Energiewende - Knowledge

305: 1175: 1387:, the authors of the 2011 Ethical Committee for Secure Energy Supply report that served as the scientific background of the "nuclear exit" decision, of disregarding the basic rules of scientific independence. The analysis promised that phase-out of nuclear energy and full transition to renewable energy "can be completed within a decade". Thess highlighted that the authors lacked the expertise necessary to properly understand and "balance between the risk of more rapid climate change without nuclear energy and the risk of slower climate change with nuclear energy". 296:

manner. Public wind farms and solar parks can involve many citizens directly in energy production. Photovoltaic systems can be set up by individuals. Municipal utilities can also benefit citizens financially, while the conventional energy industry profits from a relatively small number of shareholders. The decentralized structure of renewable energies, enables the creation of value locally and minimizes capital outflows from a region. Renewable energy sources, play an important role in municipal energy policy, and local governments promote the sources.

1579: 971:. The plan states that the energy supply must be "almost completely decarbonised" by 2050, with renewable energy as its main source. For the electricity sector, "in the long-term, electricity generation must be based almost entirely on renewable energies" and "the share of wind and solar power in total electricity production will rise significantly". Notwithstanding, during the transition, "less carbon-intensive natural gas power plants and the existing most modern coal power plants play an important role as interim technologies". 386: 1825: 916: 6933:; Delucchi, Mark A; Bauer, Zack AF; Goodman, Savannah C; Chapman, William E; Cameron, Mary A; Bozonnat, Cedric; Chobadi, Liat; Clonts, Hailey A; Enevoldsen, P; Erwin, Jenny R; Fobi, Simone N; Goldstrom, Owen K; Hennessy, Eleanor M; Liu, Jingyi; Lo, Jonathan; Meyer, Clayton B; Morris, Sean B; Moy, Kevin R; O'Neill, Patrick L; Petkov, Ivalin; Redfern, Stephanie; Schucker, Robin; Sontag, Michael A; Wang, Jingfan; Weiner, Eric; Yachanin, Alexander S (2016-10-24). 1289: 214: 928: 1835: 1516: 1442:, but also requested that fossil gas is instead included as a "transitional" fuel and carbon intensity thresholds for gas are relaxed. As the subsidies for gas were upheld, a number of new fossil gas plants plan to benefit from the subsidies, while expecting increased profits thanks to "rising wholesale electricity prices" as result of "the last nuclear power plants to be removed from the grid" at the same time. 7597: 22: 7621: 2157: 161: 7609: 2143: 319:. Legislative support was passed in September 2010. On 6 June 2011, following Fukushima, the government removed the use of nuclear power as a bridging technology as part of their policy. The program was later described as "Germany's vendetta against nuclear" and attributed to the influence of ideologically anti-nuclear green movements in politics. In 2014, then- 1985:, examines the official target of reducing domestic GHG emissions by 80% to 95% by 2050 (compared with 1990). Decarbonization pathways for Germany are illustrated by means of three scenarios with energy-related emission reductions between 1990 and 2050 varying between 80% and more than 90%. The three strategies strongly contribute to GHG emission reduction: 1929:, Prognos, and Hans-Joachim Ziesing. The study presumes a 95% reduction in greenhouse gases by the year 2050 and covers all sectors. The study shows that the transformation from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy is possible and affordable. It notes that by committing to this transformation path, Germany could become a model for other countries. 288:. The term encompassed a reorientation of policy from demand to supply and a shift from centralized to distributed generation (for example, producing heat and power in small co-generation units), which replace overproduction and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and increased efficiency. 1546:

gas plants. In the first years, the plants will use fossil gas and are expected to be switched over to hydrogen between 2035 and 2040. The plants will mainly provide backup capacity in times where solar and wind power are low. As running plants this way is not economically feasible, utilities will be

1418:

proposed earlier phase-out of coal and internal combustion cars by 2035, 65% energy generated from renewables by 2030 and 80% by 2040. In addition, 2% of land surface is to be set aside for on-shore wind power, and off-shore wind capacity is to be increased to 75 GW. Fossil gas role was reinforced as

1250:

We will have phased out nuclear energy by 2022. We have a very difficult problem, namely that almost the only sources of energy that will be able to provide baseload power are coal and lignite. Naturally, we cannot do without baseload energy. Natural gas will therefore play a greater role for another

1153:

for 2015 was published in December 2016. The expert commission which wrote the report warns that Germany will probably miss its 2020 climate targets and believes that this could threaten the credibility of the entire endeavour. The commission puts forward a number of measures to address the slowdown,

809:. Some argue for an explicit negotiated phase-out of coal plants, along the lines of the well-publicized nuclear phase-out, but as German minister of economy noted, "we cannot shut down both our nuclear and coal-fired power plants". Coal comprised 42% of electricity generation in 2015. A phase-out of 736:

A factor that inhibited efficient employment of new renewable energy has been the lack of an accompanying investment in power infrastructure to bring the power to market. It is believed 8,300 km (5,200 mi) of power lines must be built or upgraded. In 2010 legislation has been passed seeking

711:

legislation and the national policies of other European states. The policy objectives have been embraced by the German Federal Government and has resulted in an expansion of renewable energy, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 22.9% in 2012,

1857:

The Renewable Energy Sources Act provides compensation to wind turbine operators for every kilowatt-hour of electricity not produced if wind power surpasses peak grid capacity, while grid operators must splice electricity from renewable sources into the grid in times of low or no demand for it. This

1390:

High average amounts of wind in 2019 and 2020 were presented in Germany as a success of renewable energy, but when the amount of wind was low for the first half of 2021, use of coal rose by 21% as compared to the previous years. In the first half of 2021 coal, gas, and nuclear power delivered 56% of

1222:

In March 2019, Chancellor Merkel formed a "climate cabinet" to find a consensus on new emissions reduction measures to meet 2030 targets. The result was the Climate Action Program 2030, which Berlin adopted on 9 October 2019. The Program contains plans for a carbon pricing system for the heating and

1628:

In June 2019, an open letter to "the leadership and people of Germany", written by almost 100 Polish environmentalists and scientist, urged Germany to "reconsider the decision on the final decommissioning of fully functional nuclear power plants" for the benefit of the fight against global warming.

1613:

while ignoring environmental externalities of fossil fuels. Electricity prices for household customers in Germany have been generally increasing in the last decade. The renewable energy levy to finance green power investment is added to Germans' electricity unit price. The surcharge (22.1% in 2016)

1422:

By end of 2021, the single largest source of electricity in Germany was coal (9.5% hard and 20.2% brown), increase of 20% compared to 2020 due to significant drop in wind (−14.5%) and solar (−5%) power output in that year. Solar power only produced 9.9% electricity, while nuclear power produced 13%

869:

On 3 December 2014, the German Federal Government released its National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE) in order to improve the uptake of energy efficiency. The areas covered are the energy efficiency of buildings, energy conservation for companies, consumer energy efficiency, and transport

436:

As of 2013, Germany was spending €1.5 billion per year on energy research to solve the technical and social issues raised by the transition, which are provided by the individual federal states, universities, and the government, which provided €400 million per year. The Government's contribution was

1569:

but the assumed 10 GW in fossil gas generation is neither sufficient nor on schedule; extension of electric grid is behind the schedule by 6,000 km (3,700 mi) and 7 years; security of the supply chain is not sufficiently assessed; system costs to ensure 24/7 generation are underestimated

