Dissection - Knowledge (XXG)

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Zimbabwe. Countries that practice involuntary donation may make available the bodies of dead criminals or unclaimed or unidentified bodies for the purposes of dissection. Such practices may lead to a greater proportion of the poor, homeless and social outcasts being involuntarily donated. Cadavers donated in one jurisdiction may also be used for the purposes of dissection in another, whether across states in the US, or imported from other countries, such as with Libya. As an example of how a cadaver is donated voluntarily, a funeral home in conjunction with a voluntary donation program identifies a body who is part of the program. After broaching the subject with relatives in a diplomatic fashion, the body is then transported to a registered facility. The body is tested for the presence of HIV and hepatitis viruses. It is then evaluated for use as a "fresh" or "prepared" specimen.

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learning. The use of dissection in early stages of medical training has been shown more effective in the retention of the intended information than their simulated counterparts. However, there is use for the computer-generated experience as review in the later stages. The combination of these methods is intended to strengthen the students' understanding and confidence of anatomy, a subject that is infamously difficult to master. There is a growing need for anatomist—seeing as most anatomy labs are taught by graduates hoping to complete degrees in anatomy—to continue the long tradition of anatomy education.

794: 1127: 669: 854: 1057: 1111: 428:, "Herophilus and Erasistratus proceeded in by far the best way: they cut open living men - criminals they obtained out of prison from the kings and they observed, while their subjects still breathed, parts that nature had previously hidden, their position, color, shape, size, arrangement, hardness, softness, smoothness, points of contact, and finally the processes and recesses of each and whether any part is inserted into another or receives the part of another into itself." 66: 703: 466:

changed the approach taken to accomplish the goal. The process involved the loosening of the tissues in streams of water before the outer layers were sloughed off with soft implements to reach the musculature. To perfect the technique of slicing, the prospective students used gourds and squash. These techniques of dissection gave rise to an advanced understanding of the anatomy and the enabled them to complete procedures used today, such as rhinoplasty.

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favor of dissection alternatives point to studies which have shown that computer-based teaching methods "saved academic and nonacademic staff time … were considered to be less expensive and an effective and enjoyable mode of student learning … contributed to a significant reduction in animal use" because there is no set-up or clean-up time, no obligatory safety lessons, and no monitoring of misbehavior with animal cadavers, scissors, and scalpels.

1072: 1099: 739: 1035: 983:, software combines X-ray, ultrasound and MRI imaging for display on a screen as large as a body on a table. In a variant of this, a "virtual anatomy" approach being developed at New York University, students wear three dimensional glasses and can use a pointing device to " through the virtual body, its sections as brightly colored as living tissue." This method is claimed to be "as dynamic as 560:

Egypt ruled that "necessity permits the forbidden". This decision allowed for the investigation of questionable deaths by autopsy. In 1982, the decision was made by a fatwa that if it serves justice, autopsy is worth the disadvantages. Though Islam now approves of autopsy, the Islamic public still disapproves. Autopsy is prevalent in most Muslim countries for medical and judicial purposes. In

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century. The practice of autopsy in Medieval Western Europe is "very poorly known" as few surgical texts or conserved human dissections have survived. A modern Jesuit scholar has claimed that the Christian theology contributed significantly to the revival of human dissection and autopsy by providing a new socio-religious and cultural context in which the human

2285:"Current scholarship reveals that Europeans had considerable knowledge of human anatomy, not just that based on Galen and his animal dissections. For the Europeans had performed significant numbers of human dissections, especially postmortem autopsies during this era", "Many of the autopsies were conducted to determine whether or not the deceased had died of 542:

whatever compassion is in our temperament", indicating that while there was no law against it, it was nevertheless uncommon. Islam dictates that the body be buried as soon as possible, barring religious holidays, and that there be no other means of disposal such as cremation. Prior to the 10th century, dissection was not performed on human cadavers. The book

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The knowledge was mostly gained through hunters preparing the recently captured prey. Once the roaming lifestyle was no longer necessary it was replaced in part by the civilization that formed in the Indus Valley. Unfortunately, there is little that remains from this time to indicate whether or not dissection occurred, the civilization was lost to the

2172:"In the 13th century, the realisation that human anatomy could best be taught by dissection of the human body resulted in its legalisation of publicly dissecting criminals in some European countries between 1283 and 1365" - this was, however, still contrary to the edicts of the Church. Philip Cheung "Public Trust in Medical Research?" (2007), page 36 54: 470:

the 1900s, the university teachers had to continually push against the social taboos of dissection, until around 1850 when the universities decided that it was more cost effective to train Indian doctors than bring them in from Britain. Indian medical schools were, however, training female doctors well before those in England.

