303:
132:
437:
969:
109:
392:
Diplurans are found on nearly all land masses, except
Antarctica and several oceanic islands. Their role as soil-dwelling organisms may play a key role in indicating soil quality, and as a measure of
794:
362:, the mouthparts are concealed within a small pouch by the lateral margins of the head capsule. The mandibles usually have several apical teeth. Diplurans do not possess any eyes or wings.
412:
a week, which are held off the ground by short stalks and probably only remain viable for about two days. The female collects the spermatophore with her genital opening, and later lays
328:-like segments projecting forward from the head. The abdomens of diplurans bear eversible vesicles, which seem to absorb moisture from the environment and help with the animal's
718:
Allen RT (Dec 2002). "A Synopsis of the
Diplura of North America: Keys to Higher Taxa, Systematics, Distributions and Descriptions of New Taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta)".
1563:
1437:
310:
Diplurans are typically 2–50 millimetres (0.08–1.97 in) long, with most falling between 7 and 10 millimetres (0.28 and 0.39 in). However, some species of
1476:
365:
In males, glandular setae or disculi may be visible along the first abdominal sternite. External genital organs are present on the eighth abdominal segment.
1424:
1450:
573:
814:
291:). The name "diplura", or "two tails", refers to the characteristic pair of caudal appendages or filaments at the terminal end of the body.
1001:
689:
818:
763:
1455:
1463:
745:
593:
1333:
1403:
973:
843:
Roy S (January 2018). "Soil
Arthropods in Maintaining Soil Health: Thrust Areas for Sugarcane Production Systems".
1481:
938:
Carapelli A, Nardi F, Dallai R, Frati F (2006). "A review of molecular data for the phylogeny of basal hexapods".
1558:
1416:
767:
355:). Moulting occurs up to 30 times throughout the life of a dipluran, which is estimated to last up to one year.
131:
994:
597:
20:
519:
The relationships among the four groups of hexapods are not resolved, but most recent studies argue against a
498:: possess elongate, flexible cerci that may be as long as the antennae and have many segments. Feed on soil
1324:
389:
and feed on a variety of live prey and dead organic matter. Those species with long cerci are herbivorous.
1286:
405:
467:). Usually very aggressive predatory diplurans, using their pincer-like cerci to capture prey, including
347:. These cerci may be long and filamentous or short and pincer-like, leading to occasional confusion with
1512:
1530:
1491:
1372:
393:
386:
987:
693:
860:
822:
727:
126:
1517:
536:
302:
1499:
1359:
911:
Smith LM (1960-09-01). "The Family
Projapygidae and Anajapygidae (Diplura) in North America".
879:
636:
569:
545:
321:
320:
and, apart from the darkened cerci in some species, they are unpigmented. Diplurans have long
1553:
1504:
1442:
947:
920:
891:
852:
697:
279:("two-pronged bristletails") is one of three orders of non-insect hexapods within the class
790:
417:
385:, but are rarely seen because of their size and subterranean lifestyles. They have biting
273:
262:
242:
979:
1411:
1398:
436:
252:
222:
201:
1547:
1208:
1203:
1173:
1080:
531:
527:
421:
413:
409:
329:
257:
66:
864:
1364:
1213:
1188:
1178:
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668:
541:
489:
247:
232:
227:
176:
951:
771:
1468:
1318:
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1058:
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495:
378:
217:
41:
1338:
968:
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523:
468:
359:
284:
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86:
51:
1309:
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1030:
1011:
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601:
520:
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237:
163:
143:
91:
632:
424:, but resemble the adults, apart from their smaller size, lesser number of
896:
1346:
1303:
1228:
1168:
1129:
1093:
507:
476:
352:
186:
117:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
1351:
731:
652:
1236:
1198:
472:
288:
96:
71:
1251:
1024:
499:
480:
464:
348:
344:
340:
153:
1280:
351:. Some diplurans have the ability to shed their cerci if necessary (
1429:
1390:
530:
of the
Diplura is sparse, but one apparent dipluran dates from the
108:
1525:
483:
435:
382:
312:
301:
503:
425:
374:
333:
325:
1284:
983:
506:, springtails, and other small soil invertebrates, as well as
396:
impact (e.g. soil nutrient depletion as a result of farming).