2064:

From the macroeconomic perspective, the transformation of Germany's energy system demands a significant shift in cash flow, moving the cash spent on energy imports today to spend it instead on new investments in systems, their operation and maintenance. In this respect a transformed energy system

1541:

In 2023 Energy Economics Institute (EWI) warned that around 50 new fossil gas powered plants need to be built to "compensate for the weather-dependent production of wind and solar power" with the overall cost reaching €60 billion. The budget is not secured by the Government nor available from the

1846:

According to a 2014 survey conducted by TNS Emnid for the German Renewable Energies Agency among 1015 respondents, 94 percent of the Germans supported the enforced expansion of Renewable Energies. More than two-thirds of the interviewees agreed to renewable power plants close to their homes. The

1716:

A study found that if Germany had postponed the nuclear phase out and phased out coal first, it could have saved 1,100 lives and €3 to €8 billion in social costs per year. The study concludes that policymakers would have to overestimate the risk or cost of a nuclear accident to conclude that the

1537:

intensity of German electricity production of 364 gCO2/kWh (2023: 380 gCO2/kWh). In 2022, the cut-off from Russian gas lead to a brief restarting of coal power plants, meaning the share of coal in electricity production increased from 24% in 2020 to 32% in 2022, before going down to 27% in 2023.

1205:

emissions against the 1990 levels with a slight increase over the few preceding years and concluded achieving of the intended 40% reduction target by 2020 in unfeasible, primarily due to the "simultaneous nuclear phase-out and increased energy consumption". 50% increase of electricity prices was

857:

have been subject to study. Sebastian Strunz argues that the underlying technological, political and economic structures will need to change radically — a process He calls "regime shift". Eva Schmid, Brigitte Knopf, and Anna Pechan analyze the actors and institutions that will be decisive in the

2082:

requirements remain moderate and other options on both the supply side and demand side offer flexibility at low cost. Storage plays a role in the provision of reserves. Storage becomes more pronounced under higher shares of renewables, but strongly depends on the costs and availability of other

1457:

attributed approximately half of the reduction to decreased coal-fired power generation, while only 15% resulted from technological improvements such as enhanced renewable energy utilization. Despite these gains, with over 50% of Germany's electricity now derived from renewable energy, concerns

1395:

intensity due to high inputs from coal and fossil gas. According to another analysis by Oekomoderne, in 2021, Germany produced nearly 260 TWh of electricity from coal in the first half of 2021, making it the single largest source of energy in that period — as it used "one billion tons" of coal.

295:

of energy. In the traditional energy industry, a few companies with large centralized power stations were perceived as dominating the market as an oligopoly and consequently amassing a worrisome level of both economic and political power. Renewable energies can be established in a decentralized

2126:

has developed roadmaps for 139 countries to achieve energy systems powered only by wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) by 2050. Total end-use energy drops from 375.8 GW for business-as-usual to 260.9 GW under a fully renewable transition. Load shares in 2050 would be: on-shore wind 35%,

1430:

warned that Germany has missed its 2020 emission targets and is likely going to miss the 2030 targets, and increase of total emissions after 2022 is likely. Previously celebrated 2020 record low emissions were described as one-off effect of favorable weather and lower demand due to COVID-19

1842:

Estimates for 2012 suggested that almost half the renewable energy capacity in Germany was owned by citizens through energy cooperatives and private initiatives. Citizens accounted for nearly half of all installed biogas and solar capacity and half of the installed onshore wind capacity.

923:

Slow progress on transmission network reinforcement had led to a deferment of new windfarms in northern Germany. The German cabinet approved costly underground cabling in October 2015 in a bid to dispel local resistance against above-ground pylons and to speed up the expansion process.

1532:

emissions source in Germany is its electricity production, and in that sector, emissions have roughly halved from its peak in 2007 until 2023. 2020 already saw a similar decline as 2023, as electricity demand dropped massively due to COVID-19 lockdowns, leading to an annual average

359:

determined the program had cost €160 billion over the last 5 years and criticized the expenses for being "in extreme disproportion to the results." Despite widespread initial support, the program is perceived as "expensive, chaotic, and unfair", and a "massive failure" as of 2019.

1403:

Projections Report published in 2021 predicted that Germany will miss its 2030 target by 16% (49% reduction vs 65% planned) and the 2040 target by 21% (67% vs 88% planned). Reduction of emissions in other sectors of the economy is also expected to miss the original targets.

2059:

emissions increases to €100/tonne by 2030 and thereafter remains constant and fossil fuel prices increase annually by 2%, then the total cumulative costs of today's energy system are 8% higher than the costs required for the minus 85% scenario up to 2050. The report notes:

1512:, claiming it's "necessary for energy security". In October 2022, the Government also declared the operational nuclear power plants will not be shut down by end of 2022, but will instead operate until 15 April to help cope with the electricity demand through the winter. 2054:

emissions than 1990 levels is compared with a reference scenario, assumes that the German energy system operates in 2050 the same way as it does today. Primary energy supply drops 42%. The total costs depend on the future prices for carbon and oil. If the penalty for

409:, with minor modification of its goals in the coalition agreement. The coalition government introduced an intermediate target of a 55–60% share of renewable energy in gross electricity consumption in 2035. The targets were described as "ambitious". The Berlin-based 828:

was hoped to become a useful technology in the future. As of 2019, a number of potential storage projects (power-to-gas, hydrogen storage and others) are still in prototype phase with losses up to 40% of the stored energy in the existing small scale installations.

3815: 2112:

Assuming that the price of emissions allowances in 2050 will significantly surpass its current level, a power generation system boasting a high percentage of wind and photovoltaics will, as a rule, come cheaper than a system dominated by fossil fuel power

947:... if no further measures are taken" and the 55–60% share of renewable energy in gross electricity consumption by 2035 is "unachievable" with the current plans for renewables expansion. In November 2016, Agora Energiewende reported on the impact of the 1777:

Between 2004 and 2011 policies lead to around 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) new maize-fields for biomass-energy by ploughing-up of at least 2,700 km (1,000 sq mi) of grassland. This released large amounts of climate active gases,

1527:

In 2023, the Government declared its plans to remove a key clause from the law that binds all ministries to reduce carbon emissions within their area of responsibility. The binding target will be the overall 2030 emissions reduction target. The largest

1486:

to be a failure, highlighting that renewable generation is insufficient and baseload capabilities have reached its limits. He called for nuclear power phase-out to be cancelled and remaining reactors restarted, until a new feasible strategy is created.

1712:

for the household users, where taxes and fees account for 50% of the bills, and the energy price is 43% higher than the EU average. It noted predicted shortage of 4.5 GW between 2022 and 2025 as result of the planned shutdown of nuclear power plants.

6848: 7475: 5179: 2099:

to stabilise the energy system, ensuring supply security during several weeks of low wind and solar radiation. Other scenarios investigate a 100% renewable system and show these to be possible but costly. Flexible consumption and storage control

1597:

German association of local utilities VKU said "the strategy creates significant risks to the stability of power supply in case of 'lengthy periods' of weather unsuitable for wind and solar generation since energy storage in Germany is 'largely

2024:

Potential co-benefits for Germany include increased energy security, higher competitiveness of and global business opportunities for companies, job creation, stronger GDP growth, smaller energy bills for households, and less air pollution.

