Dive bomber - Knowledge

1622: 1031: 89: 417:. Commanders urged pilots to dive from their cruising altitude to under 500 ft (150 m) to have a better chance of hitting small targets, such as gun emplacements and trenches. As this exposed the aircraft and crew to destructive ground fire in their unprotected open cockpits, few followed this order. Some recorded altitude at the top and bottom of their dive in log books and in squadron records, but not the steepness of the dive. It was certainly not near-vertical, as these early aircraft could not withstand the stresses of a sustained vertical dive. 1657:, formed a panel of experts, which recommended using rockets. A rocket has a much flatter trajectory than a bomb, allowing it to be launched with reasonable accuracy from a shallow dive, and could be fitted on existing aircraft. The RAF used them on Hurricanes in June 1942 against Rommel's tanks. The British Army had used rockets against low-flying bombers during the Battle of Britain by enlarging the tube from 2 inches (51 mm) to 3 inches (76 mm) and fitting high explosive warheads; it became an anti-tank weapon. The more powerful 1305: 601:, which had been invented in 1916 to aid pilots to calculate the deflection required to hit a traversing enemy aircraft. In principle, it obviated the need for a vertical dive. The results showed that a vertical dive into the wind sighting along the top of rather than through the sight was best. But they were not considered good enough to justify the expected casualties. The Royal Air Force, which took over both army and naval aviation in April 1918, retired its 210: 337:

a standardised bombing altitude and then adjusting the dive angle slightly for each case. As the bomber dives, the aim could be continually adjusted. In contrast, when a horizontal bomber veers offline while approaching the bomb release point, turning to the angle that would correct this also changes the speed of the aircraft over the ground (when there is a wind) and thereby changes the range as well.

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inaccuracy were amplified by the fact that the target could be moving, and could change its direction between the time that the bombs were released and the time that they arrived. Successful strikes on marine vessels by horizontal bombers were extremely rare. An example of this problem can be seen in the attempts to attack the Japanese carriers using

707: 882:. Tests against a stationary target showed an average error of 49 yd (45 m) from a release height of 1,300 ft (400 m) and a dive angle of 70 degrees. Tests against a manoeuvring target showed an average error of 44 yd (40 m) from a drop height of 1,800 ft (550 m) and a dive angle of 60 degrees. The 806:'s experience in Spain demonstrated the value of dive bombers, especially on the morale of troops or civilians unprotected by air cover. The aircraft did not encounter opposing modern fighters, which concealed its vulnerability from the Luftwaffe. Udet was impressed with the Stuka's performance in Spain, so he ordered that the 333:

calculations. The aircraft simply aims at the target and releases its bombs. The primary source of error is the effect of wind on the bomb's flight path after release. As bombs are streamlined and heavy, wind has only a slight effect on them and the bomb is likely to fall within its lethal radius of the target.

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out of Africa. The aircraft was very fast at low altitude. It was also accident-prone, achieving the highest casualty-rate during training of any USAAF aircraft and was officially restricted to no more than a 70-degree dive. The Apache did not fly with the RAF, but served with US squadrons in Sicily,

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Opposite conclusions were drawn by the RAF and USAS, from two very different tests regarding the usefulness of dive bombers, with the RAF concluding that the cost in pilots was too high to justify the results and the USAS considering it as a potent anti-ship weapon. Both naval staffs opposed the view

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Bomb sighting becomes trivial, requiring only a straight line of sight to the target. This was simplified as the aircraft was pointed directly at the target, making sighting over the nose much easier. Differences in the path of different bombs due to differing ballistics can be corrected by selecting

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The horizontal bomber was thus ill-suited for tactical bombing, particularly in close support. Attempts at using high-altitude bombing in near-proximity to troops often ended in tragedy, with bombs both hitting their targets and friendly troops indiscriminately. In attacking shipping, the problems of

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shells were fused to explode at specific altitudes, which is impossible to determine while the plane is diving. In addition, most higher-altitude gunners and gunnery systems were designed to calculate the lateral movement of a target; while diving, the target appears almost stationary. Also, many AA

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to this "range angle", the aircraft can time the drop of its bombs at the instant when the target is lined up in the sight. This was only effective for "area bombing", however, since the path of the bomb is only roughly estimated. Large formations could drop bombs on an area hoping to hit a specific

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and another rear-facing gun, it was expected to defend against air attack with a top speed of 225 mph (362 km/h) at sea level, which was a low-altitude speed comparable with other navies' carrier borne fighters in 1938–39. The Royal Navy's dedicated, pre- and early-war, fleet fighter was

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was developed in the US as a private venture dive bomber for export. It first flew in March 1941. It had a zero incidence wing, which was perfect for vertical dives as there was no lift from wing or tailplane in a dive. But it had to fly in a nose up attitude to maintain level flight, which made

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over railway marshalling yards near Lys in Northern France, to find the target already crowded by other bombers. He dived from 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to 2,000 ft (610 m) before releasing his 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs. A few weeks later, Lieutenant Arthur Gould dived to just

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was the loss of performance. Aside from the greater strength requirements, during normal horizontal flight, aircraft are normally designed to return to fly straight and level, but when put into a dive the changes in forces affecting the aircraft now cause the aircraft to track across the target

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An aircraft diving vertically minimises its horizontal velocity component. When the bomb is dropped, the force of gravity simply increases its speed along its nearly vertical trajectory. The bomb travels a virtually straight line between release and impact, eliminating the need for complex

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and bridges, targets that could previously only be damaged in diving attacks. Wallis also designed a bomb that bounced across water to destroy the Eder and Moehne dams, which needed to be hit repeatedly at the same spot under water to be breached but had nets to protect against torpedoes.

371:, which was mostly used by the RAF and RAAF in Burma, was designed to be trimmed for diving, with no lift to distort the dive. The drawback was that it flew nose up in level flight, increasing drag. Failure to re-adjust trim made the aircraft difficult or impossible to pull out of a dive. 233:

An alternative technique, glide-bombing, allowed the use of heavier aircraft, which faced far greater difficulties in recovering from near-vertical approaches, though it required greater use of sophisticated bombsights and aiming techniques, by a specialised member of aircrews, namely a

905:. It was fast, at almost 300 mph (480 km/h) at sea level and 450 mph (720 km/h) in a dive, but development was delayed when Hurricane development took priority. Just 200 were built and it was relegated to target towing. The RAF ordered the US-built 511:

The first use of dive bombing by the RFC, which had been urging its pilots to drop bombs at heights below 500 ft (150 m) in order to hit within 150 ft (46 m) of the target since February 1915, was later that year. On 27 November 1915, Lieutenant

148:—both fixed gunnery positions and fighter interception—led to a fundamental change in dive bombing. New weapons, such as rockets, allowed for better accuracy from smaller dive angles and from greater distances. They could be fitted to almost any aircraft, including 306:

target, but there was no guarantee of success, and huge areas around the target would also be hit. The advantage to this approach, however, was that it is easy to build such an aircraft and fly it at high altitude, keeping it out of range of ground-based defences.

