Ancient Greek philosophy - Knowledge (XXG)

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allocated to reduce poverty and death. This 'fear of goods' led Aristotle to exclusively support 'natural' trades in which personal satiation was kept at natural limit of consumption. 'Unnatural' trade, as opposed to the intended limit, was classified as the acquisition of wealth to attain more wealth instead of to purchase more goods. Cutting more along the grain of reality, Aristotle did not only set his mind on how to give people direction to make the right choices but wanted each person equipped with the tools to perform this moral duty. In his own words, "Property should be in a certain sense common, but, as a general rule, private; for, when everyone has a distinct interest, men will not complain of one another, and they will make more progress because everyone will be attending to his own business... And further, there is the greatest pleasure in doing a kindness or service to friends or guests or companions, which can only be rendered when a man has private property. These advantages are lost by excessive unification of the state."

1586:. It likens most humans to people tied up in a cave, who look only at shadows on the walls and have no other conception of reality. If they turned around, they would see what is casting the shadows (and thereby gain a further dimension to their reality). If some left the cave, they would see the outside world illuminated by the sun (representing the ultimate form of goodness and truth). If these travelers then re-entered the cave, the people inside (who are still only familiar with the shadows) would not be equipped to believe reports of this 'outside world'. This story explains the theory of forms with their different levels of reality, and advances the view that philosopher-kings are wisest while most humans are ignorant. One student of Plato, 1112:, moreover, cannot be more or less, and so the rarefaction and condensation of the Milesians is impossible regarding Being; lastly, as movement requires that something exist apart from the thing moving (viz. the space into which it moves), the One or Being cannot move, since this would require that "space" both exist and not exist. While this doctrine is at odds with ordinary sensory experience, where things do indeed change and move, the Eleatic school followed Parmenides in denying that sense phenomena revealed the world as it actually was; instead, the only thing with Being was thought, or the question of whether something exists or not is one of whether it can be thought. 1263: 1196:(law). John Burnet posits its origin in the scientific progress of the previous centuries which suggested that Being was radically different from what was experienced by the senses and, if comprehensible at all, was not comprehensible in terms of order; the world in which people lived, on the other hand, was one of law and order, albeit of humankind's own making. At the same time, nature was constant, while what was by law differed from one place to another and could be changed. 51: 1155:. There were, they said, multiple elements which were not reducible to one another and these were set in motion by love and strife (as in Empedocles) or by Mind (as in Anaxagoras). Agreeing with Parmenides that there is no coming into being or passing away, genesis or decay, they said that things appear to come into being and pass away because the elements out of which they are composed assemble or disassemble while themselves being unchanging. 6367: 1891: 98: 1331:, however, and his political opponents struck at him by taking advantage of a conservative reaction against the philosophers; it became a crime to investigate the things above the heavens or below the earth, subjects considered impious. Anaxagoras is said to have been charged and to have fled into exile when Socrates was about twenty years of age. There is a story that 940:, where the Milesian school was at its most powerful and may have picked up some of the Milesians' cosmological theories as a result. What is known is that he argued that each of the phenomena had a natural rather than divine explanation in a manner reminiscent of Anaximander's theories and that there was only one god, the world as a whole, and that he ridiculed the 4245: 2141:. Their ethics was based on pursuing happiness, which they believed was a product of 'living in accordance with nature'. This meant accepting those things which one could not change. One could therefore choose whether to be happy or not by adjusting one's attitude towards their circumstances, as the freedom from fears and desires was happiness itself. 6354: 112: 916:. Despite their varied answers, the Milesian school was searching for a natural substance that would remain unchanged despite appearing in different forms, and thus represents one of the first scientific attempts to answer the question that would lead to the development of modern atomic theory; "the Milesians," says Burnet, "asked for the 1503:, on the other hand, a participant referred to as the Eleatic Stranger discusses the sort of knowledge possessed by the political man, while Socrates listens quietly. Although rule by a wise man would be preferable to rule by law, the wise cannot help but be judged by the unwise, and so in practice, rule by law is deemed necessary. 3789: 819:. In their first volume, they distinguish their systematic approach from that of Hermann Diels, beginning with the choice of "Early Greek Philosophy" over "pre-Socratic philosophy" most notably because Socrates is contemporary and sometimes even prior to philosophers traditionally considered "pre-Socratic" (e.g., the Atomists). 1009:, and consequently a respect for all animal life; much was made of the correspondence between mathematics and the cosmos in a musical harmony. Pythagoras believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics, and that the forms were based on a transcendental mathematical relation. 898:). He began from the observation that the world seems to consist of opposites (e.g., hot and cold), yet a thing can become its opposite (e.g., a hot thing cold). Therefore, they cannot truly be opposites but rather must both be manifestations of some underlying unity that is neither. This underlying unity (substratum, 2224:

and the fool. Slight as the difference may appear between the positions of the Academic skeptics and the Pyrrhonists, a comparison of their lives leads to the conclusion that a practical philosophical moderation was the characteristic of the Academic skeptics whereas the objectives of the Pyrrhonists

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to him, although of these only twenty-four of the dialogues are now universally recognized as authentic; most modern scholars believe that at least twenty-eight dialogues and two of the letters were in fact written by Plato, although all of the thirty-six dialogues have some defenders. A further nine

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While Socrates' recorded conversations rarely provide a definite answer to the question under examination, several maxims or paradoxes for which he has become known recur. Socrates taught that no one desires what is bad, and so if anyone does something that truly is bad, it must be unwillingly or out

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Aristotle opposed the utopian style of theorizing, deciding to rely on the understood and observed behaviors of people in reality to formulate his theories. Stemming from an underlying moral assumption that life is valuable, the philosopher makes a point that scarce resources ought to be responsibly

1768:, his contemporary. Their aim was to live according to nature and against convention. Antisthenes was inspired by the ascetism of Socrates, and accused Plato of pride and conceit. Diogenes, his follower, took the ideas to their limit, living in extreme poverty and engaging in anti-social behaviour. 1103:

cast his philosophy against those who held "it is and is not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions,"—presumably referring to Heraclitus and those who followed him. Whereas the doctrines of the Milesian school, in suggesting that the substratum could appear in a variety of different

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lived at approximately the same time that Xenophanes did and, in contrast to the latter, the school that he founded sought to reconcile religious belief and reason. Little is known about his life with any reliability, however, and no writings of his survive, so it is possible that he was simply a

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Since 2016, however, current scholarship has transitioned from calling philosophy before the Athenian school "pre-Socratic" to simply "Early Greek Philosophy". André Laks and Glenn W. Most have been partly responsible for popularizing this shift in describing the era preceding the Athenian School

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was the only human good, but he had also accepted a limited role for its utilitarian side, allowing pleasure to be a secondary goal of moral action. Aristippus and his followers seized upon this, and made pleasure the sole final goal of life, denying that virtue had any intrinsic value.

902:) could not be any of the classical elements, since they were one extreme or another. For example, water is wet, the opposite of dry, while fire is dry, the opposite of wet. This initial state is ageless and imperishable, and everything returns to it according to necessity. 1402:

were thus born in this febrile period following Socrates' activity, and either directly or indirectly influenced by him. They were also absorbed by the expanding Muslim world in the 7th through 10th centuries AD, from which they returned to the West as foundations of

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of the Greek religion by claiming that cattle would claim that the gods looked like cattle, horses like horses, and lions like lions, just as the Ethiopians claimed that the gods were snub-nosed and black and the Thracians claimed they were pale and red-haired.

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also proposed an ontological pluralism with a cosmogony based on two main elements: the vacuum and atoms. These, by means of their inherent movement, are crossing the void and creating the real material bodies. His theories were not well known by the time of

1455:, his caginess regarding his own opinions in the dialogues, and his occasional absence from or minor role in the conversation serve to conceal Plato's doctrines. Much of what is said about his doctrines is derived from what Aristotle reports about them. 2113:(indifference) to personal circumstances rather than social norms, and switched shameless flouting of the latter for a resolute fulfillment of social duties. Logic and physics were also part of early Stoicism, further developed by Zeno's successors 1451:, Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life and beliefs and it is not always easy to distinguish between the two. While the Socrates presented in the dialogues is often taken to be Plato's mouthpiece, Socrates' reputation for 1284:

credits him as "the first who brought philosophy down from the heavens, placed it in cities, introduced it into families, and obliged it to examine into life and morals, and good and evil." By this account he would be considered the founder of

2083:. He accepted Democritus' theory of atomism, with improvements made in response to criticisms by Aristotle and others. His ethics were based on "the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain". This was, however, not simple 1104:

guises, implied that everything that exists is corpuscular, Parmenides argued that the first principle of being was One, indivisible, and unchanging. Being, he argued, by definition implies eternality, while only that which

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and held that pleasure was the supreme good in life, especially physical pleasure, which they thought more intense and more desirable than mental pleasures. Pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil.

