962:, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as the members of the United Slavs. Siberian Governor-General Lavinsky argued that it was easiest to control a large, concentrated group of convicts, and Emperor Nicholas I pursued this policy in order to maximize surveillance and to limit revolutionaries’ contact with local populations. Concentration facilitated the guarding of prisoners, but it also allowed the Decembrists to continue to exist as a community. This was especially true at Chita. The move to Petrovsky Zavod, however, forced Decembrists to divide into smaller groups; the new location was compartmentalized with an oppressive sense of order. Convicts could no longer congregate casually. Although nothing could destroy the Decembrists’ conception of fraternity, Petrovsky Zavod forced them to live more private lives. Owing to a number of imperial sentence reductions, exiles started to complete their labor terms years ahead of schedule. The labor was of minimal travail; Stanislav Leparsky, commandant of Petrovsky Zavod, failed to enforce Decembrists’ original labor sentences, and criminal convicts carried out much of the work in place of the revolutionaries. Most Decembrists left Petrovsky Zavod between 1835 and 1837, settling in or near Irkutsk, Minusinsk, Kurgan, Tobol’sk, Turinsk, and Yalutorovsk. Those Decembrists who had already lived in or visited Siberia, such as Dimitri Zavalishin, prospered upon leaving Petrovsky Zavod's confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life.
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other foreign languages, arts and crafts, and musical instruments. They established "academies" made up of libraries, schools, and symposia. In their settlements, Decembrists were fierce advocates of education, and founded many schools for natives, the first of which opened at
Nerchinsk. Schools were also founded for women, and soon exceeded capacity. Decembrists contributed greatly to the field of agriculture, introducing previously unknown crops such as vegetables, tobacco, rye, buckwheat, and barley, and advanced agricultural methods such as hothouse cultivation. Trained doctors among the political exiles promoted and organized medical aid. The homes of prominent exiles like Prince Sergei Volkonsky and Prince Sergei Trubetskoi became social centers of their locales. All throughout Siberia, the Decembrists sparked an intellectual awakening: literary writings, propaganda, newspapers, and books from European Russia began to circulate the eastern provinces, the local population developing a capacity for critical political observation. The Decembrists even held a certain influence within Siberian administration; Dimitry Zavalishin played a critical role in developing and advocating Russian Far East policy. Although the Decembrists lived in isolation, their scholarly activities encompassed Siberia at large, including its culture, economy, administration, population, geography, botany, and ecology. Despite restricted circumstances, the Decembrists accomplished an extraordinary amount, and their work was deeply appreciated by Siberians.
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lieutenant. Not only were political and social activities carefully monitored and prevented, there was interference regarding religious convictions. Local clergy accused Prince
Shakhovskoi of "heresy", due to his interest in natural sciences. Authorities investigated and restrained other Decembrists for not attending church. The regime thoroughly censored all correspondences, especially communication with relatives. Messages were scrupulously reviewed by both officials in Siberia and the Third Division of the political intelligence service at Saint Petersburg. This screening process necessitated dry, careful wording on the part of Decembrists. In the words of Bestuzhev, correspondence bore a "lifeless ... imprint of officiality." Under the settlement regime, allowances were extremely meager. Certain Decembrists, including the Volkonskys, the Murav’yovs, and the Trubetskoys, were rich, but the majority of exiles had no money, and were forced to live off a mere 15
1013:'s reforms and salon fashion), wearing peasant dress and socialising with many of his peasant associates with whom he worked the land at his farm in Urik. Maria, equally, established schools, a foundling hospital and a theater for the local population. Sergei returned after 30 years of his exile had elapsed, though his titles and land remained under royal possession. Other exiles preferred to remain in Siberia after their sentences were served, preferring its relative freedom to the stifling intrigues of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and after years of exile there was not much for them to return to. Many Decembrists thrived in exile, in time becoming landowners and farmers. In later years, they became idols of the populist movement of the 1860s and the 1870s as the Decembrists' advocacy of reform (including the abolition of serfdom) won them many admirers, including the writer
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including the right of husbands to live with their wives in privacy. Decembrists managed to gain transfers and allowances through persuasive petitions as well as through the intervention of family members. This process of petitioning, and the resultant concessions made by the tsar and officials, was and would continue to be a standard practice of political exiles in
Siberia. The chain of bureaucratic procedures and orders linking Saint Petersburg to Siberian administration was often circumvented or ignored. These breaks in bureaucracy afforded exiles a small capacity for betterment and activism.