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Dive bombing would allow a low-cost Luftwaffe to operate effectively in the tactical role. Against small targets, a single-engine dive bomber could achieve four times the accuracy at one tenth of the cost of a four-engine heavy bomber, such as the projected

1613:. The Japanese were now on the defensive. Japan's industrial output dropped from a peak in 1942, while that of the US increased by a quarter in two years from 1942 to 1944. Japanese wartime production of bombers of all types was just 16% of the US output. 938:

in a belated attempt to help France, which surrendered while they were mid-Atlantic. Five airframes left behind in Halifax later reached the RAF, which quickly relegated them to the status of ground instructional airframes for the training of mechanics.

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was to be a ground attack and dive bomber, but production was cancelled at the end of the war. Mitchell became a strong advocate of dive bombers after witnessing British and French aerial attacks. Mitchell, by now assistant chief of the Air Service

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with 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs, were used to suppress artillery and machine guns. The cost in pilots was very high, with casualties on some days reaching 30 percent. The initial impact at Cambrai was highly successful. The staff officer to the

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Sturmovik ground-attack aircraft in huge numbers. None of these were dive bombers. No Allied air force operated a modern dive bomber at the outbreak of the Second World War, although both the Royal Navy and the US Navy had shipboard dive bombers.

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Dive bombing was most widely used before and during World War II; its use declined during the war, when its vulnerability to enemy fighters became apparent. In the post-war era, this role was replaced with a combination of improved and automated

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and having noted the success of Stukas in Poland, took delivery instead. It was considered too vulnerable to German fighters for use in Europe or North Africa, but large numbers flew in Burma from March 1943. It flew close support for General

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Navies increasingly operated carriers, which had a limited number of aircraft available for attack, each with only a small bomb load. Targets were often likely to be small or fast-moving and the need for accuracy made dive bombers essential.

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and with 25 lb (11 kg) bombs. Of the 37 Salamanders produced before the end of October 1918, only two were delivered to France, and the war ended before those saw action. Whether the Salamander counts in more modern parlance as a

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it drops. Diving towards the target simplifies the bomb's trajectory and allows the pilot to keep visual contact throughout the bomb run. This allows attacks on point targets and ships, which were difficult to attack with conventional

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were flown by Italian pilots also in support of Nationalist forces. First flown in 1935, it was a single-seat dive bomber carrying the same bomb load as the Stuka with a 30 mph (48 km/h) speed advantage in level flight.

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bomber, ordered in November 1937, be able to dive bomb. Lack of a sufficiently powerful, reliable powerplant fatally compromised its utility, it never performed in the dive bomber role, and the requirement was eventually dropped.

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unless the pilot applies considerable force to keep the nose down, with a corresponding decrease in accuracy. To compensate, many dive bombers were designed to be trimmed out, either through the use of special dive flaps (such as

164:, and thus requires an abrupt pull-up after dropping its bombs. This puts great strains on both the pilot and aircraft. It demands an aircraft of strong construction, with some means to slow its dive. This limited the class to 863:

were nominally faster than the Skua but this speed was achieved at much higher altitudes; at low altitudes the Skua was quite comparable in speed and was also better armed. The Swordfish was also capable of operating as a

1532:. Within hours the Imperial Japanese Navy had lost four of its aircraft carriers and many experienced naval airmen, both of which Japan would have difficulty in replacing. Further follow-up raids by SBDs and SB2Us from 428:

sheds in Germany and in occupied Belgium and found it worthwhile to dive onto these sheds to ensure a hit, despite the increased casualties from ground fire. Again, the angle of dive in these attacks was not recorded.

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When released from an aircraft, a bomb carries with it the aircraft's trajectory. In the case of a bomber flying horizontally, the bomb will initially only be travelling forward. This forward motion is opposed by the

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Suisei, code-name Judy, began to replace the Vals after a very troublesome development on surviving larger Japanese carriers from March 1943. With a sleek fuselage, retracting landing gear and a powerful licensed

688:. Sanderson's bomb hit its target and the raids were repeated. During 1920, Sanderson familiarised aviators of USMC units on the Atlantic coast with dive bombing techniques. Dive bombing was also used during the 576:

for this and other exploits. Brown's technique was emulated by other British squadrons. But the heavy casualties to unprotected pilots cast a pall over the results and influenced RAF thinking for 20 years.

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could be used as aerial artillery moving far ahead of the main forces with Panzers to smash enemy strong points without waiting for the horse-drawn artillery to catch up. It was central to the concept of

802:'s Nationalist rebels in the Spanish Civil War. Several problems appeared, including the tendency of the fixed undercarriage to sink into soft ground and an inability to take-off with a full bomb load. 1696:

fitted with iron spikes which were fired at a shallow angle into the sea. Once under water, they curved upwards and punctured the pressure hull below the waterline, disabling or sinking the submarine.

572:, made the first attack on a vessel on 14 March 1918, destroying an ammunition barge on a canal at Bernot near St Quentin, diving to 500 ft (150 m) to release his bombs. He was awarded the 1606:

on 19–20 June 1944 was a failure in terms of Japanese carriers hit, but the losses of Vals and Judies and their crews were enough to destroy the Japanese navy's ability to strike by air ever again.

1104:. This enabled German forces to make a fast and unexpected breakthrough of the French lines, eventually leading to the German advance to the Channel and the cutting off of much of the Allied army. 1233:

Italy and, by late summer of 1943, was based in India for use over Burma and China. It proved to be an excellent dive-bomber and a good fighter: one ace in Italy shot down five German fighters.

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to North Africa for use against the British but they also proved vulnerable. By February 1941 British fighters had shot down most of the Italian planes. In Morocco on 11 November 1942, American

1198:(July to August 1943), which concluded Kursk, the Luftwaffe claimed 35 tanks destroyed in a single day. Rudel co-wrote a post-war book about his experiences and consulted with the US Air Force. 1725:

By late 1944, the RAF was able to hit stationary targets with greater accuracy from greater heights inflicting far more damage with less risk. On 12 November 1944, two 5-long-ton (5.1 t)

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to form the USAAF 4th Air Fighter Group. At over 4 long tons (4.1 t) unladen, one of the biggest single engine fighter bombers of the war, it could carry ten 5-inch (130 mm) HVARs.

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The Royal Flying Corps was initially impressed with the potential of the dive bomber, but was aware of its suicidal nature. It ran a series of tests at the Armament Experimental station at

3109: 348:, with accuracy. The forces generated when the aircraft levels out at the bottom of the dive are considerable. The drawback of modifying and strengthening an aircraft for near-vertical 1363:("Val"). As the war progressed, the design became outdated due to its limited speed, due in part to the limited horsepower of its power plant and to the greater drag of its fixed main 981:(a military journalist) propounded the concept of mobile tank forces supported by ground-attack aircraft creating a breakthrough. These were eagerly studied by the German army officer 449:

or as a dive bomber depends on the definition of "dive". It had armoured protection for the pilot and a fuel system to attack at low level, but lacked dive brakes for a vertical dive.

