1319:
Neuter demonstratives refer to ideas of indeterminate gender, such as abstractions and groups of heterogeneous objects, and has a limited agreement in
Portuguese, for example, "all of that" can be translated as "todo aquele" (m), "toda aquela" (f) or "tudo aquilo" (n) in Portuguese, although the
1881:
refers to the content of the previous statement. These are abstract entities of discourse, not concrete objects. Each language may have subtly different rules on how to use demonstratives to refer to things previously spoken, currently being spoken, or about to be spoken. In
English,
1561:
language, there exists a 29-way distinction in demonstratives, with demonstrative indicators distinguished according to placement in a three-dimensional field around the interlocutor(s), as well as by visibility and whether or not the object is in motion.
815:
varieties. Very rich, with more than 70 variants, the demonstrative pronouns in Arabic principally change depending on the gender and the number. They mark a distinction in number for singular, dual, and plural. For example:
1112:
are compound forms based on the definite articles (themselves derived from verbs) and therefore incorporate the positional information of the articles (standing, sitting, lying, coming, going) in addition to the three-way
53:, and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis (where the speaker or sometimes the listener is to provide context), but also in intra-discourse reference (including
3010:
911:
are homographs, but they are spoken differently. The non-selective deictics are unstressed whereas the selective ones (demonstratives) are stressed. There is a second selective deictic, namely
625:"yon man (over there, away from both of us)", "that woman (over there, away from both of us)", "yon apple (over there, away from both of us)", "yons apples (over there, away from both of us)"
1089:
Many non-European languages make further distinctions; for example, whether the object referred to is uphill or downhill from the speaker, whether the object is visible or not (as in
352:
in
Italian (medial pronouns, in most of Italy, only survive in historical texts and bureaucratic texts. However, they're of wide and very common usage in some Regions, like Tuscany):
61:, where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker. An example is whether something is currently being said or was said earlier.
1503:(that). These inflect for number and case even in attributive position (attributes usually remain uninflected in Hungarian) with possible orthographic changes; e.g.,
1223:, and some varieties of Spanish and Portuguese, the neuter gender has been lost in the Romance languages. Spanish and Portuguese have kept neuter demonstratives:
1965:
Die Übersetzung als
Problem sprach- und literaturwissenschaftlicher Forschung in Slavistik und Baltistik: Beiträge zu einem Symposium in Münster 10./11. Mai 2001
932:. Distance either from the speaker or from the addressee is either marked by the opposition between these two deictics or by the addition of a place deictic.
2447:
2255:
721:"this milk", "that milk" (near the second person) and "that milk" (away from the first and second person, near a third person or even further away).
2397:
2420:
2008:
2357:
2178:
2153:
1972:
1549:
have demonstrative systems, some have systems highly divergent from or more complex than the relatively simple systems employed in
2440:
744:
3282:
1748:
that are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in a language. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun
23:
1519:(that there). The use of this, however, is emphatic (when the speaker wishes to emphasize the distance) and not mandatory.
3100:
50:
45:, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically
3092:
1832:
As mentioned above, while the primary function of demonstratives is to provide spatial references of concrete objects (
2792:
2611:
2508:
2433:
1094:
2478:
1417:
261:
1558:
1676:
1538:
referring to a visible object, a fourth for things not in view and a fifth for things that no longer exist." The
249:
3308:
3202:
2702:
2282:
Proceedings of the
Berkeley Language Society 30: Special Session on the Morphology of Native American Languages
1614:
3014:
2523:
1550:
1381:
1114:
3148:
2975:
2884:
1102:
866:
812:
58:
1914:
In
Brazilian Portuguese "este" (this) is sometimes reduced to "es'e", making it sound like "esse" (that).
3219:
3110:
3105:
3082:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2844:
2637:
2473:
1789:
1952:
3224:
3158:
2990:
2947:
2849:
2712:
2672:
2141:
1796:
1373:
3005:
1898:) refers to something about to be spoken (or, occasionally, something being simultaneously spoken).