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financially inhibited, others had no family, and many were weak with old age. To many, Siberia had become home. Those that did return to
European Russia did so with enthusiasm for the enforcement of the Emancipation Reforms of 1861. The exile of the Decembrists led to the permanent implantation of an intelligentsia in Siberia. For the first time, a cultural, intellectual, and political elite came to Siberian society as permanent residents; they integrated with the country and participated alongside natives in its development.
710:, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to Konstantin. They expected to be joined by the rest of the troops stationed in Saint Petersburg, but they were disappointed. The revolt was hampered when it was deserted by its supposed leader Prince Trubetskoy. His second-in-command, Colonel Bulatov, also vanished from the scene. After a hurried consultation, the rebels appointed Prince Eugene Obolensky as a replacement leader.
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change on the regime. Their dissatisfaction forced
Nicholas I to turn his attention inward to address the issues of the empire. He included many Decembrists who had joined his forces on the Senate Square and did not ultimately support the revolt in spite of their participation in Decembrist meetings into his government (such as Benkendorf, appointed to supervise the human rights, Muraviev-Vilensky and others). In 1826, Speransky was appointed by Nicholas I to head the
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1009:("Decembrist wife") is a Russian symbol of the devotion of a wife to her husband. Maria Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist leader Sergei Volkonsky, notably followed her husband to his exile in Irkutsk. Despite the spartan conditions of this banishment, Sergei Volkonsky and his wife Maria took opportunities to celebrate the liberalising mode of their exile. Sergei took to wearing an untrimmed beard (rejecting
895:. The journey eastward was fraught with hardship, yet for some it offered refreshing changes in scenery and peoples following imprisonment. Decembrist Nikolay Vasil’yevich Basargin was unwell when he set out from Saint Petersburg, but he recovered his strength on the move; his memoirs depict the journey to Siberia in a cheerful light, full of praise for the "common people" and commanding landscapes.
430:, the reform of ecclesiastic education, and strengthening the government's role in the country's economic development. Speransky's role increased greatly in 1808. From then until 1812, when they feared him as a liberal similar to Napoleon and his invasion, Speransky developed plans for the reorganization of Russia's government. Because of increasing hostility, he was forced to flee into exile.
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537:, and to liberate all peasants without the consent of Russian landlords. They would not be able to influence a government based in Warsaw. Yakushkin intended to kill the emperor even before the revolution. When the society consisting of Russian landlords had refused to kill the emperor based on such rumors, Yakushkin left the society. The more liberal
827:. It took two weeks for the Southern Society to learn of the events in the capital. Meanwhile, other members of the leadership were arrested. The Southern Society, and a nationalistic group called the United Slavs, discussed revolt. When learning of the location of some of the arrested men, the United Slavs freed them by force. One of the freed men,
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and the parliaments in Russia and
Finland would be established in 1905. Finland had a parliament since Alexander I, but the number of electors was limited. The Russian Constitution of 1905 was called "The basic laws" as the Decembrists had called it. Though defeated, the Decembrists did effect some
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Despite extensive restrictions, limitations, and hardships, Decembrists believed that they could improve their situation through personal initiative. A constant stream of petitions came out of
Petrovsky Zavod addressed to General Leparskii and Emperor Nicholas I. Most of the petitions were written by
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Not all
Decembrists could identify with Basargin's positive experience. Because of their lower social standing, "soldier-Decembrists" experienced the emperor's vengeance in full. Sentenced by court-martial, many of these "commoners" received thousands of lashes. Those that survived went to Siberia on
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During their time in exile, the
Decembrists fundamentally influenced Siberian life. Their presence was most definitely felt culturally and economically, political activity being so far removed from the "pulse of national life" so as to be negligible. While in Petrovsky Zavod, Decembrists taught each
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was considered from the very beginning; for that purpose, a majority of the nobility was to be invited in order to petition the
Emperor about it. This was later thought of on many occasions, but we soon came to realize that the nobility could not be persuaded. And as time went on we became even more
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the throne from Konstantin. On December 26th, Northern Society members led a force of approximately 3,000 troops into Senate Square to prevent the loyalty-swearing ceremony and to rally additional soldiers and officers to their cause. This group of rebels, although disorganized due to indecision and
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who had cast aside social privileges and comfort to follow their husbands into exile. These wives joined under the leadership of Princess Mariia Volkonskaia, and by 1832, through relentless petitions, managed to secure for their men formal cancellation of labor requirements, and several privileges,
