130:
332:
108:
297:", in which a single egg multiplies clonally in the host and produces large numbers of identical adult wasps. Even more remarkably, some of the larvae are larger than the others and act in a similar way to the "soldiers" of
2177:
2216:
507:
491:
2151:
2190:
535:
272:, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable (e.g., some attack eggs, some attack larvae, others are
405:
Segoli, M., Harari, A. R., Rosenheim, J. A., Bouskila, A., & Keasar, T. (2010). The evolution of polyembryony in parasitoid wasps.
387:
290:
butterfly is parasitized at a rate of 77%, making them the main contributor to egg mortality in this (and other) butterfly species.
2265:
472:
497:
2195:
2203:
206:
464:
2060:
2047:
284:
agents. They may also present as an ecological threat to the population of some species. For example, the endangered
129:
2298:
2130:
2221:
2143:
528:
426:
Simutnik, S.A. (2014). "The first record of
Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from the Sakhalin amber".
257:
241:
1987:
301:
insects, attacking any other wasp larvae already in the body of the host, and dying without reproducing ("
2252:
2065:
503:
487:
1279:
1324:
481:
2270:
2231:
2099:
2034:
1234:
1054:
997:
521:
1289:
350:
2293:
1184:
225:
1352:
1314:
1229:
1074:
1574:
1334:
1299:
1189:
443:
281:
280:). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and are extremely important as
124:
2257:
1812:
1357:
2239:
2086:
1417:
1249:
932:
383:
116:
2244:
2182:
1670:
1602:
1402:
959:
710:
435:
375:
325:
2025:
1631:
1132:
1035:
941:
643:
627:
476:
286:
2138:
2125:
1827:
1579:
1452:
1367:
1329:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1140:
1079:
1010:
969:
949:
909:
880:
675:
370:
Garraway, Eric; Bailey, A. J. A.; Freeman, B. E.; Parnell, J. R.; Emmel, T. C. (2008).
253:
469:
2287:
1944:
1908:
1900:
1584:
1407:
1387:
1347:
1319:
979:
954:
917:
896:
702:
346:
273:
65:
30:
470:
Image
Database TOBIKOBACHI Based on the Encyrtid Wasp Collection of Dr. T. Tachikawa
447:
2039:
1970:
1931:
1832:
1794:
1777:
1543:
1506:
1498:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1284:
1254:
1150:
1122:
1102:
1084:
922:
765:
757:
715:
588:
414:
341:
309:
294:
233:
191:
2052:
2091:
379:
2208:
2164:
2019:
1817:
1799:
1704:
1683:
1657:
1569:
1556:
1488:
1480:
1470:
1462:
1304:
1294:
1274:
1224:
1214:
1174:
1117:
1094:
1069:
1059:
1025:
974:
736:
659:
545:
181:
107:
40:
2010:
513:
1939:
1923:
1915:
1904:
1896:
1875:
1822:
1699:
1691:
1649:
1623:
1551:
1431:
1397:
1309:
1269:
1259:
1107:
989:
964:
888:
852:
728:
651:
439:
265:
221:
85:
50:
2112:
1892:
1888:
1842:
1807:
1733:
1725:
1712:
1662:
1636:
1594:
1564:
1444:
1439:
1412:
1377:
1362:
1264:
1239:
1194:
1166:
1112:
1064:
1020:
1015:
1002:
807:
799:
778:
576:
564:
331:
269:
161:
141:
90:
2073:
2004:
1837:
1610:
1520:
1339:
1179:
828:
786:
744:
694:
688:
667:
599:
582:
317:
302:
298:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
2078:
1767:
635:
321:
95:
70:
2169:
1883:
1199:
570:
558:
313:
171:
151:
34:
2156:
1981:
2117:
293:
Some species exhibit a remarkable developmental phenomenon called "
1042:
330:
261:
1613:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
335:
Encyrtid thorax; "h" is the mesopleuron, and "j" is the mesocoxa
308:
Wasps in this family are relatively easy to separate from other
277:
1985:
517:
1859:
1754:
1746:
2104:
312:
by features of the wing venation, the migration of the
1994:
1858:
1775:
1766:
1745:
1724:
1682:
1648:
1622:
1593:
1542:
1519:
1497:
1479:
1461:
1430:
1149:
1131:
1093:
1034:
988:
940:
931:
908:
879:
850:
827:
798:
777:
756:
727:
701:
687:
626:
597:
276:, and some Encyrtidae develop as parasitoids of
256:, with some 3710 described species in about 455
240:Two subfamilies of around 3710 species in 455
529:
8:
401:
399:
1982:
1855:
1772:
1539:
937:
876:
847:
623:
619:
536:
522:
514:
106:
20:
374:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 189β203.