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Dissection in U.S. high schools became prominent in 1987, when a California student, Jenifer Graham, sued to require her school to let her complete an alternative project. The court ruled that mandatory dissections were permissible, but that Graham could ask to dissect a frog that had died of natural

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Throughout the history of Christian Europe, the dissection of human cadavers for medical education has experienced various cycles of legalization and proscription in different countries. Dissection was rare during the Middle Ages, but it was practised, with evidence from at least as early as the 13th

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as the primary teaching tool in Europe from the 12th century to the 17th century. There were some that were willing to dissect humans up to the 12th century, for the sake of learning, after which it was forbidden. This attitude remained constant until 1952, when the Islamic School of Jurisprudence in

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The practice of dissection flourished during the 7th and 8th century. It was under their rule that medical education was standardized. This created a need to better understand human anatomy, so as to have educated surgeons. Dissection was limited by the religious taboo on cutting the human body. This

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The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) "supports including live animals as part of instruction in the K-12 science classroom because observing and working with animals firsthand can spark students' interest in science as well as a general respect for life while reinforcing key concepts" of

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Some reports state that students' confidence, satisfaction, and ability to retrieve and communicate information was much higher for those who participated in alternative activities compared to dissection. Three separate studies at universities across the United States found that students who modeled

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Proponents of animal-free teaching methodologies argue that alternatives to animal dissection can benefit educators by increasing teaching efficiency and lowering instruction costs while affording teachers an enhanced potential for the customization and repeat-ability of teaching exercises. Those in

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Human cadavers are often used in medicine to teach anatomy or surgical instruction. Cadavers are selected according to their anatomy and availability. They may be used as part of dissection courses involving a "fresh" specimen so as to be as realistic as possible—for example, when training surgeons.

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As for the dissection of cadavers in undergraduate and medical school, traditional dissection is supported by professors and students, with some opposition, limiting the availability of dissection. Upper-level students who have experienced this method along with their professors agree that "Studying

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In modern Europe, dissection is routinely practised in biological research and education, in medical schools, and to determine the cause of death in autopsy. It is generally considered a necessary part of learning and is thus accepted culturally. It sometimes attracts controversy, as when Odense Zoo

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it holds an important place within the judicial structure, and is taught at all the country's medical universities. In Saudi Arabia, whose law is completely dictated by Shari'ah, autopsy is viewed poorly by the population but can be compelled in criminal cases; human dissection is sometimes found at

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During medieval times the anatomical teachings from India spread throughout the known world; however, the practice of dissection was stunted by Islam. The practice of dissection at a university level was not seen again until 1827, when it was performed by the student Pandit Madhusudan Gupta. Through

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The ancient societies that were rooted in India left behind artwork on how to kill animals during a hunt. The images showing how to kill most effectively depending on the game being hunted relay an intimate knowledge of both external and internal anatomy as well as the relative importance of organs.

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Some alternatives to dissection may present educational advantages over the use of animal cadavers, while eliminating perceived ethical issues. These alternatives include computer programs, lectures, three dimensional models, films, and other forms of technology. Concern for animal welfare is often

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In 2008, the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) affirmed its support for classroom animal dissection stating that they "Encourage the presence of live animals in the classroom with appropriate consideration to the age and maturity level of the students …NABT urges teachers to be aware

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Several peer-reviewed comparative studies examining information retention and performance of students who dissected animals and those who used an alternative instruction method have concluded that the educational outcomes of students who are taught basic and advanced biomedical concepts and skills

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have mistakenly been identified as prohibiting dissection and autopsy, misunderstanding or extrapolation from these edicts may have contributed to reluctance to perform such procedures. The Middle Ages witnessed the revival of an interest in medical studies, including human dissection and autopsy.

