4613:
982:
680:
582:
4620:
6033:
888:
675:
577:
3857:
739:
505:
5594:
5599:
140:
4606:
3851:
3845:
118:
6093:
955:
1464:
474:
6039:
1002:
685:
587:
1796:(about 18,000 years ago) are a significantly confounding factor. Some studies appear to rule this out as the primary cause of extinction, but there has also been some dispute about these studies. It is likely that a combination of all of these factors contributed to the megafauna's demise. However, there is significant disagreement about the relative importance of each.
1575:
1561:
867:
760:
533:
1706:, while large, has a lightly constructed osseous core that was only partially covered in rhamphotheca, was highly vascularised and likely highly innervated, a combination of features conferring relatively weak biting ability. This suggests that dromornithids were likely not consuming coarse browse requiring strong bite forces.
428:, such as emus, cassowaries, rheas and ostriches. It is now believed that the similarities between these groups are the result of similar responses to the loss of flight. The latest idea on dromornithid relationships, based on details of the skull, is that they evolved early in the lineage that includes
1791:
The reasons for the extinction of this entire family along with the rest of the
Australian megafauna by the end of the Pleistocene are still debated. It is hypothesized that the arrival of the first humans in Australia (around 48-60 thousand years ago) and their hunting and landscape-changing use of
1323:
bones have been excavated in association with human artifacts. The issue of how much of an impact humans had on dromornithids and other large animals of the time is unresolved and much debated. Many scientists believe that human settlement and hunting were largely responsible for the extinction of
2547:
McInerney, P. L.; Blokland, J. C.; Worthy, T. H. (2024). "Skull morphology of the enigmatic
Genyornis newtoni Stirling and Zeitz, 1896 (Aves, Dromornithidae), with implications for functional morphology, ecology, and evolution in the context of Galloanserae". Historical Biology: An International
1959:
McInerney, P. L.; Blokland, J. C.; Worthy, T. H. (2024). "Skull morphology of the enigmatic
Genyornis newtoni Stirling and Zeitz, 1896 (Aves, Dromornithidae), with implications for functional morphology, ecology, and evolution in the context of Galloanserae". Historical Biology: An International
1636:
Because of their enormous size, dromornithids have been considered to have been slow, lumbering creatures. Their legs are not long and slender like those of emus or ostriches, which are specialised for running. However, biomechanical analysis of the attachments and presumed sizes of the muscles
1697:
Functional interpretations by researchers Warren
Handley and Trevor Worthy suggests that dromornithids were specialised herbivores that likely possessed well-developed stereoscopic depth perception, were diurnal and fed on soft browse such as new growth, soft leaves, and fruit. Musculature for
1371:
of the South
Australian Museum received reports of large bones in a dry lake bed in the northwest of the state. Over the several next years, they made several trips to the site, collecting nearly complete skeletons of several individuals. They named the newly found species
2813:
Roberts, R. G.; Flannery, T. F.; Ayliffe, L. A.; Yoshida, H.; Olley, J. M.; Prideaux, G. J.; Laslett, G. M.; Baynes, A.; Smith, M. A.; Jones, R.; Smith, B. L. (2001). "New ages for the last
Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago".
1335:, one of his men tied his rope to a projecting object which broke when he tried to descend the rope. After the man had climbed back up, it was found that the projecting object was the fossilised long bone of a large bird. The first species to be described was
1418:
skull was very large, with the enormous bill making up about two-thirds of it. The bill was deep, but rather narrow. The jaws had cutting edges at the front, as well as crushing surfaces at the back. There were attachments for large muscles, indicating that
1434:
The polished stones that the birds kept in their gizzards (muscular stomachs) occur at a number of sites. These stones, called gastroliths, played an important role in their digestion by breaking up coarse food or matter that was swallowed in large
1596:. Most were heavy-bodied, with powerfully developed legs and greatly reduced wings. The last bones of the toes resembled small hooves, rather than claws as in most birds. Like emus and other flightless birds, dromornithids lost the keel on the
2492:
Sexual dimorphism in the late
Miocene mihirung Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) from the Alcoota Local Fauna of central Australia, DOI:10.1080/02724634.2016.1180298, Received: 9 Jul 2015 Accepted: 20 Feb 2015 Published online: 07 Jun
1319:, was certainly known to Aboriginal Australians during the Late Pleistocene. Cave paintings thought to depict this bird are known, as are carved footprints larger than those considered to represent emus. At Cuddie Springs,
1129:
The classification of these species has been based upon distinguishing characters of the femur, all type specimens are femurs. The cranial remains occur less frequently, with three assignable to a species level.
1651:
specimens, containing two forms has been determined to be evidence of sexual dimorphism within that species, the largest known. Males were more robust and heavier than females, although not necessarily taller.
1108:(the "mihirung") were more heavily built, stood about 2 to 2.5 m (6.6 to 8.2 ft) tall and probably reached weights of 220 to 240 kg (490 to 530 lb). The largest dromornithids were
1402:, long bones of the hindlimb and toe bones. Ribs and wing bones are uncommonly preserved. The rarest part of the skeleton is the skull. For many years, the only skull known was a damaged specimen of
1449:
or endocasts) have been found. Endocasts are formed when sediments fill the empty skull, after which the skull is destroyed. These fossils give a fairly accurate picture of dromornithid brains.
645:
resulted in several of their phylogenies to support this grouping. The authors did note the bootstrap support is weakly supported and one of their phylogenies even found gastornithiforms to be
1734:
Records of these birds are known only from
Australia. Most of the records of dromornithids come from the eastern half of the continent, although fossil evidence has also been discovered in
4612:
637:
A 2017 paper concerning the evolution and phylogeny of the giant fowl by Worthy and colleagues have found phylogenetic support in finding the mihirungs to be the sister taxon to
1810:
6186:
2699:
Murray, P. F.; Megirian, D. (1998). "The skull of dromornithid birds: anatomical evidence for their relationship to
Anseriformes (Dromornithidae, Anseriformes)".
2089:
Bourdon, E. (2005). "Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes)".
1754:
1668:
It has been generally thought that the dromornithids were plant eaters, a belief currently considered common scientific consensus. This belief is based on:
1637:
suggest that dromornithids might have been able to run much faster than originally thought, making up for their less than ideal form with brute strength.
6262:
6173:
2941:"Osteohistology of Dromornis stirtoni (Aves: Dromornithidae) and the biological implications of the bone histology of the Australian mihirung birds"
2382:
Stirling and Zeitz, 1896 (Aves, Dromornithidae), with implications for functional morphology, ecology, and evolution in the context of
Galloanserae"
649:
instead. These were also weakly supported. Below is a simplified phylogeny showing their one phylogeny supporting gastornithiforms as anserimorphs.
2226:
Agnolín, F.L.; Egli, F.B.; Chatterjee, S.; Marsà, J.A.G (2017). "Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary".