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is conventional. It was Protagoras who claimed that "man is the measure of all things, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not," which Plato interprets as a radical

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is premised on a distinction between the sort of knowledge possessed by the philosopher and that possessed by the king or political man, Socrates explores only the character of the philosopher; in the

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regarding non-evident matters. For any non-evident matter, a Pyrrhonist makes arguments for and against such that the matter cannot be concluded, thus suspending belief and thereby inducing ataraxia.

7738: 6404: 1277:, marks a watershed in ancient Greek philosophy. Athens was a center of learning, with sophists and philosophers traveling from across Greece to teach rhetoric, astronomy, cosmology, and geometry. 4026: 811:'s thesis that this shift began with Plato rather than with Socrates (hence his nomenclature of "pre-Platonic philosophy") has not prevented the predominance of the "pre-Socratic" distinction. 1335:, too, was forced to flee and that the Athenians burned his books. Socrates, however, is the only subject recorded as charged under this law, convicted, and sentenced to death in 399 BC (see 1304:. Socrates is said to have pursued this probing question-and-answer style of examination on a number of topics, usually attempting to arrive at a defensible and attractive definition of a 1549:) forms (or ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through our physical senses, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. He argued extensively in the 1243:, sometimes explicitly teaching that while nature provides no ethical guidance, the guidance that the laws provide is worthless, or that nature favors those who act against the laws. 1518:, a dialogue that does not take place in Athens and from which Socrates is absent. The character of the society described there is eminently conservative, a corrected or liberalized 3803: 1123:

was absurd and as such motion did not exist. He also attacked the subsequent development of pluralism, arguing that it was incompatible with Being. His arguments are known as

7731: 6397: 803:, although the term did not originate with him. The term is considered useful because what came to be known as the "Athenian school" (composed of Socrates, Plato, and 2281:, argued that mind exists before matter, and that the universe has a singular cause which must therefore be a single mind. As such, neoplatonism became essentially a 1492:

says that such a city is likely impossible, however, generally assuming that philosophers would refuse to rule and the people would refuse to compel them to do so.

2220:. They acknowledged some vestiges of a moral law within, at best but a plausible guide, the possession of which, however, formed the real distinction between the 7724: 2302: 160: 1312:

of ignorance; consequently, all virtue is knowledge. He frequently remarks on his own ignorance (claiming that he does not know what courage is, for example).

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whose successors are responsible for the mysticism in Pythagoreanism, or that he was actually the author of the doctrine; there is no way to know for certain.

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commentators popularized his work, which eventually contributed heavily to Islamic, Jewish, and medieval Christian philosophy. His influence was such that

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reveal the limitations of politics, raising the question of what political order would be best given those constraints; that question is addressed in the

5429: 2208:, sections 64–67, in which Socrates discusses how knowledge is not accessible to mortals. While the objective of the Pyrrhonists was the attainment of 2046:) regarding all non-evident propositions. Pyrrhonists dispute that the dogmatists – which includes all of Pyrrhonism's rival philosophies – have found 1346:

Numerous subsequent philosophical movements were inspired by Socrates or his younger associates. Plato casts Socrates as the main interlocutor in his

830:, and mathematics. They were distinguished from "non-philosophers" insofar as they rejected mythological explanations in favor of reasoned discourse. 743:

imagination; it certainly gave them many suggestive ideas. But they taught themselves to reason. Philosophy as we understand it is a Greek creation".

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concerns of the Ionians, including the idea that the cosmos is constructed of spheres, the importance of the infinite, and that air or aether is the

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SECVRITATEM translation (from Latin): It is right wisdom then that all imitate this security (Pyrrho pointing at a peaceful pig munching his food)

8049: 2362: 2312: 2003: 7409: 7313: 4005: 3984: 3917: 3451: 2510: 2421: 2212:, after Arcesilaus the Academic skeptics did not hold up ataraxia as the central objective. The Academic skeptics focused on criticizing the 1212:, where some things seem to be one way for one person (and so actually are that way) and another way for another person (and so actually are 948:

Xenophanes was highly influential to subsequent schools of philosophy. He was seen as the founder of a line of philosophy that culminated in

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presents him as distinguishing himself from the common run of mankind by the fact that, while they know nothing noble and good, they do not

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as "empty words and poetic metaphors". He is generally presented as giving greater weight to empirical observation and practical concerns.

2482: 6772: 4259: 3423: 2406: 1067:, which structured this flux, such as that seeming opposites in fact are manifestations of a common substrate to good and evil itself. 5692: 4635: 2411: 4249: 8044: 7257: 5717: 3949: 3632: 3598: 3573: 2671: 2554:, Edited and Translated by André Laks and Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library 524 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016) 6–8. 6249: 591: 565: 6279: 4301: 427: 3958: 3818: 7434: 7038: 6305: 5465: 2109:, was taught by Crates of Thebes, and he took up the Cynic ideals of continence and self-mastery, but applied the concept of 300: 4270: 4879: 4464: 3798: 2401: 2290: 1343:

presented by Plato, he claims that it is the envy he arouses on account of his being a philosopher that will convict him.

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as the first philosopher, held that all things arise from a single material substance, water. It is not because he gave a

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The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism from the Hellenistic Period through the Middle Ages c. 330 BCE – 1250 CE

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played an important role in the development of logic in antiquity, and were influences on the subsequent creation of

4233: 7658: 7530: 7472: 7386: 7209: 6995: 6939: 6845: 6755: 6512: 6503: 5955: 5624: 4930: 4706: 4294: 3624: 2442:"Ancient Greek philosophy, Herodotus, famous ancient Greek philosophers. Ancient Greek philosophy at Hellenism.Net" 2182:. After Arcesilaus, Academic skepticism diverged from Pyrrhonism. This skeptical period of ancient Platonism, from 911: 498: 2369:. The re-introduction of these philosophies, accompanied by the new Arabic commentaries, had a great influence on 7573: 6161: 4373: 4363: 2396: 1216:

way as well); the conclusion being that one cannot look to nature for guidance regarding how to live one's life.

312: 39: 4223: 7252: 6682: 6647: 5827: 5077: 4917: 4640: 4474: 4459: 3954: 2441: 2308: 2015: 1978: 1946: 1885: 1476:. The first of these contains the suggestion that there will not be justice in cities unless they are ruled by 1262: 856: 694: 667: 1441:

Plato's dialogues feature Socrates, although not always as the leader of the conversation. (One dialogue, the

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in turn criticized and built upon the doctrines he ascribed to Socrates and Plato, forming the foundation of

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authorized the gathering of Greek manuscripts and hired translators to increase their prestige. During the

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The Making of Fornication: Eros, Ethics, and Political Reform in Greek Philosophy and Early Christianity.

2568: 2202:; they just doubted that humans had the capacities for obtaining it. They based this position on Plato's 7653: 7495: 7066: 7023: 6967: 6672: 6667: 6566: 6530: 6442: 6427: 6212: 6151: 6131: 6066: 5965: 5877: 5857: 5847: 5329: 4962: 4894: 4802: 4769: 4597: 4383: 4340: 3093: 3030: 2632: 1755: 1480:; those responsible for enforcing the laws are compelled to hold their women, children, and property in 1371: 903: 535: 527: 513: 468: 293: 278: 232: 142: 127: 5082: 618:

was used to make sense of the world using reason. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including

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that they do not know, whereas Socrates knows and acknowledges that he knows nothing noble and good.

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is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato". Clear, unbroken lines of influence lead from

631: 503: 384: 365: 251: 35: 31: 2087:, as he noted that "We do not mean the pleasures of the prodigal or of sensuality . . . we mean the 7553: 7510: 7444: 7303: 7242: 6916: 6906: 6799: 6736: 6642: 6475: 6432: 6370: 6325: 6315: 6274: 6222: 6207: 6136: 6116: 6098: 5930: 5897: 5758: 5745: 5552: 5349: 5260: 5215: 5121: 5007: 4820: 4668: 4167: 2466: 2370: 2161: 2007: 1966: 1962: 1859: 1855: 1631: 1557: 1404: 1289:. The reasons for this turn toward political and ethical subjects remain the object of much study. 1124: 894: 808: 570: 374: 329: 283: 216: 196: 147: 132: 3271:, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987): 33–89. 7908: 7628: 7568: 7558: 7356: 7219: 7114: 7109: 7028: 6637: 6622: 6320: 6289: 6269: 6217: 6199: 6174: 6169: 6121: 6108: 6075: 5970: 5872: 5807: 5763: 5707: 5547: 5376: 5270: 5178: 4982: 4861: 4852: 4815: 4810: 4716: 4711: 4688: 4607: 4421: 4348: 3504: 2386: 2334: 2252: 1938: 1831: 1719: 1711: 1635: 1398:

philosophy relies). The philosophic movements that were to dominate the intellectual life of the

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was air, although John Burnet argues that by this, he meant that it was a transparent mist, the

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was, in turn, inspired by Diogenes to give away his fortune and live on the streets of Athens.