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dissection of the organ block, and the technique of Ghon involves dissection of three separate blocks of organs - the thorax and cervical areas, gastrointestinal and abdominal organs, and urogenital organs. Dissection of individual organs involves accessing the area in which the organ is situated,

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in the early part of the third century BC. During this period, the first exploration into full human anatomy was performed rather than a base knowledge gained from 'problem-solution' delving. While there was a deep taboo in Greek culture concerning human dissection, there was at the time a strong

316:. An alternative more cumbersome technique involves the removal of the entire organ body, called the Letulle technique. This technique allows a body to be sent to a funeral director without waiting for the sometimes time-consuming dissection of individual organs. The Rokitansky method involves an 999:

With software and other non-animal methods, there is also no expensive disposal of equipment or hazardous material removal. Some programs also allow educators to customize lessons and include built-in test and quiz modules that can track student performance. Furthermore, animals (whether dead or

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in 1163 by the Council of Tours and Pope Boniface VIII's command to terminate the practice of dismemberment of slain crusaders' bodies and boiling the parts to enable defleshing for return of their bones. Such proclamations were commonly misunderstood as a ban on all dissection of either living

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In Britain, dissection remained entirely prohibited from the end of the Roman conquest and through the Middle Ages to the 16th century, when a series of royal edicts gave specific groups of physicians and surgeons some limited rights to dissect cadavers. The permission was quite limited: by the

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The way in which cadaveric specimens are obtained differs greatly according to country. In the UK, donation of a cadaver is wholly voluntary. Involuntary donation plays a role in about 20 percent of specimens in the US and almost all specimens donated in some countries such as South Africa and

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in Syria and Egypt in the 13th century may have practiced dissection, but it remains ambiguous whether or not human dissection was practiced. Ibn al-Nafis, a physician and Muslim jurist, suggested that the "precepts of Islamic law have discouraged us from the practice of dissection, along with

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The current state of dissection in India is deteriorating. The number of hours spent in dissection labs during medical school has decreased substantially over the last twenty years. The future of anatomy education will probably be an elegant mix of traditional methods and integrative computer

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and hepatitis viruses. Specimens are dissected in morgues or anatomy labs. When provided, they are evaluated for use as a "fresh" or "prepared" specimen. A "fresh" specimen may be dissected within some days, retaining the characteristics of a living specimen, for the purposes of training. A

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causes rather than one that was killed for the purposes of dissection; the practical impossibility of procuring a frog that had died of natural causes in effect let Graham opt out of the required dissection. The suit gave publicity to anti-dissection advocates. Graham appeared in a 1987

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California, Connecticut, D.C., Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia all have statewide laws or department of education policies that allow students to opt

946:. The deceased may then be interred at a local cemetery. If the family wishes, the ashes of the deceased are then returned to the family. Many institutes have local policies to engage, support and celebrate the donors. This may include the setting up of local monuments at the cemetery. 483: 730:

The Catholic Church is known to have ordered an autopsy on conjoined twins Joana and Melchiora Ballestero in Hispaniola in 1533 to determine whether they shared a soul. They found that there were two distinct hearts, and hence two souls, based on the ancient Greek philosopher

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at the root of objections to animal dissection. Studies show that some students reluctantly participate in animal dissection out of fear of real or perceived punishment or ostracism from their teachers and peers, and many do not speak up about their ethical objections.

2289:(disease) or whether there had been foul play, poisoning, or physical assault. Indeed, very early in the thirteenth century, a religious official, namely, Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), ordered the postmortem autopsy of a person whose death was suspicious", Toby Huff, 904:

commercial for the virtual-dissection software Operation Frog. The state of California passed a Student's Rights Bill in 1988 requiring that objecting students be allowed to complete alternative projects. Opting out of dissection increased through the 1990s.

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in the 16th century carried out numerous dissections in his extensive anatomical investigations. He was attacked frequently for his disagreement with Galen's opinions on human anatomy. Vesalius was the first to lecture and dissect the cadaver simultaneously.

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In the United States, dissection of frogs became common in college biology classes from the 1920s, and were gradually introduced at earlier stages of education. By 1988, some 75 to 80 percent of American high school biology students were participating in a

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this supply of cadavers proved insufficient, as the public medical schools were growing, and the private medical schools lacked legal access to cadavers. A thriving black market arose in cadavers and body parts, leading to the creation of the profession of

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The NORINA database lists over 3,000 products which may be used as alternatives or supplements to animal use in education and training. These include alternatives to dissection in schools. InterNICHE has a similar database and a loans system.

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carried out the first recorded public dissection around 1315. At this time, autopsies were carried out by a team consisting of a Lector, who lectured, the Sector, who did the dissection, and the Ostensor who pointed to features of interest.