6242:
2664:
Miller, G. H.; Magee, J. W.; Johnson, B. J.; Fogel, M. L.; Spooner, N. A.; McCulloch, M. T.; Ayliffe, L. K. (1999). "Pleistocene extinction of
3003:
2721:
6252:
1698:
operation of the bill is “surprisingly limited", suggesting that these birds were not capable of a particularly forceful bite. There is no
424:. What the nearest relatives of this group are is a controversial issue. For many years it was thought that dromornithids were related to
2635:
Field, J. H.; Boles, W. E. (1998). "Genyornis newtoni and Dromaius novaehollandiae at 30,000 b.p. in central northern New South Wales".
6232:
1384:
1713:
may have been a carnivore or possibly a scavenger. However, most authorities now consider it to be a herbivore. The recently-extinct
6247:
3856:
1547:
6032:
6257:
1066:
The number of taxa in the Dromornithidae family was recognised as eight species in four genera by 2021, the smallest species was
2861:
Vickers-Rich, P.; Molnar, R. E. (1996). "The foot of a bird from the Eocene Redbank Plains Formation of Queensland, Australia".
2179:"Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion"
1481:
5593:
4619:
1528:
1485:
1406:. Early reconstructions of dromornithids made them appear like oversized emus. Peter Murray and Dirk Megirian of Australia's
2751:
Rich, P.; Gill, E. (1976). "Possible dromornithid footprints from Pleistocene dune sands of southern Victoria, Australia".
1500:
1992:
Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane
139:
4605:
804:
A 2022 study concerning their proteins found them to be sister group to the common group of galliforms and anseriforms.
2538:
Peter F. Murray,Patricia Vickers-Rich, Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime
1612:
1.5 to 1.8 m (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in) up to 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in the case of
1507:
981:
679:
581:
5598:
2890:
Williams, D. L. G. (1981). "Genyornis eggshell (Dromornithidae; Aves) from the Late Pleistocene of South Australia".
801:
A 2021 study conversely found their internal cranial anatomy more similar to that of galliforms than to anseriforms.
2019:"The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)"
1328:
3850:
6237:
3796:
2996:
1514:
4149:
3094:
1407:
1391:, both in the Northern Territory. The specimen recovered there remained unstudied and unnamed until 1979, when
3844:
1766:
1608:. Their skull also was quite different from that of emus. These birds ranged from about the size of a modern
6227:
5718:
4553:
1474:
1286:
1496:
6113:
6096:
5695:
5639:
1257:
1229:
1088:
2919:
Williams, D. L. G.; Vickers-Rich, P. (1992). "Giant fossil egg fragment from the Tertiary of Australia".
1792:
fire may have contributed to the disappearance of the megafauna. However, drought conditions during peak
6199:
5955:
4175:
3740:
1193:
923:
5926:
887:
674:
576:
6160:
6038:
2989:
2899:
2870:
2825:
2793:
2762:
2644:
2571:
2330:
2235:
2098:
2030:
1860:
1660:
A 2021 study found that dromornithids had an internal cranial anatomy similar to that of galliforms.
339:
738:
641:. Worthy et al. (2017) incorporated several new taxa and character traits into existing matrices of
504:
6151:
4927:
4452:
4318:
3953:
1342:
1337:
1267:
1161:
1110:
1082:
5983:
5055:
5004:
4681:
4421:
3644:
3121:
2849:
2448:
2259:
2122:
1743:
1647:
1614:
1580:
1201:
1116:
344:
134:
126:
4832:
4772:
2146:
Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina"
1092:) were larger birds, but had more slender legs than the other dromornithids and were similar to
6204:
5883:
5267:
2559:
5835:
5179:
5034:
4307:
4092:
3696:
3063:
2970:
2962:
2841:
2816:
2717:
2687:
2670:
2587:
2358:
2251:
2208:
2114:
2056:
1986:
1888:
1843:
Worthy, T. H.; Mitri, M.; Handley, W. D.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Anderson, A.; Sand, C. (2016-03-30).
1771:
1739:
1566:
1298:
1171:
1104:
813:
720:
443:
Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny under the hypothesis that they are members of
391:
350:
222:
6191:
6066:
5991:
5933:
5526:
5417:
5171:
5064:
4762:
4496:
4475:
3785:
3719:
3626:
3263:
2952:
2907:
2878:
2833:
2801:
2770:
2679:
2652:
2579:
2516:
2438:
2393:
2348:
2338:
2297:
2243:
2198:
2190:
2157:
2106:
2046:
2038:
1878:
1868:
1521:
1446:
1332:
1187:
1176:
1098:
950:
327:
2505:"Endocranial Anatomy of the Giant Extinct Australian Mihirung Birds (Aves, Dromornithidae)"
2286:"Endocranial Anatomy of the Giant Extinct Australian Mihirung Birds (Aves, Dromornithidae)"
6013:
6006:
5969:
5890:
5874:
5454:
5426:
5013:
4671:
4530:
4461:
4333:
4296:
4138:
4123:
4042:
3998:
3977:
3754:
3633:
3590:
3415:
3346:
3079:
1780:
1439:
1357:
1353:
468:
194:
2903:
2874:
2829:
2797:
2766:
2732:
2648:
2575:
2334:
2239:
2102:
2034:
1864:
1709:
It has been suggested that, despite the indications of herbivory in some dromornithids,
6056:
5998:
5962:
5766:
5739:
5707:
5351:
5321:
5126:
4965:
4883:
4782:
4542:
4468:
4431:
3929:
3726:
3485:
3381:
3320:
3299:
2353:
2318:
2203:
2178:
2051:
2018:
1883:
1844:
1776:
1699:
1380:
have been found in other parts of South Australia and in New South Wales and Victoria.
1368:
1364:
734:
646:
638:
500:
248:
2714:
Magnificent mihirungs : the colossal flightless birds of the Australian dreamtime
2560:"The foot of a bird from the Eocene Redbank Plains Formation of Queensland, Australia"
117:
6221:
6076:
6071:
5940:
5800:
5684:
5628:
5307:
5226:
5193:
5157:
5110:
5080:
5027:
5020:
4906:
4897:
4711:
4691:
4234:
4223:
4109:
4078:
4035:
3984:
3970:
3664:
3396:
3374:
3359:
3277:
2784:
2753:
2452:
2194:
1679:
1619:
1605:
1392:
1215:
1068:
977:
808:
708:
656:
486:
454:
444:
399:
363:
257:
70:
2853:
2782:
Rich, P.; Green, R. H. (1974). "Footprints of birds at South Mt Cameron, Tasmania".
