Electrification - Knowledge (XXG)

1355: 1275:, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally changed the economics of central station operations. Steam turbines could be made in larger ratings than reciprocating engines, and generally had higher efficiency. The speed of steam turbines did not fluctuate cyclically during each revolution. This made parallel operation of AC generators feasible, and improved the stability of rotary converters for production of direct current for traction and industrial uses. Steam turbines ran at higher speed than reciprocating engines, not being limited by the allowable speed of a piston in a cylinder. This made them more compatible with AC generators with only two or four poles; no gearbox or belted speed increaser was needed between the engine and the generator. It was costly and ultimately impossible to provide a belt-drive between a low-speed engine and a high-speed generator in the very large ratings required for central station service. 1302: 483: 326: 1248:, who had become interested in the power transformer developed by Gaulard and Gibbs, began to develop his AC lighting system, using a transmission system with a 20:1 step up voltage with step-down. In 1890 Westinghouse and Stanley built a system to transmit power several miles to a mine in Colorado. A decision was taken to use AC for power transmission from the Niagara Power Project to Buffalo, New York. Proposals submitted by vendors in 1890 included DC and compressed air systems. A combination DC and compressed air system remained under consideration until late in the schedule. Despite the protestations of the Niagara commissioner 751: 880: 546: 257:

development of electric grids: in India, Rao showed that linguistics-based regional politics—not techno-geographical considerations—led to the creation of two separate grids; in colonial Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Chikowero showed that electrification was racially based and served the white settler community while excluding Africans; and in Mandate Palestine, Shamir claimed that British electric concessions to a Zionist-owned company deepened the economic disparities between Arabs and Jews.

5123: 891:, Surrey, UK, in autumn 1881. The system was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. The system lit up arc lamps on the main streets and incandescent lamps on a few side streets with hydroelectric power. By 1882 between 8 and 10 households were connected, with a total of 57 lights. The system was not a commercial success, and the town reverted to gas. 4888: 1439: 266: 641: 6398: 454: 1241:. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000 V) AC current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in 1891 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use today around the world. 1549: 6410: 1217:

the circuit inside the motor to create a rotating magnetic field. Multi-speed AC motors that have separately wired poles have long been available, the most common being two speed. Speed of these motors is changed by switching sets of poles on or off, which was done with a special motor starter for larger motors, or a simple multiple speed switch for fractional horsepower motors.

197: 1252:(Lord Kelvin) the decision was taken to build an AC system, which had been proposed by both Westinghouse and General Electric. In October 1893 Westinghouse was awarded the contract to provide the first three 5,000 hp, 250 rpm, 25 Hz, two phase generators. The hydro power plant went online in 1895, and it was the largest one until that date. 527:, matching the times when variable energy production is highest. With storage, energy produced in excess can be released when needed. Building additional capacity for wind and solar generation can help to ensure that enough electricity is produced even during poor weather; during optimal weather energy generation may have to be 1386:

that Parliament began to take this idea seriously, appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the

466:. As a result, in the long term it is a relatively resilient means of energy transmission. In the short term, because electricity must be supplied at the same moment it is consumed, it is somewhat unstable, compared to fuels that can be delivered and stored on-site. However, that can be mitigated by 362:

and reversible, air-source heat pumps are nearly identical, which in part explains why heat pump sales have surpassed gas furnace sales in the U.S. for the first time during a period of high inflation. With higher rates of inflation or lower PV capital costs, PV becomes a hedge against rising prices

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Most studies of electrification and electric grids focused on industrial core countries in Europe and the United States. Elsewhere, wired electricity was often carried on and through the circuits of colonial rule. Some historians and sociologists considered the interplay of colonial politics and the

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Central station electric power generating provided power more efficiently and at lower cost than small generators. The capital and operating cost per unit of power were also cheaper with central stations. The cost of electricity fell dramatically in the first decades of the twentieth century due to

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By the 1890s, single and poly-phase AC was undergoing rapid introduction. In the U.S. by 1902, 61% of generating capacity was AC, increasing to 95% in 1917. Despite the superiority of alternating current for most applications, a few existing DC systems continued to operate for several decades after

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The ratio of the average load to the peak load of a central station is called the load factor. For electric companies to increase profitability and lower rates, it was necessary to increase the load factor. The way this was eventually accomplished was through motor load. Motors are used more during

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One of the biggest problems facing the early power companies was the hourly variable demand. When lighting was practically the only use of electricity, demand was high during the first hours before the workday and the evening hours when demand peaked. As a consequence, most early electric companies

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were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, changes have to be made to the energy system to ensure that the supply of electricity is matched to demand. In 2019, these sources generated

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heating in rural areas and natural gas heating in cities. A 2023 study investigated: (1) a residential natural gas-based heating system and grid electricity, (2) a residential natural gas-based heating system with PV to serve the electric load, (3) a residential HP system with grid electricity, and

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and the Japanese invasion in the early 20th century delayed electrification for decades. It was only after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that the country was positioned to pursue widespread electrification. During the Mao years, while electricity became commonplace in

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introduced the first three-phase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the U.S. By 1895 GE and Westinghouse both had AC motors on the market. With single phase current either a capacitor or coil (creating inductance) can be used on part of

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or combined heat and power (CHP). Most self-generated power became uneconomical as power prices fell. As late as the early 20th century, isolated power systems greatly outnumbered central stations. Cogeneration is still commonly practiced in many industries that use large amounts of both steam and

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developed a telegraph. In 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using a battery-powered electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet, which they patented in 1845. The self-excited

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Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements. The UK government is experimenting with electrification for home heating to meet its climate goals.