2985:
2632:
1369:
769:
has a two-way distinction, with the use of postpositions "-ci" (proximal) and "-là" (distal) as in
221:
205:
2317:
736:
728:
3171:
3138:
3064:
3049:
3034:
3024:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2717:
2647:
2642:
2077:
2034:
1986:
1492:
1361:
1305:
1165:
595:
241:
1727:. You could talk about this hat, that hat, and yon hat. Today the word survives as a colloquial
1539:
2118:
1320:
neuter forms require a masculine adjective agreement: "Tudo (n) aquilo (n) está quebrado (m)" (
3128:
3054:
3029:
2952:
2817:
2762:
2732:
2692:
2393:
2353:
2299:
2174:
2149:
1998:
1994:
1978:
1968:
1956:
1365:
1327:
1301:
1220:
1177:
1098:
1090:
237:
225:
213:
193:
189:
165:, make a two-way distinction between demonstratives. Typically, one set of demonstratives is
3166:
3059:
3039:
2889:
2854:
2772:
2567:
2383:
2289:
2096:
2069:
2003:
1527:
1483:, on the other hand, has several demonstratives that form a two-way contrast, but also have
1197:
1173:
808:
754:
245:
209:
201:
185:
162:
158:
97:
3074:
2995:
2957:
2942:
2822:
2812:
2727:
2722:
2662:
2528:
2498:
1554:
1546:
1213:
979:
766:
348:"that apple (which is far from you-and-me or is in another distant place from you-and-me)"
233:
2060:
Hopkins, Edwin A.; Jones, Randall L. (Spring 1972). ""Jener" in Modern
Standard German".
2425:
1511:(in that). A third degree of deixis is also possible in Hungarian, with the help of the
3256:
3214:
3176:
3078:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2682:
2677:
2657:
2652:
2581:
2456:
1967:. Studien zur Slavistik ; vol. 1 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. pp. 89–91.
1480:
758:
217:
3302:
3181:
3000:
2777:
2757:
2707:
2687:
2667:
1990:
1768:(= "from that place"); equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun
1523:
1109:
1021:
862:
762:
724:
3270:
3244:
3234:
3207:
3069:
2802:
2767:
2742:
2697:
2518:
1723:
line "Him that yon soars on golden wing"), which suggested a further distance than
1476:
2927:
2737:
2616:
2577:
2542:
2533:
2345:
1840:), there is a secondary function: referring to items of discourse. For example:
1720:
1712:
1688:
1531:
1456:
1377:
54:
3287:
3186:
3143:
3120:
3044:
2879:
2782:
2752:
2747:
2601:
2596:
2503:
2493:
2483:
999:
Cognates of "yonder" still exist in some
Northern English and Scots dialects;
69:
2303:
1687:, where the latter is usually employed as a demonstrative determiner. Author
3277:
3239:
3019:
2836:
2591:
2537:
2513:
2374:
2236:
1982:
1728:
1421:
1093:), and whether the object can be pointed to as a whole or only in part. The
65:
2388:
594:
and, in
Ukrainian (note that Ukrainian has not only number, but also three
2294:
2277:
2099:. University of Alaska Anchorage Institute of Social and Economic Research
1164:("that over there") – note that Latin has not only number, but also three
3266:
3261:
1932:
1815:
1479:, distance-based demonstratives exist, but are only used constrastively.
2373:
Næss Å, Treis Y, Margetts A (2020). Næss Å, Margetts A, Treis Y (eds.).
789:. English has an archaic but occasionally used three-way distinction of
268:
or third person (objects far from both). So for example, in
Portuguese:
3251:
2967:
2572:
2488:
2081:
1963:. In Symanzik, Bernhard; Birkfellner, Gerhard; Sproede, Alfred (eds.).
1633:
1117:
distinction. This results in a quite elaborated set of demonstratives.