1194:, growing resistance against the use of wind turbines over their environmental and potential health impacts, and regulatory hurdles, have been identified as causes for the slowdown. As of 2017 Germany imported more than half of its energy. 6660: 424:

compared to other planned energy transitions was the expectation that the transition is driven by citizens and not large energy utilities. Germany's switch to renewable energy was described as "democratization of the energy supply". The

1717:

benefits of the phase-out exceed its social costs. An open letter by a number of climate scientists published in 2021 calls against the shut-down of the remaining nuclear reactors in Germany, that would lead to 5% increase in CO

6744:

Henning, Hans-Martin; Palzer, Andreas (2014). "A comprehensive model for the German electricity and heat sector in a future energy system with a dominant contribution from renewable energy technologies — Part I: Methodology".

3587: 1948:

The authors presume that the transmission network will continue to be reinforced and that cooperation with Norway and Sweden would allow their hydro generation to be used for storage. The transition does not require Germany's

6380: 1265:

who explained that Germany has to stick with fossil fuels as it's trying to replace both coal and nuclear "at the same time", while countries that rely on nuclear power have "easier task replacing fossil fuels". In 2020

2037:

study investigates several system transformation scenarios and their related costs. The guiding question of the study is: "how can a cost-optimised transformation of the German energy system — with consideration of all

1912:

A number of computer studies confirm the feasibility of the German electricity system being 100% renewable in 2050. Some investigate the prospect of the entire energy system (all energy carriers) being fully renewable.

1399:

The situation once again raised questions about the future of weather-dependent electricity system that is dependent on fossil energy for stability and its contradiction with the initial objectives of decarbonization.

1270:

also declared a number of new fossil gas plants will be also required to "guarantee supply security as Germany relies more and more on intermittent renewable electricity". In January 2019, Germany's Economy Minister

3824: 2371: 1340:

shut down in 2017. The project is declared as part of "decarbonization plan" where renewable energy capacity is accompanied by fossil gas plants to cover for intermittency. In 2020, a new coal power plant unit,

3623:

Increased integration of the Nordic and German electricity systems: modelling and assessment of economic and climate effects of enhanced electrical interconnection and the additional deployment of renewable

951:

and several other related new laws. It concludes that the new legislation will bring "fundamental changes" for large sections of the energy industry, but have limited effect on the economy and on consumers.

1231:, composed of 28 industrial, environmental, and regional organizations, voted on the coal phase-out date. 27 members voted in favor of the 2038 coal phase-out date, with only one regional organization from 6867: 4395: 56: 1965:(CCS). Conventional generation assets need not be stranded and an orderly transition should prevail. Stringent energy efficiency and energy saving programs can bring down the future costs of electricity. 5123:

It is also precisely at this point in time that the last nuclear power plants are to be removed from the grid, so that the Herne gas and steam power plant could benefit from rising wholesale electricity

6382:

Marktrealität von Bürgerenergie und mögliche Auswirkungen von regulatorischen Eingriffen — Eine Studie für das Bündnis Bürgerenergie e.V. (BBEn) und dem Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e.V.

3018: 1458:

persist about the industrial sector's competitiveness and sustainability, as emission levels in construction and transport have not changed, putting Germany at risk of missing its EU emission targets.

330:

to continue investments in brown coal mines in Germany, explaining that "we cannot simultaneously quit nuclear energy and coal-based power generation.". A similar statement by Gabriel was recalled by

112:

target before the introduction of the program, achieving a 27% decrease between 1990 and 2014. The Country would need to maintain an average GHG emissions abatement rate of 3.5% per year to reach its

6994: 4200: 2683: 720:

for 20 years, guaranteeing a fixed income. Energy co-operatives have been created, and efforts were made to decentralize control and profits. Poor investment designs have caused bankruptcies and low

367:

as part of the German policy of integrating Russia with the European Union through mutually beneficial trade relations. German dependency on Russian gas imports was presented as "mutual dependency."

263:(Energy Transition: Nuclear Phase-Out and Climate Protection). The Öko-Institut was funded by environmental and religious organizations, and the importance of religious and conservative figures like 1407:

In October 2021, over 20 climate scientists and activists signed an open letter to the German Government to reconsider the nuclear exit as it will lead to emissions of an extra 60 million tons of CO

2953: 1570:

and based on "best-case" scenarios; capacity installed in renewables is behind the schedule by 30%, whereas demand is expected to grow by 30% as result of electrification of heating and transport.

1897:

and are used to investigate different assumptions regarding the stability, sustainability, cost, efficiency, and public acceptability of various sets of technologies. Some models cover the entire

6784: 1590:

has been criticized for the high costs, the early nuclear phase-out which increased carbon emissions, continuation or increase in use of fossil fuels, risks to power supply stability and the

5603:

Lauber, Volkmar; Jacobsson, Staffan (2016). "The politics and economics of constructing, contesting and restricting socio-political space for renewables – The German Renewable Energy Act".

4318: 2653: 2078:(DIW), Berlin, Germany. The study examines the power storage requirements for renewables uptake ranging from 60% to 100%. Under the scenario of 80% (the German government target for 2050), 1743:

fuel because growing biomass absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and a portion of the carbon absorbed remains in the ground after harvest. However, using Biomass as a fuel produces

147:

was supported by the general public, the plan was controversial between energy experts, fearing that it could have a negative impact on Germany's goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

1862:

of electricity, and grid operators may pass associated costs on to customers, estimated to be costing them an extra €4 billion in 2020. This has resulted in greater resistance to certain

3158: 1682:

is currently inadequately developed, therefore lacking the capability of delivering offshore wind energy produced on the Northern coast to industrial regions in the Country's South. The

1227:

subsidies, and more public transport investments. The IEA report concludes that "he package represents a clear step in the right direction towards Germany meeting its 2030 targets." The

3562: 320: 5380: 4141: 3621: 4048: 3596: 1945:(DLR) REMix high-resolution energy model was used for the analysis. A range of scenarios were investigated and a cost-competitive transition with good security of supply is possible. 1817:

has commented that "if people participate with their own money, for example in a wind or solar power plant in their area, they will also support ." A 2010 study shows the benefits to

1814: 255:, calling for the complete abandonment of nuclear and petroleum energy. The most groundbreaking claim was that economic growth was possible without increased energy consumption. On 16 4718: 3980:

Argyropoulos, Daniel; Godron, Philipp; Graichen, Patrick; Litz, Philipp; Pescia, Dimitri; Podewils, Christoph; Redl, Christian; Ropenus, Stephanie; Rosenkranz, Gerd (November 2016).

1565:

In March 2024, Federal Audit Office published a report in which it assessed the policy as not meeting goals on a number of points: the planned 80% share of renewable energy requires

737:

construction and upgrade of 7,700 km (4,800 mi) of new grid lines, 950 km (590 mi) have been built by 2019 — and in 2017, 30 km (19 mi) has been built.

3145: 1228: 1158:

price imposed across all sectors, a greater focus on transport, and full market exposure for renewable generation. Regarding the carbon price, the commission thinks that a reformed

6256: 2815: 1805:

remained high, with surveys indicating that about 80–90% of the public are in favor. One reason for the high acceptance was the substantial participation of German citizens in the

1213:

In 2018 the slow-down of deployment of new renewable energy was partially attributed to high demand for land, which has been highlighted as a potential "downside" by a WWF report.