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to the north. However, they were targeted by the artillery and suffered many casualties. As the ice was broken by the cannon fire, many sank. The revolt in the north came to an end. There was a rumor that during the nighttime, police and loyal army units were detached to clean the city and the Neva
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For hours, there was a stand-off between the 3,000 rebels and the 9,000 loyal troops stationed outside the Senate building, with some desultory shooting from the rebel side. A vast crowd of civilian on-lookers began fraternizing with the rebels but did not join the action. Eventually, Nicholas (the
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confederation-advocating revolutionaries of the "Society of United Slavs". The majority of Decembrists were not members of illegal organizations similar to the participants of palace revolutions. Some were members of the Union of Prosperity only, sympathetic to an official, pro-governmental fairly
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The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had
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3 January] 1826, the rebels met defeat, and the surviving leaders were sent to Saint Petersburg to stand trial with the northern leaders. The Decembrists were taken to the Winter Palace to be interrogated, tried, and convicted. Kakhovsky was executed by hanging, together with four other
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public, and Nicholas stepped forward to assume the throne, the Northern Society acted. With the capital in temporary confusion, and one oath to Konstantin having already been sworn, the society scrambled in secret meetings to convince regimental leaders not to swear allegiance to Nicholas. These
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of serfdom in Baltic provinces. They also supported equality before the law. The Southern Society, under Pestel's influence, was more radical and wanted to abolish the monarchy, establish a republic, similar to the Union of Salvation, and contrary to the Union of Salvation plans, to redistribute
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Upon arrival at places of settlement, exiles had to comply with extensive regulations under a strict governmental regime. Local police watched, regulated, and notated every move that Decembrists attempted to make. Dimitri Zavalishin was thrown into prison for failing to remove his hat before a
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and realization of the suffering of peasant soldiers resulted in Decembrist officers and sympathizers being attracted to reform changes in society. They displayed their contempt of court by rejecting the court lifestyle, wearing their cavalry swords at balls (to indicate their unwillingness to
329:. Neither the Russian government nor the general public were initially aware of Konstantin’s renouncement, and as a result, parts of the military took a premature oath of loyalty to Konstantin. A general swearing of loyalty to the true emperor Nicholas was scheduled for 26 December [
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to the throne, the Decembrists received amnesty, and their rights, privileges were restored. Their children obtained rights, privileges and even titles of their fathers (such as princes) even if their fathers' titles were not restored. However, not all chose to return to the West. Some were
986:(about 16 hectares) of land, the allotment granted to each settler. Decembrists, with little to no knowledge of the land, attempted to eke out a living on wretched soil with next to no equipment. Financial aid from relatives and wealthier comrades saved many; others perished.
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refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them.
592:. They envisioned that it could be replaced with a republic in the future but only according to the will of the people. They also believed there should be a legislative assembly and did not call for the execution of the imperial family. They supported the abolition of
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13 July] 1826, the first party of Decembrist convicts began its exodus to Siberia. Among this group were Prince Trubetskoi, Prince Obolensky, Peter and Andrei Borisov, Prince Volkonsky, and Artamon Muraviev, all of them bound for the mines at
1466:Горбачевский И. И. Записки. Письма. – М., 1963. Нечкина М. В. Общество соединенных славян. – М.; Л., 1927. Оксман Ю. Г. Из истории агитационно-пропагандистской литературы 20-х гг. XIX в. // Очерки из истории движения декабристов: Сб. ст. – М., 1954.
1787:", he also reformed aristocratic culture. Bureaucrats now served the state, wore European dress and had to conform to certain presentational standards (i.e., they must not wear a beard, which was associated with the old aristocracy, or the
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conservative program. But their revolt, unlike previous Romanov palace revolutions, has been considered the beginning of a revolutionary movement. The uprising was the first open breach between the government and reformist elements of the
831:, assumed leadership of the revolt. After converting the soldiers of Vasilkov to the cause, Muraviev-Apostol easily captured the city. The rebelling army was confronted by superior forces that were heavily armed with artillery loaded with
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would not agree to participate in establishing a federation. They wanted a United States-style republic or other state, with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine to be included in a unitary Poland (i.e., more or less the territory of the former
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was instituted between 1816 and 1819. However, internal and external unrest, which the tsar believed stemmed from political liberalization, led to a series of repressions and a return to a former government of restraint and conservatism.