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refers to him in the past tense, this would place him in the 5th century BC. Contrary to the

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Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy,"

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Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy",

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calls him the "first man of science", but because he gave a naturalistic explanation of the

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Heraclitus must have lived after Xenophanes and Pythagoras, as he condemns them along with

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The power of Parmenides' logic was such that some subsequent philosophers abandoned the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans

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A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans

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and supported it with reasons. According to tradition, Thales was able to predict an

701: 5087: 3973: 1890: 1634:, and ultimately returned to Athens a decade later to establish his own school: the 1266:

Four Greek philosophers: Socrates, Antisthenes, Chrysippos, Epicurus; British Museum

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Spectacles of Truth in Classical Greek Philosophy: Theoria in its Cultural Context.

2274: 2268: 2059: 1954: 1942: 1899: 1442: 1399: 1355: 1236: 1116: 785: 623: 435: 379: 2038:) as the way to achieve eudaimonia. To bring the mind to ataraxia Pyrrhonism uses 1139:

of the Milesians, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Parmenides, where one thing was the

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whose successors introduced rationalism into Pythagoreanism, that he was simply a

3995: 3615: 2542:, by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiii–xix. 17: 7298: 7137: 6975: 6525: 6006: 5945: 5817: 5797: 5702: 5639: 5599: 5579: 5505: 5475: 5136: 5072: 4764: 4749: 4625: 4615: 4564: 4530: 4469: 3561: 3244: 2529:, by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiv–xvi. 2318: 2191: 2134: 2126: 2072: 1950: 1929: 1851: 1761: 1657: 1538: 1438:

dialogues are ascribed to Plato but were considered spurious even in antiquity.

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The early Greek philosophers (or "pre-Socratics") were primarily concerned with

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The fact that many conversations involving Socrates (as recounted by Plato and

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Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments

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that it is conventional to refer to philosophy developed prior to Socrates as

659: 615: 458: 89: 3500: 3461: 2321:, Greek ideas were largely forgotten in Western Europe due to the decline in 1679:

Aristotle is often portrayed as disagreeing with his teacher Plato (e.g., in

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The Philosophizing Muse: The Influence of Greek Philosophy on Roman Poetry.

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since its inception, and can be found in many aspects of public education.

4244: 2022:, which taught that it is one's opinions about non-evident matters (i.e., 7858: 7818: 7768: 7633: 7596: 7515: 7505: 7404: 7323: 7167: 7089: 6990: 6980: 6957: 6947: 6858: 6705: 6695: 6657: 6617: 6612: 6602: 6553: 5697: 5604: 5569: 5527: 5515: 5303: 5097: 4997: 4940: 4744: 4698: 4582: 3105: 2742: 2480:

Kevin Scharp (Department of Philosophy, Ohio State University) – Diagrams

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The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth

3792: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2018:. After returning to Greece, Pyrrho started a new school of philosophy, 1076:), "strife", and hypothesized that the apparently stable state of δίκη ( 727:, though the extent of this influence is widely debated. The classicist 7898: 7778: 7638: 6896: 6863: 6836: 5324: 5298: 5293: 5235: 5230: 5062: 4950: 4945: 4904: 4726: 4572: 4454: 4197:

Pleasure in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Key Themes in Ancient Philosophy.

3508: 1843: 1739: 1680: 1649: 1627: 1232: 1228: 1199:

The first person to call themselves a sophist, according to Plato, was

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of other schools of philosophy, in particular of the dogmatism of the

2194:, although some ancient authors added further subdivisions, such as a 1614:

in 367 BC and began to study philosophy (perhaps even rhetoric, under

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Early Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: Introductory and Reference Material

2354: 2217: 2088: 2068: 1961:, ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of 1895: 1847: 1808: 1688: 1673: 1661: 1653: 1623: 1551: 1523: 1305: 1297: 1281: 1204: 1186: 1136: 917: 892:

but was instead something "unlimited" or "indefinite" (in Greek, the

860: 635: 440: 3617:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

3492: 1638:. At least twenty-nine of his treatises have survived, known as the 4255: 4153:

Martín-Velasco, María José and María José García Blanco eds. 2016.

3837: 3359:, by Aristotle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984): 1–29. 3222:, by Plato (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997), v–vi, viii–xii, 1634–35. 2660:

Guthrie, W. K. C.; Guthrie, William Keith Chambers (May 14, 1978).

8008: 7928: 7888: 7868: 7808: 7798: 7525: 7500: 7194: 6794: 5405: 5067: 4353: 4186:

Athletics and Philosophy in the Ancient World: Contests of Virtue.

4132:

The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life

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for the immortality of the soul, and he believed specifically in

1484:; and the individual is taught to pursue the common good through 1027:

as proving that much learning cannot teach a man to think; since

62:. The reason given is: Too much reliance on 19th century sources. 7918: 7848: 6662: 4095:

Pierides, 3. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

1390:

teachers before renouncing all previous philosophers (including

7720: 6386: 6048: 4790: 4328: 4290: 1928:(lower) Whoever wants to apply the real wisdom, shall not mind 1433:. Ancient tradition ascribes thirty-six dialogues and thirteen 1280:

While philosophy was an established pursuit prior to Socrates,

5250: 2239:

Following the end of the skeptical period of the Academy with

1327:

was closely associated with this new learning and a friend of

44: 4286: 3591:

A History of Ancient Philosophy: From the Origins to Socrates

1916:

translation (from Latin): Pyrrho • Greek • Son of Plistarchus

1458:

The political doctrine ascribed to Plato is derived from the

4027:

On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates

1945:

periods, many different schools of thought developed in the

1055:, which must be considered as "plan" or "formula", and "the 715:

Greek philosophy was influenced to some extent by the older

27:

Philosophical origins and foundation of Western civilization

1622:. He left Athens approximately twenty years later to study 3870: 3868: 3733: 3731: 3670: 3668: 867:

and taught the Egyptians how to measure the height of the

815:

through their comprehensive, nine volume Loeb editions of

681:

once claimed: "The safest general characterization of the

4281:

Ancient Greek Philosophy and important Greek philosophers

3912:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 3520: 3518: 3773:

Sextus Empiricus, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.225–231

2567:, 3rd ed. (London: A & C Black Ltd., 1920), 3–16. 2499:

Griffin, Jasper; Boardman, John; Murray, Oswyn (2001).

2297:

Transmission of Greek philosophy in the medieval period

2198:. The Academic skeptics did not doubt the existence of 1582:) to explain his ideas; the most famous is perhaps the 1447:, instead contains an "Athenian Stranger".) Along with 2502:

The Oxford history of Greece and the Hellenistic world

746:

Subsequent philosophic tradition was so influenced by

3804:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

3060:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 277–96. 1378:

in turn adapted the ethics of Cynicism to articulate

1374:

and accused Plato of distorting Socrates' teachings.

807:) signaled the rise of a new approach to philosophy; 3842:

Rhizai. A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science

3443:

A little history of economics : revised version

3251:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 50–51. 1830:

flourished in the 4th century BC. It was founded by

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Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

3783: 3781: 3779: 3156:, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007), 14 3047:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 120. 2333:, however, Greek ideas were preserved and studied. 1296:) end without having reached a firm conclusion, or 1219:Protagoras and subsequent sophists tended to teach 1070:

Heraclitus called the oppositional processes ἔρις (

770:

Early Greek philosophy (or pre-Socratic philosophy)