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was expected to do double duty: as a fighter when out of reach of land-based fighter support, and as a dive bomber. It had dive brakes that doubled as flaps for carrier landings. The

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from a British order but, as there were no funds to buy more fighters, they were modified as dive bombers with a new wing and with dive brakes. First flown in October 1942 as the

1591:. To maximise speed and range, the Japanese had dispensed with armour protection and self-sealing fuel tanks, which proved to be very costly when the US Navy deployed the new 1186:

on 23 September 1941 using 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs. Later, flying a tank-buster Stuka with 20mm cannon, he claimed over 100 Soviet tanks destroyed, mostly at the

508:, diving from 1,200 ft (370 m) to 500 ft (150 m) to ensure hits. As Zeppelins were tethered close to stores of hydrogen, results were often spectacular. 452:

Heavy casualties resulting from air-to-ground attack on trenches set the minds of senior officers in the newly formed RAF against dive bombing. So not until 1934 did the

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Although new aircraft could still dive towards their targets, they were no longer optimised for steep diving attacks. Through the pioneering efforts by the Luftwaffe's

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used her Swordfish for a series of dive-bombing trials, during which 439 practise bombs were dropped at dive angles of 60, 67 and 70 degrees, against the target ship

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as it dived towards its target, since it was often headed in a straight line directly towards the defenders. At higher levels, this was less of a problem, as larger

250:, also utilised a glide-bombing approach; the requirement that the He 177 be able to dive/glide-bomb delayed its development and impaired its overall performance. 1119:(July to October 1940). Losses were such that the Luftwaffe rapidly withdrew Stukas from operations over the United Kingdom. A similar fate befell unescorted RAF 3102: 1017:, first flying in January 1939, for a similar role, although originally ordered by France. Many were also supplied to the Soviet Air Force, which also used the 1782:. A bomb can be dropped far from a target's air defences using a guidance system to hit the target, ensuring greater accuracy and minimising risk to the crew. 270:

today allow bombing in shallow dives to keep the target visible, but true dive bombers have not been a part of military forces since the start of the jet age.

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which required flying at low level and dropping a spherically nosed conventional bomb onto the sea, at a shallow angle, which then bounced back into the air.

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biplane from 1925 on carriers, while the Marine Corps operated them from land bases as the Helldiver, a name later reused by Curtiss for other dive bombers.

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was subjected to countless attacks, many while in dock and immobile, but was not sunk until the British brought in enormous 12,000 lb (5,400 kg)

780:, and it could reach the battlefield well ahead of field artillery. Soon the Luftwaffe issued a contract for its own dive bomber design, resulting in the 1086: 1440:, but had been spotted by Japanese reconnaissance aircraft. They were attacked by a large number of Aichi D3As and both were sunk. On 9 April 1942 the 1194:, equipped with two 37mm BK 3,7 anti-tank guns, as suggested by Rudel, proved to be a lethal weapon in skilled hands. In the Soviet counter-offensive, 1093:

to block rapidly advancing German armour. Stukas quickly broke the defences, and the Wehrmacht forced a crossing long before German artillery arrived.

684:, loaded a bomb in a canvas bag attached to the aircraft's underside, and made a solo attack in support of USMC troops trapped by Haitians during the 3095: 1176: 492:

developed dive bombing as a tactic against Zeppelin hangars and formed and trained a squadron at Manchester for this task. On 8 October 1914, a

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The distance that the bomb moves forward while it falls is known as its range. If the range for a given set of conditions is calculated, simple

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Several early Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers, which first flew on 13 September 1935, were shipped secretly from Germany to Spain to assist General

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arrived in France with the first US Army and Air Force units soon after 6 April 1917 and began to organise the US Army Air Force flying French

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landings difficult. Initial orders were 300 for France, but France fell before they could be delivered. The RAF, with the cancellation of the

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scored 14 hits with 500 lb (230 kg) and 1,600 lb (730 kg) bombs and put the battleship out of action for over two months.

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designs with ordnance loads in the range of 1,000 lb (450 kg) although there were larger examples. The most famous examples are the

3027: 3012: 2906: 2865: 2848: 2819: 2751: 2531: 2510: 2429: 2300: 2284: 2103: 2060: 1987: 1947: 1926: 1905: 1374:, had similar performance to the D3A Val. From December 1942, the Dauntless was replaced with the faster, but more complex and trouble-prone 689: 1575:. On 26 July 1942, just seven Banshees were sent to intercept a Japanese convoy supplying forces occupying New Guinea. Six were shot down. 496:

with two 50 lb (23 kg) bombs attacked a hangar at Düsseldorf after a dive to 600 ft (180 m). On 14 November 1914, four

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with its 100 mph (160 km/h) speed edge and eight machine guns, which it first met over France and then in larger numbers in the

1792:" possible, a reverse dive bombing method where an aircraft snaps up from low altitude as a bomb is released, throwing it upwards like a 1030: 929: 769: 3190: 1378:. Both American aeroplanes were ubiquitous, with 6,000 Dauntlesses and over 7,000 Helldivers built. Both the SBD and D3A were used at 287:

causes the bomb to accelerate after it is dropped. The combination of these two forces, drag and gravity, results in a complex pseudo-

246:, frequently used this technique. The heaviest aircraft to have dive-bombing included in its design and development, the four-engined 2993: 2975: 2960: 2945: 2930: 2890: 2795: 2775: 2718: 2697: 2676: 2656: 2636: 2616: 2596: 2576: 2555: 2490: 2470: 2449: 2373: 2348: 2327: 2231: 2210: 2159: 2126: 2083: 2015: 1967: 1879: 1406: 685: 160:

A dive bomber dives at a steep angle, normally between 45 and 60 degrees or even up to a near vertical dive of 80 degrees with the

1356:(IJN) and the United States Navy invested considerable effort on dive bombers. Japan started the war with a very good design, the 933: 1528: 1510: 1498: 958: 440:, a single-seat biplane. The "TF" stood for "Trench Fighter", and the aircraft was designed to attack enemy trenches both with 88: 1563:

The United States Army Air Forces took a version of the Dauntless with a different tailwheel tire and no arrester hook as the

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attacked a formation of unescorted Ju 87s and shot down 11 out of 12 without loss. The Stuka was even more vulnerable to the

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in 1931 as a floatplane and carrier-based dive bomber and embarked some on new carriers from 1935 in a developed form as the

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As aircraft grew more powerful, dive bombing became a favoured tactic, particularly against small targets such as ships. The

625:, arranged tests with captured German and obsolete US ships in June and July 1921 and repeated over the next two years using 597:

were used in early 1918 to dive bomb targets from various heights, with different bombs and with and without the use of the

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from November 1938. The Skua had a secondary function of intercepting attacks by unescorted long-range bombers. With four

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arrived over Pearl Harbor just as the Japanese attacked. Seven were shot down and many others destroyed on the ground at

1771: 1603: 1592: 1466:, could reach them. The Fulmars shot down four D3As and damaged two while losing two Fulmars to the more numerous D3As. 1398: 1382:

on 7 December 1941. The Japanese sent 54 D3A Vals carrying 550 lb (250 kg) bombs to attack parked aircraft at

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mounts lacked the ability to fire directly up, so dive bombers were almost never exposed to fire from directly ahead.

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in early 1942, a lack of dive bombers proved to be an impediment. However, the British Government's Chief Scientist,

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in 1943, but it, too, was similarly relegated to target towing after a brief operation period in secondary theatres.

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found four Japanese carriers, in the vulnerable stage of refuelling and rearming aircraft for a second strike. The

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pulls out of dive after dropping a 2,000-pound (910 kg) bomb on the Korean side of a bridge crossing the

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In the 1930s and early 1940s, dive bombing was the best method for attacking high-value compact targets, like

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and later used by Navy aircraft in the Pacific. By January 1943, American pilots who had been flying in RAF

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on 4 June 1942, after most of the torpedo bombers had been shot down without a single hit, Dauntlesses from

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as its tactical bombers. Both were level bombers with similar bomb-loads and entered service in 1937. The

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chose vertical dive bombers whose low speed had dire consequences when they encountered modern fighters.