426:
in Armenian (based on the proximal "s", medial "d/t", and distal "n"):
252:
make a three-way distinction. Typically there is a distinction between
229:
85:
46:
1470:
1462:
1435:
1427:
1401:
1387:
1349:
1341:
1333:
3229:
2914:
2606:
2586:
1927:
1827:
1526:
has a special demonstrative for "things just gone out of sight," and
804:
2073:
2416:
1407:
1406:; its use of the three Classical demonstratives has become mostly
1125:
197:
2552:
2465:
1312:, which is an archaic survival of the neuter pronoun from Latin
73:
34:
2429:
1020:
There are languages which make a four-way distinction, such as
177:, indicating objects further removed from the speaker (English
1570:
It is relatively common for a language to distinguish between
1057:"that car (over there, away from both of us but rather near)"
952:
Thing Demonstrative plus Distance-marking Place Demonstrative
1459:
languages tend to also have a distance-neutral demonstrative
1735:, but our speech is fractionally impoverished for its loss.
1636:
stands on its own, replacing rather than modifying a noun:
1877:
refers to "the previously mentioned way", and the pronoun
1959:[Demonstrative pronouns in the Slavic languages]
1542:
has a demonstrative for "things audible but non-visible"
1384:. Modern Mandarin has two main demonstratives, proximal
2068:(1). American Association of Teachers of German: 15–27.
1651:
There are six common demonstrative pronouns in English:
713:
In Nandi (Kalenjin of Kenya, Uganda and Eastern Congo):
1467:, which is etymologically a checked-tone derivation of
1073:
These four-way distinctions are often termed proximal,
620:он той чоловік, он та жінка, он те яблуко, он ті яблука
617:"that man", "that woman", "that apple", "those apples"
609:"this man", "this woman", "this apple", "these apples"
1860:
I said her dress looked hideous. She didn't like that.
1105:
are particularly well known for their many contrasts.
1869:
refers to the sentence being spoken, and the pronoun
2350:
The Mother Tongue: English & How it Got that Way
305:
Further oppositions are created with place adverbs.
3195:
3157:
3119:
3091:
2966:
2913:
2835:
2625:
2560:
2551:
2464:
2256:"A Grammar of Trio: A Cariban Language of Suriname"
169:, indicating objects close to the speaker (English
2119:"A short introduction to Belhare and its speakers"
1957:"Demonstrativpronomina in den slavischen Sprachen"
1372:caused it to develop into its colloquial use as a
64:Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative
16:Words indicating which object is being referred to
1433:
1425:
1380:and subsequently its standard use as a copula in
1484:
1468:
1460:
1330:had three main demonstrative pronouns: proximal
422:"yon ukulele (over there, away from both of us)"
318:"this apple (next to me or next to you-and-me)"
1890:) refers to something previously spoken, while
1701:
807:has also a three-way distinction in its formal
301:"that apple (over there, away from both of us)"
256:or first person (objects near to the speaker),
1128:had several sets of demonstratives, including
1016:(that shop that is/used to be down the street)
506:"yon apple (over there, away from both of us)"
385:"yon apple (over there, away from both of us)"
2441:
2215:
2196:
2136:
2134:
1447:
1441:
1411:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
8:
2352:. New York: William Morrow. pp. 63–64.
1788:. A similar relationship exists between the
1416:continues to be used with some frequency in
846:
834:
822:
986:, but it is used only in formal registers.
612:той чоловік, та жінка, те яблуко, ті яблука
604:цей чоловік, ця жінка, це яблуко, ці яблука
2557:
2448:
2434:
2426:
1703:Today we have two demonstrative pronouns,
1364:demonstrative pronoun that reasserted the
49:, their meaning depending on a particular
2387:
2340:
2338:
2293:
1850:This is what I mean: I am happy with him.
1168:. The third set of Latin demonstratives (
974:"this girl here" ~ "that girl over there"
2278:"Morphological Orthodoxy in Yupik-Inuit"
2169:Yip, Po-Ching; Rimmington, Don (2004).
2062:Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German
1944:
1907:
1121:Demonstrative series in other languages
2276:Woodbury, Anthony C. (February 2004).
2231:
1873:refers to what is about to be spoken;
1691:laments the "losses along the way" of
1566:Demonstrative determiners and pronouns
260:or second person (objects near to the
136:as substitutes for the pronoun use of
935:Distance-marking Thing Demonstrative
7:
2146:Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar
1354:(this or that). The frequent use of
727:has a three-way distinction between
2421:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2014:from the original on 24 August 2012
1855:That way of looking at it is wrong.