4072:Ancient Mediterranean Philosophy: An Introduction. 3972: 2361:Greek philosophy re-entered the West through both 1370:founded the school that would come to be known as 758:. The periods following this, up to and after the 2505:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 140. 4199:Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 1300:, has stimulated debate over the meaning of the 1001:of everything. Pythagoreanism also incorporated 4141:Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology. 4121:Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought. 4112:Gill, Mary Louise, and Pierre Pellegrin. 2009. 4098:Kamtekar, Rachana. “The Soul’s (After-) Life,” 3926:Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (After-) Life", 2174:, and adopted skepticism as a central tenet of 4079:The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy. 3475:Reynard, H.; Gray, Alexander (December 1931). 1644:, and address a variety of subjects including 1273:, believed to have been born in Athens in the 989:Pythagoras is said to have been a disciple of 30:"Greek philosophy" redirects here. For later ( 7732: 6398: 4302: 3073:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010). 2303:Arab transmission of the Classics to the West 1764:, who was a disciple of Socrates, as well as 796:gained currency with the 1903 publication of 592: 8: 4077:Curd, Patricia, and D.W. Graham, eds. 2008. 3908:Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008). 3165:Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", 1957:throughout the Roman world, followed by the 960:' total break between science and religion. 662:. Greek philosophy continued throughout the 4091:Garani, Myrto and David Konstan eds. 2014. 4060:, Oxford ; New York: Clarendon Press, 1997. 3860:Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy 2855:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1962. 2353:) also reinterpreted these works after the 1545:. It holds that non-material abstract (but 7739: 7725: 7717: 7276: 7125: 6963: 6841: 6751: 6585: 6576: 6508: 6499: 6438: 6405: 6391: 6383: 6071: 6062: 6045: 5741: 5448: 5220: 4857: 4798: 4787: 4336: 4325: 4309: 4295: 4287: 2273:Also affected by the neopythagoreans, the 1710:Aristotle's fame was not great during the 1610:Aristotle moved to Athens from his native 599: 585: 166: 80: 4088:Berkeley: University of California Press. 4040:University of California, 1992. (2nd Ed.) 2243:, Platonic thought entered the period of 1842:, which was apparently combined with the 4114:A Companion to Ancient Greek Philosophy. 3874: 3749: 3737: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3659: 3647: 3589:Reale, Giovanni; Catan, John R. (1986). 3568:. Oxford University Press. p. 231. 3548: 3536: 3524: 2365:and original Greek manuscripts from the 2133:, reason (but also called God or fate). 1726:referred to him simply as "the Master"; 1541:themes, the most famous of which is his 1203:, whom he presents as teaching that all 1184:Sophism arose from the juxtaposition of 673:Greek philosophy has influenced much of 4179:The A to Z of Ancient Greek Philosophy. 3375:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972). 3306:classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com 2433: 2010:'s army where Pyrrho was influenced by 1119:attempted to prove that the concept of 364: 231: 169: 88: 3477:"The Development of Economic Doctrine" 2313:Latin translations of the 12th century 2178:, making Platonism nearly the same as 2091:in the body and trouble in the mind". 2030:. Pyrrhonism places the attainment of 1115:In support of this, Parmenides' pupil 788:who were active prior to the death of 762:, are those of "Classical Greek" and " 4164:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 4148:Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn. 4048:Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient 3435: 3433: 3383: 3381: 2569:Scanned version from Internet Archive 2422:Transliteration of Greek into English 7: 7748:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts 4188:Ethics and Sport. London; New York: 882:, who argued that the substratum or 6414:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy 4276:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4260:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4155:Greek Philosophy and Mystery Cults. 3764:, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.232 3424:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3196:(Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 24. 2407:International scientific vocabulary 1965:, which was dominated by the three 2565:Greek Philosophy: Thales to Plato 2412:List of ancient Greek philosophers 2026:) that prevent one from attaining 1350:, deriving from them the basis of 878:of philosophy and was followed by 25: 3888:The Beginnings of Western Science 3614:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). 2363:translations from Arabic to Latin 2014:teachings, most particularly the 1143:. In place of this, they adopted 888:could not be water or any of the 566:Social and political philosophers 6366: 6365: 6352: 4243: 4123:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4050:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971. 4014:William Keith Chambers Guthrie, 3787: 1530:model or that of pre-democratic 689:and Hellenistic philosophers to 683:European philosophical tradition 110: 96: 49: 3890:. University of Chicago Press. 3373:A History of Western Philosophy 3269:History of Political Philosophy 3140:(London: Methuen, 1950), 73–75. 2731:Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker 2464:Alfred North Whitehead (1929), 1005:ideals, emphasizing purgation, 731:states, "contact with oriental 3994:Grayling, A. C. (2019-11-05). 3299:"Plato – Allegory of the cave" 3284:. “The Soul’s (After-) Life,” 3071:How Philosophy Became Socratic 2666:. Cambridge University Press. 2137:still feature in contemporary 1794:of Cyrene, who was a pupil of 1718:logic was in vogue, but later 1108:can be thought; a thing which 1059:is common". He also posited a 1: 8050:Ancient philosophy by culture 4160:Nightingale, Andrea W. 2004. 4081:New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 3355:Carnes Lord, Introduction to 2853:A History of Greek Philosophy 2540:The Pre-Platonic Philosophers 2527:The Pre-Platonic Philosophers 2402:English words of Greek origin 1920:(middle) OPORTERE • SAPIENTEM 614:arose in the 6th century BC. 5838:Ordinary language philosophy 4234:Resources in other libraries 3801:, ed. (1870). "Arcesilaus". 2470:, Part II, Chap. I, Sect. I. 1912:(upper) PIRRHO • HELIENSIS • 1902:, in an anecdote taken from 1537:Plato's dialogues also have 5888:Contemporary utilitarianism 5803:Internalism and externalism 3979:. Oxford University Press. 3593:. SUNY Press. p. 271. 3235:, by Plato, v–vi, viii–xii. 2135:Their logical contributions 1618:), eventually enrolling at 1574:Plato often uses long-form 1223:as their primary vocation. 952:, possibly an influence on 801:Fragmente der Vorsokratiker 760:wars of Alexander the Great 34:) philosophy in Greek, see 8066: 5152:Svatantrika and Prasangika 4265:Ancient Greek Philosophers 3625:Princeton University Press 3339:"Plato: The Republic 5–10" 3058:The Argument of the Action 2538:Greg Whitlock, preface to 2525:Greg Whitlock, preface to 2306: 2300: 2285:, and had great impact on 2266: 2232: 2159: 2148: 2129:, which was structured by 2098: 2057: 1988: 1883: 1877: 1819: 1779: 1753: 1603: 1597: 1418: 1386:studied with Platonic and 1255: 1247:Classical Greek philosophy 1177: 1093: 1086:unity of these opposites. 1035:, which posits one stable 1016: 967: 929: 837: 773: 29: 7754: 6346: 6061: 6044: 5451: 4797: 4786: 4374:Philosophy of mathematics 4364:Philosophy of information 4335: 4324: 4229:Resources in your library 4174:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 4143:Indianapolis, IN: Hackett 3997:The History of Philosophy 3971:Freeman, Charles (1996). 3967:, 6 February 2015), 1930. 3940:Nikolaos Bakalis (2005). 3566:The Morality of Happiness 3267:Leo Strauss, "Plato", in 3154:The Development of Ethics 3045:Natural Right and History 2676:– via Google Books. 2397:Definitions of philosophy 2345:(Alpharabius), Ibn Sina ( 2225:were more psychological. 2105:The founder of Stoicism, 1339:). In the version of his 1045:, Heraclitus taught that 741:early Greek philosophers' 313:Middle Eastern philosophy 58:This article needs to be 40:Eastern Orthodox theology 8045:Ancient Greek philosophy 7253:Alexander of Aphrodisias 4267:, Worldhistorycharts.com 4256:Ancient Greek Philosophy 4250:Ancient Greek philosophy 4215:Ancient Greek philosophy 4195:Wolfsdorf, David. 2013. 3886:Lindberg, David. (1992) 3862:, 13th Edition, page 309 3819:"Plato, Phaedo, page 64" 2733:, Xenophanes frs. 15–16. 