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in peaceful times as threatening to the would-be Russian/United Slavic federation; they only approved the US revolutionary model. While agreeing with Pestel that the American revolutionary model could be the best form for Russia, the
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dance), and committing themselves to academic study. These new practices captured the spirit of the times as a willingness by the Decembrists to embrace both the peasant (i.e., the fundamental Russian people) and ongoing
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Russian law. Under his leadership, the committee produced a publication of the complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, containing 35,993 enactments. This codification called the "Full Collection of Laws"
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To some extent, the Decembrists were in the tradition of a long line of palace revolutionaries of 1725–1825 who wanted to place their candidate on the throne, but many Decembrists also wanted to implement either
385:, was assassinated. The loyalists eventually opened fire with heavy artillery, scattering the rebels. In the aftermath of the coup attempt, many of the rebels were sentenced to hanging, imprisonment, or exile to
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privately renounced his claim to the throne two years prior to Alexander’s death on 1 December 1825. The line of succession therefore fell to their younger brother Nicholas, who would ascend to the throne as
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Fifteen out of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement". These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov,
645:, in the future. This society joined the Southern Society and adopted its program in exchange for the recognition of the Slavic federation zeal by the Southern society in September 1825.
609:) in Ukraine in 1823. Its never-written program was similar to that of the Southern Society but the main emphasis was on the equal federation of Russia (including Ukraine), Poland,
418:'s early liberal reformation of Russian society and politics. Liberalism was encouraged on an official level, creating high expectations during the period of rapprochement between
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Suspicion also fell on several eminent persons who were on friendly terms with the Decembrist leaders and could have been aware of their clandestine organizations, notably
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While the Northern Society scrambled in the days leading up to the revolt, the Southern Society (based in Tulchin) took a serious blow. The day before (25 December [
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Returning from exile in 1819, Speransky was appointed as the governor of Siberia, with the task of reforming local government. In 1818, the tsar asked
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that slipped on the icy cobbles and retired in disorder. Eventually, at the end of the day, Nicholas ordered three artillery pieces to open fire with
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ammunition to devastating effect. To avoid the slaughter, the rebels broke and ran. Some attempted to regroup on the frozen surface of the river
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land, taking half into state ownership and dividing the rest among the peasants. The Society of United Slavs (also known as the Slavic Union –
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788:На этом месте, 13/25 Июля 1826 года, были казнены Декабристы П. Пестель, К. Рылеев, П. Каховский, С. Муравьев-Апостол, М. Бестужев-Рюмин.
545:. It did not have revolutionary plans and the society was called the Union of Prosperity. It was still considered illegal and similar to
497:. They worked to free any slaves and serfs from all countries in Russia immediately. Pestel and his followers opposed the United States'
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Pestel was supported by Yakushkin when there were rumors that the emperor had intended to transfer the capital from Saint Petersburg to
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522:, or of the Faithful and True Sons of the Fatherland. The society acquired a revolutionary cast after it was joined by the idealistic
1394:Дружинин Н. М. Революционное движение в России в XIX веке. М., 1985. С.323. Нечкина М. В. Движение декабристов. Т.1. М., 1955. С.134.
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After spending most of the day in fruitless attempts to parley with the rebel force, Nicholas ordered a cavalry charge by
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Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair as Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",
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Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair As Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",
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Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair As Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",
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Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair as Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",
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Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair As Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",
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A similar liberal reaction followed the Crimean War in 1854 and resulted in the emancipation of the serfs in 1861.
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in 1820, the society decided to suspend activity in 1821. Two groups, however, continued to function secretly: a
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1099:, whose father served together with Decembrists in Ukraine, wrote a long poem about the Decembrist wives; and
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Soldaty – uchastniki zagovora i vosstaniya dekabristov (Солдаты – участники заговора и восстания декабристов)
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19 November] 1825, the royal guards swore allegiance to the presumed successor, Alexander's brother
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Wives of many Decembrists, as well as some nieces and sisters, followed their husbands into exile. The term
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and Prince Eugene Obolensky. The political aims of the more moderate Northern Society were a British-style
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convinced, when the Ukrainian nobility absolutely rejected a similar project of their military governor.