362:
328:with anteriorly positioned mesocoxae.
7:
2232:fd59b21e-e2a2-42e9-8bb0-85bb55712b4c
2144:df33c56f-24b3-4aa1-a222-79b23bb316b3
320:(and accompanying distortion of the
14:
128:
1715:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
465:Universal Chalcidoidea Database
407:Journal of evolutionary biology
372:Insect Conservation and Islands
1:
1934:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
499:Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis
380:10.1007/978-1-4020-8782-0_16
345:has been described from the
264:of the majority are primary
510:Featured Creatures Web site
494:Featured Creatures Web site
2315:
324:), and a greatly enlarged
1965:
622:
553:
440:10.1134/s0031030114060124
239:
232:
219:
214:
125:Scientific classification
123:
114:
105:
23:
718:(web-spinning sawflies)
428:Paleontological Journal
1845:(thread-waisted wasps)
1673:(sierolomorphid wasps)
1605:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
810:(parasitic wood wasps)
336:
2253:Paleobiology Database
334:
252:is a large family of
2139:Fauna Europaea (new)
483:Ageniaspis citricola
654:(cimbicid sawflies)
353:in Eastern Russia.
739:(cedar wood wasps)
662:(conifer sawflies)
475:2009-03-05 at the
337:
282:biological control
2299:Apocrita families
2281:
2280:
2240:Open Tree of Life
1988:Taxon identifiers
1979:
1978:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1879:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1803:
1802:(cockroach wasps)
1788:
1758:
1737:
1716:
1708:
1695:
1674:
1671:Sierolomorphidae
1666:
1640:
1614:
1606:
1603:Rhopalosomatidae
1560:
1515:
1514:
1448:
1426:
1425:
1418:Trichogrammatidae
1343:
1280:Eutrichosomatidae
1250:Epichrysomallidae
1170:
1160:
1048:
1006:
933:Proctotrupomorpha
900:
899:(ichneumon wasps)
892:
823:
822:
819:
818:
811:
790:
769:
748:
740:
719:
679:
678:(common sawflies)
671:
670:(pergid sawflies)
663:
655:
647:
639:
339:An extinct genus
247:
246:
210:
117:Anicetus communis
2306:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2209:NBNSYS0000159928
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1983:
1933:
1925:
1918:(plasterer bees)
1917:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1844:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1785:(sphecoid wasps)
1782:
1773:
1756:
1735:
1714:
1706:
1693:
1672:
1664:
1638:
1612:
1604:
1558:
1540:
1446:
1403:Tanaostigmatidae
1341:
1325:Melanosomellidae
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1004:
960:Neuroscelionidae
938:
898:
890:
877:
848:
809:
788:
767:
746:
738:
717:
711:Megalodontesidae
677:
669:
661:
653:
645:
644:Blasticotomidae
638:(argid sawflies)
637:
624:
620:
538:
531:
524:
515:
452:
451:
423:
417:
413:(9), 1807-1819.