277:) is the prevention of human disease to the dissector. Prevention of transmission includes the wearing of protective gear, ensuring the environment is clean, dissection technique and pre-dissection tests to specimens for the presence of 777:

sought a deeper understanding. However, there were no provisions for artists to obtain cadavers, so they had to resort to unauthorised means, as indeed anatomists sometimes did, such as grave robbing, body snatching, and murder.

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in 1000 A.D., details surgical procedure that differed from the previous standards. The book was an educational text of medicine and surgery which included detailed illustrations. It was later translated and took the place of

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Philippe Charlier, Isabelle Huynh-Charlier, Joël Poupon, Eloïse Lancelot, Paula F. Campos, Dominique Favier, Gaël-François Jeannel, Maurizio Rippa Bonati, Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison, Christian Hervé (May 2014).

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Cadavers may also be pre-dissected by trained instructors. This form of dissection involves the preparation and preservation of specimens for a longer time period and is generally used for the teaching of anatomy.

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were the only two groups permitted to carry out dissections, and had an annual quota of ten cadavers between them. As a result of pressure from anatomists, especially in the rapidly growing medical schools, the

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alive) can be used only once, while non-animal resources can be used for many years—an added benefit that could result in significant cost savings for teachers, school districts, and state educational systems.

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Waters, J.R.; Van Meter, P; Perrotti, W; Drogo, S; Cyr, R.J (2005). "Cat dissection vs. sculpting human structures in clay: An analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratory education".

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and other primates, assuming their anatomy was basically the same as that of humans, and supplemented these observations with knowledge of human anatomy which he acquired while tending to wounded gladiators.

896:. About six million animals are dissected each year in United States high schools (2016), not counting medical training and research. Most of these are purchased already dead from slaughterhouses and farms. 1015:

that alternatives to dissection have their limitations. NABT supports the use of these materials as adjuncts to the educational process but not as exclusive replacements for the use of actual organisms."

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to opt out of dissection. Other states including Arizona, Hawaii, Minnesota, Texas, and Utah have more general policies on opting out on moral, religious, or ethical grounds. To overcome these concerns,

687:, which would be held no less than every five years. Some European countries began legalizing the dissection of executed criminals for educational purposes in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. 462:

described the 4 ways that death can occur and their symptoms: drowning, hanging, strangling, or asphyxiation. According to that source, an autopsy should be performed in any case of untimely demise.

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Waters, J.R.; Van Meter, P; Perrotti, W; Drogo, S; Cyr, R.J. (2011). "Human clay models versus cat dissection: How the similarity between the classroom and the exam affects student performance".

2181:"Indeed, very early in the thirteenth century, a religious official, namely, Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), ordered the postmortem autopsy of a person whose death was suspicious". Toby Huff, 2364:""Tried, Convicted, and Condemned, in Almost Every Bar-room and Barber's Shop": Anti-Irish Prejudice in the Trial of Dominic Daley and James Halligan, Northampton, Massachusetts, 1806" 781:

Anatomization was sometimes ordered as a form of punishment, as, for example, in 1806 to James Halligan and Dominic Daley after their public hanging in Northampton, Massachusetts.

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DeHoff, M.E.; Clark, K.L; Meganathan, K (2011). "Learning outcomes and student perceived value of clay modeling and cat dissection in undergraduate human anatomy and physiology".

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persons or cadavers (Rogers & Waldron, 1986), and progress in anatomical knowledge by human dissection did not thrive in that intellectual climate', Arthur Aufderheide,

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By the 21st century, the availability of interactive computer programs and changing public sentiment led to renewed debate on the use of cadavers in medical education. The

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forbade dissection and autopsy of the human body, so anatomists relied on the cadavers of animals or made observations of human anatomy from injuries of the living.

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body systems out of clay were significantly better at identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy than their classmates who performed animal dissection.

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Patronek, G.J.; Rauch, A (2007). "Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to the harmful use of animals in biomedical education".

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Another study found that students preferred using clay modeling over animal dissection and performed just as well as their cohorts who dissected animals.

2267:'While during this period the Church did not forbid human dissections in general, certain edicts were directed at specific practices. These included the 527: 2928: 2016:

Chavoushi, Seyed Hadi; Ghabili, Kamyar; Kazemi, Abdolhassan; Aslanabadi, Arash; Babapour, Sarah; Ahmedli, Rafail; Golzari, Samad E.J. (August 2012).