2263:
1990:
1845:"Osteology Supports a Stem-Galliform Affinity for the Giant Extinct Flightless Bird
954:
6086:
5948:
5675:
5549:
5542:
5481:
5399:
5186:
5072:
4951:
4863:
4792:
4751:
4701:
4519:
4372:
4357:
4342:
4276:
4164:
4116:
4028:
3918:
3773:
3733:
3712:
3705:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3618:
3603:
3539:
3496:
3457:
3327:
3306:
3237:
3215:
2126:
1805:
1414:
to give a good idea of what that bird's head looked like. It is now known that the
1346:
1149:
832:
818:
669:
642:
571:
433:
395:
335:
2733:"The Dromornithidae, an extinct family of large ground birds endemic to Australia"
2426:
2398:
2377:
1702:
on the side of the cranium for insertion of mandibular musculature. The culmen in
2683:
1873:
1746:
sites they are very common, sometimes comprising 60-70% of the fossil material.
1693:
the large number of individuals occurring together, suggesting flocking behaviour
436:). However, some phylogenetic studies have recovered them as closer to gamefowl (
6145:
5911:
5821:
5756:
5497:
5447:
5378:
5330:
5095:
5041:
4989:
4936:
4822:
4802:
4741:
4505:
4255:
4245:
3908:
3747:
3512:
3471:
3442:
3435:
3403:
3313:
3247:
3187:
3174:
3133:
3012:
2076:
Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime
1943:
1686:: gastroliths are also found in the stomachs of some carnivores, such as modern
1463:
1243:
473:
437:
319:
265:
45:
32:
811:
redescribed the skull morphology and phylogenetic affinity of the dromornithid
354:
survived into the Late Pleistocene. They are thought to have been herbivorous.
5976:
5844:
5651:
5535:
5505:
5472:
5440:
5406:
5392:
5385:
5209:
5119:
4913:
4873:
4812:
4721:
4650:
4637:
4565:
4512:
4388:
4365:
4350:
4286:
4213:
4101:
4071:
4064:
4007:
3963:
3657:
3546:
3530:
3519:
3478:
3464:
3428:
3389:
3367:
2911:
2882:
2656:
2583:
2548:
Journal of Paleobiology. 36 (6): 1093–1165. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212.
2319:"Ancient proteins resolve controversy over the identity of Genyornis eggshell"
2247:
2110:
1973:
1960:
Journal of Paleobiology. 36 (6): 1093–1165. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212.
1793:
1758:
1597:
1001:
684:
586:
556:
323:
292:
90:
55:
6136:
2966:
2591:
6081:
6061:
5897:
5852:
5814:
5807:
5364:
5297:
5277:
5257:
5247:
5237:
5147:
4981:
4974:
4943:
4438:
4265:
4057:
3939:
3611:
3553:
3505:
3449:
3335:
3204:
3106:
3054:
2837:
2343:
1750:
1722:
1714:
1687:
1609:
1399:
1281:
1144:
1122:
1073:
882:
822:
429:
315:
273:
242:
151:
95:
39:
28:
2974:
2939:
Chinsamy, Anusuya; Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (17 August 2022).
2845:
2362:
2255:
2212:
2162:
2141:
2118:
2060:
1892:
2691:
1574:
1560:
1327:
The first Europeans to encounter the bones of dromornithids may have been
1324:
dromornithids, as well as many other species of the Australian megafauna.
866:
759:
532:
6130:
5904:
5776:
5433:
5371:
5133:
5087:
4731:
4482:
4406:
4050:
4014:
3560:
3292:
3045:
3036:
1735:
997:
412:
405:
171:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2042:
1683:
6178:
5918:
5664:
5512:
5337:
4852:
4192:
4021:
3887:
3874:
3808:
1769:) that may be referable to dromornithids. The most recent evidence, of
1624:
1601:
1488: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1388:
1093:
331:
100:
75:
2921:
Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
2774:
2521:
2504:
2302:
2285:
1430:
Bones are not the only remains of dromornithids that have been found:
5489:
5287:
5164:
4842:
3226:
3030:
2957:
2940:
2805:
2443:
1762:
1604:) that serves as the attachment for the large flight muscles in most
1352:
Extensive collections of any dromornithid fossils were first made at
1076:, weighing 80 to 95 kg (176 to 209 lb). The two species of
425:
385:
373:
161:
107:
6107:
2740:
Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics
348:, was 3 m (9 ft 10 in) tall. Only a single species,
3284:
1573:
1559:
1133:
The placement of these dromornithid species may be summarised as:
307:
231:
2427:"The Australian Dromornithidae: a group of extinct large ratites"
2017:
Worthy, T.H.; Degrange, F.J.; Handley, W.D.; Lee, M.S.Y. (2017).
6165:
5616:
5561:
311:
204:
181:
6111:
5614:
4635:
3872:
3172:
3023:
2985:
2981:
1593:
1589:
1457:
1423:
had a powerful bite. More fragmentary remains of the skull of
379:
367:
2386:
Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology
2376:
McInerney, P. L.; Blokland, J. C.; Worthy, T. H. (2024).
2284:
Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (15 March 2021).
1114:, from which the family gets its name, and the massive
1995:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: T. van Holkema. p. 435.
1618:, possibly the largest bird that ever lived after the
5871:
5832:
5788:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5523:
5469:
5348:
5318:
5303:
5293:
5283:
5273:
5263:
5253:
5243:
5233:
5222:
5144:
5107:
5052:
5001:
4962:
4924:
4894:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4848:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4667:
4539:
4493:
4449:
4418:
4401:
4330:
4314:
4303:
4292:
4282:
4272:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4230:
4219:
4209:
4161:
4135:
4089:
3995:
3950:
3935:
3925:
3914:
3904:
3782:
3587:
3260:
3243:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3200:
2564:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
2317:
Demarchi, Beatrice; Stiller, Josefin (24 May 2022).
1341:. The specimen was found in a 55-metre deep well at
947:
919:
362:
The scientific name Dromornithidae derives from the
6120:
5870:
5831:
5787:
5737:
5706:
5683:
5674:
5650:
5627:
5560:
5522:
5468:
5416:
5347:
5317:
5207:
5143:
5106:
5051:
5000:
4961:
4923:
4893:
4648:
4564:
4538:
4529:
4492:
4448:
4417:
4386:
4329:
4190:
4160:
4134:
4088:
3994:
3949:
3885:
3807:
3781:
3772:
3695:
3643:
3586:
3529:
3495:
3414:
3345:
3258:
3185:
3132:
3105:
3078:
1976:
people of western Victoria that means 'giant bird'.
1588:Dromornithids looked superficially like very large
2150:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1726:suggests they might have feed on aquatic plants.
1398:The best represented bones of dromornithids are
1395:described five new species and four new genera.
1445:Impressions of the inside of the skull cavity (
2712:Murray, Peter; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (2004).
2503:Handley, Warren D.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2021).
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
1427:suggest that it, too, had an oversized skull.