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was also designed to act as a dive bomber and was used extensively in this role during World War Two.

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was further developed in Japan. The Luftwaffe confiscated a Chinese export shipment and ordered more.

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The skies over Sedan also showed the Stuka's weakness when met with fighter opposition; six French

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in 1934, but it was slow, at 234 mph (377 km/h). Fifty ex-US Navy examples were flown to

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medium bomber should also be retrofitted as a dive bomber. He also insisted, against the advice of

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were attacked by more than 32 Aichi D3As and both were sunk shortly before eight defending RN FAA

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Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN., William Green and Gordon Swanborough. "Blackburn Skua and Roc."

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60 lb (27 kg) rockets and producing a similar effect to a naval destroyer's broadside.

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issued Specification 4/34 in 1934 for a ground attack aircraft with dive bombing capability. The

700: 696: 645: 622: 602: 437: 410: 1706:(HVAR) with a 24-pound (11 kg) warhead for the US Navy. It was rushed to Europe for use on 1515:, hit only once, suffered fatal damage as the single bomb ignited fuel and bombs in the hangar. 3288: 3255: 3144: 3119: 3040: 3023: 3008: 2989: 2971: 2956: 2941: 2926: 2902: 2886: 2861: 2844: 2815: 2791: 2771: 2747: 2714: 2693: 2672: 2652: 2632: 2612: 2592: 2572: 2551: 2527: 2506: 2486: 2466: 2445: 2425: 2369: 2344: 2323: 2296: 2280: 2227: 2206: 2155: 2122: 2099: 2079: 2056: 2011: 1983: 1963: 1943: 1922: 1901: 1748: 1545: 1490: 1419: 1289: 1202: 1195: 1172: 1157: 1127: 1116: 1010: 898: 749: 3059: 3050: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3356: 3346: 3273: 3243: 3233: 3167: 1669: 1584: 1470: 1463: 1342: 1320: 1272: 1249: 1237: 1112: 1085:

tactics used dive bombers in place of artillery to support highly mobile ground troops. The

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as level bombers carrying bombs of different weights up to 2,000 lb (910 kg). The

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with diving aircraft using both machine guns and small bombs as a deliberate tactic. At the

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had been drawn away, chasing torpedo bombers and escorting fighters, leaving a clear sky.

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as well as the RAF. Some were held back for the United States Army Air Forces after the

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below the wings. They were very successful in this role in the early days (1941) of

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in using dive bombers in conjunction with tanks. The writings of Britain's Colonel

890: 869: 781: 677: 676:(USMC) pilot Lt. L. H. Sanderson mounted a rifle in front of the windshield of his 634: 533: 453: 298: 176: 165: 137: 126: 1252:

torpedo-dive bombers, which made repeated diving attacks on the German battleship

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can be used to find the angle between the aircraft and the target. By setting the

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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,

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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,

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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,

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on modern aircraft function in a similar manner in bleeding off excessive speed.

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O'Leary, Michael USAAF fighters of World War Two:1986. Blandford Press England

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North American P-51 Mustang: The Fighter that Won the War. Wings of Fame Vol. 1

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Dauntless Helldivers: A Dive Bomber Pilot's Epic Story of the Carrier Battles

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and dive bombers that later proved so potent in Poland and France. The Ju 87

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tactics of using dive bombers with tanks employed by the Germans in 1939–40.

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Pawke, Gerald: The Wheezers and Dodgers, Seaforth Publishing, London, 2009.

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fighter from which it was derived. The American and Japanese navies and the

358: 302: 255: 180: 760:. Udet, then a stunt pilot, flew one in aerobatic displays during the 1936 46: 1337:

bombing Japanese supply routes, bridges and artillery. It operated in the

998:, which required close co-ordination between aircraft and tanks by radio. 2295:

Hooton E.R. The Gathering Storm 1933–39 Chevron/Ian Allan. London, 2007.

1793: 1610: 525: 497: 460:-based dive bombers. The RAF cancelled its requirement and relegated the 425: 17: 3206: 3134: 1962:

Smith, Peter C. Jungle Dive Bombers at War. John Murray, London, 1987.

1767: 1740: 1699: 1634: 1149: 706: 284: 3213: 1642: 1313: 1097: 1051: 986: 568:, a Canadian from British Columbia serving with the RFC and flying a 341: 283:

of the air, so the forward motion decreases over time. Additionally,

120:

directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy for the

113: 1079:(May to June 1940) saw the Stuka used to devastating effect. German 238:. The crews of multi-engined dive-bombers, such as variants of the 2925:

Volume II (Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978.

2589:

Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean

2119:

The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform

1526:

dive bombers inflicted fatal damage on the fourth Japanese carrier

1401:

At the Battle of the Coral Sea, Dauntlesses sank the light carrier

1228:, they arrived in Morocco in April 1943 to assist with driving the 2076:

Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two

1707: 1620: 1303: 1141: 1029: 705: 208: 87: 2121:, Modern War Studies. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 1992. 1054:

led by Lieutenant Commander William Lucy sank the German cruiser

784:, which, following extensive trials, would in turn result in the 405:

It is difficult to establish how dive bombing originated. During

2172:

Memoirs of World War I: From Start to Finish of Our Greatest War

1880:"Douglas SBD Dauntless – The National WWII Museum – New Orleans" 1775: 1747:

who followed it up with the even larger 10-long-ton (10 t)

1693: 1662: 472:

had a top speed only 50 mph (80 km/h) slower than the

345: 3091: 1739:

at supersonic speeds, sinking it. The Tallboy was developed by

1571:

in Queensland. The Banshee was unable to contend with Japanese

1201:

When Italy joined the war (10 June 1940) on the Axis side, the

1140:

mounted in the wings. Some were modified to destroy tanks with

699:

overcame its hostility to Mitchell's findings and deployed the

1733:

from 25,000 feet (7,600 m) and hit the German battleship

1089:

had set up strong defensive positions on the west bank of the

393:

which slowed the aircraft in its dive and increased accuracy.

40: 206:, and fought in every US battle involving carrier aircraft. 1175:, made 2,530 sorties. He contributed to the sinking of the 262:

that greatly reduced the need for accuracy, and finally by

2277:

The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940

2070: 2068: 436:(RAF), successor to the RFC, ordered large numbers of the 329:

bombs to ensure that even a near miss would be effective.

2985:

Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway

2788:

Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway

2569:

The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II

962:. It was to prove a potent weapon against surface ships. 916:

was a biplane dive bomber that had been taken aboard the

2152:

British Aircraft Armament Volume 2, Guns and Gunsights

1260:

in a Norwegian fjord during 1944. On 3 April 1944, in

464:

dive bomber to other roles, while the Fleet Air Arm's

2876:

Parsch, Andreas. US Air launched 5-inch rockets 2006.

2812:

Duel for the Sky: Ten Crucial Battles of World War II

2483:

Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at war, 1936–1945

2096:

Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle

1759:

Pilots in the Pacific later developed a technique of

521:

100 ft (30 m) to hit buildings near Arras.