317:
1377:
332:. The body segments themselves may display several types of
1189:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
456:
are readily recognizable by the structure of their cerci.
1214:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
343:
projecting backwards from the last of the 11 abdominal
880:"Soil fauna changes across Atlantic Forest succession"
748:. The Earthlife Web. November 11, 2005. Archived from
653:
Bugguide.net. Class
Diplura - Two-pronged Bristletails
568:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 320.
463:: possess forceps-like cerci (resembling those of an
294:
Around 800 species of diplurans have been described.
1293:
1227:
1157:
1148:
1115:
1106:
1079:
1057:
548:that more closely resembled those of true insects.
404:Like other non-insect hexapods, diplurans practice
720:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
316:may reach 50 mm (2.0 in). They have no
913:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
416:in a cavity in the ground. The hatchlings (or
995:
8:
1094:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
566:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
339:Diplurans possess a characteristic pair of
1281:
1154:
1112:
1063:
1002:
988:
980:
684:
682:
680:
678:
107:
27:
895:
662:
660:
633:"Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates"
785:
783:
781:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
492:: possess stout, short, and rigid cerci.
808:
806:
804:
564:Hoell HV, Doyen JT, Purcell AH (1998).
556:
428:and their lack of reproductive organs.
1564:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
1194:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
587:
585:
7:
1531:0394A359-2F66-8E1F-017E-FE3EFAB2FD30
1492:64229249-6c70-4f19-84e2-4c3428508769
1417:2c8bd32e-b5ad-4469-a323-863d5709c49c
713:
711:
709:
707:
648:
646:
306:A dipluran of the family Campodeidae
1247:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
14:
1209:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
16:Order of two-pronged bristletails
967:
130:
819:North Carolina State University
671:. Kendall Bioresearch Services.
592:Maddison DR (January 1, 2005).
452:Several major lineages within
373:Diplurans are common in moist
1:
878:Fernandes Correia ME (2018).
952:10.1016/j.pedobi.2006.01.001
1179:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
1089:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
486:, and even other diplurans.
1580:
768:Iziko Museums of Cape Town
18:
1268:
1071:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
1066:
1019:
857:10.1007/s12355-018-0591-5
214:
209:
127:Scientific classification
125:
115:
106:
37:Late Carboniferous–Recent
30:
1242:Collembola (springtails)
1169:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
21:Diplura (disambiguation)
1273:are paraphyletic groups
534:. This early dipluran,
336:, or scales and setae.
283:(alongside Collembola (
1184:Branchiura (fish lice)
1140:Diplopoda (millipedes)
1125:Chilopoda (centipedes)
770:. 2004. Archived from
696:. 1999. Archived from
449:
408:. Males lay up to 200
406:external fertilisation
307:
1513:Paleobiology Database
925:10.1093/aesa/53.5.575
897:10.14295/cs.v9i2.2388
439:
305:
1412:Fauna Europaea (new)
1014:classes by subphylum
900:– via Dialnet.
884:Comunicata Scientiae
598:Tree of Life Project
118:Campodea staphylinus
19:For other uses, see
1237:Protura (coneheads)
694:McMaster University
604:on October 17, 2012
1325:Diplura (Hexapoda)
667:Kendall D (2005).
450:
444:(Campodeidae) and
308:
1541:
1540:
1500:Open Tree of Life
1287:Taxon identifiers
1278:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1252:Insecta (insects)
1102:
1101:
813:Meyer JR (2005).
637:Massey University
575:978-0-19-510033-4
420:) do not undergo
270:
269:
205:
1571:
1559:Arthropod orders
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1495:
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1472:
1471:
1469:NBNSYS0000159869
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972:Data related to
971:
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928:
908:
902:
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875:
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840:
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821:. Archived from
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742:
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701:
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641:
640:
629:
614:
613:
611:
609:
600:. Archived from
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580:
579:
561:
324:with 10 or more
200:
135:
134:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
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1308:
1307:
1302:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1256:
1223:
1144:
1098:
1075:
1053:
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1008:
964:
959:
937:
936:
932:
910:
909:
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837:
828:
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811:
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583:
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402:
371:
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263:Octostigmatidae
243:Heterojapygidae
210:Families
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129:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
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36:
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24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1399:Fauna Europaea
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1027:
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1016:
1009:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
978:
977:
976:at Wikispecies
963:
962:External links
960:
958:
957:
946:(2): 191–204.
