics died with a wish unfulfilled"
1432:"NECSS Conference: Phil Plait – The Final Epsilon"
826:. St. Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland.
324:is a psychologist who is known for debunking some
166:debunked divination in his philosophical treatise
2008:Ecker, U.K.; Lewandowsky, S.; Tang, D.T. (2011).
377:was Philip Klass's predecessor in debunking UFOs.
1489:
1487:
1463:. Oxford University Press. pp. 98–99, 101.
1598:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1381:"Moon Hoax Spurs Crusade Against Bad Astronomy"
602:National Institute of Standards and Technology
491:was a noted astronomer who debunked purported
1779:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 109–110.
1554:"An Indian Skeptic's explanation of miracles"
1217:"Grief Vampires Don't Come Out Only at Night"
423:Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations
8:
1852:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1624:"Santa Fe 'Courthouse Ghost' Mystery Solved"
1223:. The Center for Inquiry. January 20, 2016
2025:
481:is an American writer, investigator, and
27:Person or group discrediting false claims
1171:. The Center for Inquiry. March 8, 2013
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
932:"Area parents seek answer for Autism",
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
733:
369:Alan Melikdjanian (Captain Disillusion)
276:Guerrilla Skepticism on Knowledge (XXG)
178:debunked the claims of astrologers and
1254:from the original on February 26, 2019
562:American Council on Science and Health
527:podcast, a science activist, and is a
308:having once practised as a naturopath.
1139:"Skeptical Connections: Susan Gerbic"
234:which debunks several misconceptions.
7:
1802:The Art of Scientific Investigation
268:in his magazine articles and books.
1749:Silverman, Craig (June 17, 2011).
817:Cook, J.; Lewandowsky, S. (2011).
792:The New Oxford American Dictionary
612:James Randi Educational Foundation
25:
1776:Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
1190:Coyne, Jerry (January 21, 2016).
196:(c. 105 – c. 170 CE) who led the
1804:. New York: Norton. p. 106.
1675:. TodayTonight. January 31, 2010
1273:Kirkey, Sharon (April 4, 2016).
1242:Hitt, Jack (February 26, 2019).
40:of controversial topics such as
1773:Baumeister, R. F., ed. (2007).
1634:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1496:"Sai Baba: God-man or con man?"
674:Australian Professorial Fellow
567:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
529:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
497:Betty and Barney Hill abduction
105:Buncombe County, North Carolina
1494:Datta, Tanya (June 17, 2004).
1010:Weiss, Eric (August 5, 2011).
425:, has exposed various Indian "
334:was a pioneer in the field of
78:New Oxford American Dictionary
1:
2049:Lewandowsky, Stephan (2020).
1895:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39003-X
1520:Sushil Rao (April 25, 2011).
1335:Blevins, Joe (June 7, 2016).
1299:Houdini and the spiritualists
274:is the founder and leader of
228:hosted the television series
1817:Journal of Consumer Research
1800:Beveridge, W. I. B. (1950).
1632:, vol. 31, no. 5,
1073:"The Zeta Reticuli Incident"
471:and others claiming to have
398:Penn & Teller: Bullshit!
96:American Heritage Dictionary
723:List of scientific skeptics
304:is a prominent debunker of
190:Alexander the False Prophet
117:16th United States Congress
2106:
1864:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.821
1756:Columbia Journalism Review
1622:(September–October 2007),
881:Woodward, William (1923).
655:
192:against mystic and oracle
1934:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
885:. Harper & Brothers.
746:Dictionary.com Unabridged
545:of the group's magazine,
383:writes regularly for the
194:Alexander of Abonoteichus
1979:10.1177/0956797609355572
910:Doctrma Nummorum veterum
862:(4th ed.). Boston:
182:philosophers (c. 160 CE)
68:areas of scientific, or
1457:Johannes Quack (2011).
1012:"10 To Start: Skeptoid"
593:, test the validity of
336:skeptical investigation
38:skeptical investigation
2014:Memory & Cognition
1952:July 30, 2014, at the
1042:"Skeptoid in Chinese!"