175:, which was widely used during the opening stages of 3007:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1982. 2463:

The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British aircraft of WWII

2271: 2269: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1921:

p. 460, Bloomsbury Press, New York, New York, 2013.

1919:

A Call to Arms: Mobilizing America for World War II,

364:

that must be readjusted when the dive is completed.

3334: 3183: 3176: 3127: 2729: 2727: 2671:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books Inc. 1977. 1778:, controlled-trajectory bombs evolved into today's 932:pilots and embarked on the French aircraft carrier 2955:MacDonald and Janes, London, Great Britain, 1975. 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2224:Die Geschichte der Sturzkampfbomber aus aller Welt 29:Bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets 3078:"How to Dive Bomb in World War 2 Aircraft – 1943" 3056:illustrated article on the basics of dive bombing 2970:Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books Inc. 1977. 2035:Boyne, Walter J. "The last of the dive bombers". 1100:against strong French defensive positions at the 2047: 2045: 1068:'s lightly armed parachute and airborne troops. 1060:in Bergen harbour, whilst trying to prevent the 553:published findings which were later taken up by 3061:Tail Brake on Do-217E Controls Its Diving Speed 2901:Holland, James. Dam Busters Bantam Press, 2012 2843:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. 2503:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 772:, where he pushed for dive bomber development. 2940:Arms and Armour, London, Great Britain, 1990. 2806: 2804: 1958: 1956: 1714:before the US entered the war, converted from 104:are extended and are visible behind the wings. 3103: 2746:: Fan Publications, Cheltenham, England 2001 2360: 2358: 2356: 1609:Henceforward attacks were mostly confined to 456:issue specifications for both land-based and 8: 2366:The Complete Encyclopaedia of World Aircraft 1160:countered with modern fighters, such as the 946:Val monoplane as a successor to the biplane 830:As the Royal Navy again took control of the 768:, he became the development director of the 266:as they became available in the 1960s. Most 2982:Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). 2055:; Crowood Press, Marlborough England, 1999 3180: 3110: 3096: 3088: 3000:Uses recently translated Japanese sources. 1751:earthquake bomb which was used to destroy 748:, a German First World War ace, persuaded 374:A dive bomber was vulnerable to low-level 3041:"Dive Bombing at Target Assures Accuracy" 1641:When the RAF were attempting to stop the 950:in 1940, with trials aboard the carriers 202:, was instrumental in the victory at the 2830:The Aeroplane: Monthly. London July 1995 2790:. Potomac Books, Dulles, Virginia 2005. 2226:, p.8. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 1982. 2197: 2195: 2193: 2113: 2111: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1678:in the Atlantic, and five days later, a 1042:On 10 April 1940, 16 British Royal Navy 389:were employed on many designs to create 71:of all important aspects of the article. 1942:pp. 28, 34, Cypress, California, 2013. 1817: 1552:on 5–6 June sank the IJN heavy cruiser 1264:, 42 aircraft flying from the carriers 1213:shot down 15 Ju 87Ds in one encounter. 1171:The most successful dive-bomber pilot, 795:, literally 'diving combat airplane'). 680:(a training aircraft) as an improvised 190:warships during the war than any other 2921:Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. 2649:Classic World War II aircraft cutaways 2631:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. 2444:. London: Putnam & Company, 1979. 2245:"Airpower and Restraint in Small Wars" 2039:magazine, December 2010, Arlingtom VA. 1900:pp. 25–28, Cypress, California, 2013. 1884:The National WWII Museum – New Orleans 1598:, which each carried 36 of the faster 1509:were ablaze within six minutes, while 1001:The RAF had chosen the single-engined 67:Please consider expanding the lead to 2690:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920 2320:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41 1367:(a shortcoming shared by the Stuka). 690:United States occupation of Nicaragua 7: 2786:Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony: 2251:(Fall 2001 ed.), archived from 1556:and heavily damaged her sister ship 1418:On 5 April 1942, the heavy cruisers 1075:(September to October 1939) and the 605:dive bombers at the end of the war. 2988:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 2505:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. 2368:. Noble and Barnes, New York 1977 . 2339:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim. 1702:developed the 5-inch (130 mm) 1370:The main American dive bomber, the 1096:On 12/13 May 1940, Stukas flew 300 3191:Airborne early warning and control 2627:Gunston, Bill and Robert F. Dorr. 2222:Nowarra Heinz J: Gezielter Sturz. 1982:p. 28, Cypress, California, 2013. 1825:Tillman, Barrett (February 2017). 1788:allowed higher speeds which made " 1587:engine, it could outpace pursuing 1390:. A flight of 18 Dauntlesses from 764:. Due to his connections with the 25: 2524:Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943 2465:. Chancellor Press. London 1994. 2279:. Kansas University Press. 1997. 2205:. Arms and Armour, London, 1990. 2154:. Patrick Stephens, 1994 London. 1248:fighter-bombers were replaced by 985:, who created the combination of 686:United States occupation of Haiti 524:The Royal Flying Corps developed 500:attacked the Zeppelin factory at 3063:, November 1942, Popular Science 2841:Typhoon Wings of 2nd TAF 1943–45 2571:. New York: Bounty Books, 2006. 1851:Angelucci and Matricasrdi p. 142 1048:the naval air station at Hatston 669:taken by the respective airmen. 45: 3047:– early article on dive bombing 3022:New York: Da Capo Press, 2001. 2938:Warship Losses of World War II. 2485:. London: Eagles of War, 2004. 2343:. 1998 Airlife Shrewsbury, UK. 2187:. New York: Random House, 1967. 644:was sunk and so later were the 432:Beginning on 18 June 1918, the 59:may be too short to adequately 2567:Mondey, David. "Breda Ba.65". 2203:Warship Losses of World War II 2174:. New York: Random House, 1960 1560:and two escorting destroyers. 1405:and damaged the fleet carrier 897:was a two-seat version of the 627:Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5as 595:Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5as 69:provide an accessible overview 1: 3054:, April 1942, Popular Science 2923:World Aircraft: World War II. 2544:Stuka Pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel 1704:High Velocity Aircraft Rocket 1218:United States Army Air Forces 1046:flying at extreme range from 616:, a spotter plane. The later 570:Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a 518:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c 229:are visible behind the wings. 