930:
919:(5): 575–583.
903:
890:(2): 162–174.
870:
851:(4): 376–391.
835:
800:
777:
774:on 2007-09-26.
755:
752:on 2006-12-05.
737:
726:(4): 403–466.
703:
700:on 2007-03-27.
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615:
581:
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555:
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410:spermatophores
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1204:Tantulocarida
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1200:
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1174:Mystacocarida
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1114:
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1081:Euchelicerata
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1044:
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858:
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839:
836:
825:on 2012-02-05
824:
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542:compound eyes
539:
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532:Carboniferous
529:
528:fossil record
525:
522:
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509:
505:
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497:
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422:metamorphosis
419:
415:
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394:anthropogenic
390:
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384:
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368:
366:
363:
361:
356:
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350:
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342:
337:
335:
331:
330:water balance
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319:
315:
314:
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297:
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286:
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258:Parajapygidae
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29:
26:
22:
1294:
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1158:
1150:Pancrustacea
1047:Superphylum
943:
940:Pedobiologia
939:
933:
916:
912:
906:
887:
883:
873:
848:
844:
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
772:the original
758:
750:the original
740:
723:
719:
698:the original
608:December 13,
606:. Retrieved
602:the original
565:
559:
535:
521:monophyletic
518:
490:Projapygidae
453:
451:
445:
441:
403:
400:Reproduction
391:
372:
364:
357:
338:
311:
309:
293:
276:
271:
248:Dinjapygidae
233:Anajapygidae
228:Projapygidae
196:
177:Pancrustacea
170:
116:
25:
1319:Wikispecies
1108:Mandibulata
1059:Chelicerata
1043:Protostomia
1041:(unranked)
1035:(unranked)
1029:Subkingdom
797:Entomology.
496:Campodeidae
469:springtails
448:(Japygidae)
440:Anatomy of
379:leaf litter
285:springtails
218:Campodeidae
183:Subphylum:
1548:Categories
1012:Arthropoda
845:Sugar Tech
829:2006-12-13
552:References
546:mouthparts
537:Testajapyx
524:Entognatha
387:mouthparts
360:entognaths
281:Entognatha
164:Arthropoda
121:, Belgium
1219:Remipedia
1160:Crustacea
1135:Pauropoda
1117:Myriapoda
1049:Ecdysozoa
1037:Bilateria
1031:Eumetazoa
815:"Diplura"
791:"Diplura"
764:"Diplura"
746:"Diplura"
690:"Diplura"
669:"Diplura"
594:"Diplura"
515:Relatives
477:myriapods
461:Japygidae
238:Japygidae
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
31:Diplurans
1347:BugGuide
1304:Wikidata
1229:Hexapoda
1199:Copepoda
1130:Symphyla
1025:Animalia
1023:Kingdom
865:19040885
732:25078790
508:detritus
475:, small
442:Campodea
432:Lineages
353:autotomy
322:antennae
187:Hexapoda
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
1554:Diplura
1339:Diplura
1310:Q221563
1295:Diplura
1010:Extant
974:Diplura
639:. 2006.
473:isopods
454:Diplura
369:Ecology
349:earwigs
345:somites
298:Anatomy
289:Protura
277:Diplura
197:Diplura
193:Order:
1518:177842
1505:388206
1489:NZOR:
1391:1DIPUO
1352:258497
1271:italic
863:
730:
572:
544:, and
540:, had
526:. The
484:larvae
481:insect
465:earwig
418:nymphs
287:) and
204:, 1904
202:Börner
1526:Plazi
1482:29997
1456:99228
1443:10318
1438:IRMNG
1404:15583
1365:8NKDJ
861:S2CID
795:CSIRO
728:JSTOR
504:mites
500:fungi
446:Japyx
426:setae
383:humus
341:cerci
334:setae
313:Japyx
274:order
171:Clade
1477:NCBI
1451:ITIS
1425:GBIF
1386:EPPO
1378:7106
610:2006
570:ISBN
414:eggs
375:soil
326:bead
318:eyes
272:The
42:PreꞒ
1464:NBN
1430:240
1373:EoL
1360:CoL
1334:AFD
948:doi
921:doi
892:doi
853:doi
724:128
381:or
358:As
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