199:
33:
54:
188:
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aggregate in response to cAMP and sex pheromones, and two cells of opposite mating types fuse, and then begin consuming the other attracted cells. Before they are consumed, some of the prey cells form a cellulose wall around the entire group. When cannibalism is complete, the giant diploid cell is a
306:
to form an aggregate that becomes surrounded by an extracellular matrix. The aggregate forms a fruiting body, with cells differentiating individually into different components of the final structure. In some species, the whole aggregate may move collectively – forming a structure known as a grex or
327:
The cellular slime mold was formerly considered to be fungi following their discovery in 1869 by
Brefeld. Although they resemble fungi in some respects, they have been included in the kingdom Protista. Individual cells resemble small amoebae in their movement and feeding, and so are referred to as
415:
When the organisms congregate, the mass is made of genetically distinct cells. Through natural selection, it is determined which of the organisms' genetic information will be present in future generations. The conflict is evidenced by unequal representations of two genetically different clones in
412:. In the videos, intelligence appears to be observed as the single cells, after separation, regroup into a cellular mass. The time-lapse film captivated audiences; indeed, Bonner when giving conferences stated that the film "always stole the show". The video is available on YouTube.
342:
Most of its life, this haploid social amoeba undergoes a vegetative cycle, preying upon bacteria in the soil, and periodically dividing mitotically. When food is scarce, either the sexual cycle or the social cycle begins. Under the social cycle, amoebae aggregate in response to
294:. Typically, the amoebal cells grow separately and wander independently, feeding mainly on bacteria. However, they interact to form multi-cellular structures following starvation. Groups of up to about 100,000 cells signal each other by releasing chemoattractants such as
1326:
Sheikh, Sanea; Thulin, Mats; Cavender, James C; Escalante, Ricardo; Kawakami, Shin-ichi; Lado, Carlos; Landolt, John; Nanjundiah, Vidyanand; Queller, David; Strassmann, Joan; Spiegel, Frederick W.; Stephenson, Steve; Vadell, Eduardo M; Baldauf, Sandra (2017-11-24).
347:
by the thousands, and form a motile slug, which moves towards light. Ultimately the slug forms a fruiting body in which about 20% of the cells die to lift the remaining cells up to a better place for sporulation and dispersal.
396:. Scientists also found the collective cell migration could occur without the presence of cAMP oscillations at multicellular stages, and novel models have been proposed to interpret this interesting phenomenon.
1370:
307:"slug" – before finally forming a fruiting body. Basic processes of development such as differential cell sorting, pattern formation, stimulus-induced gene expression, and cell-type regulation are common to
1386:
1532:
1571:
1275:
Strassmann, Joan E.; Queller, David C. (May 2011). "How social evolution theory impacts our understanding of development in the social amoeba
Dictyostelium".
1441:
210:
1645:
408:(1920-2019) spent a lifetime researching the slime molds and created a number of fascinating films in the 1940s to show the life cycle; he mostly studied
1506:
1047:
1607:
421:
1558:
1255:
53:
1226:
848:
424:(DIF) system, akin to poison, that appears to be made of cells forcing others to cease output of genetic information.
523:
908:
556:
446:
898:
868:
1640:
1576:
818:
788:
718:
618:
598:
638:
479:
918:
808:
778:
728:
708:
578:
534:
512:
365:
330:
278:. Members of the order are Protista of great theoretical interest in biology because they have aspects of both
838:
798:
768:
748:
738:
648:
628:
588:
501:
490:
375:
970:"Microbe Profile: Dictyostelium discoideum: model system for development, chemotaxis and biomedical research"
758:
678:
668:
436:
is complicated. It has also been confused by the different forms in the life cycle stages and by the similar
888:
878:
858:
698:
688:
658:
468:
457:
1409:
828:
608:
567:
545:
209:
253:". They are present in most terrestrial ecosystems as a normal and often abundant component of the soil
1612:
1586:
1467:
1141:
1498:
198:
1635:
1308:
1251:
1088:
1007:
417:
146:
48:
943:
388:
which eventually undergoes recombination and meiosis, and hatches hundreds of recombinants. In
32:
1594:
1537:
1454:
1348:
1300:
1292:
1208:
1179:"Collective cell migration of Dictyostelium without cAMP oscillations at multicellular stages"
1123:
1080:
1043:
999:
991:
405:
1599:
1366:
1340:
1284:
1198:
1190:
1115:
1072:
981:
283:
257:, and play an important role in the maintenance of balanced bacterial populations in soils.