2237: 1498:. In August 2022, German counter-intelligence started an investigation into two high-ranked officials at German ministry of energy suspected of representing interests of Russia. 1251:

few decades. I believe we would be well advised to admit that if we phase out coal and nuclear energy then we have to be honest and tell people that we'll need more natural gas.

7559: 3788: 2095:-lead study focused on "flexibility technologies" used to balance the fluctuations inherent in power generation from wind and photovoltaics. Set in 2050, several scenarios use 1431:

pandemics. Nuclear phase-out, skyrocketing gas prices, and low wind and solar output resulting in increased reliance on coal were also attributed to the increase in emissions.

341:

In 2011, the Ethical Committee on Secure Energy Supply was tasked with assessing the feasibility of the nuclear phase-out and transition to renewable energy, and it concluded:

6388:

Market reality of citizens energy and potential impact of regulatory intervention — A study for the Alliance for Citizens Energy (BBEn) and Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND)

7496: 4007: 3467:

Sector coupling via the Energiewende: requirements for the development of renewable energy to achieve the Paris climate protection goals, taking into account sector coupling

3462:

Sektorkopplung durch die Energiewende: Anforderungen an den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien zum Erreichen der Pariser Klimaschutzziele unter Berücksichtigung der Sektorkopplung

6681: 3418: 3310: 6012:"What if Germany had invested in nuclear power? A comparison between the German energy policy the last 20 years and an alternative policy of investing in nuclear power" 2363: 7320: 7063: 3442: 3268: 2526: 2392: 338:" — Gabriel argued that "coal use was essential because Germany was going to phase out nuclear power. Period. It was a political decision, and it was non-negotiable". 4495: 2716: 1728:

The Renewable Energy Act had a significant impact on businesses and industries and had been met with criticism, resulting in increased costs and slowed-down growth.

6473: 5236: 3474: 5484: 345:

The Ethics Committee is firmly convinced that the phase-out of nuclear energy can be completed within a decade using the energy transition measures presented here.

7174: 4900: 4742: 1636:

said in 2014 "For a country like Germany with a strong industrial base, exiting nuclear and coal-fired power generation at the same time would not be possible."

7325: 2227: 5083: 3037: 850:

million supporting projects ranging from basic research to applications. The federal government also foresees an export role for German expertise in the area.

6891:

Lunz, Benedikt; Stöcker, Philipp; Eckstein, Sascha; Nebel, Arjuna; Samadi, Sascha; Erlach, Berit; Fischedick, Manfred; Elsner, Peter; Sauer, Dirk Uwe (2016).

3497:

Electricity storage in the German energy transition: analysis of the storage required in the power market, ancillary services market and the distribution grid

6319: 5485:"Bericht nach § 99 BHO zur Umsetzung der Energiewende im Hinblick auf die Versorgungssicherheit, Bezahlbarkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit der Stromversorgung" 4593: 1813:). A 2016 survey showed that roughly one in two Germans would consider investing in community renewable energy projects. Manfred Fischedick, Director of the 1490:

From February 2022, there was a heated debate about pausing the nuclear phase-out and restarting still operational reactors in order to better cope with the

1223:

transportation sectors, which are not covered by the EU ETS. It includes tax and other incentives to encourage energy-efficient building renovations, higher

6284: 3220: 7661: 7129: 5355: 3983:

Energiewende: What do the new laws mean?: Ten questions and answers about EEG 2017, the Electricity Market Act, and the Digitisation Act — 103/07-H-2016/EN

2485: 4618: 3364: 2966: 1639:

As nuclear and coal power plants are being phased out, the Government had begun to promote the use of fossil gas in order to bridge the gap between other

5834: 4772: 4444: 3955: 3495: 3337: 6127: 3244: 2682:

Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi); Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2010-09-28).

2435: 2104:) in households and the industrial sector is the cost-efficient means of balancing short-term power fluctuations. Long-term storage systems, based on 1609:

in 2000, there was a focus on long term costs, while in later years this has shifted to a focus on short term costs and the "financial burden" of the

4301: 3285: 3063:"Renewable power: Germany's energy gamble: an ambitious plan to slash greenhouse-gas emissions must clear some highly technical and economic hurdles" 1854:

in 2014, have jeopardized the efforts of citizens to participate. The share of citizen-owned renewable energy has since dropped to 42.5% as of 2016.

6711: 5785: 4273: 3899: 2330: 6893:"Scenario-based comparative assessment of potential future electricity systems — A new methodological approach using Germany in 2050 as an example" 5405: 4926: 3849: 3650:"Renewable power: Germany's energy gamble: an ambitious plan to slash greenhouse-gas emissions must clear some high technical and economic hurdles" 2127:

off-shore wind 17%, wave 0.08%, geothermal 0.01%, hydro-electric 0.87%, tidal 0%, residential PV 6.75%, commercial PV 6.48%, utility PV 33.8%, and

2661: 1995:

electrification and (in two of the scenarios) use of renewable electricity-based synthetic fuels (especially in the transport and industry sector)

791: 6172: 6719:. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI). Archived from 2338:. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI). Archived from 2303: 7219: 4568: 3167: 2842: 2262: 2075: 1159: 7544: 6285:"Value creation for local communities through renewable energies: results of the study by the Institute for Ecological Economy Research (IÖW)" 5859: 4420: 1491: 7229: 7018: 6861: 6617: 6451: 4543: 3031: 3001: 2930: 2544: 1974: 394: 4057: 2692: 1705:(from 1973) and the United Kingdom's carbon tax, which saw a drastic reduction of coal-powered energy from 88% in 1973 to below 1% in 2019. 7666: 7549: 7510: 4249: 4176: 1651:

all across the gas production and delivery chain." It is also a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon-dioxide. It is also feared that the

5285: 3391: 4692: 1905:

and consumption. A 2016 book investigates the usefulness and limitations of energy scenarios and energy models within the context of the

7330: 7274: 5884: 5050: 2602: 1851: 940: 760: 752:(including taxes) in Europe. In comparison, its neighbours (Poland, Sweden, Denmark and nuclear-reliant France) have some of the lowest 3739: 1643:

and low-carbon energy sources. The move had been criticized by international observers, who argue that fossil fuel gas is "essentially

1285:

admitted that Germany may require new fossil gas power plants in order to "stabilise the more fluctuating power supply of renewables".

763:

entered into force. Deployment corridors stipulated the extent to renewable energy to be expanded in the future and the funding rates (

7646: 7521: 7516: 7279: 7179: 7037: 5505: 5111: 3924: 2799: 2252: 1559: 402: 316: 4974: 4667: 4020:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB). 2016-11-14. Archived from 1721:

emissions from the electricity sector. According to a 2024 study, by keeping nuclear power Germany could have achieved 73% drop in CO

7656: 7554: 2222: 1279: 398: 200: 4021: 1675:

has spent considerable efforts since February 2022 to find replacements for Russian fossil gas both in the near and the long term.