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The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance
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The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance
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building in the presence of a large civilian crowd. A standoff ensued, during which Nicholas' envoy,
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David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page xiv
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When Peter introduced a more systematic form of administration in the Russian Empire through the "
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may also have influenced Decembrists, as they did other nations. The constitution written by
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Inscription on the monument to the Decembrists at the execution site in Saint Petersburg.
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Rabow-Edling, Susanna (May 2007). "The Decembrists and the Concept of a Civic Nation".
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Baumann, Robert (2009). "The Decembrist Revolt and its Aftermath: Values in Conflict".
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efforts culminated in the Decembrist Revolt. The leaders of the society elected Prince
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1950:]. Translated by Garnett, Constance. New York: The Modern Library. p. 75.
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placed the profiles of executed Decembrists on the cover of his radical periodical
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started writing a novel on that liberal movement, which would later evolve into
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706:, Grenadier Life Guards Regiment, and Naval Equipage of the Guard) assembled in
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2012:
1421:"Павел Иванович Пестель | Государственное управление в России в портретах"
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14 December], a group of officers commanding about 3,000 men (elements of
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dissension among its leaders, confronted troops loyal to Nicholas outside the
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1982:, in: Dekabristy i ih vremya (Декабристы и их время), vol. 4. Moscow: VOPSP.
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1202:(3): 21–32 – via Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation.
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Grey, Ian. (1973) "The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries, 1825"
1527:"Декабрист Евгений Оболенский о подготовке восстания на Сенатской площади"
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Her Sovereign Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna's Chevalier Guard Regiment
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This article is about the Russian revolt. For the Argentinian revolt, see
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The Shadow of the Winter Palace: Russia's Drift to Revolution, 1825–1917
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and Alexander. The major advocate for reform in Alexander's regime was
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river, as many of the dead, dying, and wounded had been cast into it.
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13 December]), acting on reports of treason, the police arrested
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Russia's Failed Revolutions: From the Decembrists to the Dissidents
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Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to
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with the rebels. Miloradovich was fatally shot in the back by
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
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revolutionaries, nobles, and military officials, organized a
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
2088:, 294 p. (Translation from the Russian by Cynthia Carlile.)
1865:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 256–260
1839:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 252–255
1826:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 243–247
1706:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 231–232
1565:. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. p. 280.
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Conspiracy Against the Tsar: A Portrait of the Decembrists
1732:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 303–304
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new tsar) appeared in person at the square and sent Count
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14 December] 1825, following the sudden death of
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Whittock, Michael. "Russia's December Revolution, 1825"
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Notes of Prince S.P. Trubetskoy (Saint Petersburg, 1906)
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1644:
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1852:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 259
1813:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 244
1761:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 243
1719:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 233
1693:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 228
1636:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 213
1623:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 227
1434:в 20:42, Александр Федотиков 12 09 2016 (4 July 2020).
617:, Transylvania, Hungary (including Slovakia, Slovenia,
372:, it sought to convince the military that Nicholas was
1680:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 209
1667:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 274
1579:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 210
1371:
The Decembrist Pavel Pestel: Russia's First Republican
678:
When Emperor Alexander I died on 1 December [
1515:Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола
1402:
1400:
1302:"The Declaration of Independence: A View from Russia"
772:
Monument to the Decembrists at the execution site in
401:
368:. To seize control of the government and implement a
274:
572:, in which Pestel was the outstanding figure, and a
286:'Uprising of the Decembrists') was a failed
27:
1825 revolt and attempted coup in the Russian Empire
1436:"Общество соединённых славян – народные декабристы"
726:while delivering a public address, then stabbed by
576:, based at Saint Petersburg, led by guard officers
37:"Decembrist" redirects here. For other uses, see
2113:(Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp 656–663 online.
1355:"Опыт США и конституционные проекты декабристов"
1139:or a moderate conservatism contrary to the more
734:, led by Lieutenant Nikolay Panov, entered the
466:
48:
1143:, centralizing program of Pavel Pestel or the
1119:(The Decembrists), about the revolt, with the
1041:would continue for almost a century, although
1037:With the failure of the Decembrists, Russia's
613:(including Bessarabia) with the attachment of
2154:Sherman, Russell & Pearce, Robert (2002)
2096:Natasha's Dance: a Cultural History of Russia
1925:"Декабристы: Становление // Николай Троицкий"
1740:
1738:
786:
8:
1241:A People's History of the Russian Revolution
843:leading Decembrists: Pavel Pestel; the poet
605:) was established in Novohrad-Volynsky (now
468:The desirability of granting freedom to the
1452:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1095:addressed poems to his Decembrist friends;
414:At first, many officers were encouraged by
1290:Pestel, quoted in A.G. Mazour (1937), p. 8
899:foot, chained alongside common criminals.