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alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are

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To be efficient steam engines needed to be several hundred horsepower. Steam engines and boilers also required operators and maintenance. For these reasons the smallest commercial steam engines were about 2 horsepower. This was above the need for many small shops. Also, a small steam engine and

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improved on the DC motor in 1884 by solving the problem of maintaining a constant speed with varying load and reducing sparking from the brushes. Sprague sold his motor through Edison Co. It is easy to vary speed with DC motors, which made them suited for a number of applications such as electric

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Before widespread power distribution from central stations, many factories, large hotels, apartment and office buildings had their own power generation. Often this was economically attractive because the exhaust steam could be used for building and industrial process heat, which today is known as

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Electric lighting is highly desirable. The light is much brighter than oil or gas lamps, and there is no soot. Although early electricity was very expensive compared to today, it was far cheaper and more convenient than oil or gas lighting. Electric lighting was so much safer than oil or gas that

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may be an option for larger vehicles which have not yet been widely electrified, such as long distance lorries. While electric vehicle technology is relatively mature in road transport, electric shipping and aviation are still early in their development, hence sustainable liquid fuels may have a

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One of the inventions most important to a class of highly skilled workers (engineers) would be a small motive power - ranging perhaps from the force of from half a man to that of two horses, which might commence as well as cease its action at a moment's notice, require no expense of time for its

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Steam turbines also had capital cost and operating advantages over reciprocating engines. The condensate from steam engines was contaminated with oil and could not be reused, while condensate from a turbine is clean and typically reused. Steam turbines were a fraction of the size and weight of

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Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two carbon electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted. Several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc. A common approach was to feed a carbon

367:, which demonstrates the additional value PV and HP technologies offer prosumers over comparably secure investment vehicles while making substantive reductions in carbon emissions." This approach can be improved by integrating a thermal battery into the heat pump+solar energy heating system. 1522:

Deng Xiaoping, who became China's paramount leader in 1978, initiated a rural electrification drive as part of a broader modernization effort. By the late 1990s, electricity had become ubiquitious in regional areas. The very last remote villages in China were connected to the grid in 2015.

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in New York, which began operating in September 1882. The station had six 200 horsepower Edison dynamos, each powered by a separate steam engine. It was located in a business and commercial district and supplied 110 volt direct current to 85 customers with 400 lamps. By 1884 Pearl Street was

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There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar production are complementary on a daily and a season scale: There is more wind during the night and in winter, when solar energy production is low. Linking distant geographical regions through

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in 1879 in the US. Edison’s lamp was more successful than Swan’s because Edison used a thinner filament, giving it higher resistance and thus conducting much less current. Edison began commercial production of carbon filament bulbs in 1880. Swan's light began commercial production in 1881.

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in 1885. The idea was that two out-of-phase, but synchronized, currents might be used to produce two magnetic fields that could be combined to produce a rotating field without any need for switching or for moving parts. Other inventors were the American engineers Charles S. Bradley and

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In the U.S. from 1870 to 1880 each man-hour was provided with .55 hp. In 1950 each man-hour was provided with 5 hp, or a 2.8% annual increase, declining to 1.5% from 1930 to 1950. The period of electrification of factories and households from 1900 to 1940, was one of high

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The improvements in electrical generation technology in the 19th century increased its efficiency and reliability greatly. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of mechanical energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%.

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With the realization of long distance power transmission it was possible to interconnect different central stations to balance loads and improve load factors. Interconnection became increasingly desirable as electrification grew rapidly in the early years of the 20th century.

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and the improved load factor after the introduction of AC motors. As electricity prices fell, usage increased dramatically and central stations were scaled up to enormous sizes, creating significant economies of scale. For the historical cost see Ayres-Warr (2002) Fig. 7.

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comparably rated reciprocating steam engine. Steam turbines can operate for years with almost no wear. Reciprocating steam engines required high maintenance. Steam turbines can be manufactured with capacities far larger than any steam engines ever made, giving important

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is that the higher the temperature of the steam entering an engine, the higher the efficiency. The introduction of steam turbines motivated a series of improvements in temperatures and pressures. The resulting increased conversion efficiency lowered electricity prices.

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Jerez, Sonia; Tobin, Isabelle; Turco, Marco; María López-Romero, Jose; Montávez, Juan Pedro; Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro; Vautard, Robert (2018). "Resilience of the combined wind-plus-solar power production in Europe to climate change: a focus on the supply intermittence".

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Many power requirements were less than that of a horse. Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank. Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a

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went into this business in 1882 when he set up a shop in London designing various electrical devices. Ferranti believed in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts in this system in the UK. With the help of

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in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. In 1905 he tried to influence Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until

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The electrification of households in Europe and North America began in the early 20th century in major cities and in areas served by electric railways and increased rapidly until about 1930 when 70% of households were electrified in the U.S.

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Electricity is a "sticky" form of energy, in that it tends to stay in the continent or island where it is produced. It is also multi-sourced; if one source suffers a shortage, electricity can be produced from other sources, including

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Within weeks, a parliamentary committee recommended passage of the landmark 1882 Electric Lighting Act, which allowed the licensing of persons, companies or local authorities to supply electricity for any public or private purposes.

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in London and was a great novelty at the time. These arc lamps and designs similar to it, powered by large magnetos, were first installed on English lighthouses in the mid 1850s, but the technology suffered power limitations.

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and encourages the adoption of heat pumps by also locking in both electricity and heating cost growth. The study concludes: "The real internal rate of return for such prosumer technologies is 20x greater than a long-term

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The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations. Early projects used reciprocating

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not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements. However, heat pumps and

2814: 1097:. The three poles are each connected to a separate wire. Each wire carries current 120 degrees apart in phase. Arrows show the resulting magnetic force vectors. Three phase current is used in commerce and industry. 223:

Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation was more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.

3646: 132:) are used. It may also apply to changing industrial processes such as smelting, melting, separating or refining from coal or coke heating, or to chemical processes to some type of electric process such as 2226: 726:

improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved the operating characteristics of generators.

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Vast gains in electrification were seen in the 1970s and 1980s—from 49% of the world's population in 1970 to 76% in 1990. By the early 2010s, 81–83% of the world's population had access to electricity.

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While electrification of cities and homes has existed since the late 19th century, about 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.

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soon became the most favored option. The main advantages of AC were that it could be transformed to high voltage to reduce transmission losses and that AC motors could easily run at constant speeds.

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daytime and many run continuously. Electric street railways were ideal for load balancing. Many electric railways generated their own power and also sold power and operated distribution systems.

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electrode by gravity and maintain the gap with a pair of electromagnets, one of which retracted the upper carbon after the arc was started and the second controlled a brake on the gravity feed.

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Electric motors were more efficient than human or animal power. The conversion efficiency for animal feed to work is between 4 and 5% compared to over 30% for electricity generated using coal.