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Plant and animal bodies are dissected to analyze the structure and function of its components. Dissection is practised by students in courses of

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In the field of surgery, the term "dissection" or "dissecting" means more specifically to the practice of separating an anatomical structure (an

1199:"the pope did not forbid anatomical dissections but only the dissections performed with the purpose of preserving the bodies for distant burial" 2673: 822: 282:"prepared" specimen may be preserved in solutions such as formalin and pre-dissected by an experienced anatomist, sometimes with the help of a 1110: 2982:

Dewhurt, D; Jenkinson, L (1995). "The impact of computer-based alternatives on the use of animals in undergraduate teaching: A pilot study".

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in 1828, when 16 people were murdered for their cadavers, to be sold to anatomists. The resulting public outcry led to the passage of the

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using non-animal methods are equivalent or superior to those of their peers who use animal-based laboratories such as animal dissection.

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human anatomy with colorful charts is one thing. Using a scalpel and an actual, recently-living person is an entirely different matter."

921:, in 2019 became the first US high school to use synthetic frogs for dissection in its science classes, instead of preserved real frogs. 2869:"Dissection and choice in the science classroom: student experiences, teacher responses, and a critical analysis of the right to refuse" 1034: 365: 2097: 1636: 1056: 1413: 1354: 3036:

Youngblut, C (2001). "Use of multimedia technology to provide solutions to existing curriculum problems: Virtual frog dissection".

2198:"A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection (Western Europe, 13th c. A.D.)" 2954: 573:. Human dissection is present in the modern day Islamic world, but is rarely published on due to the religious and social stigma. 683:

Frederick II (1194–1250), the Holy Roman emperor, ruled that any that were studying to be a physician or a surgeon must attend a

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In the United States, 17 states along with Washington, D.C. have enacted dissection-choice laws or policies that allow students

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Oakley, J (2013). ""I didn't feel right about animal dissection": Dissection objectors share their science class experiences".

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Tragically, the prohibition of human dissection by Rome in 150 BC arrested this progress and few of their findings survived.

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in the UK, founded in 2000, became the first modern medical school to carry out its anatomy education without dissection.

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and systematically removing the anatomical connections of that organ to its surroundings. For example, when removing the

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Predavec, M (2001). "Evaluation of E-Rat, a computer-based rat dissection, in terms of student learning outcomes".

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McLachlan, John C.; Patten, Debra (17 February 2006). "Anatomy teaching: ghosts of the past, present and future".

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to determine the cause of death in humans. Less extensive dissection of plants and smaller animals preserved in a

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Stainsstreet, M; Spofforth, N; Williams, T (1993). "Attitudes of undergraduate students to the uses of animals".

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biological sciences. NSTA also supports offering dissection alternatives to students who object to the practice.

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dissection, with a trend towards introduction in elementary schools. The frogs are most commonly from the genus

3426: 918: 606:. A sky burial begins with a ritual dissection of the deceased, and is followed by the feeding of the parts to 92: 2131:

Death in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: The Material and Spiritual Conditions of the Culture of Death

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Mohammed, Madadin; Kharoshah, Magdy (2014). "Autopsy in Islam and current practice in Arab Muslim countries".

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Research Project on Death and Dead Bodies, last conference: "Death and Dissection" July 2009, Berlin, Germany

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has applied to a greater or lesser extent within Muslim countries, supported by Islamic scholars such as

3435: 2239: 668: 657: 393: 203: 1147: 872:. Other popular animals for high-school dissection at the time of that survey were, among vertebrates, 3041: 452: 2651:"A Florida high school is the first in the world to provide synthetic frogs for students to dissect" 2504: 1872: 1133: 334: 139:) is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure. 3339:"NSTA Position Statement: Responsible Use of Live Animals and Dissection in the Science Classroom" 1916: 1766:

Mathiharan, Karunakaran (September 2005). "Origin and Development of Forensic Medicine in India".

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P Prioreschi, 'Determinants of the revival of dissection of the human body in the Middle Ages',

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Hajar A Hajar Albinali (2004). "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting".

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allowed the bodies of executed murderers to be dissected for anatomical research and education.

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Connolly, Andrew J.; Finkbeiner, Walter E.; Ursell, Philip C.; Davis, Richard L. (2015-09-23).

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F. Barbara Orlans; Tom L. Beauchamp; Rebecca Dresser; David B. Morton; John P. Gluck (1998).

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because of the country's hard ground, frozen for most of the year, and the lack of wood for

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Most dissection involves the careful isolation and removal of individual organs, called the

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Charles H. Talbot. Medicine in Medieval England. - London: Oldbourne, 1967. - P. 55, n. 13.