1608:substantival demonstrative pronouns
847:
835:
823:
338:"that apple (close to you-and-me)"
88:, which stand independently (as in
2382:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
1604:independent demonstrative pronouns
1234:Portuguese
717:Chego chu, Chego choo, Chego chuun
153:Distal and proximal demonstratives
148:Contrasts in demonstrative systems
14:
2243:. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
1588:adjectival demonstrative pronouns
1308:, etc.) also occasionally employ
1067:"that car (over there, far away)"
978:A distal demonstrative exists in
2171:Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar
2097:"Central Yup'ik and the Schools"
1495:has two spatial demonstratives:
2417:Demonstratives & Indexicals
1485:
1469:
1461:
1434:
1426:
1231:Spanish
2216:
2197:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1:
1346:(that), and distance-neutral
1008:"That shop across the street"
869:), the non-selective deictic
1744:Many languages have sets of
1580:determinative demonstratives
1172:, etc.), developed into the
1103:Sino-Tibetan language family
765:also make this distinction.
2376:Demonstratives in discourse
2095:Steven A. Jacobson (1984).
1600:substantival demonstratives
590:"that (by you) one's house"
328:"that apple (next to you)"
173:), and the other series is
3325:
3283:Syntax–semantics interface
1825:
1715:'s day there was a third,
1596:independent demonstratives
1013:"Yon shop down the street"
855:) 'that man' (over there).
777:, as well as the pronouns
412:"that ukulele (near you)"
2117:Balthasar Bickel (1998).
1677:Southern American English
1584:adjectival demonstratives
1572:demonstrative determiners
1545:While most languages and
1448:
1442:
1412:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
982:, cognate to the English
948:"this girl" ~ "that girl"
709:"that apple (over there)"
96:). The demonstratives in
2703:Exceptional case-marking
2318:"Demonstrative Pronouns"
2148:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
1752:are the adverbs such as
1576:demonstrative adjectives
1286:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1242:
375:"that apple (near you)"
291:"that apple (near you)"
157:Many languages, such as
1845:This sentence is short.
1675:Some dialects, such as
1578:(sometimes also called
1551:Indo-European languages
1382:Modern Standard Chinese
1300:Some forms of Spanish (
1152:("that near you"); and
479:"that apple (near you)"
2509:Initial-stress-derived
2389:10.5281/zenodo.4054814
2234:, p. 64), citing
2194:Qian, Nairong (2007).
1737:
1592:demonstrative pronouns
1534:, has three words for
1418:modern written Chinese
1219:With the exception of
1108:The demonstratives in
1095:Eskimo–Aleut languages
1047:"that car (near you)"
890:and the selective one
867:Scandinavian languages
184:Other languages, like
3020:Inclusive / Exclusive
2295:10.3765/bls.v30i2.906
2241:The Story of Language
2173:. London: Routledge.
2142:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
1797:interrogative adverbs
1790:interrogative pronoun
1764:(= "to that place"),
1760:(= "at that place"),
1746:demonstrative adverbs
1740:Demonstrative adverbs
1322:All of that is broken
2039:Gramática Descritiva
1756:(= "at that time"),
1627:I like those houses.
1530:, a language of the
1489:, which is neutral.
1085:Non-distal contrasts
84:) and demonstrative
2900:Relative subsective
2793:Regular / Irregular
2638:Andative / Venitive
2474:Abstract / Concrete
1622:This apple is good.
1475:. In lects such as
1166:grammatical genders
966:dieses Mädchen hier
596:grammatical genders
536:"this one's father"
2459:and their features
2457:Lexical categories
2254:Carlin, Eithne B.
2033:Manosso, Radamés.
1818:for a full table.