906:Joseph Hilarius Eckhel
866:. 2000. Archived from
820:The Debunking Handbook
794:, second edition, 2005
768:"Definition of debunk"
706:The Debunking Handbook
671:
519:is prior president of
218:and writes on medical
1967:Psychological Science
1695:"Stephan Lewandowsky"
1669:"Power Balance Tests"
1596:Mysterious New Mexico
1534:on September 28, 2013
665:
658:Science communication
638:debunks or validates
556:Notable organizations
246:produces the podcast
231:Adam Ruins Everything
2027:10.3758/MC.38.8.1087
1729:skepticalscience.com
1705:on November 25, 2011
1071:Dickinson, Terence.
700:cognitive dissonance
646:The Skeptics Society
539:The Skeptics Society
58:alternative medicine
2085:Conspiracy theories
1761:Columbia University
1731:. Skeptical Science
1438:. November 27, 2013
1052:on October 27, 2016
991:on October 22, 2015
983:Williams, Michael.
772:Merriam-webster.com
688:belief perseverance
676:Stephan Lewandowsky
666:The authors of the
577:, a program on the
521:Australian Skeptics
510:Worlds in Collision
505:Immanuel Velikovsky
348:is a scientist and
188:wrote a book named
54:conspiracy theories
2052:Debunking Handbook
1921:Political Behavior
1629:Skeptical Inquirer
1527:The Times of India
1387:. January 11, 2001
1385:The New York Times
1367:The New York Times
1022:on January 8, 2017
912:, ii. pp. 383, 384
684:Debunking Handbook
672:
668:Debunking Handbook
386:Skeptical Inquirer
302:Britt Marie Hermes
122:The term "debunk"
1655:Los Angeles Times
1620:Radford, Benjamin
1592:Radford, Benjamin
1411:Archive.randi.org
1304:Summit Daily News
1119:on March 25, 2008
1016:Skepticsonthe.net
870:on April 6, 2008.
718:The True Believer
680:Skeptical Science
618:Popular Mechanics
579:Discovery Channel
473:paranormal powers
393:Penn & Teller
326:parapsychological
153:Notable debunkers
64:, exploratory or
16:(Redirected from
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2065:
2064:
2061:10.17910/b7.1182
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2020:(8): 1087–1100.
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1048:. Archived from
1046:Doubtfulnews.com
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963:"Houdini Museum"
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652:Backfire effects
517:Richard Saunders
493:close encounters
479:Benjamin Radford
415:Basava Premanand
409:Badastronomy.com
256:Stanton Friedman
238:Dorothy Dietrich
176:Sextus Empiricus
145:out of things".
126:in a 1923 novel
70:pseudoscientific
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583:special effects
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543:editor-in-chief
535:Michael Shermer
451:Sathya Sai Baba
212:Stephen Barrett
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111:representative
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1928:(2): 303–330.
1910:
1904:978-0120152391
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1858:(5): 821–833.
1842:
1829:10.1086/426605
1823:(4): 713–724.
1807:
1792:
1786:978-1412916707
1785:
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1699:psy.uwa.edu.au
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1605:978-0826354501
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1248:New York Times
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1284:December 3,
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591:Adam Savage
574:MythBusters
461:James Randi
381:Joe Nickell
306:naturopathy
296:Thomas John
292:Tyler Henry
288:Chip Coffey
115:during the
107:" given by
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2074:Categories
1442:January 8,
1391:January 8,
1347:January 8,
1227:January 8,
1221:CSICOP.org
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1169:CSICOP.org
1149:January 8,
1123:January 8,
1082:January 8,
1056:January 8,
1026:January 8,
777:January 8,
742:"Debunker"
729:References
656:See also:
631:Quackwatch
489:Carl Sagan
469:"psychics"
405:Phil Plait
346:Phil Mason
280:"psychics"
216:Quackwatch
172:in 44 BCE.
135:journalist
124:originated
72:research.
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44:, claimed
1837:145120950
1639:April 10,
1579:CNN Money
1341:A.V. Club
1077:NICAP.org
842:768864362
359:Hyperloop
322:Ray Hyman
314:debunked
139:historian
89:Etymology
2080:Skeptics
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1950:Archived
1942:10715114
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1679:June 17,
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1476:June 27,
1252:Archived
856:"debunk"
712:See also
503:such as
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417:founded
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328:studies.
282:such as
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180:dogmatic
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548:Skeptic
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455:frauds
439:swamis
435:sadhus
431:fakirs
365:, etc.
206:Modern
198:Glycon
186:Lucian
164:Cicero
101:bunkum
66:fringe
1991:S2CID
1938:S2CID
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130:, by
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1983:PMID
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