2018:"Surgery for Gynecomastia in the Islamic Golden Age: Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD)" 482: 3316: 3102:

Knight, A (2007). "The effectiveness of humane teaching methods in veterinary education".

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Jacob, Tony (2013). "History of teaching anatomy in India: from ancient to modern times".

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was another such writer who was familiar with the studies of Herophilus and Erasistratus.

414: 210: 172: 160: 2739:"The reliance on unclaimed cadavers for anatomical teaching by medical schools in Africa" 1456:"The discovery of the body: Human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece" 503: 3045: 1572:"Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era" 2286: 2222: 2197: 2044: 2017: 1779: 1604: 1571: 1472: 1455: 901: 827: 797: 635: 313: 1962: 3449: 2819: 1543: 1283: 1242: 1063: 70: 3431: 3294: 3216: 3167: 3022: 2780: 2389: 1978: 1795: 1749: 1281:

Waters, Brenda L. (2009). "2. Principles of Dissection". In Waters, Brenda L (ed.).

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Freedman, David H. (September 2012). "20 Things you didn't know about autopsies".

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decided to dissect lion cadavers in public before a "self-selected audience".

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This article is about the biological examination process. For other uses, see

3440: 3278: 3243: 3183:"Clay modeling as a method to learn human muscles: A community college study" 3151: 3115: 2764: 2674:"Florida high school introduces synthetic frogs for science class dissection" 1595: 1527: 761:. Though most chose to focus on the external surfaces of the body, some like 2306:

Vienna – A Doctor's Guide: 15 walking tours through Vienna's medical history

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Gangata, Hope; Ntaba, Phatheka; Akol, Princess; Louw, Graham (2010-08-01).

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classes in middle school and high school, while extensive dissections of

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Al-Dabbagh, S.A. (1978). "Ibn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation".

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studied anatomy to improve their artwork, as seen in this figurine of

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made the first public dissection north of the Alps in Vienna in 1404.

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A key principle in the dissection of human cadavers (sometimes called

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of adults and children, both fresh and preserved are carried out by

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Cadaveric specimens for dissection are, in general, disposed of by

265:. Zoötomy is sometimes used to describe "dissection of an animal". 3391:, 1935, translated by W. G. Spencer (Loeb Classics Library, 1992). 2403: 1041: 979:

One alternative to the use of cadavers is computer technology. At

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university level. Autopsy is performed for judicial purposes in

499: 337:, then this may be deliberately dissected along with the organ. 254: 1927:

Emilie Savage-Smith (1996), "Medicine", in Roshdi Rashed, ed.,

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http://muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-zuhr-and-progress-surgery

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Robertson, Hugh J.; Paige, John T.; Bok, Leonard (2012-07-12).

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Dissection is used to help to determine the cause of death in

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Position Statements: National Association of Biology Teachers

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EMU's Cadaver Dissection Gives Pre-Med Students Big Advantage

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Motoike, H.K.; O'Kane, R.L.; Lenchner, E; Haspel, C (2009).

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are separated. If pathological connections exist, such as a

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Alternatives To Animal Dissection in School Science Classes

656:

A non-existent "Ecclesia abhorret a sanguine" edict of the

3315:. National Association of Biology Teachers. Archived from 486:

Page from a 1531 Latin translation by Peter Argellata of

1631:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. 458:

Early in the history of India (2nd to 3rd century), the

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Dissection photographs for study and teaching from the

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The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

490:'s c. 1000 treatise on surgical and medical instruments 187:. Consequently, dissection is typically conducted in a 3061:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

2585:"Frogs' Best Friends: Students Who Won't Dissect Them" 1881:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

376:, dissection of a pig. Engraving made in Venice, 1565 155:

solution is typically carried out or demonstrated in

2309:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. 2155: 2153: 2151: 257:

studies. In medical schools, students dissect human

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Evolutionary Biology Digital Dissection Collections