304: 2724:. Bonn, Germany: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU). October 2011. Archived from 2628: 744:

have varying attitudes to the construction of new power lines. Industry has had their rates frozen and the increased costs of the

7154: 6412: 5704: 4875: 1668: 1495: 1467: 3460: 3160:

Overview of legislation governing Germany's energy supply system: key strategies, acts, directives, and regulations / ordinances

2460: 1938: 7310: 7122: 5339: 4112: 3589:

Benefits of energy efficiency on the German power sector: summary of key findings from a study conducted by Prognos AG and IAEW

1591: 956: 5553: 3741:

Who puts the German Energiewende into action?: characterizing arenas of change and implications for electricity infrastructure

1449:

since the 1950s with a 20% reduction, largely impacted by a decline in industrial production due to economic factors like the

5260: 3981: 182: 6813:

A greenfield model to evaluate long-run power storage requirements for high shares of renewables — DIW discussion paper 1457

3393:

Eleven principles for a consensus on coal: concept for a stepwise decarbonisation of the German power sector (Short version)

2550: 2513:, the Country's transition away from nuclear power to renewables with lower energy consumption, is commonly used in English. 2396: 6513: 5466: 5448: 1829: 798:

of certificates. The German Federal Government is calling for a reform. Most of the computer scenarios used to analyse the

7489: 4056:. Berlin, Germany: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB). 2016-11-14. Archived from 2725: 2212: 2176: 1174: 178: 363:

Russian fossil gas was perceived as a "safe, cheap, and temporary" fuel to replace nuclear power in the initial phase of

7641: 7269: 6355:"The reform of the Renewable Energy Act: Germany's energy transition revamp stirs controversy over speed, participation" 6198: 4796: 4396:"Speech by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel at the 49th World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos on 23 January 2019" 1683: 1415: 5809: 4750: 4370: 7284: 4519: 2257: 2217: 1687: 1606: 1551: 1358: 1332:

units 4 and 5) were restarted due to "heavy fluctuations of level of power generated from the wind and sun" and a new

1275:

didn't want to import "cheap nuclear power" from other countries to compensate for planned phase-out of coal. In 2021

733:

Nuclear power plants were closed, and the existing nine plants were scheduled to close earlier than planned, in 2022.

7082: 5024: 4851: 1869:

By 2019, Germany also saws a significant increase of organized opposition against on-shore wind farms, especially in

6964: 6565: 6438: 5211: 5108:"Herne energy site: plans for one of the world's most state-of-the-art gas and steam power plants are in full swing" 1419:"indispensable" transition fuel with low-carbon nuclear power imported from France to ensure stability of supplies. 748:

had been passed on to consumers, who have had rising electricity bills. Germans in 2013 had the highest electricity

7651: 7587: 7115: 6541: 6052: 2065:

requires a large expenditure for local added value, a factor which also does not appear in the shown cost analysis.

2047: 2017: 1962: 1922: 1337: 1187: 903:

for the first time in more than ten years, electricity prices for household customers fell at the beginning of 2015

839:

can offer benefits. Systems with high shares of renewables can use geographical diversity to offset intermittency.

335: 6936:

100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for 139 countries of the world

6303: 2417: 1292:

In the late 2010s, there starts to be a significant decline in the use of (brown) coal and therefore in emissions.

7564: 7503: 7376: 7189: 6634: 5660: 2128: 2074:

A 2015 study uses DIETER or Dispatch and Investment Evaluation Tool with Endogenous Renewables, developed by the

1767: 1542:

electricity sales. To move away from coal, in February 2024, the Federal Government agreed to subsidize 10 GW of

1130: 4086: 3419:"The Climate Activist vs. the Economics Minister: 'My Generation Has Been Fooled' – DER SPIEGEL – International" 3366:

The role of emissions trading in the energy transition: perspectives and limitations on current reform proposals

2494: 1353:

to compensate for loss of power caused by "nuclear exit" in the Region. In 2021, the planned decommissioning of

835:

plays a key but under-recognised role. Energy efficiency is one of Germany's targets. Integration with national

7315: 7209: 7204: 7164: 5578: 2181: 2131:

0%. The study also assess avoided air pollution, eliminated global climate change costs, and net job creation.

2101: 1555: 1520: 1446: 964: 697: 475: 90: 49: 7069: 6850:

Flexibility concepts for the German power supply in 2050: ensuring stability in the age of renewable energies

6811: 6257:"About one in two Germans is willing to financially participate in solar photovoltaic or wind power capacity" 6135: 3875: 3764: 3649: 3062: 2083:

flexibility options, particularly on biomass availability. The model is fully described in the study report.

350:

Deutschlands Energiewende. Ein Gemeinschaftswerk für die Zukunft, Ethik‐Kommission Sichere Energieversorgung

7601: 7258: 7214: 6978: 6261: 1950: 1942: 1622: 1566: 171: 132: 6934: 5958:

Jarvis S, Deschenes O, Jha A (June 2022). "The Private and External Costs of Germany's Nuclear Phase-Out".

2917: 385: 7574: 7539: 7482: 7426: 7289: 7252: 6488: 5423: 5161: 2202: 1977:(DDPP) aims to demonstrate how countries can transform their energy systems by 2050 in order to achieve a 1902: 1824: 1578: 1329: 943:

and the wholesale electricity market. The goal to cut emissions by 40% by 2020 "will most likely be missed

814: 6720: 2339: 7625: 7294: 7159: 3522: 2207: 2096: 1342: 1217: 1206:

observed (compared to base 2007 prices). Germany's energy sector remains the largest single source of CO

935:

Analysis by Agora Energiewende in late-2016 suggests that Germany will probably miss several of its key

7391: 6354: 6076: 5729: 4469: 3339:

12 insights on Germany's Energiewende: a discussion paper exploring key challenges for the power sector

1242:

As result of phasing out nuclear power and, in long term, coal, Germany declared increased reliance on

778:

needed to be reworked to suit. Wind and solar power cannot be principally refinanced under the current

4643: 3312:

Making a success of the energy transition: on the road to a secure, clean and affordable energy supply

1828:

The share of renewable energy owned by citizens has decreased since the beginning of the Energiewende.

7569: 6904: 6786:

What will the energy transformation cost?: pathways for transforming the German energy system by 2050

6754: 6415:[Acceptance survey 2014: 92 percent of Germans support the development of renewable energy]. 6011: 5934: 5672: 5612: 5341:

Entwicklung der spezifischen Treibhausgas-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2023

5313: 3694: 3110: 1874: 1779: 1614:

pays the state-guaranteed price for renewable energy to producers and is 6.35 cents per kWh in 2016.

1439: 1354: 1276: 832: 721: 264: 86: 5860:"Nord Stream 2 pipeline row highlights Germany's energy dependence on Russia | DW | 4 February 2019" 4158:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). December 2016 7184: 7104:– a statistics website covering renewable energy topics as well as the energy transition in Germany 6151:"Balancing energy transition in Germany: how will it influence permanent grassland? A Delphi-study" 5661:"Impact of the German nuclear phase-out on Europe's electricity generation — a comprehensive study" 5449:"Germany has shut down its last three nuclear power plants, and some climate scientists are aghast" 4177:"COP25: When it comes to climate protection, Germany still has a lot to do | DW | 11 December 2019" 3166:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). May 2016. Archived from 2867: 2718:

The Federal Government's energy concept of 2010 and the transformation of the energy system of 2011

2197: 2123: 2079: 1982: 1890: 1790: 1648: 1450: 1191: 915: 836: 825: 375: 109: 5985: 5909: 5638: 5136: 4224: 259:

February 1980, the German Federal Ministry of the Environment hosted a symposium in Berlin called