1594:(sometimes called
1306:Andalusian Spanish
1140:("this near me");
629:and, in Japanese:
510:and, in Georgian:
116:, and the archaic
51:frame of reference
3296:
3295:
3101:Casally modulated
3006:Formal / Informal
2895:Pure intersective
2845:Anti-intersective
2831:
2830:
2778:Preterite-present
2399:978-3-96110-287-7
1894:(or occasionally
1886:(or occasionally
1617:modifies a noun:
1557:, notably in the
1547:language families
1328:Classical Chinese
1302:Caribbean Spanish
1296:
1295:
1178:Romance languages
1174:definite articles
970:dieses Mädchen da
563:"that one's wife"
68:or demonstrative
55:abstract concepts
3316:
2875:Non-intersective
2558:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2035:"Demonstrativos"
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2006:
1962:
1953:Kordić, Snježana
1949:
1915:
1912:
1822:Discourse deixis
1632:A demonstrative
1613:A demonstrative
1488:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1452:, respectively.
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1228:
1227:
1003:"This shop here"
957:das Mädchen hier
850:
849:
838:
837:
826:
825:
250:Sri Lankan Tamil
163:Standard Chinese
72:, which qualify
31:
30:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3309:Parts of speech
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3191:
3153:
3115:
3087:
3015:Gender-specific
2962:
2909:
2827:
2713:Germanic strong
2621:
2547:
2460:
2454:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:eithnecarlin.nl
2258:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2074:10.2307/3529001
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2041:(in Portuguese)
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1975:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1834:that (building)
1830:
1824:
1742:
1568:
1555:Yupik languages
1540:Tiriyó language
1338:(this), distal
1123:
1087:
853:ðaːlika arrajul
813:Modern Standard
711:
701:
693:
684:
674:
666:
657:
647:
639:
592:
582:
574:
565:
555:
547:
538:
528:
520:
508:
498:
490:
481:
471:
463:
454:
444:
436:
402:"this ukulele"
332:Aquela maçã ali
155:
150:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3259:
3257:Procedure word
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Complementizer
3212:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:Gender-neutral
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Bound variable
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Ambitransitive
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2411:External links
2409:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2365:
2358:
2334:
2309:
2288:(2): 151–171.
2268:
2246:
2224:
2205:
2186:
2179:
2161:
2154:
2130:
2109:
2087:
2052:
2025:
1973:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1865:In the above,
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1741:
1738:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1567:
1564:
1424:uses proximal
1368:before a noun
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1122:
1119:
1101:branch of the
1086:
1083:
1081:, and distal.
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
993:
976:
975:
972:
963:
961:das Mädchen da
950:
949:
946:
940:dieses Mädchen
859:
858:
857:
856:
844:
832:
829:haːðaː arrajul
735:"this here"),
694:
686:
685:
667:
659:
658:
640:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
622:
621:
615:
614:
613:
607:
606:
605:
598:in singular):
575:
567:
566:
548:
540:
539:
521:
513:
512:
491:
483:
482:
464:
456:
455:
437:
429:
428:
424:
423:
420:
419:
418:
410:
409:
408:
400:
399:
398:
387:
386:
383:
382:
381:
373:
372:
371:
363:
362:
361:
350:
349:
346:
345:
344:
342:Aquela maçã lá
336:
335:
334:
326:
325:
324:
316:
315:
314:
312:Essa maçã aqui
303:
302:
299:
298:
297:
289:
288:
287:
279:
278:
277:
218:Serbo-Croatian
154:
151:
149:
146:
20:Demonstratives
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Interrogative
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Interrogative
3137:
3135:
3134:Demonstrative
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:Prepositional
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Strong / Weak
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Interrogative
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Demonstrative
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Prepositional
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Interrogative
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Demonstrative
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Germanic weak
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Frequentative
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Autocausative
2646:
2644:
2643:Anticausative
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Transgressive
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2359:0-688-07895-8
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2180:0-415-15032-9
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2155:0-7748-0541-2
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2010:
2005:
2004:CROSBI 447083
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:3-8300-0714-0
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:this sentence
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1646:I like those.
1644:
1642:
1641:This is good.
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:Chevak Cup’ik
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Cree language
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:(with this),
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:mesioproximal
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:Northern Sami
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:"yonder girl"
994:
992:
991:jenes Mädchen
989:
988:
987:
985:
981:
973:
971:
967:
964:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
947:
945:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
864:
863:Modern German
854:
845:
843:) 'that man'.