2609: 2303:Wolfgang Regal; Michael Nanut (December 13, 2007). 91: 86: 46: 2796:"Dissection: The Scientific Case for Alternatives" 2082:Strober, Deborah Hart; Strober, Gerald S. (2005). 1654:Nutton, Vivian, 'The Unknown Galen', (2002), p. 89 194:Dissection has been used for centuries to explore 2531:Apple Computer's 'Frog' Ad Is Taken Off the Air. 2085:His Holiness the Dalai Lama: The Oral Biography 1877:"Attitudes toward dissection in medieval Islam" 1867: 1865: 1681:Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey 58:Dissection of a pregnant rat in a biology class 2404:"Odense Zoo animal dissections: EAZA response" 735:, who believed the soul resided in the heart. 590:developed a rather sophisticated knowledge of 353:in other animals) and is an intrinsic part of 225:in order to minimize unwanted damage during a 175:as a part of the teaching in subjects such as 2977: 2975: 2115:Tao and Dharma: Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda 1930:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 8: 2406:. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. 2244:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 405:into a hub of scientific study. For a time, 2955:"The Virtual Anatomy, Ready for Dissection" 2473:; Morton, David B.; Gluck, John P. (1998). 843:Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry 129: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 385:Human dissections were carried out by the 3309:"The Use of Animals in Biology Education" 3198: 2884: 2800:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2754: 2379: 2221: 2043: 2033: 1892: 1603: 1517: 1471: 2549:. Oxford University Press. p. 210. 1460:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 857:A teenage school pupil dissecting an eye 2469:Orlans, F. Barbara; Beauchamp, Tom L.; 1285:Handbook of Autopsy Practice - Springer 1221: 1192: 1030: 757:Human dissection was also practised by 286:. This preparation is sometimes called 2430:"Animals used for scientific purposes" 2237: 1915:Ibn Zuhr and the Progress of Surgery, 1836:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 1829: 1827: 1825: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 108: 43: 3343:National Science Teachers Association 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2533:Los Angeles Times, November 10, 1987. 2011: 2009: 2007: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1761: 1759: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1405:Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas 1338: 880:, and cats; and among invertebrates, 610:on the hill tops. Over time, Tibetan 7: 2479:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1397: 1395: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 660:and an early 14th-century decree of 2672:Lewis, Sophie (November 26, 2019). 2649:Elassar, Alaa (November 30, 2019). 446:The Ayurvedic Man., c. 18th century 301:with No. 20 and No. 12 blades, two 2953:Singer, Natasha (7 January 2012). 2134:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 388. 1780:10.1097/01.paf.0000163839.24718.b8 1570:Ghosh, Sanjib Kumar (2015-09-01). 910:in primary and secondary education 653:was no longer seen as sacrosanct. 25: 2623:Aaro, David (November 30, 2019). 2509:American Anti-Vivisection Society 1116:Dissection in a secondary school 1104:Cow brain prepared for dissection 297:Dissection tools. Left to right: 27:Cutting procedure used in anatomy 3267:Advances in Physiology Education 3232:Advances in Physiology Education 3140:Advances in Physiology Education 2873:Journal of Teaching and Learning 2410:from the original on 13 May 2016 1243:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02401.x 1136:in Bovine articulation (tarsus) 1125: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1070: 1055: 1033: 135:"to cut to pieces"; also called 64: 52: 3456:Biological techniques and tools 3003:Journal of Biological Education 2362:Brown, Richard D. (June 2011). 2274:The Scientific Study of Mummies 1629:The Scientific Study of Mummies 1627:Aufderheide, Arthur C. (2003). 2933:Stanford Medicine: News Center 2583:Johnson, Dirk (May 29, 1997). 800:headstone of an 1823 grave in 1: 3187:Anatomical Sciences Education 3015:10.1080/00219266.2000.9655746 2743:Anatomical Sciences Education 1963:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90318-5 1722:Anatomical Sciences Education 1500:Brenna, Connor T. A. (2021). 