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Ceramic and Induction heating for cooktops as well as industrial applications (for instance steam crackers) are examples of technologies that can be used to transition away from natural gas.

3427: 345:. Switching to these energy sources requires that end uses, such as transport and heating, be electrified for the world's energy systems to be sustainable. In the U.S. and Canada the use of 792:

and William Staite. The lamp used a magneto-electric generator and had a self-regulating mechanism to control the gap between the two carbon rods. Their light was used to light up the

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Energy storage helps overcome barriers for intermittent renewable energy, and is therefore an important aspect of a sustainable energy system. The most commonly used storage method is

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and recycling. Batteries typically store electricity for short periods; research is ongoing into technology with sufficient capacity to last through seasons. Pumped hydro storage and

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It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels. Therefore, adoption of electric vehicles is a way to make transport more sustainable.

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Chikowero, Moses (2007) “Subalternating Currents: Electrification and Power Politics in Bulawayo, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1894–1939.” Journal of Southern African Studies 33(2), 287–306

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The power density of boilers was increased by using forced combustion air and by using compressed air to feed pulverized coal. Also, coal handling was mechanized and automated.

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design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. Similarly, many households in the developing and developed world suffer from

6312: 4952: 3289: 2810: 3991: 3654: 652:. When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact 613: 1821: 1449: 1109:

in 1880 published a paper that identified the rotating magnetic field principle and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it. In 1886, English engineer

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in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. Many of their designs were adapted to the particular laws governing electrical distribution in the UK.

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In the United States it became a national objective after the power crisis during the summer of 1918 in the midst of World War I to consolidate supply. In 1934 the

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in London in 1882. Equipped with 1000 incandescent lightbulbs that replaced the older gas lighting, the station lit up Holborn Circus including the offices of the

577:, a politically unstable region. More diverse geographical sourcing may ensure the stability of the supply-chain and their environmental impacts can be reduced by 6337: 2218: 1697: 5636: 941:. By 1890 there were 1000 central stations in operation. The 1902 census listed 3,620 central stations. By 1925 half of power was provided by central stations. 205:

boiler cost about $ 7,000 while an old blind horse that could develop 1/2 horsepower cost $ 20 or less. Machinery to use horses for power cost $ 300 or less.

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Rao, Y. Srinivasa (2010) “Electricity, Politics and Regional Economic Imbalance in Madras Presidency, 1900–1947.” Economic and Political Weekly 45(23), 59–66

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It was in the 1880s that the technology was commercially developed for large scale electricity generation and transmission. In 1882 the British inventor and

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R. E. B. Crompton developed a more sophisticated design in 1878 which gave a much brighter and steadier light than the Yablochkov candle. In 1878, he formed

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suggested a means of converting current from Pixii's magneto to DC using a rocking switch. Later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current.

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the load factor increased from 19.3% in 1884 to 29.4% in 1908. By 1929, the load factor around the world was greater than 50%, mainly due to motor load.

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Hunt, Julian D.; Byers, Edward; Wada, Yoshihide; Parkinson, Simon; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Langan, Simon; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Riahi, Keywan (2020).

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of importance along with gas, water, and telephone companies and thereby were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.

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had numerous inventors; however, the most successful early bulbs were those that used a carbon filament sealed in a high vacuum. These were invented by

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Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).

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By the mid-1880s, other electric companies were establishing central power stations and distributing electricity, including Crompton & Co. and the

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of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system in the UK.

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required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the

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motor aided by a commutator on June 28, 1879, to the Physical Society of London. Nearly identical to Baily’s apparatus, French electrical engineer

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Electrification and economic growth are highly correlated. In economics, the efficiency of electrical generation has been shown to correlate with

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cities, rural areas were largely neglected. At the time of Mao's death in 1976, 25% of Chinese households still lacked access to electricity.

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that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parsons's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible.

5946: 4945: 4433: 3934: 1388: 922: 812:. Its advantage lay in the fact that it did not require the use of a mechanical regulator like its predecessors. It was first exhibited at the 4013: 1301: 1233:. He designed the building, the generating plant and the distribution system. It was built at the Stowage, a site to the west of the mouth of 6365: 4849: 4788: 4706: 3667:

The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880.

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that electrification became widespread in rural regions, with the Soviet rural electrification drive largely completed by the early 1970s.

2427:"Electrification of residential heating, cooling and hot water: Load smoothing using onsite photovoltaics, heat pump and thermal batteries" 789: 482: 1212:. They were able to overcome the problem of starting up the AC motor by using a rotating magnetic field produced by a poly-phase current. 835:

and began to manufacture, sell and install the Crompton lamp. His concern was one of the first electrical engineering firms in the world.

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were widely introduced in English central stations by 1894; the first electric supply company in the world to generate electricity using

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with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any great extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed.

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The first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily who gave a workable demonstration of his battery-operated

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In the Soviet Union, as in the United States, rural electrification progressed more slowly than in urban areas. It wasn't until the

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Mazer, A. (2007). Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 313pgs.

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Peng, W & Pan, J, 2006, Rural Electrification in China: History and Institution, China and World Economy, Vol 14, No. 1, p 77

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magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets. This type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866.

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improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the extra coils of conductor generating more current, but it was AC.

6269: 5951: 5880: 5819: 5612: 5504: 5248: 5172: 5145: 5025: 4995: 3975: 2786: 2302:"Economics of Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Systems Coupled to Heat Pumps: The Case of Northern Climates of the U.S. and Canada" 785:(candelas) – and released a lot of heat, and they were a fire hazard, all of which made them inappropriate for lighting homes. 597: 558: 157: 4892: 4042: 6191: 6089: 5624: 4675: 4143: 1852: 1314: 1002:

in 1832. The crucial advance that this represented over the motor demonstrated by Michael Faraday was the incorporation of a

2756: 2474:"Thermal storage integrated into air-source heat pumps to leverage building electrification: A systematic literature review" 1880: 90:

The electrification of particular sectors of the economy, particularly out of context, is called by modified terms such as

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The first U.S. turbines were two De Leval units at Edison Co. in New York in 1895. The first U.S. Parsons turbine was at

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as, for example, a wire moving through a magnetic field. Faraday built the first electromagnetic generator, called the

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and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. In the context of

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ca. 1814 giving the cost of two old blind horses used to power a mill at $ 20 and $ 14. A good dray horse cost $ 165.