187:
265:
105:
355:
or homothallic strains can undergo sexual development that results in the formation of a
1025:
1493:
1203:
1178:
360:
352:
279:
1629:
1446:
1288:
1177:
Ueda, Masahiro; Masato Yasui; Morimoto, Yusuke V.; Hashimura, Hidenori (2019-01-24).
1092:
1076:
1011:
271:, the so-called cellular slime molds or social amoebae. In turn the order is in the
351:
When starved for their bacterial food supply and exposed to dark, moist conditions,
1459:
370:
316:
268:
235:
128:
95:
85:
1312:
1432:
1344:
1563:
1519:
1106:
Macinnes MA, Francis D (September 1974). "Meiosis in
Dictyostelium mucoroides".
238:
1328:
1063:
O'Day DH, Keszei A (May 2012). "Signalling and sex in the social amoebozoans".
1261:
1194:
344:
303:
295:
254:
250:
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995:
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312:
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272:
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75:
65:
1352:
1304:
1230:
1212:
1084:
1003:
392:(DM7) homothallic mating, cells are directed towards sexual development by
176:
1127:
1545:
1426:
986:
969:
393:
287:
286:. The individual cells in their independent phase are common on organic
1511:
356:
242:
1524:
1119:
380:
291:
246:
1550:
1403:
1485:
420:, the reduction of functionality seen in migrating chimeras, and a
227:
208:
197:
186:
175:
1407:
1472:
1375:, a new species of slime mold from decaying forest leaves"
593:
Romeralo et al. 2010 ex
Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
1159:
968:
Pears, Catherine J.; Gross, Julian D. (2021-03-01).
1416:
290:or in damp soils and caves. In this phase they are
913:(Oudem. 1885) Saccardo, Marchal & Marchal 1885
379:(strain DM7). In the heterothallic sexual cycle,
1058:
1056:
944:"Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds from Caves"
8:
1329:"A New Classification of the Dictyostelids"
1404:
31:
20:
1277:Development, Growth & Differentiation
1202:
985:
1260:Princeton University (22 January 2010).
934:
440:spp. Below are some reported examples.
7:
1587:f8ef630a-ada1-4987-864d-be2cc9283aa5
159:Traub 1977 nom. nud. non Nägeli 1862
249:, they traditionally are known as "
1646:Taxa named by Julius Oscar Brefeld
334:is the most studied of the genus.