2997:
2534:
2532:
2411:
2409:
8:
1904:
1902:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1749:The earliest bones identified were found in
1345:, Queensland, and subsequently described by
2465:Vickers-Rich, P. & Molnar, R. E. (1996)
1908:Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004)
6108:
5745:
5680:
5656:
5624:
5611:
5356:
5215:
4660:
4656:
4645:
4632:
4535:
4394:
4202:
4198:
3897:
3893:
3882:
3869:
3778:
3649:
3595:
3583:
3420:
3351:
3269:
3193:
3182:
3169:
3111:
3084:
3075:
3020:
3004:
2990:
2982:
116:
20:
2956:
2716:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2668:: human impact on Australian megafauna".
2520:
2442:
2397:
2352:
2342:
2301:
2202:
2161:
2050:
1882:
1872:
1672:the lack of a hook at the end of the bill
1548:Learn how and when to remove this message
807:Two year later, Mclnerney, Blokland and
2558:Vickers-Rich, P.; Molnar, R.E. (1996).
2074:Murrary, P.F; Vickers-Rich, P. (2004).
1828:Murray, P. F. & Megirian, D. (1998)
1821:
817:, finding Dromornithidae as members of
2701:Records of the South Australian Museum
2604:Field, J. H. & Boles, W. E. (1998)
1761:. There are foot impressions from the
334:), but are now usually classified as
7:
1717:may have been a potential predator.
1486:adding citations to reliable sources
1072:, a bird about the size of a modern
2378:"Skull morphology of the enigmatic
1442:, have been found at several sites.
1410:recovered enough skull material of
970:
940:
912:
853:
845:
838:
828:
726:
700:
662:
652:
548:
520:
492:
460:
450:
2483:Rich, P. & Green, R. H. (1974)
2177:Livezey, B.C.; Zusi, R.L. (2007).
1811:Later Quaternary prehistoric birds
1331:and his team. While exploring the
416:, and a note by von Haast allying
390:("bird"). The family was named by
298:, "giant bird") and informally as
14:
1126:is the best known of the genera.
338:. Dromornithids were part of the
6092:
6091:
6037:
6031:
5597:
5592:
4618:
4611:
4604:
3855:
3849:
3843:
2195:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x
1849:(Sylviornithidae, Galloanseres)"
1462:
1000:
980:
953:
886:
865:
758:
737:
683:
678:
673:
585:
580:
575:
531:
503:
472:
310:of large, flightless Australian
138:
1972:is an Aboriginal word from the
1783:and dated at 31,000 years old.
1473:needs additional citations for
1383:Other sites of importance were
1376:in 1896. Additional remains of
1102:(the "demon duck of doom") and
326:. They were long classified in
6243:Prehistoric birds of Australia
2474:Rich, P. & Gill, E. (1976)
1675:the lack of talons on the toes
1:
2399:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212
1438:Series of footprints, called
6263:Taxa named by Max Fürbringer
2684:10.1126/science.283.5399.205
1874:10.1371/journal.pone.0150871
1765:in southeastern Queensland (
386:
374:
6253:Oligocene first appearances
2078:. Indiana University Press.
1578:Artist's reconstruction of
1564:Artist's reconstruction of
1120:("Stirton's thunderbird").
6279:
2425:Rich, Pat Vickers (1980).
2023:Royal Society Open Science
1303:Stirling & Zietz, 1896
756:Dromornithidae (mihirungs)
672:(screamers and waterfowl)
529:Dromornithidae (mihirungs)
380:
368:
6233:Prehistoric bird families
6051:
6029:
5748:
5659:
5623:
5610:
5590:
5359:
5218:
4663:
4659:
4644:
4631:
4602:
4397:
4205:
4201:
3900:
3896:
3881:
3868:
3841:
3652:
3598:
3582:
3423:
3354:
3272:
3196:
3181:
3168:
3114:
3087:
3074:
3019:
2912:10.1080/03115518108565426
2883:10.1080/03115519608619220
2657:10.1080/03115519808619199
2584:10.1080/03115519608619220
2248:10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y
2111:10.1007/s00114-005-0047-0
1408:Northern Territory Museum
1315:The most recent species,
1096:in their build and size.
995:
975:
968:
945:
938:
917:
910:
880:
858:
851:
843:
836:
752:
731:
724:
705:
698:
667:
660:
569:
553:
546:
525:
518:
497:
490:
465:
458:
402:, Owen's separation from
237:
230:
135:Scientific classification
133:
124:
115:
23:
6248:Extinct flightless birds
2431:Contributions in Science
1847:Sylviornis neocaledoniae
1767:Redbank Plains Formation
1720:A study on the skull of
1139:(8 species in 4 genera)
6258:Pleistocene extinctions
2951:(7). Wiley: 1842–1863.
2838:10.1126/science.1060264
2344:10.1073/pnas.2109326119
16:Extinct family of birds
2163:10.22179/revmacn.9.361
2144:Brontornis burmeisteri
1948:Paleogene Fossil Birds
1585:
1571:
1258:Ilbandornis woodburnei
1230:Barawertornis tedfordi
1089:Ilbandornis woodburnei
1069:Barawertornis tedfordi
378:("swift-running") and
6200:Paleobiology Database
3741:Paralitherizinosaurus
2945:The Anatomical Record
2228:The Science of Nature
2183:The Science of Nature
1577:
1563:
821:, closely related to
471:(pseudo-tooth birds)
2824:(#5523): 1888–1892.
2140:Agnolín, F. (2007).
1775:, has been found at
1482:improve this article
825:from South America.
340:Australian megafauna
322:epochs. All are now
4928:Patagopterygiformes
4453:Confuciusornithidae
4319:Scansoriopterygidae
3954:Scansoriopterygidae
2904:1981Alch....5..133W
2875:1996Alch...20...21V
2830:2001Sci...292.1888R
2798:1974EmuAO..74..245R
2767:1976EmuAO..76..221R
2649:1998Alch...22..177F
2613:Roberts et al. 2001
2576:1996Alch...20...21V
2335:2022PNAS..11909326D
2329:(43): e2109326119.
2240:2017SciNa.104...87A
2103:2005NW.....92..586B
2091:Naturwissenschaften
2043:10.1098/rsos.170975
2035:2017RSOS....470975W
1865:2016PLoSO..1150871W
1678:the association of
1338:Dromornis australis
1268:Ilbandornis lawsoni
1162:Dromornis australis
1111:Dromornis australis
1083:Ilbandornis lawsoni
5056:Songlingornithidae
5005:Hongshanornithidae
4422:Omnivoropterygidae
4334:Jeholornithiformes
3645:Therizinosauroidea
2678:(#5399): 205–208.