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leased space to small shops. These building supplied power to the tenants from a steam engine through line shafts.

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power, such as pulp and paper, chemicals and refining. The continued use of private electric generators is called

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Steam turbines could be built to operate on higher pressure and temperature steam. A fundamental principle of

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street railways, machine tools and certain other industrial applications where speed control was desirable.

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Agutu, Churchill; Egli, Florian; Williams, Nathaniel J.; Schmidt, Tobias S.; Steffen, Bjarne (2022-06-09).

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The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist

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A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling for their homes. In addition to

364: 60: 3843: 2219:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report" 1229:. In 1887 the London Electric Supply Corporation hired Ferranti for the design of their power station at 825: 6319: 6264: 6221: 6104: 6079: 6044: 5720: 5275: 5242: 5111: 4921: 2811:"Dozens Of US Cities Are Banning Natural Gas Hookups In New Buildings — #CancelGas #ElectrifyEverything" 2677:"A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty–fuel poverty binary" 2041:

Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press

1573: 1515: 1226: 1124: 1003: 950: 863:, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in 358:(4) a residential HP+PV system. It found that under typical inflation conditions, the lifecycle cost of 102: 52: 1760:

Unskilled labor made approximately $ 1.25 per 10- to 12-hour day. Hunter and Bryant cite a letter from

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The more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, led to the setting up of the National Grid. The

3312:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage" 3134: 3038:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage" 2473: 2426: 6284: 6254: 6206: 6201: 6124: 6029: 5925: 5748: 5607: 5592: 5567: 5552: 5509: 5413: 5343: 5333: 5270: 5206: 5020: 4990: 3461: 3449: 3364: 3236: 2920: 2688: 2639: 2540: 2485: 2356: 2256: 2189: 1892: 1654: 1461: 964: 914: 623: 422: 213:. Dogs were sometimes used on machines such as a treadmill, which could be adapted to churn butter. 133: 56: 4426: 3918: 6216: 6099: 6094: 5839: 5758: 5577: 5557: 5547: 5398: 5393: 5348: 5307: 5237: 5122: 4017: 1378: 1279: 1245: 1121: 1065: 1041: 903: 899: 864: 681: 669: 600:

requires large capacity; it has been implemented in some high-latitude regions for household heat.

566: 467: 2940:"Comparison of solar and wind power generation impact on net load across a utility balancing area" 2585: 2527:

Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Farfan, Javier; Sadovskaia, Kristina; Aghahosseini, Arman; et al. (2019).

506:

sources that supply electricity intermittently depending on the weather and the time of day. Most

6161: 6156: 5791: 5753: 5710: 5629: 5216: 5198: 5187: 5151: 5106: 5076: 4866: 4342: 3613: 3262: 3162: 2973: 2509: 2454: 2382: 2282: 2111: 1844: 1678: 1411: 1326: 1080: 711: 635: 320: 137: 113: 68: 4731:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power

1747: 1370: 30:

This article is about the process of changing something to use electricity. For other uses, see

2243:

Padovani, Filippo; Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Longobardi, Francesca; Pearce, Joshua M. (2021-11-01).

1006:. This allowed Sturgeon's motor to be the first capable of providing continuous rotary motion. 519:

allows for further cancelling out of variability. Energy demand can be shifted in time through

6370: 6353: 6324: 6119: 6003: 5809: 5562: 5499: 5263: 5140: 4845: 4809: 4784: 4760: 4736: 4702: 4698: 4655: 4207: 4139: 4133: 4086: 4080: 3981: 3924: 3886: 3477: 3400: 3382: 3353:"Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage" 3333: 3254: 3154: 3059: 2965: 2955: 2706: 2657: 2566: 2501: 2446: 2374: 2323: 2274: 2164: 2083:"Closing Sub-Saharan Africa's Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution" 2004: 1967: 1670: 1610: 1086: 832: 801: 754:

Yablochkov's demonstration of his brilliant arc lights at the 1878 Paris Exposition along the

723: 664:

discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later called

448: 432: 427: 270: 80: 2472:

Ermel, Conrado; Bianchi, Marcus V. A.; Cardoso, Ana Paula; Schneider, Paulo S. (2022-10-01).

156:

Electrification was called "the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century" by the

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Alternating current technology was rooted in Faraday's 1830–31 discovery that a changing

4906: 4778: 4375: 3607: 3465: 3368: 3240: 2924: 2692: 2643: 2544: 2489: 2360: 2260: 1940: 1896: 1658: 6054: 5971: 5905: 5900: 5619: 5597: 5532: 5481: 5455: 5302: 5284: 5055: 5035: 5000: 4900: 4129: 3395: 3352: 2561: 2529:"Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps" 2528: 1740: 1533: 1333: 1234: 1178: 1174: 1143: 1072: 1061: 1029: 989: 956:

did not provide daytime service, with two-thirds providing no daytime service in 1897.

809: 719: 640: 619: 540: 76: 4887: 2051: 1904: 656:, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle. 265: 6451: 6359: 6084: 6069: 6064: 6049: 5870: 5824: 5582: 5040: 5005: 4729: 4691: 4458: 4238: 3685: 3506: 3266: 3166: 2513: 2458: 2386: 2286: 1848: 1682: 1642: 1554: 1265: 1110: 1106: 868: 852: 673: 418: 406:

and cannot heat their houses enough. Existing heating practices are often polluting.

399: 350: 342: 141: 2977: 6332: 5730: 5489: 5403: 5322: 4038: 2369: 2345: 1606:

A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives

1366: 1272: 1205: 1021: 972: 771: 763: 677: 593: 582: 453: 403: 250: 145: 3955: 3829: 2652: 2627: 2269: 2244: 269:

World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to

4803: 4754: 3473: 561:, which requires locations with large differences in height and access to water. 5915: 5910: 5875: 5738: 5338: 4693:

Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences

2626:

Mastrucci, Alessio; Byers, Edward; Pachauri, Shonali; Rao, Narasimha D. (2019).