186:dive bomber, which sank more 3068:battle Dive bombers compared 2814:. Grub Street, London 1985. 2611:, New York, Doubleday, 1974 2591:. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. 2322:. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1997. 2010:. Stackpole Books PA. 1982. 1827:"The Plane That Won the War" 1692:in the Mediterranean, using 1604:Battle of the Philippine Sea 1399:Marine Corps Air Station Ewa 1222:North American P-51 Mustangs 942:The Japanese introduced the 217:dive bombers in 1943 at the 36:Dive Bomber (disambiguation) 3020:Fleets of the World War II. 2442:Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947 1806:Counter-insurgency aircraft 1087:British Expeditionary Force 318:, with no hits scored. The 3432: 2526:. Chevron/Ian Allan 2007. 2422:Hawker aircraft since 1920 1720:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts 1451:escorted by the destroyer 1349:, but did not see combat. 1339:Royal Australian Air Force 1292:from 1940 to 1944 and the 1226:North American A-36 Apache 834:, it began to receive the 674:United States Marine Corps 557:to form the basis for the 258:, larger weapons and even 142:precision-guided munitions 33: 2713:. New York: Crown, 1991. 2185:The Billy Mitchell Affair 1244:torpedo-dive bombers and 1190:in July 1943. The Ju 87G 1062:German invasion of Norway 536:and 300 aircraft, mostly 532:on 20 November 1917, 320 442:Vickers .303 machine guns 2770:. Viking New York 1983: 2744:HMS Hermes 1923 and 1959 2692:. London: Putnam, 1979. 2546:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: 2098:: Orion Publishing 2009 1833:. Naval History Magazine 1596:-class aircraft carriers 971:Battle of Cambrai (1917) 608:Colonel, later general, 357:) or through changes in 264:precision guided weapons 219:Douglas Aircraft Company 2651:. Osprey, London, 1995 2424:. Putnam. London 1991. 2249:Aerospace Power Journal 2078:. London: Jane's 1980. 1256:which lay protected by 1220:took delivery of a few 1034:Ju 87D Stukas over the 977:, a staff officer, and 756:for the newly reformed 490:Royal Naval Air Service 438:Sopwith TF.2 Salamander 422:Royal Naval Air Service 213:Final assembly view of 204:Battle of the Coral Sea 2762:Prange Gordon William 2411:Smith 1982, pp. 66–67. 1729:bombs were dropped by 1638: 1413:Douglas TBD Devastator 1376:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver 1354:Imperial Japanese Navy 1347:attack on Pearl Harbor 1316: 1310:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver 1039: 853:Imperial Japanese Navy 724:Imperial Japanese Navy 719: 230: 223:El Segundo, California 146:anti-aircraft defences 105: 2810:Shores, Christopher. 2501:Bergström, Christer. 1716:Supermarine Spitfires 1624: 1438:British Eastern Fleet 1372:Douglas SBD Dauntless 1307: 1211:Curtiss P-40 Warhawks 1033: 1005:and the twin-engined 914:Curtiss SBC Helldiver 907:Vultee A-31 Vengeance 849:Gloster Sea Gladiator 709: 514:Duncan Grinnell-Milne 355:Fairey Youngman flaps 236:bombardier/bomb aimer 212: 196:Douglas SBD Dauntless 94:Douglas SBD Dauntless 91: 2688:Francillon, René J. 2522:Bergström, Christer 2150:Clarke. R. Wallace. 1831:U.S. Naval Institute 1600:Grumman F6F Hellcats 1589:Grumman F4F Wildcats 1573:Mitsubishi A6M Zeros 1565:Douglas A-24 Banshee 1495:Mitsubishi A6M Zeros 1154:Operation Barbarossa 1142:heavy calibre, 37mm 1013:(USAAC) adopted the 926:Halifax, Nova Scotia 770:Ministry of Aviation 762:Berlin Olympic Games 629:as dive bombers and 34:For other uses, see 3261:Electronic warfare 3052:"Diving Artillery" 2548:Schiffer Publishing 2255:on 30 December 2016 2170:Mitchell, William. 1694:specialised rockets 1684:RAF Coastal Command 1637:, 15 November 1950. 1308:United States Navy 1296:from 1941 to 1954. 631:Handley Page O/400s 566:William Henry Brown 549:Lieutenant-Colonel 314:at altitude in the 3202:Counter-insurgency 2647:Gunston, William: 2420:Mason, Francis K. 2402:Smith 1982, p. 66. 2393:Brown, 1975, p.155 2384:Smith 1982, p. 64. 2364:David, Donald ed, 2341:He 177 – 277 – 274 2139:The London Gazette 1668:On 23 May 1943, a 1639: 1317: 1262:Operation Tungsten 1177:Soviet battleship 1158:Red Army Air Force 1146:BK 3,7 autocannons 1073:invasion of Poland 1040: 1015:Douglas A-20 Havoc 979:Basil Liddell-Hart 844:.303 Browning guns 793:Sturzkampfflugzeug 791:(a contraction of 720: 701:Curtiss F8C Falcon 697:United States Navy 623:United States Army 603:Sopwith Salamander 564:Second Lieutenant 411:Royal Flying Corps 380:AA (anti-aircraft) 320:German battleship 231: 194:aircraft, and the 106: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3256:Close air support 3120:military aircraft 3045:Popular Mechanics 3028:978-0-306-81116-6 3013:978-0-87021-930-6 2953:Carrier Fighters. 2907:978-0-552-16341-5 2866:978-1-84832-026-0 2849:978-1-84603-973-7 2820:978-0-7137-1601-6 2768:Miracle at Midway 2752:978-1-901225-05-1 2709:Buell, Harold L. 2532:978-1-903223-88-8 2511:978-1-85780-270-2 2440:Bowers, Peter M. 2430:978-0-85177-839-6 2301:978-1-903223-71-0 2285:978-0-7006-0836-2 2243:Wray R. Johnson, 2104:978-0-7538-2605-8 2061:978-1-86126-217-2 1988:978-0-9897906-0-4 1948:978-0-9897906-0-4 1927:978-1-59691-607-4 1906:978-0-9897906-0-4 1518:Later on 4 June, 1491:Combat Air Patrol 1444:aircraft carrier 1415:torpedo bombers. 1290:Arkhangelsky Ar-2 1236:The Royal Navy's 1203:Regia Aeronautica 1196:Operation Kutuzov 1173:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 1117:Battle of Britain 1011:US Army Air Corps 969:learned from the 899:Battle of Britain 734:, from which the 530:Battle of Cambrai 268:tactical aircraft 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 3423: 3264: 3181: 3163: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3089: 3079: 3018:Worth, Richard. 