6467: 5381:"Übergang zu erneuerbaren Energien: Deutschland braucht 60 Milliarden Euro für Reservekraftwerke" 4719:"Not enough electricity for the citizens: Schongau reserve power plant in use for the first time" 4470:"German Economy Minister – Do not want imported nuclear power to make up for coal phase-out: ZDF" 4250:"German wind energy stalls amid public resistance and regulatory hurdles | DW | 4 September 2019" 3720: 3436: 2962: 2242: 2043: 1978: 1698: 1479: 1454: 1427: 1369: 1345:

4, was also connected to the grid. A new fossil gas power plant will be also opened from 2023 in

1267: 775: 413: 356: 7361: 6231: 2749: 1357:

4 coal power plant was cancelled and the plant remains online to compensate for shutdown of the

6413:"Akzeptanzumfrage 2014: 92 Prozent der Deutschen unterstützen den Ausbau Erneuerbarer Energien" 2892:"Overview CDU/CSU and SPD present Coalition Agreement – 55% to 60% renewables by 2035 and more" 7468: 7351: 7264: 7138: 7033: 7014: 6857: 6820: 6663:(Press release). Berlin, Germany: German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU). 2010-05-05 6613: 6447: 6295: 6033: 5187: 5058: 3537: 3456: 3128: 3027: 2997: 2926: 2795: 2540: 2277: 2187: 2004: 1894: 1708:

German federal audit office report published in March 2021 highlighted the very high costs of

1625:, to be complete by 2022, is contradictory to the goal of the climate portion of the program. 1362: 741: 62: 3823:. Germany: Expert Commission on the "Energy of the Future" Monitoring Process. Archived from 2606: 1256:

Angela Merkel, Speech at 49th World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos on 23 January 2019

25:

Photovoltaic array and wind turbines at the Schneebergerhof wind farm in the German state of

7411: 7006: 6960: 6930: 6912: 6762: 6023: 5967: 5680: 5620: 3710: 3702: 3657: 3118: 3070: 2267: 1543: 1384: 1224: 237: 218: 140: 105: 82: 70: 6892: 5107: 3563:"The Reason Renewables Can't Power Modern Civilization Is Because They Were Never Meant To" 2108:, are only viable if carbon emissions are to be reduced by more than 80%. The study notes: 1941:(SRU) concludes that Germany can attain 100% renewable electricity generation by 2050. The 1434:

In January 2022 the new coalition government reiterated its opposition to the inclusion of

7401: 7396: 7386: 7366: 5529: 4901:"Government projection report confirms Germany clearly off-track from 2030 climate target" 3814:

Löschel, Andreas; Erdmann, Georg; Staiß, Frithjof; Ziesing, Hans-Joachim (November 2015).

3318:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). September 2015 2192: 1748: 1739:

made up 7.0% of Germany's power generation mix in 2017. Biomass has the potential to be a

1679: 1664: 416:

noted that "while the German approach is not unique worldwide, the speed and scope of the

292: 213: 144: 41: 26: 3796:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). December 2014 2629:"Dezentrale Energiegewinnung — Eine Revolutionierung der gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse" 2436:"What does the coalition deal mean for renewables, coal and the power market in Germany?" 2311:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). November 2015 1926: 1671:

the Nord Stream 2 project was first postponed indefinitely and ultimately cancelled. The

1380: 252: 6908: 6758: 6606:

Die Energiewende und ihre Modelle: Was uns Energieszenarien sagen können – und was nicht

5676: 5616: 4445:"EU indecision over gas as green investment imperils supply security – German utilities" 4050:

Climate Action Plan 2050: Principles and goals of the German government's climate policy

3698: 3114: 2955:

Understanding the Energiewende: FAQ on the ongoing transition of the German power system

7613: 7431: 7416: 7346: 5753: 4143:

Die Energie der Zukunft: Fünfter Monitoring-Bericht zur Energiewende: Berichtsjahr 2015

2148: 2039: 2034: 1859: 1834: 1771: 1752: 1740: 1672: 1652: 1633: 1288: 1272: 863: 802:

rely on a substantial carbon price to drive the transition to low-carbon technologies.

764: 717: 708: 323: 269: 101: 2691:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Archived from 2020:(CCS) technology to reduce industry sector GHG emissions (including cement production) 1893:, run mostly by universities and research institutes. The models are usually based on 1515: 927: 7635: 7436: 6590: 6150: 5835:"Gas wars part one: let's be honest about Germany's growing dependence on fossil gas" 5467:"After scrapping nuclear reactors, Germany to spend billions on new gas power plants" 2272: 2232: 2162: 1898: 1744: 1660: 1505: 1435: 900:

final energy consumption in the transport sector was 1.7% higher in 2014 than in 2005

779: 430: 285: 226: 78: 4496:"Green MEP: Germany 'may need some additional gas turbines' to stabilise renewables" 3724: 3682: 2368:

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz

1374: 7476:

Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy

7441: 7406: 7381: 7224: 7091: 6916: 6661:"Climate-friendly, reliable, affordable: 100% renewable electricity supply by 2050" 3706: 3245:"Troubled turn: Germany's national energy project is becoming a cause for disunion" 2171: 1818: 1702: 1282: 1262: 810: 783: 331: 6995:

Energy Concept for an Environmentally Sound, Reliable and Affordable Energy Supply

6333:"A powerplant in your neighborhood?: acceptance of power plants close to the home" 6028: 2841:

Traufetter, Gerald; Schultz, Stefan; Jung, Alexander; Dohmen, Frank (2019-05-13).

2685:

Energy concept for an environmentally sound, reliable and affordable energy supply

1470:, Germany announced they would re-open 10 GW of coal power to allegedly "conserve 21: 6689:. Berlin, Germany: German Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU). October 2011 6610:

The Energiewende and its models: What energy scenarios can tell us – and what not

5237:"ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl" 4950: 4569:"Germany set to reach original 2020 climate target due to pandemic – researchers" 2991: 2773: 1647:, which constitutes at least one-third of global warming and is leaking into the 7596: 7451: 7446: 7421: 7371: 5757: 5684: 5659:

Bruninx, Kenneth; Madzharov, Darin; Delarue, Erik; D'haeseleer, William (2013).

4797:"Germany: Coal tops wind as primary electricity source | DW | 13 September 2021" 2891: 2588:

In support of the claim that Krause et al. (1980) was the first use of the term

2305:

The Energy of the Future: Fourth "Energy Transition" Monitoring Report — Summary

1640: 1471: 1333: 1325: 870:

energy efficiency. German industry is expected to make a sizeable contribution.

767:) will no longer be fixed by the government, but will be determined by auction. 701: 315:

was published by the German government in September 2010, six months before the

222: 160: 6766: 5624: 5506:"Court of Auditors considers power supply jeopardised - energate messenger.com" 3123: 3098: 2461:"Reflections on Germany's nuclear phaseout - Nuclear Engineering International" 1793:

selling gas containing 10% of biogas, 1% hydrogen and 90% imported fossil gas.