1562: 1511: 1500:, established in 1935 brought electrification to the underserviced rural areas. 1383: 1185: 1170: 1166: 1139: 1047: 848: 782: 609: 578: 359: 169:

some companies were able to pay for the electricity with the insurance savings.

48: 3821: 3377: 3328: 3311: 3249: 3224: 3054: 3037: 2701: 2676: 2552: 2425:

Li, Yuanyuan; Rosengarten, Gary; Stanley, Cameron; Mojiri, Ahmad (2022-12-10).

1961: 1666: 329:

Electrified transport and renewable energy are key parts of investment for the

6074: 6059: 5885: 5865: 4636:"Three lessons from China's effort to bring electricity to 1.4 billion people" 4516:

The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the last 100 Years

3150: 2951: 2442: 2160: 1840: 1544: 1318: 1188:) system for the distribution of electrical power, for which he was granted a 1113:

built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion principle and his

1025: 1017: 524: 210: 178: 72: 3481: 3386: 3337: 3258: 3158: 3063: 2710: 2661: 2505: 2450: 2378: 2327: 2278: 2168: 1674: 788:

In the 1850s, many of these problems were solved by the arc lamp invented by

486:

Energy from sunlight, wind or other renewable energy sources is converted to

192:

management and be of modest cost both in original cost and in daily expense.

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Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics

1698:"Procurement launched for largest rail electrification project in the world" 1604: 1548: 1181: 1114: 888: 781:

Arc lamps of the time had very intense light output – in the range of 4,000

585:

with capacity for multi-month usage has been implemented in some locations.

417:). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and 410: 346: 129: 4930: 3404: 2570: 2231:

Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.

196: 4392: 887:

The first central station providing public power is believed to be one at

6136: 4515: 2725: 1643:"Accounting for finance in electrification models for sub-Saharan Africa" 1230: 1094: 993: 860: 817: 692:. Faraday's first electromagnetic generator produced a small DC voltage. 17: 4239:"The History of Electrification: List of important early power stations" 3135:"A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments" 1225:

The first AC power station was built by the English electrical engineer

871:

was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.

644:

Faraday disk, the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet

6109: 5232: 3920:

Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius

2318: 2301: 1128: 938: 934: 354: 3882:

Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1

2969: 2939: 2787:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries" 894:

The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at

5773: 2401:"Chart: Americans bought more heat pumps than gas furnaces last year" 1283: 1189: 689: 685: 570: 337:

Clean energy is mostly generated in the form of electricity, such as

2142:"From ac¸aı´ to access: distributed electrification in rural Brazil" 913:

The first large scale central power station in America was Edison's

672:

generated in an electrical conductor that is subjected to a varying

963:

The load factor adjusted upward by the turn of the 20th century—at

4832: 3765: 3763: 3761: 1496:

Rural areas were electrified first in Europe, and in the U.S. the

1407: 1353: 1300: 1278:

The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by British engineer

1155: 1150:

was demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of

1085: 878: 749: 639: 544: 481: 452: 324: 264: 195: 5424: 1955: 1953: 1822:"From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification" 1403: 770:

in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light

5428: 4934: 4759:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244. 4394:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

2586:"Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles" 2190:"Population growth erodes sustainable energy gains - UN report" 1402:

and established the first synchronised AC grid, running at 132

1135:

to pioneer AC power technology including an early transformer.

511:

8.5% of worldwide electricity, a share that has grown rapidly.

3197: 1432: 398:, which requires electrification and additional power demand, 4907:

20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (Japanese)2-An`s Safe Zone

3980:. Cambridge University Press. 13 February 2003. p. 258. 3003:"Introduction to System Integration of Renewables – Analysis" 4913:

20190809 The Truth of Lightning 02 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone

4901:

20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone

4525:(Report). The Cato Institute. p. 20 Fig. 16. No. 364. 3585:

A Measure for Greatness: A Short Biography of Edward Weston

3117: 2613: 1966:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 16, 40. 867:, was the first public room lit by electric light, and the 4756:

Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine

421:

requirements globally, but could provide over 90%. Use of

409:

A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (

4825:

Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology

3282:"Cobalt can be sourced responsibly, and it's time to act" 2944:

2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

2890:"Our Electric Future — The American, A Magazine of Ideas" 4827:. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press. 3957:

Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors

596:. High upfront costs form a barrier for implementation. 37:"Electrify" redirects here. For the song by Jakwob, see 6314:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3078:"Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data" 1881:"Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900-1998" 1457: 3806:

Gee, William (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)".

3225:"Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries" 2757:"5 Things You Should Know about Geothermal Heat Pumps" 1169:, Ferranti pioneered the first AC power generator and 4697:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4612:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave" 4587:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave" 4553:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave" 3193:"The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete" 2344:

Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023-04-15).

435:

with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.

3647:"Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil" 2001:

Productivity in the United States: Trends and Cycles

160:, and it continues in both rich and poor countries. 6303: 6240: 6012: 5939: 5848: 5800: 5772: 5729: 5683: 5650: 5523: 5480: 5294: 5197: 5130: 4968: 4514:Moore, Stephen; Simon, Julian (December 15, 1999). 3448:Alva, Guruprasad; Lin, Yaxue; Fang, Guiyin (2018). 1410:. This started operating as a national system, the 4728: 2761:Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 2003:. 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W.; Warr, B. (2003). 1446:The examples and perspective in this section 1294:was Parsons's own electricity supply company 71:, electrification refers to the build-out of 8: 4805:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 4362: 4278: 4266: 4193: 4169: 4116: 3816:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3793: 3781: 3769: 3752: 3740: 2675:Bouzarovski, Stefan; Petrova, Saska (2015). 1802: 1777: 820:was installed along the half mile length of 216:In the late 19th century specially designed 4871:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3229:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 1603:Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (2003). 1060:Although the first power stations supplied 918:supplying 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. 875:Central power stations and isolated systems 824:, Place du Theatre Francais and around the 87:and the switch of end-uses to electricity. 6409: 5447: 5433: 5425: 4953: 4939: 4931: 4727:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 3697:Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte", 2892:. American.com. 2009-06-15. Archived from 1815: 1813: 1811: 1464:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 648:created a magnetic field through the disk 592:is typically not as convenient as burning 6349:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 4208:"June 3, 1889: Power Flows Long-distance" 3394: 3376: 3327: 3248: 3053: 2700: 2651: 2560: 2368: 2317: 2268: 2052:"Access to electricity (% of population)" 1480:Learn how and when to remove this message 569:, are also deployed widely. They contain 6377:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 5046:Environmentally healthy community design 3679:History in pictures - The Lit & Phil 3316:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3042:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1934:"Two Paradigms of Production and Growth" 1256:AC became the standard for new systems. 816:and was heavily promoted by Gramme. The 4861:from the original on 23 September 2020. 4735:. 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Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. 883:Electricity grid simple- North America 386:larger role to play in these sectors. 315:Electrification for sustainable energy 4838:Renewables 2020: Global Status Report 4532:from the original on October 12, 2012 3105: 2339: 2337: 7: 6320:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4797:from the original on 22 August 2021. 4014:"Nikola Tesla The Electrical Genius" 3899:from the original on 25 January 2021 3724:"History of public supply in the UK" 3310:Herib, Blanco; André, Faaij (2018). 3036:Blanco, Herib; Faaij, André (2018). 2681:Energy Research & Social Science 2498:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118975 2229:from the original on June 28, 2024. 1016:Manufacturing was transitioned from 804:) was developed by Russian engineer 4079:Hughes, Thomas Parke (March 1993). 3994:from the original on 14 August 2021 3923:. 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Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024. 1419:Public Utility Holding Company Act 1373:consulting partnership, built the 231:Economic impact of electrification 25: 5896:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 5168:agricultural wastewater treatment 4439:from the original on 4 March 2009 2736:from the original on 3 March 2021 1570:- Plugs, voltages and frequencies 1421:recognized electric utilities as 496:higher-elevation water reservoirs 349:(HP) is economic if powered with 261:Current extent of electrification 6408: 6397: 6396: 6366:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 5121: 4886: 4425:Shaw, Alan (29 September 2005). 3118:International Energy Agency 2020 2755:Mueller, Mike (August 1, 2017). 2614:International Energy Agency 2020 1932:Robert U. Ayres; Benjamin Warr. 1547: 1437: 945:Load factor and isolated systems 927:Thomson-Houston Electric Company 517:long-distance transmission lines 478:Managing variable energy sources 32:Electrification (disambiguation) 5952:Corporate social responsibility 5881:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5820:Community-supported agriculture 5505:Human impact on the environment 5249:List of energy storage projects 5173:industrial wastewater treatment 5026:Environmental impact assessment 4996:Environmental impact assessment 4783:. International Energy Agency. 4465:from the original on 2016-04-12 4461:. 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(1972). 1460:, discuss the issue on the 1309:linked directly to a dynamo 1184:, invented the three-wire ( 1162:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti 1052:Electric power transmission 923:Swan Electric Light Company 331:renewable energy transition 152:Benefits of electrification 67:systems. In the context of 65:electric power distribution 6484: 5637:Systemic change resistance 5389:High-performance buildings 3885:. Springer. 6 March 2009. 3378:10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y 3329:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062 3250:10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3 3055:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062 2702:10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007 2584:Miller, Joe (2020-09-09). 2553:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1 1999:Kendrick, John W. 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(1990). 4391:Jerome, Harry (1934). 4319:wiki-north-east.co.uk/ 3960:. Spon. 1895. p. 3822:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748 2946:. pp. 1837–1842. 2116:worldenergyoutlook.org 1359: 1310: 1098: 1064:, the distribution of 884: 759: 657: 590:thermal energy storage 554: 499: 472:distributed generation 458: 365:certificate of deposit 334: 304: 243:technological progress 201: 194: 61:electricity generation 6265:Humanistic capitalism 6080:Environmental finance 5721:Sustainable packaging 5243:hydrogen technologies 5157:Solid waste treatment 4922:Rural electrification 4844:. REN21 Secretariat. 4808:. London: Routledge. 4751:Hills, Richard Leslie 4689:Smil, Vaclav (2006). 3357:Nature Communications 2533:Nature Communications 2112:"IEA - Energy Access" 1574:Renewable electricity 1357: 1307:Parsons steam turbine 1304: 1227:Sebastian de Ferranti 1195:The Italian inventor 1125:Sebastian de Ferranti 1089: 1020:and belt drive using 951:Continuous production 882: 753: 643: 567:lithium-ion batteries 548: 485: 456: 328: 319:Further information: 268: 253:and economic growth. 199: 189: 112:. In the context of 103:rural electrification 53:history of technology 6232:Urban infrastructure 5926:Water heat recycling 5749:Conservation biology 5593:Steady-state economy 5568:Micro-sustainability 5553:Ecological footprint 5510:Planetary boundaries 5414:Water heat recycling 5344:Efficient energy use 5334:Conservation biology 5271:Sustainable lighting 5207:Efficient energy use 5021:Environmental Design 4991:Environmental design 4802:McNeil, Ian (1990). 