14:
1262:"John Bonner's slime mold movies"
1227:"The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
951:Journal of Cave and Karst studies
217:, showing the contractile vacuole
1379:Journal of Agricultural Research
1289:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2011.01272.x
1077:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00200.x
849:Dictyostelium pseudobrefeldianum
315:. For further detail see family
202:Pseudoplasmodium or "slug" of a
194:colony in process of aggregation
52:
524:Dictyostelium insulinativitatis
422:differentiation inducing factor
183:aggregations on a culture plate
1:
909:Dictyostelium sphaerocephalum
557:Dictyostelium microsorocarpum
447:Dictyostelium annularibasimum
1345:10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001
899:Dictyostelium septentrionale
869:Dictyostelium quercibrachium
230:of single- and multi-celled
819:Dictyostelium macrocephalum
789:Dictyostelium leptosomopsis
719:Dictyostelium dimigraformum
633:Perrigo & Romeralo 2013
619:Dictyostelium austroandinum
599:Dictyostelium aureocephalum
1662:
639:Dictyostelium brefeldianum
583:Vadell & Cavender 2007
495:Vadell & Cavender 2007
480:Dictyostelium culliculosum
1385:: 135–147. Archived from
1195:10.1038/s42003-018-0273-6
919:Dictyostelium valdivianum
893:Raper & Cavender 1968
809:Dictyostelium longosporum
779:Dictyostelium intermedium
709:Dictyostelium crassicaule
579:Dictyostelium vermiformum
535:Dictyostelium irregularis
513:Dictyostelium globisporum
373:has been best studied in
363:has been best studied in
152:
145:
134:
127:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1373:Dictyostelium discoideum
1065:Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
839:Dictyostelium mucoroides
799:Dictyostelium leptosomum
769:Dictyostelium implicatum
749:Dictyostelium gargantuum
739:Dictyostelium firmibasis
729:Dictyostelium discoideum
649:Dictyostelium brevicaule
629:Dictyostelium barbibulus
589:Dictyostelium ammophilum
502:Dictyostelium germanicum
491:Dictyostelium dichotomum
376:Dictyostelium mucoroides
302:. They then coalesce by
213:Single amoeboid cell of
136:Dictyostelium mucoroides
859:Dictyostelium purpureum
759:Dictyostelium giganteum
679:Dictyostelium chordatum
669:Dictyostelium capitatum
451:Li, Liu & Zhao 2016
1183:Communications Biology
889:Dictyostelium rosarium
879:Dictyostelium robustum
699:Dictyostelium clavatum
689:Dictyostelium citrinum
659:Dictyostelium brunneum
528:Stephenson et al. 2019
473:Stephenson et al. 2019
469:Dictyostelium barbarae
458:Dictyostelium arabicum
400:Social characteristics
218:
206:
195:
184:
1026:"About Dictyostelium"
212:
201:
190:
179:
1264:– via YouTube.
987:10.1099/mic.0.001040
942:Landolt, C. (2006).
873:Cavender et al. 2002
829:Dictyostelium medium
803:Cavender et al. 2002
609:Dictyostelium aureum
568:Dictyostelium roseum
546:Dictyostelium magnum
506:Cavender et al. 1995
361:Heterothallic mating
16:Genus of slime molds
1042:Kessin, R (2001).
923:Vadell et al. 2011
793:Vadell et al. 2011
753:Vadell et al. 2011
693:Vadell et al. 1995
683:Vadell et al. 2011
623:Vadell et al. 2011
371:homothallic mating
241:. Though they are
219:
207:
196:
185:
1623:
1622:
1595:Open Tree of Life
1410:Taxon identifiers
924:
914:
904:
894:
884:
874:
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
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794:
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664:
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604:
594:
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573:
562:
551:
540:
539:Olive et al. 1967
529:
518:
517:Li & Liu 2011
507:
496:
485:
474:
463:
452:
406:John Tyler Bonner
174:
173:
168:
160:
156:Heterosphondylium
123:
1653:
1641:Amoebozoa genera
1616:
1615:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
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1567:
1566:
1564:NHMSYS0001480730
1554:
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1323:
1317:
1316:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1229:. Archived from
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:"dictyBase Home"
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:www.ruf.rice.edu
1138:
1132:
1131:
1120:10.1038/251321a0
1103:
1097:
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1016:
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989:
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682:
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612:
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592:
582:
572:van Tieghem 1880
571:
561:Li & He 2010
560:
549:
538:
527:
516:
505:
494:
484:Li & He 2008
483:
472:
461:
450:
284:multicellularity
166:
158:
121:
57:
56:
43:fruiting bodies
35:
21:
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1256:Wayback Machine
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1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1176:
1175:
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1158:
1157:
1153:
1142:"Dictyostelium"
1140:
1139:
1135:
1114:(5473): 321–4.