1970:Mihirung paringmal
1744:Northern Territory
1648:Dromornis stirtoni
1615:Dromornis stirtoni
1586:
1581:Dromornis stirtoni
1572:
1202:Dromornis stirtoni
1117:Dromornis stirtoni
345:Dromornis stirtoni
296:Mihirung paringmal
127:Dromornis stirtoni
6215:
6214:
6114:Taxon identifiers
6105:
6104:
6047:
6046:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
5927:Lutetodontopteris
5836:Gastornithiformes
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5617:Aves / Neornithes
5606:
5605:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5562:Aves / Neornithes
5464:
5463:
5203:
5202:
5035:Parahongshanornis
4627:
4626:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4382:
4381:
4308:Archaeopterygidae
4186:
4185:
4093:Archaeopterygidae
3864:
3863:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3697:Therizinosauridae
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3064:Maniraptoriformes
2775:10.1071/mu9760221
2723:978-0-253-34282-9
2666:Genyornis newtoni
2522:10.3390/d13030124
2380:Genyornis newtoni
2303:10.3390/d13030124
1779:in north-central
1772:Genyornis newtoni
1740:Western Australia
1645:Rich deposits of
1641:Sexual dimorphism
1567:Genyornis newtoni
1558:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1447:endocranial casts
1374:Genyornis newtoni
1317:Genyornis newtoni
1304:
1299:Genyornis newtoni
1290:
1289:& Zietz, 1896
1273:
1263:
1249:
1235:
1221:
1207:
1197:
1183:
1172:Dromornis murrayi
1167:
1153:
1105:Genyornis newtoni
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
899:
898:
814:Genyornis newtoni
798:
797:
789:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
721:Gastornithiformes
634:
633:
625:
624:
616:
615:
607:
606:
598:
597:
351:Genyornis newtoni
282:
281:
252:
226:
6270:
6238:Fossil trackways
6208:
6207:
6195:
6194:
6182:
6181:
6169:
6168:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6109:
6095:
6094:
6067:Deinonychosauria
6042:
6041:
6035:
5992:Protodontopteryx
5934:Macrodontopteryx
5873:
5834:
5790:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5746:
5681:
5657:
5625:
5612:
5601:
5596:
5527:Cimolopterygidae
5525:
5471:
5418:Hesperornithidae
5357:
5350:
5320:
5305:
5295:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5255:
5245:
5235:
5224:
5216:
5146:
5109:
5054:
5003:
4964:
4926:
4896:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4820:
4810:
4800:
4790:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4646:
4633:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4541:
4536:
4497:Jinguofortisidae
4495:
4476:Eoconfuciusornis
4451:
4420:
4403:
4395:
4332:
4316:
4305:
4294:
4284:
4274:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4232:
4221:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4163:
4137:
4091:
3997:
3952:
3937:
3927:
3916:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3797:Oviraptorosauria
3786:Oviraptorosauria
3784:
3779:
3720:Nanshiungosaurus
3650:
3627:Jianchangosaurus
3596:
3589:
3584:
3421:
3352:
3270:
3264:Alvarezsauroidea
3262:
3245:
3235:
3224:
3213:
3202:
3194:
3183:
3170:
3112:
3085:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3021:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2978:
2960:
2958:10.1002/ar.25047
2928:
2915:
2886:
2857:
2809:
2806:10.1071/mu974245
2778:
2747:
2737:
2731:Rich, P (1979).
2727:
2708:
2695:
2660:
2623:
2622:Wroe et al. 2002
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2444:10.5962/p.226841
2422:
2416:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2392:(6): 1093–1165.
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1859:(#3): e0150871.
1840:
1829:
1826:
1757:in northwestern
1656:Endocast studies
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1497:"Dromornithidae"
1490:
1466:
1458:
1333:Wellington Caves
1302:
1285:
1271:
1261:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1205:
1191:
1188:Dromornis planei
1175:
1165:
1148:
1099:Dromornis planei
1004:
984:
971:
957:
951:Presbyornithidae
949:
941:
921:
913:
890:
869:
854:
846:
839:
829:
762:
741:
727:
701:
687:
682:
677:
663:
653:
589:
584:
579:
549:
535:
521:
507:
493:
476:
461:
451:
394:in 1888, citing
389:
383:
382:
377:
371:
370:
328:Struthioniformes
246:
221:
216:
143:
142:
120:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6203:
6198:
6190:
6185:
6177:
6172:
6164:
6159:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6043:
6036:
6019:
6014:Tympanonesiotes
6007:Pseudodontornis
5970:Palaeochenoides
5891:Caspiodontornis
5875:Pelagornithidae
5866:
5827:
5783:
5725:
5702:
5670:
5646:
5619:
5602:
5576:
5556:
5518:
5460:
5455:Parahesperornis
5427:Asiahesperornis
5412:
5343:
5313:
5212:
5199:
5139:
5102:
5047:
5014:Archaeornithura
4996:
4957:
4919:
4889:
4672:Archaeorhynchus
4653:
4640:
4623:
4610:
4580:
4560:
4531:Ornithothoraces
4525:
4488:
4462:Changchengornis
4444:
4413:
4391:
4378:
4325:
4297:Anchiornithidae
4195:
4182:
4156:
4150:Dromaeosauridae
4139:Dromaeosauridae
4130:
4124:Anchiornithidae
4084:
4043:Liaoningvenator
3999:Anchiornithidae
3990:
3978:Scansoriopteryx
3945:
3890:
3877:
3860:
3823:
3803:
3760:
3755:Therizinosaurus
3691:
3639:
3634:Lingyuanosaurus
3591:Therizinosauria
3566:
3525:
3491:
3416:Parvicursorinae
3410:
3347:Alvarezsauridae
3341:
3266:
3254:
3190:
3177:
3148:
3128:
3101:
3095:Avemetatarsalia
3080:Avemetatarsalia
3070:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
2938:
2935:
2933:Further reading
2918:
2898:(#2): 133–140.
2889:
2860:
2812:
2792:(#4): 245–248.
2781:
2761:(#4): 221–223.
2750:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2663:
2643:(#2): 177–188.
2634:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2415:Rich, P. (1979)
2414:
2407:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2097:(#12): 586–91.
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2029:(#10): 170975.
2016:
2015:
2000:
1987:Fürbringer, Max
1985:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1930:Roberts, R. G.
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1802:
1789:
1781:New South Wales
1732:
1666:
1658:
1643:
1634:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1467:
1456:
1358:South Australia
1354:Lake Callabonna
1329:Thomas Mitchell
1313:
1064:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
900:
799:
790:
781:
772:
647:stem galliforms
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
469:Pelagornithidae
360:
342:. One species,
220:
214:
195:Pangalloanserae
137:
111:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6276:
6274:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6228:Dromornithidae
6220:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6196:
6183:
6170:
6157:
6152:Dromornithidae
6142:
6126:
6124:
6122:Dromornithidae
6118:
6117:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Archaeornithes
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5999:Protopelicanus
5995:
5988:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5963:Osteodontornis
5959:
5952:
5945:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:Dromornithidae
5856:
5849:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5794:
5792:Dromornithidae
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5770:
5767:Perplexicervix
5760:
5749:
5743:
5740:Incertae sedis
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5719:Pangalliformes
5712:
5710:
5708:Pangalliformes
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5689:
5687:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5633:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5486:
5477:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5354:
5352:Hesperornithes
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5324:
5322:Ichthyornithes
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5301:
5291:
5281:
5271:
5261:
5251:
5241:
5231:
5219:
5213:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5161:
5153:
5151:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5127:Similiyanornis
5123:
5115:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5077:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4968:
4966:Ambiortiformes
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4884:Zhongjianornis
4877:
4867:
4857:
4846:
4836:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4783:Jianchangornis
4776:
4766:
4756:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4664:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4554:Enantiornithes
4547:
4545:
4543:Enantiornithes
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4469:Confuciusornis
4465:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4432:Omnivoropteryx
4427:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4301:
4290:
4280:
4270:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4228:
4217:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4003:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3930:Pneumatoraptor
3923:
3912:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3727:Neimongosaurus
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3486:Trierarchuncus
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3382:Bonapartenykus
3378:
3371:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3321:Shishugounykus
3317:
3310:
3303:
3300:Bonapartenykus
3296:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3231:
3220:
3209:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3033:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2887:
2858:
2810:
2779:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2661:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2550:
2540:
2528:
2495:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2417:
2405:
2368:
2309:
2269:
2218:
2169:
2132:
2081:
2066:
1998:
1978:
1962:
1952:
1936:
1923:
1917:Miller, G. H.