2309:Early Islamic philosophy 2075:, who was a follower of 2016:three marks of existence 1979:early Islamic philosophy 1886:Ancient Roman philosophy 1760:Cynicism was founded by 1429:of the generation after 1082:), or "justice", is the 993:and to have imbibed the 695:Early Islamic philosophy 612:Ancient Greek philosophy 7362:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus 7095:Thrasymachus of Corinth 6773:Metrodorus of Lampsacus 5843:Postanalytic philosophy 5784:Experimental philosophy 4184:Reid, Heather L. 2011. 4038:Hellenistic Philosophy. 3169:73 (1964): 147–64, 147. 3121:Sophistical Refutations 2255:, who combined it with 1834:, one of the pupils of 1676:, botany, and zoology. 1394:, on whose atomism the 936:Xenophanes was born in 776:Pre-Socratic philosophy 756:pre-Socratic philosophy 739:helped to liberate the 666:and later evolved into 7019:Aristippus the Younger 5976:Social constructionism 4988:Hellenistic philosophy 4404:Theoretical philosophy 4379:Philosophy of religion 4369:Philosophy of language 4181:Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. 4177:Preus, Anthony. 2010. 4136:London: Jonathan Cape. 4119:Hankinson, R.J. 1999. 4109:75 (4): 643–665. 2022. 4070:Clark, Stephen. 2012. 4054:Martin Litchfield West 4044:Martin Litchfield West 3975:Egypt, Greece and Rome 3960:Early Greek Philosophy 3944:, Trafford Publishing 3937:75 (4): 643–665. 2022. 3320:"Allegory of the Cave" 3138:The Greek Philosophers 2748:Praeparatio Evangelica 2190:, became known as the 2139:propositional calculus 2044:suspension of judgment 1934: 1908:Outlines of Pyrrhonism 1880:Hellenistic philosophy 1874:Hellenistic philosophy 1742:as "the Philosopher". 1411:, as discussed below. 1267: 906:in turn held that the 817:Early Greek Philosophy 764:Hellenistic philosophy 729:Martin Litchfield West 679:Alfred North Whitehead 536:Aesthetic philosophers 7496:Eudorus of Alexandria 7067:Asclepiades of Phlius 7024:Theodorus the Atheist 6359:Philosophy portal 5878:Scientific skepticism 5858:Reformed epistemology 4384:Philosophy of science 4146:Luchte, James. 2011. 4107:Review of Metaphysics 4084:Gaca, Kathy L. 2003. 4074:New York: Bloomsbury. 3935:Review of Metaphysics 3910:From Plato to Derrida 3823:www.perseus.tufts.edu 3218:John M. Cooper, ed., 3031:Tusculan Disputations 3026:Marcus Tullius Cicero 2371:Medieval philosophers 1953:world. The spread of 1893: 1798:. The Cyrenaics were 1756:Cynicism (philosophy) 1691:described in Plato's 1687:). He criticizes the 1265: 1131:Pluralism and atomism 956:, and a precursor to 117:Philosophy portal 7430:Diogenes of Oenoanda 5779:Critical rationalism 5486:Edo neo-Confucianism 5330:Acintya bheda abheda 5309:Renaissance humanism 5020:School of the Sextii 4394:Practical philosophy 4389:Political philosophy 4252:at Wikimedia Commons 4150:New York: Continuum. 3836:Veres, Máté (2009). 3481:The Economic Journal 3167:Philosophical Review 3034:, V 10–11 (or V IV). 2814:The Greek experience 2392:Byzantine philosophy 2335:Islamic philosophers 2241:Antiochus of Ascalon 1975:Christian philosophy 1856:logical conditionals 1703:, and refers to the 1641:corpus Aristotelicum 1630:, became a tutor of 1584:Allegory of the Cave 1323:The great statesman 1287:political philosophy 1063:, expressed through 874:Thales inspired the 710:Age of Enlightenment 632:political philosophy 561:Philosophers of mind 36:Byzantine philosophy 7554:Apollonius of Tyana 7501:Philo of Alexandria 7304:Agrippa the Skeptic 7243:Strato of Lampsacus 5350:Nimbarka Sampradaya 5261:Korean Confucianism 5008:Academic Skepticism 3713:, pp. 108–109. 3689:, pp. 107–108. 3343:philosophypages.com 3194:The People of Plato 3180:Apology of Socrates 3101:Apology of Socrates 2729:, 35; Diels-Kranz, 2467:Process and Reality 2170:became head of the 2162:Academic skepticism 2156:Academic skepticism 2008:Alexander the Great 1963:Medieval philosophy 1922:HANC ILLIVS IMITARI 1914:PLISTARCHI • FILIVS 1860:propositional logic 1632:Alexander the Great 1405:Medieval philosophy 1358:). Plato's student 1354:(and by extension, 809:Friedrich Nietzsche 571:Women in philosophy 301:Indigenous American 84:Part of a series on 7629:Plutarch of Athens 7569:Numenius of Apamea 7559:Moderatus of Gades 7029:Hegesias of Cyrene 5971:Post-structuralism 5873:Scientific realism 5828:Quinean naturalism 5808:Logical positivism 5764:Analytical Marxism 4983:Peripatetic school 4895:Chinese naturalism 4422:Aesthetic response 4349:Applied philosophy 4116:Oxford: Blackwell. 4100:Ancient Philosophy 3928:Ancient Philosophy 3440:Kishtainy, Niall. 3337:Kemerling, Garth. 3286:Ancient Philosophy 3069:Laurence Lampert, 2485:2014-10-31 at the 2387:Ancient philosophy 2291:Christian theology 2253:Numenius of Apamea 1935: 1832:Euclides of Megara 1712:Hellenistic period 1268: 1239:appear in various 1101:Parmenides of Elea 1090:Eleatic philosophy 1061:unity of opposites 954:Eleatic philosophy 890:classical elements 664:Hellenistic period 264:Eastern philosophy 8032: 8031: 7803:(first principle) 7714: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7677:Nicetes of Smyrna 7266: 7265: 7181: 7180: 7143:Apollonius Cronus 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6808: 6807: 6732: 6731: 6653:Metrodorus of Cos 6575: 6574: 6562: 6561: 6489: 6488: 6380: 6379: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6031: 5759:Analytic feminism 5731: 5730: 5693:Kierkegaardianism 5655:Transcendentalism 5615:Neo-scholasticism 5461:Classical Realism 5438: 5437: 5210: 5209: 5025:Neopythagoreanism 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4399:Social philosophy 4248:Media related to 4210:Library resources 4172:Thales of Miletus 4168:O’Grady, Patricia 4139:Kahn, C.H. 1994. 4022:Søren Kierkegaard 4007:978-1-9848-7875-5 3986:978-0-19-815003-9 3919:978-0-13-158591-1 3453:978-0-300-20636-4 3419:Aristotle's Logic 3393:, bk. 2, ch. 1–6. 3282:Kamtekar, Rachana 3092:336c & 337a, 2599:Metaphysics Alpha 2585:Metaphysics Alpha 2512:978-0-19-280137-1 2446:www.hellenism.net 2349:) and Ibn Rushd ( 2257:Neopythagoreanism 2123:Their metaphysics 2079:and a student of 2004:traveled to India 1971:Jewish philosophy 1947:Hellenistic world 1478:philosopher kings 1337:Trial of Socrates 845:Thales of Miletus 784:of terming those 766:", respectively. 725:ancient Near East 719:and mythological 717:wisdom literature 609: 608: 417: 416: 79: 78: 18:Greek philosopher 16:(Redirected from 8057: 8024: 8014: 8004: 7994: 7984: 7974: 7964: 7954: 7944: 7934: 7924: 7914: 7904: 7894: 7884: 7874: 7864: 7854: 7844: 7834: 7824: 7814: 7804: 7794: 7784: 7774: 7764: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7718: 7669:Second Sophistic 7644:Ammonius Hermiae 7549:Nigidius Figulus 7463:Philo of Larissa 7445:Academic Skeptic 7309:Sextus Empiricus 7277: 7126: 7085:Euclid of Megara 6964: 6842: 6752: 6586: 6577: 6509: 6500: 6439: 6421:Proto-philosophy 6407: 6400: 6393: 6384: 6369: 6368: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6072: 6063: 6046: 5936:Frankfurt School 5883:Transactionalism 5833:Normative ethics 5813:Legal positivism 5789:Falsificationism 5774:Consequentialism 5769:Communitarianism 5742: 5610:New Confucianism 5449: 5256:Neo-Confucianism 5221: 5030:Second Sophistic 5015:Middle Platonism 4858: 4799: 4788: 4631:Epiphenomenalism 4498:Consequentialism 4432:Institutionalism 4337: 4326: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4288: 4247: 4102:36 (2016): 1–18. 4011: 3990: 3978: 3930:36 (2016): 1–18. 3923: 3895: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762:Sextus Empiricus 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3437: 3428: 3415: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3369:Bertrand Russell 3366: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3288:36 (2016): 1–18. 3278: 3272: 3265: 3252: 3249:The City and Man 3242: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3131: 3125: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3056:Seth Benardete, 3054: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3023: 3017: 3014:Greek Philosophy 3010: 3004: 3001:Greek Philosophy 2997: 2991: 2988:Greek Philosophy 2984: 2978: 2975:Greek Philosophy 2971: 2965: 2962:Greek Philosophy 2958: 2952: 2949:Greek Philosophy 2945: 2939: 2936:Greek Philosophy 2932: 2926: 2923:Greek Philosophy 2919: 2913: 2910:Greek Philosophy 2906: 2900: 2897:Greek Philosophy 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875:Greek Philosophy 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827:Greek Philosophy 2823: 2817: 2812:C.M. Bowra 1957 2810: 2804: 2801:Greek Philosophy 2797: 2791: 2788:Greek Philosophy 2784: 2778: 2775:Greek Philosophy 2771: 2765: 2762:Greek Philosophy 2758: 2752: 2740: 2734: 2727:Greek Philosophy 2723: 2717: 2714:Greek Philosophy 2710: 2704: 2701:Greek Philosophy 2697: 2691: 2688:Greek Philosophy 2684: 2678: 2677: 2657: 2651: 2648:Greek Philosophy 2644: 2638: 2625:Greek Philosophy 2621: 2615: 2612:Greek Philosophy 2608: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2577: 2571: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2496: 2490: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2438: 2367:Byzantine Empire 2359:High Middle Ages 2331:Byzantine Empire 2327:Migration Period 2277:, first of them 2245:Middle Platonism 2235:Middle Platonism 2229:Middle Platonism 2188:Philo of Larissa 2172:Platonic Academy 1904:Sextus Empiricus 1894:The philosopher 1850:. Their work on 1790:were founded by 1770:Crates of Thebes 1685:School of Athens 1125:Zeno's paradoxes 942:anthropomorphism 922:of all things." 