7356: 7087: 7010: 5705:"Polish academics urge end to Germany's nuclear phaseout – World Nuclear News" 5356:"Habeck braucht Geld für Kraftwerke: Die nächsten 60 Milliarden fehlen - WELT" 3099:"Germany faces its future as a pioneer in sustainability and renewable energy" 2631:[Decentralized energy production — a revolution in social relations]. 2247: 2138: 2105: 1502: 1243: 1236: 410: 371: 327: 125: 117: 74: 6824: 6299: 6037: 5191: 5062: 3765:"National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE): making more out of energy" 3541: 2050:(CCS) is excluded from the scenarios. An energy scenario emitting 85% less CO 1992:

increased use of domestic renewables (with a focus on electricity generation)

143:

possibly by 2030, and latest by 2038. The early retirement of the Country's

4693:"Supply security: Uniper coal plant needs to stay in reserve a while longer" 4520:"Germany to fall short of 2020 climate goals: report | DW | 6 February 2019" 3817:

Statement on the Fourth Monitoring Report of the Federal Government for 2014

2525:

Krause, Florentin; Bossel, Hartmut; Müller-Reißmann, Karl-Friedrich (1980).

2156: 2011: 1509: 846:

billion in energy research in 2013. The German Federal Government spent €820

7101: 7059: 6683:

Pathways towards a 100 % renewable electricity system — Special report

5971: 5758:"Dear Stefan Löfven – Letter to Swedish Prime Minister from Sigmar Gabriel" 5212:"Germany rethinks nuclear power exit due to threat of winter energy crunch" 4852:"Skyrocketing Natural Gas Prices Create New Opportunity for Nuclear Energy" 4345: 3132: 3020:

Consulting with energy scenarios: requirements for scientific policy advice

897:

energy efficiency increased by an average annual 1.6% between 2008 and 2014

716:

average of 18% usage of renewables. Producers have been guaranteed a fixed

6856:. Berlin, Germany: acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering. 6332: 6100: 4319:"Land set to become "new currency" of Germany's energy transition – study" 3026:. Berlin, Germany: acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering. 1474:" following the shortage in Europe. This led to a subsequent criticism of 907:

A commentary on the progress report expands on many of the issues raised.

7194: 7169: 5162:"Germany will fire up coal plants again in an effort to save natural gas" 4278: 3289: 3272: 3194: 1809:, as private households, land owners, or members of energy cooperatives ( 1346: 1166:

would be better, but that achieving agreement across Europe is unlikely.

795: 728: 241: 4951:"The Clean Energy Revolution: from fossil fuels to renewables + nuclear" 4544:"Climate goal failure warrants high Energiewende priority- gov advisors" 4302:"Mission-oriented R&I policies: In-depth case studies: Energiewende" 1989:

energy efficiency improvements (in all sectors, especially in buildings)

1239:

voting in favor and later releasing a non-binding "dissenting opinion".

7030:

Inside the Energiewende: Twists and Turns on Germany's Soft Energy Path

6997:, 28 September 2010 (English translation of the German policy document) 6149:

Ukhanova, Mariya; Schoof, Nicolas; Neher, Lucas; Luick, Rainer (2018).

3715: 3146:"Sixth 'Energy Transition' Monitoring Report – The Energy of the Future 2092: 1870: 1736: 1644: 1350: 1232: 185: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 66: 6792:. Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute For Solar Energy Systems ISE 6542:"Winds of change push German power grid to brink | DW | 11 March 2020" 6112: 4619:"RWE gas-fired plant to supply German nuclear decommissioning project" 2533:

Energy transition: growth and prosperity without petroleum and uranium

2033:

Using the model REMod-D (Renewable Energy Model – Germany), this 2015

1686:

are planning to build an additional 4,000 kilometres (2,500 miles) of

1501:

In October 2022, Germany ministry of energy approved extension of RWE

7199: 3523:"Power storage: an important option for the German energy transition" 2418:"Bund und Länder einigen sich auf Stilllegungspfad zum Kohleausstieg" 1786: 1770:), particulates and other pollutants, although biomass produces less 1656: 7107: 5084:"Germany takes firm pro-gas stance in green taxonomy feedback to EU" 4085:

Amelang, Sören; Wehrmann, Benjamin; Wettengel, Julian (2016-11-17).

3790:

Making more out of energy: National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency

3661: 3074: 1190:

regarded as "lackluster" and the energy transition "stalling." High

5730:"Germany says can't exit coal-fired energy at same time as nuclear" 5406:"Germany outlines $ 17 bln plan to subsidise gas-to-hydrogen shift" 4773:"Wegen Zustimmung zum Atomausstieg: Vorwürfe gegen Ethikkommission" 2816:"Deutschlands Energiewende – Ein Gemeinschaftswerk für die Zukunft" 1981:. The 2015 German country report, produced in association with the 1697:

emissions in Germany, had been contrasted with France's successful

724:, and unrealistic promises have been shown to be far from reality. 7095: 7053: 6963:; Bauer, Zack AF; Goodman, Savannah C; Chapman, William E (2016). 5137:"German emissions fall by a fifth amid stagnant industrial output" 4820: 4668:"Bavaria gets new gas-fired power plant to ensure supply security" 4072:

This document is not an extract translated from the official plan.

4014:

Climate protection plan 2050: Cabinet decision of 14 November 2016

2633:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW)

1833: 1823: 1821:

of community ownership of renewable generation in their locality.

1577: 1514: 1287: 1173: 926: 914: 749: 384: 274:

and Peter Ahmels were crucial. In the following decades, the term

212: 20: 6966:

Spreadsheets for 139-country 100% wind, water, and solar roadmaps

6819:. Berlin, Germany: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW). 6591:"Against the wind: Local opposition to the German 'Energiewende'" 4999: 4274:"INFOGRAPHIC: Can Germany's Energiewende ensure supply security?" 3521:

Schill, Wolf-Peter; Diekmann, Jochen; Zerrahn, Alexander (2015).

1655:, but particularly Germany, is making itself overly dependent on 1582:

Components of the German electricity price for households in 2016

1186:

was not progressing at the anticipated speed, with the Country's

919:

Electricity generation, demands and exports in Germany, 2003–2017

7234: 4876:"Germany to widely miss 2030 climate target – draft govt report" 3926:

Energiewende: Was bedeuten die neuen Gesetze? – 102/06-H-2016/DE

1961:) to be extended nor the construction of coal-fired plants with 753: 713: 7111: 4201:"Urgent rethink required as Germany's energy transition stalls" 3219:

Latsch, Gunther; Seith, Anne; Traufetter, Gerald (2014-01-30).

1478:

strategy, and how this impacted different countries in Europe.

1296:

The 2020 climate goals were successful in the following areas:

278:

expanded in scope; in its present form, it dates back to 2002.

7078: 6173:"Is Germany's Greenpeace Energy at peace selling natural gas?" 5986:"Letter: Germany should postpone nuclear exit to help climate" 3850:"Germany takes steps to roll back renewable energy revolution" 2042:

and consumer sectors — be achieved while meeting the declared

1756: 154: 6604:

Dieckhoff, Christian; Leuschner, Anna, eds. (November 2016).

5261:"Duits dorp bij Roermond verliest strijd tegen bruinkoolmijn" 5051:"Germany's meltdown over nuclear power risks a costly winter" 4009:

Klimaschutzplan 2050: Kabinettbeschluss vom 14. November 2016

3417:

SPIEGEL, Melanie Amann, Gerald Traufetter, DER (2019-03-19).