1910:
1898:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1777:Cuddie Springs
1751:Late Oligocene
1731:
1728:
1700:temporal fossa
1695:
1694:
1691:
1680:gizzard stones
1676:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1606:bird skeletons
1556:
1555:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1369:A. H. C. Zietz
1365:E. C. Stirling
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1184:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1137:Dromornithidae
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
974:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
944:
939:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
916:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
892:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
862:Dromornithidae
857:
852:
850:
844:
842:
837:
835:
827:
796:
795:
792:
791:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
768:
765:
764:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
735:Gastornithidae
730:
725:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
704:
699:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
666:
661:
659:
651:
639:Gastornithidae
632:
631:
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
592:
591:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
552:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
524:
519:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
501:Gastornithidae
496:
491:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
464:
459:
457:
449:
392:Max Fürbringer
359:
358:Classification
356:
285:Dromornithidae
280:
279:
278:
277:
269:
261:
253:
235:
234:
228:
227:
218:Dromornithidae
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6275:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6098:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Odontornithes
6075:
6073:
6072:Odontognathae
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6040:
6034:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5801:Barawertornis
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5697:
5696:Anserimorphae
5693:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5685:Anserimorphae
5682:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5641:
5640:Palaeognathae
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5629:Palaeognathae
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5600:
5595:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5467:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5308:Tingmiatornis
5302:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:Antarcticavis
5221:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5194:Shuilingornis
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:Changzuiornis
5155:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5111:Yanornithidae
5105:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:Songlingornis
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5028:Longicrusavis
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:Hongshanornis
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:Mengciusornis
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4898:Schizoouridae
4892:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:Changzuiornis
4706:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4692:Brevidentavis
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4607:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:Cretaaviculus
4229:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:Archaeopteryx
4107:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4079:Yixianosaurus
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:Fujianvenator
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:Epidexipteryx
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:Beipiaosaurus
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:Heptasteornis
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:Alvarezsaurus
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:Achillesaurus
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:Achillesaurus
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:elephant bird
1617:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499: –
1498:
1494:
1493:Find sources:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1471:This section
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1393:Patricia Rich
1390:
1386:
1385:Bullock Creek
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1216:Barawertornis
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
983:
979:
978:Anseranatidae
973:
972:
966:
965:
962:
961:
958:
956:
952:
943:
942:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
925:
915:
914:
908:
907:
904:
903:
895:
894:
891:
889:
884:
878:
877:
874:
873:
870:
868:
863:
856:
855:
848:
847:
841:
840:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
805:
802:
794:
793:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
763:
761:
757:
750:
749:
746:
745:
742:
740:
736:
729:
728:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:Vegaviiformes
703:
702:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
664:
658:
657:Anserimorphae
655:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
630:
629:
621:
620:
612:
611:
603:
602:
594:
593:
590:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
551:
550:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
534:
530:
523:
522:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
506:
502:
495:
494:
488:
487:Anserimorphae
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
475:
470:
463:
462:
456:
455:Odontoanserae
453:
452:
448:
446:
445:Anserimorphae
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
409:
407:
401:
400:Gerard Krefft
397:
393:
388:
376:
365:
357:
355:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:thunder birds
297:
294:
290:
286:
276:
275:
270:
268:
267:
262:
260:
259:
258:Barawertornis
254:
250:
245:
244:
239:
238:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
119:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:25–0.03
34:
30:
24:Dromornithids
22:
19:
6121:
6087:Unenlagiidae
6012:
6005:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5949:Odontopteryx
5947:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5843:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5738:
5676:Galloanserae
5663:
5550:Lamarqueavis
5548:
5543:Cimolopteryx
5541:
5534:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5482:Australornis
5480:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5405:
5400:Pasquiaornis
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5336:
5329:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5225:
5192:
5187:Khinganornis
5185:
5178:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5094:
5086:
5079:
5073:Piscivoravis
5071:
5063:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
4988:
4980:
4973:
4952:Patagopteryx
4950:
4942:
4935:
4912:
4905:
4882:
4872:
4864:Xinghaiornis
4862:
4851:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4801:
4793:Jiuquanornis
4791:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4752:Gargantuavis
4750:
4740:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4702:Changmaornis
4700:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4609:
4520:Jinguofortis
4518:
4511:
4504:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4437:
4430:
4404:
4373:Neimengornis
4371:
4364:
4358:Jixiangornis
4356:
4349:
4343:Dalianraptor
4341:
4317:
4306:
4295:
4285:
4277:Yandangornis
4275:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4233:
4222:
4212:
4176:Troodontidae
4165:Troodontidae
4122:
4117:Wellnhoferia
4115:
4108:
4100:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4034:
4029:Eosinopteryx
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3938:
3928:
3919:Palaeopteryx
3917:
3907:
3848:
3774:Pennaraptora
3753:
3746:
3739:
3734:Nothronychus
3732:
3725:
3718:
3713:Erlikosaurus
3711:
3706:Erliansaurus
3704:
3686:Suzhousaurus
3684:
3679:Martharaptor
3677:
3672:Enigmosaurus
3670:
3663:
3656:
3632:
3625:
3619:Fukuivenator
3617:
3610:
3604:Eshanosaurus
3602:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3540:Albertonykus
3538:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:Ceratonykini
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3458:Nemegtonykus
3456:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3334:
3328:Tugulusaurus
3326:
3319:
3312:
3307:Haplocheirus
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3276:
3246:
3238:Migmanychion
3236:
3225:
3216:Fukuivenator
3214:
3203:
3059:
3050:
3041:
2948:
2944:
2924:
2920:
2895:
2891:
2869:(1): 21–29.
2866:
2862:
2821:
2815:
2789:
2783:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2640:
2636:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2570:(1): 21–29.
2567:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2293:
2289:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2189:(#1): 1–95.