4243:edisontechcenter.org 2632:Energy and Buildings 2249:Energy and Buildings 1532:the introduction of 1458:improve this section 1448:may not represent a 915:Pearl Street Station 134:electric arc furnace 57:economic development 6333:Earth Summit (1992) 5987:Metrics and indices 5840:Sustainable fishery 5759:Holocene extinction 5578:Product stewardship 5548:Earth Overshoot Day 5399:Nature conservation 5394:Land rehabilitation 5349:Energy conservation 5238:carbon-neutral fuel 5146:dispersion modeling 4616:Gold and Revolution 4591:Gold and Revolution 4557:Gold and Revolution 4346:"The Steam Turbine" 4343:Parsons, Charles A. 4296:Birr Castle Demesne 4292:"The Steam Turbine" 4196:, pp. 285–286. 3796:, pp. 283–284. 3772:, pp. 276–279. 3657:on 15 February 2011 3635:, pp. 366–368. 3572:, pp. 360–365. 3466:2018Ene...144..341A 3369:2020NatCo..11..947H 3241:2020CTEP...22.1213B 2925:2018EGUGA..2015424J 2836:"Heat in Buildings" 2693:2015ERSS...10...31B 2644:2019EneBu.186..405M 2545:2019NatCo..10.1077B 2490:2022AppTE.21518975E 2361:2023ApEn..33620838S 2261:2021EneBu.25011284P 1897:2003Ene....28..219A 1659:2022NatEn...7..631A 1379:Newcastle upon Tyne 1371:Merz & McLellan 1280:Sir Charles Parsons 1246:George Westinghouse 1122:electrical engineer 1066:alternating current 1042:Alternating current 1036:Alternating current 900:General Post Office 682:homopolar generator 670:electromotive force 573:, which is largely 565:, and specifically 502:Solar and wind are 468:grid energy storage 457:Hybrid Power System 79:to accommodate the 6468:Energy development 5792:Sustainable energy 5754:Endangered species 5711:Sustainable design 5625:Consumer behaviour 5217:Energy development 5199:Sustainable energy 5188:water purification 5152:Industrial ecology 4924:with water power. 4488:The National Trust 2407:. 10 February 2023 2319:10.3390/en14040834 2058:. The World Bank. 1702:New Civil Engineer 1400:electricity supply 1360: 1327:economies of scale 1311: 1239:East India Company 1099: 904:City Temple church 885: 833:Crompton & Co. 760: 712:Charles Wheatstone 701:André-Marie Ampère 658: 636:Electric generator 555: 500: 492:electric batteries 459: 351:solar photovoltaic 335: 321:Sustainable energy 305: 202: 173:Pre-electric power 138:electric induction 114:sustainable energy 69:sustainable energy 6445: 6444: 6371:Earth Summit 2002 6354:Lisbon Principles 6326:Our Common Future 6004:Sustainable yield 5810:Civic agriculture 5563:Green consumption 5500:Global governance 5422: 5421: 5259:commercialization 4851:978-3-948393-00-7 4790:978-92-64-44923-7 4708:978-0-19-516875-4 4082:Networks of Power 3828:(Subscription or 2961:978-1-5090-2724-8 2791:www.aiche-cep.com 2010:978-0-8018-2289-6 1780:, pp. 29–30. 1490: 1489: 1482: 1389:Williamson Report 1237:once used by the 1221:AC power stations 1140:power transformer 859:Swan's house, in 843:Various forms of 822:Avenue de l'Opéra 802:Yablochkov candle 756:Avenue de l'Opéra 735:Electric lighting 668:, is based on an 464:renewable sources 449:Energy resilience 443:Energy resilience 433:chemical industry 428:resistive heating 383:Hydrogen vehicles 271:mains electricity 122:electric vehicles 81:energy transition 16:(Redirected from 6475: 6412: 6411: 6400: 6399: 6344:Agenda 21 (1992) 6315: 6280:Natural resource 6167:Organic movement 6142:Impact investing 5861:Hydroelectricity 5835:Sustainable diet 5787:Renewable energy 5782:Carbon footprint 5764:Invasive species 5701:Natural building 5652:World population 5613:Marketing myopia 5573:Over-consumption 5543:Circular economy 5538:Anti-consumerism 5495:Environmentalism 5449: 5442: 5435: 5426: 5359:Energy recycling 5280:electric vehicle 5254:Renewable energy 5228:alternative fuel 5178:sewage treatment 5162:Waste management 5125: 5016:Energy recycling 5011:Electric vehicle 4981:Clean technology 4955: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4927: 4890: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4860: 4843: 4828: 4819: 4798: 4770: 4746: 4734: 4714: 4712: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4490:. Archived from 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4406: 4399: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4348:. Archived from 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4302:on May 13, 2010. 4298:. Archived from 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4076: 4070: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4016:. Archived from 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3726:. Archived from 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3653:. Archived from 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3380: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3286:SWI swissinfo.ch 3277: 3271: 3270: 3252: 3235:(6): 1213–1214. 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3033: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813:. 9 March 2021. 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2372: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2321: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2272: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2171:. Archived from 2146: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1957: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1939:. Archived from 1938: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1851:. Archived from 1826: 1817: 1806: 1800: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1762:Benjamin Latrobe 1758: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1600: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1485: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1292:turbo generators 1288:Parsons turbines 1197:Galileo Ferraris 1148:John Dixon Gibbs 1077:electric current 1010:Frank J. Sprague 1000:William Sturgeon 826:Place de l'Opéra 810:Gramme generator 806:Pavel Yablochkov 794:National Gallery 706:Around 1838-40, 549:Construction of 508:electrical grids 488:potential energy 400:passive building 396:air conditioning 377:Electric vehicle 339:renewable energy 301: 295: 289: 283: 277: 116:, terms such as 85:renewable energy 39:Electrify (song) 21: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6458:Electrification 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6388: 6313: 6305: 6304:Agreements and 6299: 6236: 6040:Climate finance 6008: 5935: 5891:Reclaimed water 5844: 5796: 5768: 5725: 5679: 5665:Family planning 5646: 5519: 5476: 5458: 5453: 5423: 5418: 5379:Green computing 5354:Energy recovery 5290: 5222:Energy recovery 5212:Electrification 5193: 5139:Air pollution ( 5126: 5117: 4964: 4959: 4925: 4894:electrification 4883: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4841: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4801: 4791: 4773: 4767: 4749: 4743: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4662: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523:Policy Analysis 4518: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4146: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4067:Hopkinson, John 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3931: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3893: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3660: 3658: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3035: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2962: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2590:Financial Times 2583: 2582: 2578: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1974: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1914: 