1105:
1104:
1100:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1041:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1019:
967:
966:
962:
946:
941:
940:
936:
931:
438:Polysphondylium
430:
402:
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141:
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120:
106:Dictyosteliidae
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1358:
1318:
1283:(4): 597–607.
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429:
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280:unicellularity
269:Dictyosteliida
245:and in no way
172:
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1418:Dictyostelium
1415:
1411:
1406:
1389:on 2017-12-08
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1233:on 2012-03-14
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1164:dictybase.org
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1082:
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1074:
1071:(2): 313–29.
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1059:
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1053:
1049:
1048:0-521-58364-0
1045:
1039:
1036:
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1030:dictybase.org
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903:Cavender 1978
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890:
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883:Hagiwara 1996
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853:Hagiwara 1996
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836:
833:Hagiwara 1992
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826:
823:Hagiwara 1985
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813:Hagiwara 1983
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743:Hagiwara 1971
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723:Cavender 1970
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713:Hagiwara 1984
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703:Hagiwara 1992
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462:Hagiwara 1991
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434:Dictyostelium
427:
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419:
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410:D. discoideum
407:
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391:
390:D. mucoroides
387:
382:
378:
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372:
368:
367:
366:D. discoideum
362:
358:
354:
353:heterothallic
349:
346:
337:
335:
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332:
331:D. discoideum
322:
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309:Dictyostelium
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262:Dictyostelium
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223:Dictyostelium
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215:Dictyostelium
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204:Dictyostelium
200:
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192:Dictyostelium
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182:
181:Dictyostelium
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167:Oudemans 1885
165:
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157:
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144:
137:
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119:
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117:Dictyostelium
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239:bacterivores
236:phagotrophic
222:
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164:Hyalostilbum
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140:Brefeld 1869
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129:Type species
116:
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86:Dictyostelia
40:
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1520:iNaturalist
1367:Raper, K.B.
1339:(1): 1–28.
957:(1): 22–26.
663:Kawabe 1982
643:Hagiw. 1984
550:Hagiw. 1983
273:infraphylum
251:slime molds
1630:Categories
1393:2017-12-08
1237:2011-07-16
929:References
863:Olive 1901
763:Singh 1947
733:Raper 1935
653:Olive 1901
613:Olive 1901
404:Professor
304:chemotaxis
298:(cAMP) or
296:cyclic AMP
264:is in the
260:The genus
255:microflora
232:eukaryotic
1636:Mycetozoa
1433:Q17146891
1297:1440-169X
1189:(1): 34.
1093:205599638
1012:232092012
996:1350-0872
386:macrocyst
359:zygote.
323:Discovery
313:metazoans
276:Mycetozoa
76:Amoebozoa
66:Eukaryota
1546:MycoBank
1494:Fungorum
1447:60015796
1442:AusFungi
1427:Wikidata
1369:(1935).
1353:29367151
1333:Protists
1305:21585362
1254:and the
1213:30701199
1085:21929567
1004:33646931
394:ethylene
288:detritus
243:Protista
147:Synonyms
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
62:Domain:
1538:1104981
1512:3212430
1204:6345914
1128:4473717
428:Species
418:chimera
381:amoebae
357:diploid
292:amoebae
112:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
1613:761419
1600:999665
1584:NZOR:
1525:119000
1486:1DICTG
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384:hardy
338:Traits
300:glorin
247:fungal
1608:WoRMS
1551:12072
1533:IRMNG
1499:12072
1473:16699
1460:84PMD
1309:S2CID
1089:S2CID
1008:S2CID
980:(3).
947:(PDF)
266:order
228:genus
226:is a
122:Bref.
1577:5782
1572:NCBI
1507:GBIF
1481:EPPO
1349:PMID
1301:PMID
1293:ISSN
1209:PMID
1124:PMID
1081:PMID
1044:ISBN
1000:PMID
992:ISSN
369:and
345:cAMP
311:and
282:and
1559:NBN
1468:EoL
1455:CoL
1341:doi
1337:169
1285:doi
1199:PMC
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