2186:
2182:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2026:
2022:
1991:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1824:
1806:Fossil birds
1790:
1770:
1763:Early Eocene
1753:deposits at
1748:
1733:
1730:Distribution
1721:
1719:
1711:Bullockornis
1710:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1667:
1659:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1623:
1613:
1587:
1579:
1565:
1544:
1535:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1492:
1480:Please help
1475:verification
1472:
1429:
1424:
1421:Bullockornis
1420:
1416:Bullockornis
1415:
1412:Bullockornis
1411:
1403:
1397:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1347:Richard Owen
1336:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1297:
1280:
1266:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1214:
1200:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1160:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
996:
976:
946:
922:
918:
881:
861:
859:
833:Anseriformes
819:Anseriformes
812:
806:
803:
800:
755:
753:
732:
706:
670:Anseriformes
668:
643:Galloanserae
636:
574:(waterfowl)
572:Anseriformes
570:
554:
528:
526:
498:
466:
442:
434:Anseriformes
421:
417:
411:
403:
396:W. B. Clarke
361:
349:
343:
336:galloanseres
303:
299:
295:
288:
284:
283:
272:
264:
256:
241:
217:
205:Galloanserae
201:Superorder:
188:
125:
18:
6146:Wikispecies
5984:Proceriavis
5956:Odontoptila
5912:Gigantornis
5822:Ilbandornis
5757:Asteriornis
5498:Neogaeornis
5448:Hesperornis
5379:Chupkaornis
5331:Ichthyornis
5096:Yixianornis
5042:Tianyuornis
4990:Palintropus
4937:Alamitornis
4823:Meemannavis
4803:Juehuaornis
4742:Eogranivora
4682:Bellulornis
4506:Chongmingia
4256:Overoraptor
4246:Fukuipteryx
3909:Imperobator
3748:Segnosaurus
3513:Ceratonykus
3472:Parvicursor
3443:Khulsanurus
3436:Jaculinykus
3404:Patagonykus
3314:Patagonykus
3248:Yaverlandia
3188:Maniraptora
3175:Maniraptora
3134:Maniraptora
3013:Maniraptora
2437:: 93––103.
2234:(#87): 87.
1944:Gerald Mayr
1755:Riversleigh
1454:Description
1244:Ilbandornis
1078:Ilbandornis
885:(screamers)
864:(mihirungs)
438:Galliformes
320:Pleistocene
304:demon ducks
287:, known as
266:Ilbandornis
33:Pleistocene
6222:Categories
6055:See also:
5977:Pelagornis
5845:Brontornis
5652:Neognathae
5571:see below↓
5536:Ceramornis
5506:Polarornis
5473:Vegaviidae
5441:Fumicollis
5407:Potamornis
5393:Judinornis
5386:Enaliornis
5210:Ornithurae
5120:Abitusavis
4914:Schizooura
4874:Yumenornis
4833:Platanavis
4813:Kaririavis
4773:Horezmavis
4722:Chaoyangia
4651:Euornithes
4638:Euornithes
4575:see below↓
4566:Euornithes
4513:Cratonavis
4389:Pygostylia
4366:Kompsornis
4351:Jeholornis
4287:Zhongornis
4214:Alcmonavis
4102:Alcmonavis
4072:Xiaotingia
4065:Serikornis
4008:Anchiornis
3964:Ambopteryx
3818:see below↓
3658:Alxasaurus
3547:Linhenykus
3531:Mononykini
3520:Xixianykus
3479:Qiupanykus
3465:Ondogurvel
3429:Dzharaonyx
3390:Bradycneme
3368:Alnashetri
3143:see below↓
3046:Dinosauria
2927:: 375–378.
2892:Alcheringa
2863:Alcheringa
2637:Alcheringa
2629:References
2515:(3): 124.
2296:(3): 124.
1974:Tjapwuring
1794:glaciation
1787:Extinction
1759:Queensland
1742:. At some
1688:crocodiles
1632:Locomotion
1598:breastbone
1508:newspapers
1343:Peak Downs
1272:Rich, 1979
1262:Rich, 1979
1248:Rich, 1979
1234:Rich, 1979
1220:Rich, 1979
1206:Rich, 1979
1166:Owen, 1872
557:Vegaviidae
293:Tjapwuring
223:Fürbringer
6082:Sauriurae
6062:Carinatae
5898:Cyphornis
5884:Aequornis
5853:Gastornis
5815:Genyornis
5808:Dromornis
5365:Baptornis
5298:Limenavis
5278:Iaceornis
5268:Guildavis
5258:Gallornis
5248:Cerebavis
5238:Apatornis
5148:Gansuidae
4982:Apsaravis
4975:Ambiortus
4944:Kuszholia
4439:Sapeornis
4266:Rahonavis
4058:Pedopenna
3940:Rahonavis
3612:Falcarius
3554:Mononykus
3506:Albinykus
3336:Xiyunykus
3205:Elopteryx
3122:Theropoda
3107:Theropoda
3055:Theropoda
3029:Kingdom:
2967:1932-8486
2592:0311-5518
2509:Diversity
2453:181496834
2290:Diversity
2156:: 15–25.
1723:Genyornis
1715:thylacine
1704:Dromornis
1610:cassowary
1440:trackways
1425:Dromornis
1404:Genyornis
1400:vertebrae
1378:Genyornis
1363:In 1892,
1349:in 1872.
1321:Genyornis
1311:Discovery
1282:Genyornis
1145:Dromornis
1123:Genyornis
1094:ostriches
1074:cassowary
924:Conflicto
883:Anhimidae
823:screamers
430:waterfowl
418:Dromornis
316:Oligocene
306:, were a
289:mihirungs
274:Genyornis
243:Dromornis
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
106:Possible
29:Oligocene
6131:Wikidata
6097:Category
5905:Dasornis
5777:Qinornis
5434:Canadaga
5372:Brodavis
5180:Iteravis
5172:Hollanda
5134:Yanornis
5088:Yanornis
5065:Hollanda
4763:Hollanda
4732:Dingavis
4483:Yangavis
4407:Proornis
4051:Ostromia
4015:Aurornis
3561:Shuvuuia
3293:Bannykus
3037:Chordata
3035:Phylum:
3031:Animalia
2975:37314297
2854:45643228
2846:11397939
2746:: 1–190.
2707:: 51–97.
2363:35609205
2264:13246547
2256:28988276
2213:18784798
2119:16240103
2061:29134094
1989:(1888).