1912: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1809: 1801: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1759: 1755: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1529: 1486: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1455: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1352: 1350:Electrical grid 1346: 1344:Electrical grid 1268: 1262: 1250:William Thomson 1223: 1201:induction motor 1058: 1056:War of currents 1044: 1038: 1030:electric motors 996: 988:Main articles: 986: 978:microgeneration 953: 947: 902:and the famous 896:Holborn Viaduct 877: 841: 768:carbon arc lamp 748: 746:Carbon arc lamp 742: 737: 724:R.E.B. Crompton 697:Hippolyte Pixii 662:Michael Faraday 638: 632: 616: 606: 543: 537: 523:and the use of 480: 451: 445: 415:electric heater 392: 379: 373: 323: 317: 303: 299: 297: 293: 291: 287: 285: 281: 279: 275: 263: 239: 233: 218:power buildings 185:Charles Babbage 181: 175: 166: 154: 45:Electrification 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6463:Electric power 6460: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6406: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6379:(Rio+20, 2012) 6374: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6335: 6330: 6322: 6317: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6125:Infrastructure 6122: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6055:Eco-capitalism 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5972:Sustainability 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5940:Accountability 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5598:Sustainability 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5533:Anthropization 5529: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5456:Sustainability 5454: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5285:hybrid vehicle 5282: 5276:Transportation 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5058: 5056:Sustainability 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:Green building 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5001:Eco-innovation 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4918:Zambesi Rapids 4915: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4882: 4881:External links 4879: 4878: 4877: 4850: 4829: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4789: 4771: 4765: 4747: 4741: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4681: 4642:. 24 July 2017 4640:Dialogue Earth 4627: 4602: 4577: 4568: 4543: 4506: 4497: 4494:on 2011-06-29. 4475: 4450: 4417: 4383: 4367: 4365:, p. 336. 4355: 4352:on 2011-01-14. 4334: 4305: 4283: 4271: 4269:, p. 221. 4259: 4230: 4198: 4186: 4184:, p. 383. 4174: 4172:, p. 250. 4162: 4144: 4130:Arnold Heertje 4121: 4119:, p. 248. 4109: 4091: 4071: 4069:by T. H. Beare 4055: 4030: 4005: 3986: 3967: 3947: 3929: 3910: 3891: 3872: 3870:, p. 195. 3860: 3835: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3757: 3755:, p. 242. 3745: 3743:, p. 191. 3733: 3730:on 2010-12-01. 3715: 3713:, p. 369. 3703: 3690: 3684:2012-07-19 at 3671: 3637: 3625: 3598: 3574: 3562: 3560:, p. 360. 3550: 3548:, p. 359. 3538: 3523: 3498: 3440: 3410: 3343: 3302: 3272: 3215: 3191:Katz, Cheryl. 3183: 3122: 3120:, p. 109. 3110: 3108:, p. 177. 3098: 3069: 3023: 2994: 2960: 2930: 2906: 2881: 2852: 2827: 2802: 2778: 2747: 2716: 2667: 2618: 2616:, p. 139. 2606: 2576: 2519: 2464: 2417: 2392: 2349:Applied Energy 2333: 2292: 2235: 2210: 2181: 2178:on 2015-06-10. 2132: 2103: 2073: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2009: 1991: 1972: 1949: 1946:on 2013-05-02. 1921: 1891:(3): 219–273. 1868: 1807: 1782: 1770: 1753: 1730: 1713: 1688: 1653:(7): 631–641. 1633: 1615: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1542: 1539: 1534:steam turbines 1528: 1525: 1488: 1487: 1452:of the subject 1450:worldwide view 1445: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1334:thermodynamics 1264:Main article: 1261: 1260:Steam turbines 1258: 1235:Deptford Creek 1222: 1219: 1175:John Hopkinson 1144:Lucien Gaulard 1075:can induce an 1073:magnetic field 1062:direct current 1040:Main article: 1037: 1034: 990:Electric motor 985: 982: 946: 943: 933:in the US and 876: 873: 840: 837: 790:William Petrie 744:Main article: 741: 738: 736: 733: 720:Gramme machine 634:Main article: 631: 628: 620:electroplating 605: 602: 575:mined in Congo 541:Energy storage 539:Main article: 536: 535:Energy storage 533: 479: 476: 447:Main article: 444: 441: 391: 388: 375:Main article: 372: 369: 316: 313: 298: 292: 286: 280: 278: 80%–100% 274: 273:, as of 2017. 262: 259: 235:Main article: 232: 229: 177:Main article: 174: 171: 165: 162: 153: 150: 128:(referring to 120:(referring to 77:energy storage 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6480: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6430: 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JHU Press. 4084: 4083: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4020:on 2015-09-09 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3987:9780521533126 3983: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3930:9780806519609 3926: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3892:9783540688310 3888: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3686:archive.today 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3587: 3586: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3374: 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1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142:developed by 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1111:Elihu Thomson 1108: 1107:Marcel Deprez 1104: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:steam engines 1019: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 995: 991: 983: 981: 979: 974: 968: 966: 961: 957: 952: 944: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 916: 911: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 881: 874: 872: 870: 869:Savoy Theatre 866: 862: 857: 854: 853:Thomas Edison 850: 846: 838: 836: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 795: 791: 786: 784: 779: 775: 773: 769: 766:invented the 765: 757: 752: 747: 739: 734: 732: 728: 725: 721: 716: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 695:Around 1832, 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674:magnetic flux 671: 667: 666:Faraday's law 663: 655: 651: 647: 642: 637: 629: 627: 625: 621: 615: 611: 603: 601: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 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5691:Appropriate 5620:Sustainable 5603:Advertising 5525:Consumption 5515:Development 5339:Ecoforestry 5097:procurement 5082:development 5067:agriculture 4926:(in French) 4323:The Journal 4182:McNeil 1990 3844:"DC Motors" 3711:McNeil 1990 3651:The Journal 3633:McNeil 1990 3570:McNeil 1990 3558:McNeil 1990 3546:McNeil 1990 3536:, p. . 3534:McNeil 1990 3460:: 341–378. 2638:: 405–415. 2539:(1): 1077. 1805:, p. . 1728:, p. . 1563:GOELRO plan 1512:Warlord Era 1414:, in 1938. 1384:World War I 1186:three-phase 1171:transformer 1167:Lord Kelvin 1133:Lord Kelvin 1091:Three-phase 1048:Transformer 1026:water power 925:in the UK, 849:Joseph Swan 783:candlepower 610:Electricity 579:downcycling 525:smart grids 360:natural gas 302: 0–20% 73:super grids 49:electricity 6452:Categories 6197:Sanitation 6152:Livelihood 6075:Ecovillage 6060:Eco-cities 5977:Accounting 5886:Pico hydro 5866:Hydropower 5684:Technology 5482:Principles 5308:insulation 5301:Building ( 5264:transition 5107:technology 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