614:knowledge found its way into 531: 510:. Islamic physicians such as 413:, for example, dissected the 2854:10.1080/03075079312331382359 2331:Andreas Vesalius' Pilgrimage 2269:Ecclesia Abhorret a Sanguine 1408:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1132:Technique of dissection and 991:Advantages and disadvantages 618:and to a lesser extent into 598:had adopted the practice of 73:seed in dissection, showing 2842:Studies in Higher Education 2812:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0402_3 2794:Balcombe, Jonathan (2001). 2610:"Your Right Not to Dissect" 2202:Archives of Medical Science 2113:Svoboda, Robert E. (1996). 1349:. OUP USA. pp. 15–20. 810:Royal College of Physicians 39:Dissection (disambiguation) 3482: 2291:The Rise Of Modern Science 2183:The Rise Of Modern Science 2128:Classen, Albrecht (2016). 2067:Wujastyk, Dominik (2001). 1848:10.1016/j.jflm.2014.02.005 1576:Anatomy & Cell Biology 1375:www.oxforddictionaries.com 915:J. W. Mitchell High School 814:Company of Barber-Surgeons 716:De humani corporis fabrica 580: 514:(Avenzoar) (1091–1161) in 494:From the beginning of the 36: 29: 2914:10.1163/15685306-12341267 2368:The New England Quarterly 1588:10.5115/acb.2015.48.3.153 1299:10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7 526:during the 12th century, 103: 63: 51: 3389:On Medicine, I, Proem 23 3279:10.1152/advan.00094.2010 3244:10.1152/advan.00030.2009 3152:10.1152/advan.00033.2004 3116:10.14573/altex.2007.2.91 2546:The Human Use of Animals 2476:The Human Use of Animals 1933:, Vol. 3, pp. 903–962 . 1092:Human abdomen and thorax 958:Cadaveric dissection at 919:New Port Richey, Florida 30:Not to be confused with 3417:Virtual Frog Dissection 3407:Dissection Alternatives 2700:Jenner, Andrew (2012). 2214:10.5114/aoms.2013.33331 1663:Von Staden, Heinrich, 1346:Simulation in Radiology 981:Stanford Medical School 929:Acquisition of cadavers 763:Michelangelo Buonarotti 697:Galeazzo di Santa Sofia 390:Herophilus of Chalcedon 325:, connects such as the 221:) from its surrounding 3073:10.2460/javma.230.1.37 2927:White, Tracie (2011). 2886:10.22329/jtl.v8i2.3349 1937:, London and New York. 1040:Dissection of a human 963: 960:Siriraj Medical School 858: 832:Burke and Hare murders 808:mid-18th century, the 804: 767:Antonio del Pollaiuolo 754: 747:Antonio del Pollaiuolo 720: 680: 645: 491: 453:Aryan people migrating 447: 426:On Medicine I Proem 23 377: 309: 191:or in an anatomy lab. 130: 105:Anatomical terminology 3436:University at Buffalo 3402:How to dissect a frog 3038:Doctoral Dissertation 2902:Society & Animals 2163:(2001) 56(2), 229–234 2069:The Roots of Ayurveda 1894:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67 1506:The Anatomical Record 1430:"Interactive Autopsy" 957: 938:Disposal of specimens 856: 796: 741: 705: 671: 658:1163 Council of Tours 633: 557:The Canon of Medicine 485: 445: 394:Erasistratus of Chios 368: 296: 2381:10.1162/tneq_a_00087 1873:Savage-Smith, Emilie 1452:von Staden, Heinrich 1166:, founder of modern 1077:Dissection of human 401:government to build 341:Autopsy and necropsy 3441:The Free Dictionary 3046:2001PhDT........42Y 2329:See C. D. O'Malley 2071:. Penguin Classics. 2035:10.5402/2012/934965 1432:. Australian Museum 1381:on November 6, 2015 830:, and the infamous 823:By the 19th century 759:Renaissance artists 743:Renaissance artists 381:Classical antiquity 335:fibrous pericardium 253:, and sometimes in 3461:Forensic pathology 2959:The New York Times 2867:Oakley, J (2012). 2589:The New York Times 2529:Howard Rosenberg: 2459:Cheung, pp. 33, 35 2161:Medical Hypotheses 1677:Lutgendorf, Philip 1148:1788 Doctors' riot 964: 859: 805: 755: 721: 681: 662:Pope Boniface VIII 646: 583:Tree of physiology 492: 448: 378: 331:inferior vena cava 327:superior vena cava 310: 251:veterinary science 227:surgical procedure 200:virtual dissection 3412:Human Dissections 2556:978-0-19-511908-4 2490:978-0-19-511908-4 2450:Cheung, pp. 37–44 2333:, Isis 45:2, 1954 2316:978-3-211-48952-9 2141:978-3-11-043697-6 2088:. Wiley. p. 1308:978-1-58829-841-6 1231:Medical Education 1027:Additional images 775:Leonardo da Vinci 771:Baccio Bandinelli 709:with a dissected 314:Virchow technique 223:connective tissue 185:forensic medicine 149:forensic medicine 119: 118: 114: 16:(Redirected from 3473: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3202: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3033: 3027: 3026: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2758: 2734: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2471:Dresser, Rebecca 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2432:. 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