1893:27027304
1853:PLOS ONE
1800:See also
1736:Tasmania
1538:May 2024
1287:Stirling
998:Anatidae
936:Anseres
849:Anhimae
422:Dromaeus
413:Dinornis
406:Dromaeus
375:dromaios
369:δρομαίος
318:through
211:Family:
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
6179:4851589
6166:4434100
6137:Q855948
5919:Laornis
5665:Neoaves
5513:Vegavis
5338:Janavis
4853:Wyleyia
4193:Avialae
4022:Caihong
3888:Paraves
3875:Paraves
3809:Paraves
2900:Bibcode
2871:Bibcode
2826:Bibcode
2817:Science
2794:Bibcode
2763:Bibcode
2692:9880249
2671:Science
2645:Bibcode
2572:Bibcode
2354:9995833
2331:Bibcode
2236:Bibcode
2204:2517308
2127:9453177
2099:Bibcode
2052:5666277
2031:Bibcode
1884:4814122
1861:Bibcode
1625:Vorombe
1602:sternum
1522:scholar
1435:chunks.
1389:Alcoota
1196:, 1979)
1062:Species
426:ratites
332:ratites
324:extinct
314:of the
291:(after
178:Class:
6192:100814
5490:Maaqwi
5288:Kookne
5165:Gansus
4843:Vorona
4224:Balaur
3227:Kakuru
2973:
2965:
2852:
2844:
2720:
2690:
2590:
2451:
2361:
2351:
2262:
2254:
2211:
2201:
2125:
2117:
2059:
2049:
1950:, 2009
1934:(2001)
1932:et al.
1921:(1999)
1919:et al.
1891:
1881:
1684:caveat
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1182:, 2016
1180:et al.
1177:Worthy
1152:, 1872
809:Worthy
366:words
232:Genera
225:, 1888
110:record
108:Eocene
6205:39290
6187:IRMNG
3285:Aorun
3060:Clade
3051:Clade
3042:Clade
2850:S2CID
2736:(PDF)
2449:S2CID
2260:S2CID
2123:S2CID
1817:Notes
1529:JSTOR
1515:books
420:with
387:ornis
381:ὀρνις
364:Greek
330:(the
312:birds
308:clade
189:Clade
6174:GBIF
5941:Manu
5717:see
5694:see
5638:see
4552:see
4174:see
4148:see
3795:see
3120:see
3093:see
2971:PMID
2963:ISSN
2842:PMID
2718:ISBN
2688:PMID
2588:ISSN
2493:2016
2359:PMID
2323:PNAS
2252:PMID
2209:PMID
2115:PMID
2057:PMID
1889:PMID
1738:and
1664:Diet
1600:(or
1590:emus
1501:news
1387:and
1367:and
1194:Rich
1150:Owen
1086:and
410:and
398:and
249:type
182:Aves
46:PreꞒ
6161:EoL
3450:Kol
2953:doi
2949:306
2908:doi
2879:doi
2834:doi
2822:292
2802:doi
2785:Emu
2771:doi
2754:Emu
2744:184
2680:doi
2676:283
2653:doi
2580:doi
2517:doi
2439:doi
2435:330
2394:doi
2349:PMC
2339:doi
2327:119
2298:doi
2244:doi
2232:104
2199:PMC
2191:doi
2187:149
2158:doi
2107:doi
2047:PMC
2039:doi
1879:PMC
1869:doi
1628:).
1594:moa
1592:or
1484:by
440:).
302:or
6224::
6202::
6189::
6176::
6163::
6148::
6133::
3985:Yi
3062::
3053::
3044::
2969:.
2961:.
2947:.
2943:.
2925:36
2923:.
2906:.
2894:.
2877:.
2867:20
2865:.
2848:.
2840:.
2832:.
2820:.
2800:.
2790:74
2788:.
2769:.
2759:76
2757:.
2742:.
2738:.
2705:31
2703:.
2686:.
2674:.
2651:.
2641:22
2639:.
2586:.
2578:.
2568:20
2566:.
2562:.
2531:^
2513:13
2511:.
2507:.
2447:.
2433:.
2429:.
2408:^
2390:36
2388:.
2384:.
2357:.
2347:.
2337:.
2325:.
2321:.
2294:13
2292:.
2288:.
2272:^
2258:.
2250:.
2242:.
2230:.
2207:.
2197:.
2185:.
2181:.
2152:.
2148:.
2121:.
2113:.
2105:.
2095:92
2093:.
2055:.
2045:.
2037:.
2027:11
2025:.
2021:.
2001:^
1946:,
1901:^
1887:.
1877:.
1867:.
1857:11
1855:.
1851:.
1833:^
1360:.
1356:,
447:.
384:,
372:,
191::
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
31:-
6002:?
5987:?
5944:?
5922:?
5872:†
5863:?
5848:?
5833:†
5789:†
5780:?
5773:†
5763:†
5753:†
5553:?
5524:†
5501:?
5493:?
5485:?
5470:†
5349:†
5319:†
5304:†
5294:†
5284:†
5274:†
5264:†
5254:†
5244:†
5234:†
5230:?
5223:†
5175:?
5150:?
5145:†
5108:†
5099:?
5091:?
5076:?
5068:?
5053:†
5002:†
4993:?
4985:?
4963:†
4947:?
4925:†
4895:†
4880:†
4870:†
4860:†
4856:?
4849:†
4839:†
4829:†
4819:†
4809:†
4799:†
4789:†
4779:†
4769:†
4759:†
4755:?
4748:†
4738:†
4728:†
4718:†
4708:†
4698:†
4688:†
4678:†
4668:†
4540:†
4494:†
4450:†
4424:?
4419:†
4409:"
4405:"
4402:†
4361:?
4346:?
4331:†
4322:?
4315:†
4311:?
4304:†
4300:?
4293:†
4283:†
4273:†
4269:?
4262:†
4252:†
4242:†
4238:?
4231:†
4227:?
4220:†
4210:†
4162:†
4136:†
4127:?
4105:?
4090:†
4046:?
3996:†
3956:?
3951:†
3936:†
3926:†
3922:?
3915:†
3905:†
3783:†
3622:?
3607:?
3588:†
3453:?
3407:?
3385:?
3363:?
3331:?
3288:?
3261:†
3251:?
3244:†
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3230:?
3223:†
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3208:?
3201:†
3005:e
2998:t
2991:v
2977:.
2955::
2914:.
2910::
2902::
2896:5
2885:.
2881::
2873::
2856:.
2836::
2828::
2808:.
2804::
2796::
2777:.
2773::
2765::
2726:.
2694:.
2682::
2659:.
2655::
2647::
2594:.
2582::
2574::
2525:.
2519::
2455:.
2441::
2402:.
2396::
2365:.
2341::
2333::
2306:.
2300::
2266:.
2246::
2238::
2215:.
2193::
2166:.
2160::
2154:9
2142:"
2129:.
2109::
2101::
2063:.
2041::
2033::
1895:.
1871::
1863::
1690:)
1682:(
1622:(
1584:.
1570:.
1551:)
1545:(
1540:)
1536:(
1526:·
1519:·
1512:·
1505:·
1478:.
1192:(
1080:(
948:†
920:†
860:†
754:†
733:†
707:†
555:†
527:†
499:†
467:†
432:(
408:"
404:"
271:†
263:†
255:†
251:)
247:(
240:†
215:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
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