3003:Smith, Peter C. 2999: 2909: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2858: 2852: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2808: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2760: 2754: 2740: 2734: 2733:Brown 1975, p.66 2731: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2645: 2639: 2625: 2619: 2607:Freeman, Roger: 2605: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2565: 2559: 2540: 2534: 2520: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2479: 2473: 2459: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2362: 2351: 2337: 2331: 2316: 2303: 2293: 2287: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2240: 2234: 2220: 2214: 2199: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2117:Corum, James S. 2115: 2106: 2092: 2086: 2072: 2063: 2053:Sopwith Aircraft 2049: 2040: 2033: 2018: 2006:Smith, Peter C. 2004: 1991: 1978:Parker, Dana T. 1976: 1970: 1960: 1951: 1938:Parker, Dana T. 1936: 1930: 1915: 1909: 1896:Parker, Dana T. 1894: 1888: 1887: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1822: 1753:railway viaducts 1670:Fairey Swordfish 1585:Daimler-Benz 601 1471:Battle of Midway 1343:Indian Air Force 1321:Vultee Vengeance 1250:Fairey Barracuda 1238:Fairey Swordfish 1113:Hawker Hurricane 1077:Battle of France 1026:European theatre 1007:Bristol Blenheim 903:Hawker Hurricane 836:Fairey Swordfish 800:Francisco Franco 754:Curtiss Hawk IIs 547:Royal Tank Corps 474:Hawker Hurricane 458:aircraft carrier 424:was bombing the 369:Vultee Vengeance 316:Battle of Midway 260:nuclear warheads 200:Battle of Midway 81: 78: 72: 49: 41: 21: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3416:Bomber aircraft 3406: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3330: 3306:Maritime patrol 3279:Air superiority 3262: 3172: 3161: 3123: 3122:types and roles 3116: 3077: 3073:article of 1940 3037: 2996: 2981: 2968:Naval Aircraft. 2918: 2913: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2859: 2855: 2839:Thomas, Chris. 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2809: 2802: 2785: 2781: 2761: 2757: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2708: 2704: 2687: 2683: 2666: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2566: 2562: 2542:Just, Günther. 2541: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2500: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2461:Mondey, David: 2460: 2456: 2439: 2435: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2363: 2354: 2338: 2334: 2317: 2306: 2294: 2290: 2274: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2116: 2109: 2093: 2089: 2073: 2066: 2050: 2043: 2034: 2021: 2005: 1994: 1977: 1973: 1961: 1954: 1937: 1933: 1916: 1912: 1895: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1802: 1731:Avro Lancasters 1712:Eagle Squadrons 1680:Lockheed Hudson 1619: 1569:Charters Towers 1434:Colombo, Ceylon 1302: 1300:Pacific theatre 1242:Fairey Albacore 1188:Battle of Kursk 1102:Battle of Sedan 1044:Blackburn Skuas 1038:, December 1943 1028: 975:J. F. C. Fuller 884:Fairey Albacore 840:Blackburn Skuas 583: 551:J. F. C. Fuller 516:arrived in his 502:Friedrichshafen 494:Sopwith Tabloid 486: 434:Royal Air Force 403: 276: 158: 82: 76: 73: 66: 54:This article's 50: 39: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3352:Reconnaissance 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3326:Strike fighter 3323: 3321:Fighter-bomber 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3271: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3065: 3057: 3048: 3036: 3035:External links 3033: 3032: 3031: 3016: 3001: 2994: 2979: 2966:Casey, Louis. 2964: 2951:Brown, David. 2949: 2936:Brown, David. 2934: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2894: 2878: 2869: 2853: 2832: 2823: 2800: 2779: 2755: 2742:McCart, Neil: 2735: 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2584: 2581: 2578: 2577:0-7537-1460-4 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2556:0-88740-252-6 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491:1-86227-246-8 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471:1-85152-668-4 2468: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450:0-370-10029-8 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374:0-7607-0592-5 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2349:1-85310-364-0 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328:1-85532-636-1 2325: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232:3-87943-844-7 2229: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211:0-85368-802-8 2208: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160:1-852-602-236 2157: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127:0-7006-0541-X 2124: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084:0-7106-0002-X 2081: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016:0-8117-3454-4 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968:0-719-544-254 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Barnes Wallis 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1578:The Japanese 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432:were leaving 1431: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1384:Wheeler Field 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358:carrier-borne 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1326:Hawker Henley 1322: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1288:deployed the 1287: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1123:over France. 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Curtiss H-75s 1105: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1036:Eastern Front 1032: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019:Ilyushin Il-2 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:Fairey Battle 999: 997: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 960: 955: 954: 949: 945: 940: 937: 936: 931: 927: 923: 921: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:Hawker Henley 892: 887: 885: 881: 880: 874: 873: 867: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:Fleet Air Arm 828: 825: 820: 817: 813: 812:Ernst Heinkel 809: 808:Junkers Ju 88 805: 804:Condor Legion 801: 796: 794: 790: 787: 786:Junkers Ju 87 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 737: 733: 732:Heinkel He 66 729: 728:Heinkel He 50 725: 717: 716:carrier-borne 713: 708: 704: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 666: 664: 663: 657: 656: 650: 649: 643: 642: 636: 635:Martin NBS-1s 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 578: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 535: 534:Mark IV tanks 531: 527: 522: 519: 515: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 483: 481: 479: 475: 471: 470:Hawker Henley 467: 463: 462:Hawker Henley 459: 455: 450: 448: 443: 439: 435: 430: 427: 423: 418: 416: 415:Western Front 412: 408: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 377: 372: 370: 365: 363: 360: 356: 351: 347: 343: 338: 334: 330: 328: 324: 323: 317: 313: 307: 304: 300: 295: 293: 290: 286: 282: 273: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 251: 249: 245: 241: 240:Junkers Ju 88 237: 228: 224: 220: 216: 215:SBD Dauntless 211: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 173: 167: 163: 162:Junkers Ju 87 155: 153: 151: 147: 144:and improved 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 127:level bombers 123: 119: 115: 111: 103: 99: 95: 90: 80: 77:November 2016 70: 64: 62: 57: 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 32: 27: 19: 3364:Surveillance 3342:Experimental 3224:Light bomber 3219:Heavy bomber 3070: 3060: 3051: 3044: 3043:April 1933, 3019: 3005:Dive Bomber! 