403:
394:
393:
367:
316:forwards on the
205:
133:
132:
110:
100:
37:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1949:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1762:
1741:
1736:(scoliid wasps)
1720:
1678:
1644:
1639:(tiphiid wasps)
1632:Bradynobaenidae
1618:
1589:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1493:
1475:
1457:
1422:
1235:Cynipencyrtidae
1157:(chalcid wasps)
1156:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1133:Mymarommatoidea
1127:
1089:
1055:Proctorenyxidae
1040:
1039:
1036:Proctotrupoidea
1030:
998:Austrocynipidae
984:
942:Platygastroidea
927:
904:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
815:
794:
789:(stem sawflies)
773:
752:
723:
697:
683:
676:Tenthredinidae
646:(fern sawflies)
628:Tenthredinoidea
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
593:
549:
542:
477:Wayback Machine
461:
456:
455:
425:
424:
420:
404:
397:
390:
369:
368:
364:
359:
287:Papilio homerus
254:parasitic wasps
224:
204:
127:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Family of wasps
12:
11:
5:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2226:
2213:
2200:
2187:
2174:
2161:
2148:
2135:
2126:Fauna Europaea
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2016:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1909:stingless bees
1901:carpenter bees
1881:
1872:
1870:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Pemphredonidae
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1707:(spider wasps)
1702:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:(flower wasps)
1660:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:Sclerogibbidae
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1559:(cuckoo wasps)
1554:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1453:Gasteruptiidae
1450:
1447:(ensign wasps)
1442:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Pelecinellidae
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1330:Metapelmatidae
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Hetreulophidae
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Chrysolampidae
1217:
1212:
1210:Chalcedectidae
1207:
1205:Cerocephalidae
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1141:Mymarommatidae
1137:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1080:Proctotrupidae
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Diplolepididae
1008:
1000:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
970:Platygastridae
967:
962:
957:
952:
950:Geoscelionidae
946:
944:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
914:
912:
910:Ceraphronoidea
906:
905:
903:
902:
897:Ichneumonidae
894:
885:
883:
881:Ichneumonoidea
874:
845:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
814:
813:
804:
802:
796:
795:
793:
792:
783:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
762:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
742:
733:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
713:
707:
705:
699:
698:
693:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
632:
630:
617:
595:
594:
592:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
554:
551:
550:
543:
541:
540:
533:
526:
518:
512:
511:
495:
479:
467:
460:
459:External links
457:
454:
453:
434:(6): 621β623.
418:
395:
388:
361:
360:
358:
355:
351:Sakhalin amber
274:hyperparasites
245:
244:
237:
236:
230:
229:
217:
216:
212:
211:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2311:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1946:
1945:Stenotritidae
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:Megachilidae
1930:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1694:(velvet ants)
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1585:Scolebythidae
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1499:Trigonaloidea
1496:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1419:
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1409:
1408:Tetracampidae
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
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1389:
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1386:
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1374:
1371:
1369:
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1346:
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1338:
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1333:
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1318:
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1188:
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1185:Baeomorphidae
1183:
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978:
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951:
948:
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943:
939:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
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918:Ceraphronidae
916:
915:
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901:
895:
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826:
812:
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780:
776:
770:
766:Xiphydriidae
764:
763:
761:
759:
758:Xiphydrioidea
755:
749:
743:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
726:
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716:Pamphiliidae
714:
712:
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703:Pamphilioidea
700:
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664:
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52:
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42:
36:
32:
31:Middle Eocene
22:
19:
1995:
1971:Unicalcarida
1926:(sweat bees)
1878:(mason bees)
1833:Philanthidae
1800:Ampulicidae
1795:Ammoplanidae
1778:Spheciformes
1776:
1557:Chrysididae
1544:Chrysidoidea
1507:Trigonalidae
1481:Megalyroidea
1463:Stephanoidea
1393:Spalangiidae
1383:Pteromalidae
1373:Perilampidae
1353:Neodiparidae
1342:(fairyflies)
1315:Macromesidae
1285:Herbertiidae
1255:Eucharitidae
1244:
1230:Coelocybidae
1151:Chalcidoidea
1123:Monomachidae
1103:Austroniidae
1085:Vanhorniidae
1075:Peradeniidae
1005:(gall wasps)
923:Megaspilidae
851:
768:(wood wasps)
737:Anaxyelidae
660:Diprionidae
598:
589:Holometabola
587:Superorder:
581:Infraclass:
546:Hymenopteran
498:
482:
431:
427:
421:
410:
406:
371:
365:
342:Archencyrtus
340:
338:
310:Chalcidoidea
307:
295:polyembryony
292:
285:
249:
248:
220:
215:Subfamilies
201:
192:Chalcidoidea
115:
18:
2165:iNaturalist
2020:Wikispecies
1924:Halictidae
1916:Colletidae
1905:orchid bees
1897:cuckoo bees
1876:Andrenidae
1818:Crabronidae
1755:Formicidae
1747:Formicoidea
1705:Pompilidae
1692:Mutillidae
1684:Pompiloidea
1658:Chyphotidae
1575:Plumariidae
1570:Embolemidae
1489:Megalyridae
1471:Stephanidae
1335:Moranilidae
1305:Leucospidae
1300:Idioporidae
1295:Heydeniidae
1275:Eurytomidae
1225:Cleonymidae
1215:Chalcididae
1190:Boucekiidae
1175:Aphelinidae
1169:(fig wasps)
1118:Maamingidae
1095:Diaprioidea
1070:Pelecinidae
1060:Roproniidae
1026:Liopteridae
975:Scelionidae
891:(braconids)
889:Braconidae
747:(horntails)
652:Cimbicidae
326:mesopleuron
266:parasitoids
182:Hymenoptera
2294:Encyrtidae
2288:Categories
2053:Encyrtidae
2040:Encyrtidae
2026:Encyrtidae
1996:Encyrtidae
1969:See also:
1940:Melittidae
1893:bumblebees
1889:honey bees
1860:Anthophila
1843:Sphecidae
1823:Mellinidae
1813:Bembicidae
1734:Scoliidae
1726:Scolioidea
1713:Sapygidae
1700:Myrmosidae
1663:Thynnidae
1650:Thynnoidea
1637:Tiphiidae
1624:Tiphioidea
1552:Bethylidae
1445:Evaniidae
1432:Evanioidea
1398:Systasidae
1340:Mymaridae
1310:Lyciscidae
1270:Eupelmidae
1260:Eulophidae
1245:Encyrtidae
1167:Agaonidae
1108:Diapriidae
1003:Cynipidae
990:Cynipoidea
965:Nixoniidae
808:Orussidae
800:Orussoidea
745:Siricidae
729:Siricoidea
575:Subclass:
565:Arthropoda
357:References
250:Encyrtidae
222:Encyrtinae
202:Encyrtidae
162:Arthropoda
24:Encyrtidae
1808:Astatidae
1611:Vespidae
1595:Vespoidea
1565:Dryinidae
1440:Aulacidae
1413:Torymidae
1378:Pirenidae
1363:Ormyridae
1358:Ooderidae
1265:Eunotidae
1240:Diparidae
1195:Calesidae
1113:Ismaridae
1065:Heloridae
1021:Ibaliidae
1016:Figitidae
787:Cephidae
779:Cephoidea
689:Xyeloidea
668:Pergidae
577:Pterygota
557:Kingdom:
270:Hemiptera
234:Diversity
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
2074:BugGuide
2011:Q2266108
2005:Wikidata
1838:Psenidae
1180:Azotidae
695:Xyelidae
636:Argidae
583:Neoptera
563:Phylum:
559:Animalia
548:families
473:Archived
448:86655697
322:tergites
318:metasoma
303:altruism
299:eusocial
198:Family:
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
2245:1058330
1768:Apoidea
571:Insecta
569:Class:
544:Extant
502:on the
486:on the
178:Order:
172:Insecta
168:Class:
2271:989412
2258:150533
2229:NZOR:
2196:153945
2183:100453
2118:1ENCYF
1884:Apidae
1866:(bees)
1757:(ants)
1200:Ceidae
1043:s.str.
446:
386:
262:larvae
260:. The
258:genera
242:genera
209:, 1837
207:Walker
35:Recent
2266:WoRMS
2222:29051
2178:IRMNG
2170:69778
2131:11311
2079:16847
2066:71380
444:S2CID
314:cerci
278:ticks
2217:NCBI
2191:ITIS
2157:9440
2152:GBIF
2113:EPPO
2061:BOLD
508:IFAS
492:IFAS
384:ISBN
349:age
305:").
41:Preκ
2204:NBN
2105:733
2100:EoL
2092:9P4
2087:CoL
2048:AFD
2035:ADW
436:doi
415:DOI
376:doi
268:on
2290::
2268::
2255::
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2219::
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2102::
2089::
2076::
2063::
2050::
2037::
2022::
2007::
1907:,
1903:,
1899:,
1895:,
1891:,
506:/
504:UF
490:/
488:UF
442:.
432:48
430:.
411:23
409:.
398:^
382:.
91:Pg
33:-
1911:)
1887:(
1535:a
1533:t
1531:a
1529:e
1527:l
1525:u
1523:c
1521:A
1045:)
1041:(
871:a
869:c
867:i
865:t
863:i
861:s
859:a
857:r
855:a
853:P
843:a
841:t
839:i
837:r
835:c
833:o
831:p
829:A
614:a
612:t
610:y
608:h
606:p
604:m
602:y
600:S
537:e
530:t
523:v
450:.
438::
392:.
378::
96:N
86:K
81:J
76:T
71:P
66:C
61:D
56:S
51:O
46:κ
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