750:as presented by 691:Roman philosophy 668:Roman philosophy 601: 594: 587: 306:Aztec philosophy 185:Ancient Egyptian 167: 119: 115: 114: 113: 100: 81: 74: 71: 65: 53: 52: 45: 21: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8012: 8002: 7992: 7982: 7972: 7962: 7952: 7942: 7932: 7922: 7912: 7902: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7862: 7852: 7842: 7832: 7822: 7812: 7802: 7792: 7782: 7772: 7762: 7750: 7745: 7715: 7706: 7663: 7592:Ammonius Saccas 7578: 7535: 7483:Middle Platonic 7477: 7439: 7391: 7382:Marcus Aurelius 7318: 7294:Timon of Phlius 7262: 7232:Aristotelianism 7214: 7177: 7158:Diodorus Cronus 7124: 7071: 7043: 7000: 6962: 6926: 6883: 6831: 6804: 6776: 6741: 6728: 6700: 6677: 6571: 6558: 6535: 6485: 6437: 6416: 6411: 6381: 6376: 6353: 6351: 6330: 6294: 6194: 6156: 6103: 6057: 6056: 6028: 6017:Russian cosmism 5990: 5986:Western Marxism 5951:New Historicism 5916:Critical theory 5902: 5898:Wittgensteinian 5794:Foundationalism 5727: 5664: 5645:Social contract 5501:Foundationalism 5434: 5416: 5400:Illuminationism 5385:Aristotelianism 5371: 5360:Vishishtadvaita 5313: 5265: 5206: 5173: 5044: 4973:Megarian school 4968:Eretrian school 4909: 4870:Agriculturalism 4847: 4793: 4774: 4721: 4693: 4650: 4602: 4559: 4543:Incompatibilism 4512: 4484: 4436: 4408: 4331: 4320: 4315: 4283:, Hellenism.Net 4258:, entry in the 4240: 4239: 4238: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4127:Hughes, Bettany 4067: 4065:Further reading 4008: 3993: 3987: 3970: 3963:(archived from 3920: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3866: 3858:Eduard Zeller, 3857: 3853: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3620: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3516: 3493:10.2307/2224006 3474: 3473: 3469: 3454: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3397: 3386: 3379: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3207:People of Plato 3204: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2741: 2737: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2592: 2578: 2574: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2487:Wayback Machine 2478: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2417:Translingualism 2383: 2315: 2305: 2299: 2271: 2265: 2237: 2231: 2166:Around 266 BC, 2164: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2103: 2097: 2089:absence of pain 2062: 2056: 1993: 1987: 1959:spread of Islam 1933: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1828:Megarian school 1824: 1822:Megarian school 1818: 1784: 1778: 1758: 1752: 1705:theory of forms 1620:Plato's Academy 1608: 1606:Aristotelianism 1602: 1596: 1543:theory of forms 1423: 1417: 1364:Aristotelianism 1302:Socratic method 1260: 1254: 1249: 1182: 1176: 1133: 1098: 1092: 1033:Milesian school 1021: 1015: 972: 966: 934: 928: 876:Milesian school 842: 840:Milesian school 836: 834:Milesian school 778: 772: 704:, the European 675:Western culture 605: 576: 575: 541:Epistemologists 531: 530: 519: 518: 455: 431: 430: 419: 418: 164: 163: 152: 111: 109: 108: 75: 69: 66: 63: 54: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8016: 8006: 7996: 7986: 7976: 7966: 7956: 7946: 7936: 7926: 7916: 7906: 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7189: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7057:Phaedo of Elis 7053: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6944: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6362: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6162:Middle Eastern 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6069: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Existentialism 5923: 5921:Deconstruction 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754:Applied ethics 5750: 5748: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5718:Nietzscheanism 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5660:Utilitarianism 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5558:Transcendental 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5496:Existentialism 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Augustinianism 5281: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5197:Zoroastrianism 5194: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5040:Church Fathers 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4555:Libertarianism 4552: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:Metaphilosophy 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204:External links 4202: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4182: 4175: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4041: 4031: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3968: 3952: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3879: 3877:, p. 124. 3864: 3851: 3828: 3810: 3799:Smith, William 3775: 3766: 3754: 3752:, p. 114. 3742: 3740:, p. 112. 3727: 3725:, p. 110. 3715: 3703: 3701:, p. 108. 3691: 3679: 3677:, p. 106. 3664: 3662:, p. 104. 3652: 3650:, p. 103. 3640: 3633: 3627:. p. 28. 3606: 3599: 3581: 3574: 3553: 3551:, p. 102. 3541: 3539:, p. 100. 3529: 3514: 3467: 3452: 3429: 3417:Robin Smith, " 3410: 3395: 3377: 3361: 3348: 3329: 3324:washington.edu 3311: 3290: 3273: 3253: 3237: 3233:Complete Works 3224: 3220:Complete Works 3211: 3198: 3185: 3171: 3158: 3142: 3134:W.K.C. Guthrie 3126: 3075: 3062: 3049: 3036: 3018: 3005: 2992: 2979: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2879: 2866: 2857: 2849:W.K.C. Guthrie 2840: 2831: 2818: 2805: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2753: 2735: 2718: 2705: 2692: 2679: 2672: 2652: 2639: 2616: 2603: 2601:, 983 b6 8–11. 2590: 2572: 2556: 2544: 2531: 2518: 2511: 2491: 2472: 2457: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2375:Thomas Aquinas 2301:Main article: 2298: 2295: 2267:Main article: 2264: 2261: 2233:Main article: 2230: 2227: 2196:Middle Academy 2160:Main article: 2157: 2154: 2149:Main article: 2146: 2143: 2107:Zeno of Citium 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2081:Pyrrho of Elis 2058:Main article: 2055: 2052: 1996:Pyrrho of Elis 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1878:Main article: 1875: 1872: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1807:had held that 1780:Main article: 1777: 1774: 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1598:Main article: 1595: 1592: 1419:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1376:Zeno of Citium 1341:defense speech 1275:5th century BC 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1132: 1129: 1094:Main article: 1091: 1088: 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 1007:metempsychosis 970:Pythagoreanism 968:Main article: 965: 964:Pythagoreanism 962: 930:Main article: 927: 924: 847:, regarded by 838:Main article: 835: 832: 798:Hermann Diels' 774:Main article: 771: 768: 607: 606: 604: 603: 596: 589: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 568: 563: 558: 556:Metaphysicians 553: 548: 543: 538: 532: 526: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 484:Metaphilosophy 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 432: 426: 425: 424: 421: 420: 415: 414: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 369: 368: 362: 361: 360: 359: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 322: 321: 320: 310: 309: 308: 298: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 236: 235: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 209: 204: 199: 194: 193: 192: 187: 174: 173: 165: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 105: 102: 101: 93: 92: 86: 85: 77: 76: 57: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8062: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7883:(flourishing) 7881: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7825: 7823:(tranquility) 7821: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7763:(indifferent) 7761: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Zeno of Sidon 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248:Lyco of Troas 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7130:Dialecticians 7127: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6373: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299:Miscellaneous 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995:Miscellaneous 