410:Union of Salvation and Union of Prosperity
45:
730:. At the same time, a rebelling squad of
541:created a new charter similar to that of
479:United States Declaration of Independence
342:confusing transition into Nicholas' reign
2216:Online Museum of the Decembrist movement
1874:Arthur Jacobs and Stanley Sadie (1996)
1179:
2163:The Decembrist myth in Russian culture
2010:Nechkina, Militsa (1984, in Russian).
1991:. Stanford University Press. Reissue:
1445:
1263:Sherman, R and Pearce, R (2002) Pg. 23
1056:His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
1024:On 26 August 1856, with the ascent of
738:but failed to seize it and retreated.
435:Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev
2259:Rebellions against the Russian Empire
1213:Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2 July 2024).
7:
1215:"Ascent to the Throne of Nicholas I"
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
424:Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
117:Decembrists executed or deported to
1976:Gabayev, G. S. (1932, in Russian).
958:, transferred three years later to
698:On the morning of 26 December [
493:. But the Decembrists were against
1300:Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N. (1999).
1152:, which would subsequently widen.
449:Meanwhile, the experiences of the
25:
663:Decembrist Revolt, a painting by
514:In 1816, several officers of the
32:Decembrist revolution (Argentina)
1368:O'Meara, P. (17 February 2016).
360:to replace the Russian Empire's
219:
208:
198:
188:
178:
142:
62:
1503:The Shadow of the Winter Palace
1490:The Shadow of the Winter Palace
1477:The Shadow of the Winter Palace
1306:The Journal of American History
1243:. Pluto Press. pp. 27–51.
847:; Sergey Muravyov-Apostol; and
518:founded a society known as the
477:Historians have noted that the
464:identified reasons for reform:
437:to draw up a constitution. The
322:Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich
137:Northern Society of Decembrists
68:Decembrists at Peter's Square (
2249:Politics of the Russian Empire
1073:Svod Zakonov Rossiskoy Imperii
509:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
333:14 December] 1825 in
1:
2029:The Russian empire, 1801–1917
1893:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
1774:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 139
1748:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 137
1654:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 136
1605:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 135
1592:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 140
2289:Revolutions during the 1820s
2120:, Stanford University Press.
1942:Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (1879).
1876:The Wordsworth Book of Opera
1863:The First Russian Revolution
1850:The First Russian Revolution
1837:The First Russian Revolution
1824:The First Russian Revolution
1811:The First Russian Revolution
1759:The First Russian Revolution
1717:The First Russian Revolution
1704:The First Russian Revolution
1691:The First Russian Revolution
1634:The First Russian Revolution
1621:The First Russian Revolution
1563:Siberia and the Exile System
1545:The First Russian Revolution
1125:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy
1047:officially abolished in 1861
495:slavery in the United States
56:Revolutions during the 1820s
2208:Decembrist exile in Siberia
2203:Decembrist exile in Irkutsk
2032:. Oxford University Press.
1113:produced an opera entitled
704:Life-Guards Moscow Regiment
686:. When Konstantin made his
655:Russian interregnum of 1825
568:, a small garrison town in
458:from intellectuals abroad.
402:
275:
39:Decembrist (disambiguation)
2305:
2254:1825 in the Russian Empire
1408:Russia: A Complete History
761:
652:
551:Alexander von Benckendorff
491:United States Constitution
489:was highly similar to the
88:14 December] 1825
36:
29:
2191:Union of Salvation (film)
2179:(Aug 1957) 7#8 pp530–537.
2161:Trigos, Ludmilla. (2009)
2158:, Hodder & Stoughton.
2140:10.1080/00905990701254391
2072:, New York, Viking Press.
1549:Stanford University Press
1384:– via Google Books.
1065:Polnoye Sobraniye Zakonov
792:
787:
764:Chernigov Regiment revolt
539:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
394:
306:on 26 December [
264:
240:
155:
130:
76:
61:
53:
1985:Mazour, Anatole (1937).