842:
841:ðaːka arrajul
833:
831:) 'this man'.
830:
821:
820:
819:
818:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
750:
746:
743:"this"), and
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Ancient Greek
722:
719:
718:
714:
710:
707:
704:
700:
697:
692:
689:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
665:
662:
656:
653:
650:
646:
643:
638:
635:
630:
624:
619:
618:
616:
611:
610:
608:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
597:
591:
588:
585:
581:
578:
573:
570:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
546:
543:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
519:
516:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
489:
486:
480:
477:
474:
470:
467:
462:
459:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
435:
432:
427:
421:
417:
416:kēlā ʻukulele
414:
413:
411:
407:
406:kēnā ʻukulele
404:
403:
401:
397:
396:Kēia ʻukulele
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
389:in Hawaiian:
384:
380:
377:
376:
374:
370:
367:
366:
365:"this apple"
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
347:
343:
340:
339:
337:
333:
330:
329:
327:
323:
320:
319:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
300:
296:
293:
292:
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:"this apple"
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:, along with
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
93:
87:
83:
81:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
3271:Pro-sentence
3245:Onomatopoeia
3235:Interjection
3208:Measure word
3133:
2991:Distributive
2980:
2885:Postpositive
2865:Intersective
2859:
2818:Unaccusative
2763:Performative
2733:Intransitive
2693:Ditransitive
2519:Noun adjunct
2375:
2368:
2349:
2346:Bryson, Bill
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2312:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2262:
2249:
2240:
2232:Bryson (1990
2227:
2214:
2213:Pan, Wuyun.
2208:
2195:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2145:
2122:. Retrieved
2112:
2101:. Retrieved
2090:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2038:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
1964:
1947:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:this (table)
1837:
1833:
1831:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1544:
1535:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1477:Shanghainese
1454:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1107:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1019:
998:
990:
983:
977:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
943:
939:
934:
927:
926:
920:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
899:
898:
892:
891:
885:
884:
878:
877:
871:
870:
860:
852:
840:
828:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:cet homme-là
774:
771:cet homme-ci
770:
753:
748:
740:
732:
723:
720:
716:
715:
712:
708:
705:
702:
698:
695:
690:
687:
682:"that apple"
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:"this apple"
654:
651:
648:
644:
641:
636:
633:
628:
593:
589:
587:magisi saxli
586:
584:მაგისი სახლი
583:
579:
576:
571:
568:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
544:
541:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
517:
514:
509:
505:
503:ayn khndzorë
502:
499:
495:
492:
487:
484:
478:
476:ayd khndzorë
475:
472:
468:
465:
460:
457:
452:"this apple"
451:
449:ays khndzorë
448:
445:
441:
438:
433:
430:
425:
415:
405:
395:
388:
378:
369:Codesta mela
368:
358:
351:
341:
331:
322:Essa maçã aí
321:
311:
304:
294:
284:
274:
265:
257:
253:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
156:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
91:
89:
79:
77:
63:
42:
38:
26:
19:
18:
3220:Conjunction
2986:Disjunctive
2923:Conjunctive
2870:Nominalized
2773:Predicative
2617:Verbal noun
2568:Attributive
2237:Pell, Mario
1719:(as in the
1713:Shakespeare
1689:Bill Bryson
1679:, also use
1532:Philippines
1499:(this) and
1457:Northern Wu
1455:Similarly,
1440:instead of
1432:and distal
1410:, although
1398:and distal
1079:mesiodistal
1037:"this car"
944:das Mädchen
379:Quella mela
359:Questa mela
295:Aquela maçã
70:determiners
24:abbreviated
3288:Yes and no
3203:Classifier
3187:Possessive
3149:Quantifier
3144:Possessive
3121:Determiner
3093:Adposition
3065:Resumptive
3050:Reciprocal
3045:Possessive
3025:Indefinite
2953:Pronominal
2905:Subsective
2880:Possessive
2850:Collateral
2823:Unergative
2813:Transitive
2728:Inchoative
2723:Impersonal
2663:Catenative
2602:Participle
2597:Infinitive
2529:Relational
2499:Collective
2479:Adjectival
2322:US English
2124:2009-03-16
2103:2007-05-24
1939:References
1615:determiner
1481:Suzhounese
1378:Han period
1362:resumptive
1254:masculine
1180:, such as
1097:, and the
1051:Duot biila
1041:Diet biila
679:sono ringo
652:kono ringo
560:imisi coli
557:იმისი ცოლი
533:amisi mama
530:ამისი მამა
500:այն խնձորը
473:այդ խնձորը
446:այս խնձորը
222:Macedonian
206:Portuguese
66:adjectives
37:, such as
3278:Prop-word
3240:Ideophone
3167:Discourse
3106:Inflected
3055:Reflexive
3030:Intensive
2837:Adjective
2808:Stretched
2798:Separable
2788:Reflexive
2683:Denominal
2678:Defective
2658:Captative
2653:Auxiliary
2592:Gerundive
2582:Nonfinite
2504:Countable
2304:2377-1666
1991:224110091
1729:adjective
1711:, but in
1493:Hungarian
1422:Cantonese
1408:idiomatic
1370:predicate
1271:feminine
1061:Dot biila
1031:Dát biila
865:(and the
848:ذلك الرجل
836:ذاك الرجل
824:هذا الرجل
809:Classical
751:"that").
706:ano ringo
285:Essa maçã
275:Esta maçã
262:addressee
242:Ukrainian
3303:Category
3267:Pro-verb
3262:Pro-form
3159:Particle
3111:Stranded
3060:Relative
3040:Personal
2958:Relative
2943:Locative
2933:Genitive
2758:Negative
2688:Deponent
2668:Compound
2348:(1990).
2239:(1949).
2217:吴语指示（代）词
2144:(1995).
2009:Archived
1983:55730212
1955:(2002).
1933:Pro-form
1922:See also
1875:that way
1816:pro-form
1795:and the
1673:neither.
1515:prefix:
1221:Romanian
1176:in most
1091:Malagasy
496:khndzorë
469:khndzorë
442:khndzorë
254:proximal
238:Japanese
226:Georgian
214:Armenian
194:Hawaiian
167:proximal
134:that one
130:this one
86:pronouns
59:anaphora
3252:Preverb
3129:Article
3075:Subject
2968:Pronoun
2803:Stative
2768:Phrasal
2743:Lexical
2698:Dynamic
2673:Copular
2573:Converb
2489:Animacy
2327:July 6,
2082:3529001
2018:6 April
1999:3434530
1808:whither
1762:thither
1634:pronoun
1528:Ilocano
1376:by the
1366:subject
1292:neuter
1237:gender
1198:Spanish
1115:spatial
1099:Kiranti
755:Spanish
749:ekeînos
745:ἐκεῖνος
264:), and
246:Bengali
210:Italian
202:Spanish
186:Finnish
159:English
98:English
82:coat on
76:(as in
47:deictic
3230:Coverb
3225:Copula
3079:Object
2996:Donkey
2915:Adverb
2890:Proper
2855:Common
2738:Labile
2607:Supine
2587:Gerund
2578:Finite
2543:Verbal
2534:Strong
2524:Proper
2396:
2356:
2302:
2198:上海话大词典