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Structuralism 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Postmodernism 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Phenomenology 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Vienna Circle 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823:Moral realism 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625:Phenomenology 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Individualism 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5430:Judeo-Islamic 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406:ʿIlm al-Kalām 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:Shuddhadvaita 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Scholasticism 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Conceptualism 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669:Particularism 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:Functionalism 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Eliminativism 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Compatibilism 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465:Particularism 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950:1-4120-4843-5 3947: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3875:Grayling 2019 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3794:public domain 3784: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750:Grayling 2019 3746: 3743: 3739: 3738:Grayling 2019 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723:Grayling 2019 3719: 3716: 3712: 3711:Grayling 2019 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699:Grayling 2019 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687:Grayling 2019 3683: 3680: 3676: 3675:Grayling 2019 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660:Grayling 2019 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648:Grayling 2019 3644: 3641: 3636: 3634:9781400866328 3630: 3626: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3600:0-88706-290-3 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3577: 3575:0-19-509652-5 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3549:Grayling 2019 3545: 3542: 3538: 3537:Grayling 2019 3533: 3530: 3527:, p. 99. 3526: 3525:Grayling 2019 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231:Cooper, ed., 3228: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3192:Debra Nails, 3189: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150:Terence Irwin 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043:Leo Strauss, 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2673:9780521294201 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563:John Burnet, 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:neoplatonists 2270: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2155: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125:was based in 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002:philosopher, 2001: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949:and then the 1948: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569:reincarnation 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425:Plato was an 1422: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210:perspectivism 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1190:(nature) and 1189: 1188: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 976: 971: 963: 961: 959: 955: 951: 946: 943: 939: 933: 925: 923: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 905: 901: 897: 896: 891: 887: 886: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 833: 831: 829: 825: 820: 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 799: 795: 794:pre-Socratics 791: 787: 783: 777: 769: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 702:Scholasticism 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:ancient Greek 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 602: 597: 595: 590: 588: 583: 582: 580: 579: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 529: 523: 522: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 499:Phenomenology 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 429: 423: 422: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 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6002:Kyoto School 5961:Posthumanism 5941:Hermeneutics 5796: / 5737:Contemporary 5713:Newtonianism 5676:Cartesianism 5635:Reductionism 5471:Conservatism 5466:Collectivism 5404: 5132:Sarvāstivadā 5110:Anekantavada 5035:Neoplatonism 5003:Epicureanism 4936:Pythagoreans 4914: 4875:Confucianism 4841:Contemporary 4831:Early modern 4735:Anti-realism 4689:Universalism 4646:Subjectivism 4442:Epistemology 4224:Online books 4214: 4196: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4057: 4047: 4037: 4025: 4015: 3996: 3974: 3965:the original 3959: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3909: 3887: 3882: 3859: 3854: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3802: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3655: 3643: 3616: 3609: 3590: 3584: 3565: 3562:Annas, Julia 3556: 3544: 3532: 3487:(164): 636. 3484: 3480: 3470: 3442: 3422: 3413: 3408:, 991a20–22. 3404: 3398: 3389: 3372: 3364: 3357:The Politics 3356: 3351: 3342: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3293: 3285: 3276: 3268: 3248: 3240: 3232: 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Retrieved 2445: 2436: 2341:(Alkindus), 2316: 2272: 2269:Neoplatonism 2263:Neoplatonism 2251:was done by 2238: 2203: 2165: 2104: 2063: 2060:Epicureanism 2054:Epicureanism 2034:(a state of 1994: 1969:traditions: 1955:Christianity 1936: 1907: 1846:doctrine of 1825: 1785: 1759: 1744: 1709: 1699: 1693: 1678: 1639: 1609: 1573: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1539:metaphysical 1536: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1495:Whereas the 1494: 1489: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1443: 1440: 1424: 1400:Roman Empire 1356:Neoplatonism 1345: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1298:aporetically 1291: 1279: 1269: 1237:Thrasymachus 1218: 1213: 1198: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1157: 1140: 1134: 1117:Zeno of Elea 1114: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1022: 998: 995:cosmological 988: 973: 947: 935: 918: 912: 907: 899: 893: 884: 873: 843: 821: 816: 813: 800: 793: 786:philosophers 781: 779: 745: 714: 672: 624:epistemology 611: 610: 528:Philosophers 436:Epistemology 257:South Africa 212:Contemporary 189: 161:Philosophies 67: 59: 7933:(substance) 7923:(intellect) 7903:(imitation) 7873:(character) 7863:(knowledge) 7299:Aenesidemus 7272:Hellenistic 7220:Peripatetic 7138:Clinomachus 6976:Antisthenes 6590:Pythagorean 6541:Heraclitean 6526:Anaximander 6443:Seven Sages 6007:Objectivism 5946:Neo-Marxism 5908:Continental 5818:Meta-ethics 5798:Coherentism 5703:Hegelianism 5640:Rationalism 5600:Natural law 5580:Materialism 5506:Historicism 5476:Determinism 5367:Navya-Nyāya 5142:Sautrāntika 5137:Pudgalavada 5073:Vaisheshika 4926:Presocratic 4826:Renaissance 4765:Physicalism 4750:Materialism 4656:Normativity 4641:Objectivism 4626:Emergentism 4616:Behaviorism 4565:Metaphysics 4531:Determinism 4470:Rationalism 4000:. Penguin. 3955:John Burnet 3405:Metaphysics 3402:Aristotle, 3387:Aristotle, 3245:Leo Strauss 3111:Memorabilia 2597:Aristotle, 2325:during the 2319:Middle Ages 2317:During the 2192:New Academy 2127:materialism 2073:Nausiphanes 2067:studied in 2000:Democritean 1951:Greco-Roman 1939:Hellenistic 1937:During the 1930:trepidation 1852:modal logic 1776:Cyrenaicism 1762:Antisthenes 1720:peripatetic 1658:metaphysics 1547:substantial 1409:Renaissance 1368:Antisthenes 991:Anaximander 984:rationalist 880:Anaximander 857:John Burnet 721:cosmogonies 706:Renaissance 640:metaphysics 628:mathematics 451:Metaphysics 366:By religion 222:Continental 202:Renaissance 8039:Categories 7980:Sophrosyne 7953:(prudence) 7880:Eudaimonia 7843:(division) 7783:(infinite) 7654:Simplicius 7619:Iamblichus 7564:Nicomachus 7453:Arcesilaus 7420:Philodemus 7410:Metrodorus 7352:Posidonius 7342:Chrysippus 7281:Pyrrhonist 7205:Xenocrates 7200:Speusippus 7173:Panthoides 7014:Aristippus 6917:Euthydemus 6854:Protagoras 6827:Democritus 6790:Empedocles 6763:Anaxagoras 6714:Parmenides 6691:Xenophanes 6648:Hermotimus 6598:Pythagoras 6549:Heraclitus 6531:Anaximenes 6433:Pherecydes 6428:Epimenides 6306:Amerindian 6213:Australian 6152:Vietnamese 6132:Indonesian 5681:Kantianism 5630:Positivism 5620:Pragmatism 5595:Naturalism 5575:Liberalism 5553:Subjective 5491:Empiricism 5395:Avicennism 5340:Bhedabheda 5224:East Asian 5147:Madhyamaka 5127:Abhidharma 4993:Pyrrhonism 4760:Nominalism 4755:Naturalism 4684:Skepticism 4674:Relativism 4664:Absolutism 4593:Naturalism 4503:Deontology 4475:Skepticism 4460:Naturalism 4450:Empiricism 4414:Aesthetics 4318:Philosophy 3902:References 3095:Theaetetus 2614:, 3–4, 18. 