1505:. London, Penguin: 13–18
1501:Edward Crankshaw (1978)
1492:. London, Penguin: 15–16
1488:Edward Crankshaw (1978)
1479:. London, Penguin: 14–16
1475:Edward Crankshaw (1978)
1058:, a committee formed to
849:Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin
838:On 15 January [
504:Polish patriotic society
428:Ministry of the Interior
317:Alexander’s brother and
2244:19th-century rebellions
2013:Dekabristy (Декабристы)
1561:Kennan, George (1891).
1239:Faulkner, Neil (2017).
971:Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
956:Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
829:Sergey Muravyov-Apostol
667:showing the killing of
586:constitutional monarchy
582:Prince S. P. Trubetskoy
366:constitutional monarchy
294:military and political
1948:The Brothers Karamazov
1163:The Brothers Karamazov
1127:. It premiered at the
974:
882:Decembrists in Siberia
816:
776:
675:
556:After a mutiny in the
516:Imperial Russian Guard
475:
276:Vosstaniye dekabristov
156:Commanders and leaders
84:26 December [
2168:Ulam, Adam B. (1981)
1889:"Decembrist movement"
1800:Figes, O (2002) p. 97
1406:Peter Neville (2003)
968:
886:On 25 July [
872:Aleksander Griboyedov
782:
771:
762:Further information:
662:
633:, the Czech lands of
340:In the midst of this
265:Восстание декабристов
2284:Nicholas I of Russia
2269:December 1825 events
2127:Nationalities Papers
2116:Mazour, A.G. (1937)
1137:classical liberalism
1109:. In the Soviet era
716:Mikhail Miloradovich
669:Mikhail Miloradovich
629:), Croatia, Serbia,
439:abolition of serfdom
383:Mikhail Miloradovich
337:, Saint Petersburg.
226:Mikhail Miloradovich
2086:Progress Publishers
1944:Бра́тья Карама́зовы
1861:Anatole G. Mazour,
1848:Anatole G. Mazour,
1835:Anatole G. Mazour,
1822:Anatole G. Mazour,
1809:Anatole G. Mazour,
1757:Anatole G. Mazour,
1715:Anatole G. Mazour,
1702:Anatole G. Mazour,
1689:Anatole G. Mazour,
1632:Anatole G. Mazour,
1619:Anatole G. Mazour,
1543:Anatole G. Mazour,
1196:InterAgency Journal
1165:(1879), written by
1156:Cultural references
1067:) was presented to
811:M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin
807:S. Muravyov-Apostol
558:Semenovsky Regiment
483:American Revolution
312:Emperor Alexander I
302:. It took place in
113:Government victory
2024:Seton-Watson, Hugh
1728:G. R. V. Barratt,
1676:G. R. V. Barratt,
1663:G. R. V. Barratt,
1575:G. R. V. Barratt,
1547:, 1825 (Stanford:
1357:. 3 December 2011.
1328:– via JSTOR.
1167:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
1077:Konstantin Kavelin
992:Decembrists' wives
975:
817:
777:
695:as interim ruler.
676:
520:Union of Salvation
327:Emperor Nicholas I
70:Georg Wilhelm Timm
2239:Conflicts in 1825
2234:Decembrist revolt
2046:978-0-19-822152-4
2005:978-0-8047-0081-8
1131:on 23 June 1953.
1093:Alexander Pushkin
868:Alexander Pushkin
758:Arrests and trial
728:Yevgeny Obolensky
693:Sergei Trubetskoy
400:
362:autocratic regime
285:
273:
257:Decembrist Revolt
253:
252:
167:Yevgeny Obolensky
163:Sergei Trubetskoy
126:
125:
49:Decembrist Revolt
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1097:Nikolai Nekrasov
1085:Alexander Herzen
1000:
876:Aleksey Yermolov
845:Kondraty Ryleyev
814:
790:
789:
785:The text reads:
774:Saint Petersburg
649:At Senate Square
623:Carpatho-Ukraine
574:Northern Society
562:Southern Society
456:reform movements
443:Baltic provinces
416:Tsar Alexander I
405:
399:romanized:
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319:heir-presumptive
304:Saint Petersburg
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1081:Boris Chicherin
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1011:Peter the Great
994:
969:Decembrists in
960:Petrovsky Zavod
884:
784:
766:
760:
724:Pyotr Kakhovsky
673:Pyotr Kakhovsky
657:
651:
588:with a limited
578:Nikita Muraviev
487:Nikita Muravyov
451:Napoleonic Wars
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2156:Russia 1815–81
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