2177:
2152:
2080:
2045:27 May
1997:
1989:
1981:
1971:
1928:Deixis
1828:Deixis
1814:. See
1812:whence
1782:hither
1766:thence
1733:yonder
1721:Milton
1697:yonder
1685:yonder
1671:, and
1590:) and
1374:copula
1214:French
1200:, and
984:yonder
980:German
930:Kleine
923:Kleine
921:dieser
914:dieses
909:Kleine
902:Kleine
888:Kleine
881:Kleine
805:Arabic
799:yonder
797:, and
767:French
741:hoûtos
703:あの リンゴ
676:その リンゴ
649:この リンゴ
572:magisi
569:მაგისი
493:խնձորը
466:խնձորը
439:խնձորը
266:distal
258:medial
248:, and
234:Korean
230:Basque
175:distal
126:yonder
124:, and
33:) are
3196:Other
3177:Modal
3001:Dummy
2753:Modal
2748:Light
2626:Types
2561:Forms
2484:Agent
2380:(pdf)
2259:(PDF)
2078:JSTOR
2012:(PDF)
1987:S2CID
1961:(PDF)
1902:Notes
1896:these
1888:those
1804:where
1786:hence
1758:there
1665:those
1661:these
1553:. In
1509:abban
1505:ezzel
1360:as a
1314:illud
1162:illud
1150:istud
1126:Latin
928:diese
759:Tamil
737:οὗτος
699:ringo
672:ringo
645:ringo
580:saxli
577:სახლი
545:imisi
542:იმისი
518:amisi
515:ამისი
198:Latin
190:Nandi
114:those
110:these
74:nouns
57:) or
35:words
3182:Noun
2928:Flat
2783:Pure
2553:Verb
2538:Weak
2514:Mass
2494:Bare
2466:Noun
2394:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2329:2009
2300:ISSN
2175:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2047:2011
2020:2021
1995:SSRN
1979:OCLC
1969:ISBN
1892:this
1884:that
1879:that
1871:this
1800:when
1793:what
1778:here
1772:are
1770:this
1754:then
1750:that
1725:that
1709:that
1707:and
1705:this
1695:and
1683:and
1669:none
1657:that
1653:this
1536:this
1522:The
1517:amaz
1446:and
1310:ello
1288:isto
1282:esto
1267:esta
1261:esta
1250:este
1244:este
1170:ille
1158:illa
1154:ille
1146:ista
1142:iste
1134:haec
1110:Seri
916:Kind
895:Kind
874:Kind
811:and
795:that
791:this
783:cela
781:and
773:and
763:Seri
761:and
733:hóde
664:sono
637:kono
553:coli
550:ცოლი
526:mama
523:მამა
179:that
171:this
161:and
142:that
138:this
122:yons
106:that
102:this
100:are
92:that
90:Put
80:that
78:Put
43:that
41:and
39:this
2419:at
2384:doi
2290:doi
2070:doi
1774:now
1717:yon
1693:yon
1681:yon
1610:).
1606:or
1586:or
1574:or
1513:am-
1324:).
1212:in
1210:les
1196:in
1194:las
1190:los
1138:hoc
1130:hic
907:die
900:der
893:das
886:die
879:der
872:das
861:In
729:ὅδε
696:リンゴ
691:ano
669:リンゴ
642:リンゴ
488:ayn
485:այն
461:ayd
458:այդ
434:ays
431:այս
181:).
140:or
132:or
118:yon
29:DEM
3305::
3269:/
3081:/
3077:/
3013:/
2580:/
2536:/
2392:.
2337:^
2320:.
2298:.
2286:30
2284:.
2280:.
2261:.
2133:^
2076:.
2064:.
2037:.
2007:.
2001:.
1993:.
1985:.
1977:.
1836:,
1810:,
1806:,
1802:,
1784:,
1780:,
1776:,
1731:,
1699::
1667:,
1663:,
1659:,
1655:,
1602:,
1598:,
1582:,
1501:az
1497:ez
1420:.
1316:.
1304:,
1216:.
1208:,
1206:la
1204:,
1202:le
1192:,
1188:,
1186:la
1184:,
1182:el
1160:,
1156:,
1148:,
1144:,
1136:,
1132:,
1077:,
1024::
968:~
959:~
942:~
925:,
918:,
904:,
897:,
883:,
876:,
801:.
793:,
787:ça
779:ce
757:,
688:あの
661:その
634:この
244:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
144:.
120:,
112:,
108:,
104:,
94:on
2449:e
2442:t
2435:v
2402:.
2386::
2362:.
2331:.
2306:.
2292::
2265:.
2221:.
2202:.
2183:.
2158:.
2127:.
2106:.
2084:.
2072::
2066:5
2049:.
2022:.
1486:搿
1471:個
1463:搿
1449:那
1443:這
1436:嗰
1428:呢
1413:此
1402:那
1395:这
1392:/
1388:這
1357:是
1350:是
1342:彼
1334:此
851:(
839:(
827:(
785:/
747:(
739:(
731:(
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.