3004: 2984: 2967: 2952: 2937: 2922: 2916:Bibliography 2897: 2881: 2872: 2856: 2840: 2835: 2826: 2811: 2787: 2782: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2743: 2738: 2710: 2705: 2689: 2684: 2668: 2663: 2648: 2643: 2628: 2623: 2608: 2603: 2588: 2587:Weal, John. 2583: 2568: 2563: 2543: 2538: 2523: 2518: 2502: 2497: 2482: 2481:Ward, John. 2477: 2462: 2457: 2441: 2436: 2421: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2365: 2340: 2335: 2319: 2318:Weal, John. 2291: 2276: 2257:, retrieved 2253:the original 2248: 2238: 2223: 2218: 2202: 2184: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2151: 2146: 2141:22 June 1918 2138: 2134: 2118: 2095: 2094:Hammond, B. 2090: 2075: 2052: 2051:Davis, Mick 2036: 2007: 1979: 1974: 1939: 1934: 1918: 1913: 1897: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1869:Worth p. 170 1865: 1856: 1847: 1835:. Retrieved 1830: 1820: 1790:toss bombing 1784: 1765: 1761:skip bombing 1758: 1735: 1724: 1698: 1688: 1674: 1667: 1655:Henry Tizard 1651:Afrika Korps 1647:Erwin Rommel 1640: 1608: 1593: 1580:Yokosuka D4Y 1577: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1550: (CV-8) 1547: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1487: (CV-6) 1484: 1479: (CV-5) 1476: 1468: 1464:806 Squadron 1454: 1447: 1436:to join the 1428: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1380:Pearl Harbor 1369: 1365:landing gear 1351: 1331:William Slim 1318: 1286:Armed Forces 1283:Soviet Union 1280: 1274: 1267: 1258:torpedo nets 1253: 1235: 1230:Afrika Korps 1215: 1207:Breda Ba.65s 1200: 1192:Kanonenvogel 1191: 1178: 1170: 1143: 1131:machine guns 1125: 1106: 1095: 1080: 1070: 1056: 1041: 1000: 990: 964: 957: 951: 941: 934: 922: (CV-5) 919: 911: 891:Air Ministry 889:The British 888: 878: 871: 868:and in 1939 829: 824:Breda Ba 65s 821: 797: 792: 788: 782:Junkers K 47 774: 744: 740: 726:ordered the 721: 694: 678:Curtiss JN-4 671: 667: 661: 654: 647: 641:Ostfriesland 640: 607: 589:in Suffolk. 584: 581:Interwar era 563: 523: 510: 487: 454:Air Ministry 451: 431: 419: 404: 385: 373: 366: 339: 335: 331: 321: 308: 299:trigonometry 296: 277: 252: 232: 183: 177:World War II 171: 166:light bomber 159: 138:World War II 135: 130: 109: 107: 74: 58: 56:lead section 31: 26: 3316:Interdictor 3284:Interceptor 3193:(AEW&C) 2008:Dive Bomber 1860:Casey p. 87 1786:Jet engines 1780:smart bombs 1429:Dorsetshire 1388:Ford Island 1156:before the 1148:mounted in 866:dive-bomber 861:Grumman F3F 814:, that the 778:Ural bomber 752:to buy two 718:dive bomber 542:Airco DH 5s 484:World War I 407:World War I 387:Dive brakes 376:ground fire 227:dive brakes 110:dive bomber 102:dive brakes 3335:Non-combat 3311:Multi-role 3244:Pathfinder 3239:Penetrator 3155:Helicopter 3145:Fixed-wing 2259:18 October 1837:26 October 1812:References 1749:Grand Slam 1672:destroyed 1631:Yalu River 1542:Enterprise 1524:Enterprise 1485:Enterprise 1442:Royal Navy 1394:Enterprise 1268:Victorious 1144:Bordkanone 1091:Oise River 1082:blitzkrieg 1057:Königsberg 996:Blitzkrieg 766:Nazi party 746:Ernst Udet 682:bomb sight 662:New Jersey 614:Salmson 2s 587:Orfordness 559:blitzkrieg 395:Air brakes 292:trajectory 256:bombsights 96:drops its 3391:Transport 3289:Emergency 3234:Strategic 3160:Unmanned 2037:Air Force 1743:designer 1546:USS 1483:USS 1475:USS 1453:HMS 1446:HMS 1427:HMS 1420:HMS 1392:USS 1361:Aichi D3A 1352:Both the 1184:Kronstadt 1066:Wehrmacht 967:Wehrmacht 965:Only the 948:Aichi D1A 944:Aichi D3A 918:USS 901:-winning 879:Centurion 758:Luftwaffe 736:Aichi D1A 712:Aichi D1A 672:In 1919, 618:Salmson 4 498:Avro 504s 478:Luftwaffe 359:tailplane 303:bombsight 289:parabolic 221:plant in 181:Aichi D3A 61:summarize 3410:Category 3269:Intruder 1800:See also 1794:shot put 1770:and the 1625:US Navy 1611:kamikaze 1538:Yorktown 1520:Yorktown 1477:Yorktown 1422:Cornwall 1205:shipped 1150:gun pods 920:Yorktown 872:Glorious 859:and USN 822:Some 23 655:Virginia 526:strafing 426:Zeppelin 274:Accuracy 150:fighters 131:en masse 18:Divebomb 3386:Trainer 3381:Testbed 3347:Liaison 3274:Fighter 3251:Carrier 3207:Gunship 3168:Stealth 3140:Balloon 3135:Airship 3118:Modern 3083:YouTube 2550:. 1986 1768:Fritz X 1741:Vickers 1736:Tirpitz 1727:Tallboy 1700:Caltech 1643:Panzers 1635:Sinuiju 1617:Decline 1469:At the 1455:Vampire 1408:Shokaku 1275:Furious 1254:Tirpitz 1138:cannons 1098:sorties 987:Panzers 930:Curtiss 648:Alabama 401:Origins 342:bridges 327:Tallboy 322:Tirpitz 285:gravity 129:, even 3376:Tanker 3294:Escort 3214:Bomber 3197:Attack 3184:Combat 3150:Glider 3071:Flight 3026: 3011: 2992: 2974: 2959: 2944: 2929: 2905: 2889: 2864: 2847: 2818: 2794: 2774: 2750: 2717: 2696: 2675: 2655: 2635: 2615: 2595: 2575: 2554: 2530: 2509: 2489: 2469: 2448: 2428: 2372: 2347: 2326: 2299: 2283: 2230: 2209: 2158: 2125: 2102: 2082: 2059: 2014: 1986: 1966: 1946: 1925: 1904: 1602:. The 1558:Mogami 1554:Mikuma 1548:Hornet 1534:Midway 1448:Hermes 1314:bomber 1128:7.92mm 1052:Orkney 855:(IJN) 851:. The 409:, the 225:. The 188:Allied 179:, the 156:Method 136:After 114:bomber 100:. The 3369:Scout 3357:Scout 3299:Night 3177:Roles 3162:(UAV) 3128:Types 2764:et al 1772:USAAF 1708:D-Day 1689:U-755 1686:sank 1675:U-752 1594:Essex 1529:Hiryu 1512:Akagi 1500:Soryu 1462:, of 1403:Shoho 1312:dive 1179:Marat 991:Stuka 959:Akagi 935:Béarn 928:, by 789:Stuka 714:2, a 350:dives 346:ships 312:B-17s 184:"Val" 172:Stuka 118:dives 112:is a 3263:(EW) 3024:ISBN 3009:ISBN 2990:ISBN 2972:ISBN 2957:ISBN 2942:ISBN 2927:ISBN 2903:ISBN 2887:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2845:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2792:ISBN 2772:ISBN 2748:ISBN 2715:ISBN 2694:ISBN 2673:ISBN 2653:ISBN 2633:ISBN 2613:ISBN 2593:ISBN 2573:ISBN 2552:ISBN 2528:ISBN 2507:ISBN 2487:ISBN 2467:ISBN 2446:ISBN 2426:ISBN 2370:ISBN 2345:ISBN 2324:ISBN 2297:ISBN 2281:ISBN 2261:2011 2228:ISBN 2207:ISBN 2156:ISBN 2123:ISBN 2100:ISBN 2080:ISBN 2057:ISBN 2012:ISBN 1984:ISBN 1964:ISBN 1944:ISBN 1923:ISBN 1902:ISBN 1839:2022 1776:Azon 1663:RP-3 1627:AD-3 1544:and 1522:and 1506:Kaga 1503:and 1481:and 1425:and 1386:and 1341:and 1319:The 1281:The 1273:HMS 1271:and 1266:HMS 1240:and 1216:The 1135:20mm 1071:The 956:and 953:Kaga 912:The 877:HMS 870:HMS 847:the 722:The 710:The 660:USS 658:and 653:USS 646:USS 639:SMS 633:and 593:and 540:and 488:The 420:The 391:drag 367:The 362:trim 344:and 281:drag 242:and 192:Axis 122:bomb 98:bomb 3081:on 1774:'s 1718:to 1682:of 1649:'s 1645:of 1633:at 1333:'s 1182:at 1133:or 1050:in 504:on 3412:: 2803:^ 2766:: 2726:^ 2355:^ 2307:^ 2268:^ 2247:, 2192:^ 2110:^ 2067:^ 2044:^ 2022:^ 1995:^ 1955:^ 1882:. 1829:. 1796:. 1540:, 1168:. 692:. 665:. 651:, 294:. 133:. 108:A 92:A 3111:e 3104:t 3097:v 3030:. 3015:. 2998:. 2978:. 2963:. 2948:. 2933:. 2851:. 2798:. 2721:. 2700:. 2679:. 2558:. 2513:. 2452:. 2330:. 2213:. 2129:. 1990:. 1950:. 1929:. 1908:. 1886:. 1841:. 79:) 75:( 65:. 38:. 20:)

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