2451:2019-01-28 2307:See also: 2287:Gnosticism 2249:syncretism 2184:Arcesilaus 2180:Pyrrhonism 2168:Arcesilaus 2119:Chrysippus 2077:Democritus 2036:equanimity 2028:eudaimonia 2020:Pyrrhonism 1991:Pyrrhonism 1985:Pyrrhonism 1932:and misery 1884:See also: 1868:Pyrrhonism 1792:Aristippus 1728:Maimonides 1604:See also: 1580:allegories 1486:noble lies 1470:, and the 1392:Democritus 1388:Pyrrhonist 1333:Protagoras 1329:Anaxagoras 1201:Protagoras 1168:Democritus 1153:Anaxagoras 1149:Empedocles 1147:, such as 1048:panta rhei 1029:Parmenides 1019:Heraclitus 1013:Heraclitus 975:Pythagoras 950:Pyrrhonism 932:Xenophanes 926:Xenophanes 904:Anaximenes 782:convention 660:aesthetics 616:Philosophy 459:Aesthetics 148:Categories 90:Philosophy 7950:Phronesis 7943:(passion) 7853:(opinion) 7840:Diairesis 7793:(problem) 7760:Adiaphora 7687:Favorinus 7649:Damascius 7491:Antiochus 7458:Carneades 7425:Lucretius 7397:Epicurean 7372:Epictetus 7347:Panaetius 7337:Cleanthes 7228:Aristotle 7153:Dionysius 7148:Euphantus 7100:Eubulides 7062:Menedemus 7034:Anniceris 6940:Classical 6907:Lycophron 6902:Callicles 6822:Leucippus 6800:Pausanias 6768:Archelaus 6747:Pluralist 6643:Calliphon 6628:Brontinus 6608:Philolaus 6476:Cleobulus 6471:Periander 6185:Pakistani 6147:Taiwanese 6094:Ethiopian 6067:By region 6053:By region 5868:Scientism 5863:Systemics 5723:Spinozism 5650:Socialism 5585:Modernism 5548:Objective 5456:Anarchism 5390:Averroism 5279:Christian 5231:Neotaoism 5202:Zurvanism 5192:Mithraism 5187:Mazdakism 4958:Cyrenaics 4885:Logicians 4518:Free will 4480:Solipsism 4427:Formalism 4190:Routledge 4034:A.A. Long 3848:(1): 107. 3501:0013-0133 3462:979259190 3116:Aristotle 3016:, 113–17. 3003:, 105–10. 2764:, 33, 36. 2634:Histories 2629:Herodotus 2627:, 18–20; 2588:, 983b18. 2580:Aristotle 2343:Al-Farabi 2329:. In the 2176:Platonism 2151:Platonism 2145:Platonism 2115:Cleanthes 1967:Abrahamic 1816:Megarians 1800:hedonists 1788:Cyrenaics 1782:Cyrenaics 1616:Isocrates 1600:Aristotle 1594:Aristotle 1588:Aristotle 1578:(usually 1576:analogies 1520:timocracy 1512:Statesman 1506:Both the 1501:Statesman 1473:Statesman 1396:Epicurean 1360:Aristotle 1352:Platonism 1348:dialogues 1241:dialogues 1159:Leucippus 1145:pluralism 1065:dialectic 853:cosmogony 849:Aristotle 824:cosmology 805:Aristotle 733:cosmology 620:astronomy 551:Logicians 546:Ethicists 504:Political 464:Education 385:Christian 380:Confucian 279:Indonesia 233:By region 171:By period 32:Christian 8023:(temper) 7973:(wisdom) 7963:(nature) 7893:(reason) 7860:Episteme 7820:Ataraxia 7770:Aletheia 7634:Syrianus 7614:Porphyry 7602:students 7597:Plotinus 7521:Alcinous 7516:Apuleius 7506:Plutarch 7405:Epicurus 7187:Platonic 7168:Alexinus 7115:Pasicles 7110:Nicarete 7090:Ichthyas 7077:Megarian 7049:Eretrian 7006:Cyrenaic 6991:Menippus 6981:Diogenes 6958:Xenophon 6952:students 6948:Socrates 6859:Prodicus 6724:Melissus 6696:Xeniades 6658:Arignote 6623:Alcmaeon 6618:Lamiskos 6613:Archytas 6603:Hippasus 6567:Diogenes 6554:Cratylus 6513:Milesian 6461:Pittacus 6371:Category 6326:Yugoslav 6316:Romanian 6223:Scottish 6208:American 6137:Japanese 6117:Buddhist 6099:Africana 6089:Egyptian 5931:Feminist 5853:Rawlsian 5848:Quietism 5746:Analytic 5698:Krausism 5605:Nihilism 5570:Kokugaku 5533:Absolute 5528:Idealism 5516:Humanism 5304:Occamism 5271:European 5216:Medieval 5162:Yogacara 5122:Buddhist 5115:Syādvāda 4998:Stoicism 4963:Cynicism 4951:Sophists 4946:Atomists 4941:Eleatics 4880:Legalism 4821:Medieval 4745:Idealism 4699:Ontology 4679:Nihilism 4583:Idealism 4341:Branches 4330:Branches 4170:. 2002. 4129:. 2010. 3564:(1995). 3390:Politics 3106:Xenophon 3089:Republic 3012:Burnet, 2999:Burnet, 2986:Burnet, 2973:Burnet, 2960:Burnet, 2947:Burnet, 2934:Burnet, 2921:Burnet, 2912:, 66–67. 2908:Burnet, 2895:Burnet, 2877:, 57–63. 2873:Burnet, 2825:Burnet, 2803:, 40–49. 2799:Burnet, 2790:, 38–39. 2786:Burnet, 2777:, 37–38. 2773:Burnet, 2760:Burnet, 2743:Eusebius 2725:Burnet, 2712:Burnet, 2699:Burnet, 2686:Burnet, 2650:, 22–24. 2646:Burnet, 2623:Burnet, 2610:Burnet, 2483:Archived 2381:See also 2373:such as 2351:Averroes 2347:Avicenna 2339:Al-Kindi 2337:such as 2323:literacy 2283:religion 2279:Plotinus 2210:ataraxia 2111:apatheia 2101:Stoicism 2095:Stoicism 2085:hedonism 2065:Epicurus 2032:ataraxia 2012:Buddhist 1864:Stoicism 1836:Socrates 1805:Socrates 1796:Socrates 1766:Diogenes 1750:Cynicism 1736:Averroes 1732:Alfarabi 1724:Avicenna 1694:Republic 1670:politics 1666:rhetoric 1612:Stageira 1564:Republic 1558:Phaedrus 1510:and the 1508:Republic 1497:Republic 1490:Republic 1461:Republic 1449:Xenophon 1431:Socrates 1427:Athenian 1407:and the 1384:Epicurus 1380:Stoicism 1372:Cynicism 1325:Pericles 1294:Xenophon 1271:Socrates 1258:Socrates 1252:Socrates 1225:Prodicus 1221:rhetoric 1180:Sophists 1096:Eleatics 1084:harmonic 958:Epicurus 869:pyramids 828:ontology 790:Socrates 748:Socrates 737:theology 708:and the 699:Medieval 656:rhetoric 644:ontology 509:Religion 494:Ontology 474:Language 428:Branches 375:Buddhist 330:American 252:Ethiopia 217:Analytic 197:Medieval 138:Glossary 123:Contents 8003:(craft) 7900:Mimesis 7833:(order) 7780:Apeiron 7773:(truth) 7702:more... 7659:more... 7639:Proclus 7574:more... 7531:more... 7473:more... 7435:more... 7387:more... 7314:more... 7258:more... 7210:more... 7039:more... 6996:more... 6922:more... 6897:Gorgias 6889:Italian 6879:more... 6864:Hippias 6837:Sophist 6814:Atomist 6782:Italian 6706:Eleatic 6683:Skeptic 6673:more... 6668:Eurytus 6581:Italian 6321:Russian 6290:Spanish 6285:Slovene 6275:Maltese 6270:Italian 6250:Finland 6218:British 6200:Western 6190:Turkish 6175:Islamic 6170:Iranian 6122:Chinese 6109:Eastern 6076:African 6023:more... 5708:Marxism 5538:British 5481:Dualism 5377:Islamic 5335:Advaita 5325:Vedanta 5299:Scotism 5294:Thomism 5236:Tiantai 5179:Persian 5167:Tibetan 5157:Śūnyatā 5098:Cārvāka 5088:Ājīvika 5083:Mīmāṃsā 5063:Samkhya 4978:Academy 4931:Ionians 4905:Yangism 4862:Chinese 4853:Ancient 4816:Western 4811:Ancient 4770:Realism 4727:Reality 4717:Process 4598:Realism 4578:Dualism 4573:Atomism 4455:Fideism 4030:, 1841. 4018:, 1962. 3796:: 3509:2224006 3427:(2007). 3205:Nails, 3114:4.4.9; 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the 1482:common 1464:, the 1306:virtue 1282:Cicero 1235:, and 1205:virtue 1187:physis 1137:monism 1121:motion 980:mystic 913:aether 861:cosmos 636:ethics 441:Ethics 410:Taoist 405:Jewish 345:German 340:French 274:Indian 207:Modern 8010:Telos 7930:Ousia 7910:Monad 7890:Logos 7870:Ethos 7810:Arete 7800:Arche 7526:Galen 7511:Gaius 7324:Stoic 7195:Plato 7163:Philo 6968:Cynic 6874:Damon 6795:Acron 6737:Hippo 6456:Solon 6311:Aztec 6265:Greek 6245:Dutch 6235:Czech 6084:Bantu 5521:Anti- 5068:Nyaya 5058:Hindu 4918:Roman 4712:Event 4354:Logic 3621:(PDF) 3505:JSTOR 3302:(PDF) 3104:23a; 3084:Plato 2990:, 94. 2977:, 70. 2964:, 69. 2951:, 82. 2938:, 67. 2925:, 68. 2899:, 64. 2829:, 57. 2716:, 35. 2703:, 27. 2690:, 21. 2428:Notes 2200:truth 2131:logos 2071:with 2048:truth 2024:dogma 2006:with 1943:Roman 1848:Unity 1716:Stoic 1646:logic 1453:irony 1421:Plato 1415:Plato 1314:Plato 1193:nomos 1164:Plato 1141:arche 1057:Logos 1053:Logos 1042:arche 1025:Homer 999:arche 938:Ionia 919:φύσις 908:arche 900:arche 885:arche 855:that 752:Plato 648:logic 446:Logic 390:Hindu 289:Korea 284:Japan 247:Egypt 133:Lists 7920:Nous 7850:Doxa 6719:Zeno 6663:Myia 6638:Damo 6466:Bias 5412:Sufi 5246:Chan 5105:Jain 5078:Yoga 4608:Mind 4548:Hard 4536:Hard 4002:ISBN 3981:ISBN 3946:ISBN 3914:ISBN 3629:ISBN 3595:ISBN 3570:ISBN 3497:ISSN 3458:OCLC 3448:ISBN 3280:See 3183:21d. 3082:Cf. 2668:ISBN 2507:ISBN 2311:and 2289:and 2222:sage 2117:and 1998:, a 1941:and 1900:Elis 1866:and 1840:good 1826:The 1786:The 1700:Laws 1697:and 1626:and 1516:Laws 1467:Laws 1444:Laws 1318:know 1214:that 1151:and 1079:dikê 1073:eris 780:The 735:and 658:and 489:Mind 400:Jain 38:and 5686:Neo 5251:Zen 3489:doi 3421:," 2186:to 1898:of 1683:'s 1526:or 479:Law 8041:: 4056:, 4046:, 4036:. 4024:, 3957:, 3867:^ 3844:. 3840:. 3821:. 3778:^ 3730:^ 3667:^ 3623:. 3517:^ 3503:. 3495:. 3485:41 3483:. 3479:. 3456:. 3446:. 3432:^ 3380:^ 3371:, 3341:. 3322:. 3304:. 3256:^ 3247:, 3152:, 3136:, 3118:, 3108:, 3086:, 3028:, 2851:, 2745:, 2631:, 2582:, 2444:. 2377:. 2293:. 2259:. 2121:. 1981:. 1973:, 1906:' 1870:. 1854:, 1734:, 1730:, 1672:, 1668:, 1664:, 1660:, 1656:, 1652:, 1648:, 1571:. 1555:, 1534:. 1382:. 1366:. 1308:. 1231:, 1227:, 1170:. 1127:. 1110:is 1106:is 871:. 826:, 712:. 697:, 693:, 670:. 654:, 650:, 646:, 642:, 638:, 634:, 630:, 626:, 622:, 7740:e 7733:t 7726:v 7234:) 7230:( 6954:) 6950:( 6406:e 6399:t 6392:v 4310:e 4303:t 4296:v 4192:. 4134:. 4010:. 3989:. 3922:. 3894:. 3846:6 3825:. 3807:. 3637:. 3603:. 3578:. 3511:. 3491:: 3464:. 3345:. 3326:. 3308:. 2515:. 2489:. 2454:. 2042:( 600:e 593:t 586:v 72:) 68:( 42:. 20:)

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