3148:, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, June 2018 2493:. Washington, DC, USA: Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Archived from 1838:

Acceptance of power plants in the neighborhood (Germany 2014)

1391:

overall electricity in Germany, with proportionally higher CO

643:

Primary energy consumption in buildings (the base year 2008)

6417:

Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien (Renewable Energies Agency)

5579:"Does renewables pioneer Germany risk running out of power?" 5286:"Germany extends lifespan of all three nuclear power plants" 3221:"Gone with the wind: weak returns cripple German renewables" 1379:

from Stuttgart university published an open letter accusing

894:

renewable generation is the number-one source of electricity

873:

An official Federal Government report on progress under the

303: 108:

target of 60% by 2050. Germany had made progress on its GHG

104:(GHG) reductions of 80–95% by 2050 (relative to 1990) and a 6778: 6776: 5908:

Hook, Leslie; Thomas, Nathalie; Tighe, Chris (2019-10-01).

5554:"Gas-fired power generation reaches record high in Germany" 3931:

Energiewende: What do the new laws mean? — 102/06-H-2016/DE

2046:

targets and ensuring a secure energy supply at all times."

2003:

final energy demand reductions through behavioral changes (

1411:

each year and hinder decarbonization efforts even further.

881:

energy consumption fell by 4.7% in 2014 (from 2013) and at

429:

also sought a greater transparency in relation to national

7056:– a news service covering the energy transition in Germany 6612:] (in German). Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag. 5786:"Gas, a prominent guest at German energy transition event" 4927:"Intellectuals urge Germany to keep nuclear plants online" 4421:"German MEP: Nord Stream 2 needs a 'European' perspective" 4148:

The energy of the future: Fifth monitoring report for the

1725:

emissions instead of 25% in the study period (2002–2022).

251:

was first contained in the title of a 1980 publication by

5885:"Germany's green energy shift is more fizzle than sizzle" 3876:"German cabinet agrees to costly underground power lines" 2656:[With citizen involvement for the Energiewende]. 2528:

Energie-Wende: Wachstum und Wohlstand ohne Erdöl und Uran

1314:

increasing renewable energy share in the transport sector

805:

Coal-fired generation needs to be retired as part of the

7005:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 5025:"Germany off course to 2030 climate target – think tank" 2010:

net imports of electricity from renewable sources or of

1423:

as it was going through the process of decommissioning.

5935:"Germany's energy drive criticised over expense, risks" 5180:"CDU-Vize Kretschmer hält Energiewende für gescheitert" 3769:

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

2868:"Verflechtung und Integration | Internationale Politik" 1847:

share of total energy from renewables was 11% in 2014.

1815:

Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy

824:

is made up of various building blocks and assumptions.

677:

Final energy consumption in transport (base year 2005)

440:

Important aspects included (as of November 2016):

116:

goal, equal to the maximum historical value. Germany's

7003:

Energy democracy: Germany's Energiewende to renewables

2993:

Energy Democracy. Germany's Energiewende to Renewables

1178:

Jobs in the renewable energy sector in Germany in 2018

977:

Sector targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions

968: 7585: 6636:

Blueprint Germany: a strategy for a climate safe 2050

5424:"Bundesregierung einigt sich auf Kraftwerksstrategie" 3595:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende. Archived from 2238:

List of countries by renewable electricity production

1933:

2011 German Advisory Council on the Environment study

1361:. In 2022, another coal power plant was restarted in 7560:

Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

6514:"Share of German citizen renewable energy shrinking" 4080: 4078: 1453:

and high energy prices. The Berlin-based think-tank

1197:

A 2018 European Commission case study report on the

7530: 7497:

The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger

7460: 7339: 7303: 7243: 7145: 5530:"Electricity Prices in Europe – Who Pays the Most?" 3738:Schmid, Eva; Knopf, Brigitte; Pechan, Anna (2015). 2925:. Oxford, UK: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. 2007:

in transport, changes in eating and heating habits)

770:Market redesign was perceived as a key part of the 625:Gross electricity consumption (the base year 2008) 291:In a broader sense, the transition also entailed a 6710:Hillebrandt, Katharina; et al., eds. (2015). 6566:"An ill wind blows for the onshore power industry" 6379:University of Lüneburg; Nestle, Uwe (April 2014). 2843:"German failure on the road to a renewable future" 2329:Hillebrandt, Katharina; et al., eds. (2015). 794:(EU ETS) needs to be reformed to create a genuine 6847:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016). 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6199:"Polls reveal citizens' support for Energiewende" 5728:Severin, Thorsten; Bryan, Victoria (2014-10-12). 5605:Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 3189: 3187: 3017:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016). 1999:In addition, some scenarios use controversially: 1336:power plant was announced by RWE near the former 967:. The goal for the energy sector is shown in the 7483:The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now 7064:Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy 6842: 6840: 6197:Amelang, Sören; Wettengel, Julian (2016-05-04). 4111:Egenter, Sven; Wehrmann, Benjamin (2016-12-15). 3937:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3683:"The German energy transition as a regime shift" 1969:2015 Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project study 1925:(WWF) Germany published a study prepared by the 592:Primary energy consumption (the base year 2008) 321:Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy 6810:Zerrahn, Alexander; Schill, Wolf-Peter (2015). 6232:"Germany between citizens' energy and Nimbyism" 5810:"Germany's dependence on imported fossil fuels" 4975:"The catch with Germany's green transformation" 2110: 2062: 1550:The last three nuclear power plants in Germany— 1248: 660:Heat consumption in buildings (base year 2008) 389:Energy transition scenario in Germany from 2012 343: 6783:Henning, Hans-Martin; Palzer, Andreas (2015). 5000:"Strommix 2022: Stromerzeugung in Deutschland" 4371:"German commission proposes coal exit by 2038" 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3195:"Germany's energy transformation Energiewende" 2774:"Letter from Sigmar Gabriel to Stefan Loevfen" 2578:: history, targets, policies and challenges". 891:petajoules reached its lowest level since 1990 483:Greenhouse gas emissions (the base year 1990) 217:The main renewable energy sources in Germany: 7123: 6320:Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung 4043: 4041: 2484:Jungjohann, Arne; Morris, Craig (June 2014). 2298: 2296: 2294: 2228:Germany National Renewable Energy Action Plan 963:November 2016, introduced sector targets for 8: 7081:– a comprehensive website maintained by the 5960:Journal of the European Economic Association 5639:"Components of the German electricity price" 3475:Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin 3441:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1955: 1547:paid for maintaining the baseload capacity. 862:and how latency in the national electricity 69:. The new system intends to rely heavily on 33: 7175:Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland 6713:Pathways to deep decarbonization in Germany 6472:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6128:"Proposed biomass plant: Better than coal?" 6016:International Journal of Sustainable Energy 4644:"Germany Brings Last New Coal Plant Online" 4117:price to retain Energiewende's credibility" 3269:Electricity prices for industrial consumers 2332:Pathways to deep decarbonization in Germany 853:The social and political dimensions of the 7130: 7116: 7108: 6493:Energy Transition: The German Energiewende 4225:"Germans fall out of love with wind power" 3956:"Energiewende: What do the new laws mean?" 3900:"Energiewende: What do the new laws mean?" 2823:Ethik-Kommission Sichere Energieversorgung 1939:German Advisory Council on the Environment 1324:In 2020, a number of previously shut down 420:are exceptional". A characteristic of the 393:After the 2013 federal elections, the new 261:Energiewende: Atomausstieg und Klimaschutz 7321:National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency 6027: 3714: 3122: 1782:, and potential of groundwater recharge. 1523:was taken out of service on 15 April 2023 1261:A similar statement was voiced by SPD MP 1182:Since 2017, it had become clear that the 405:(SPD) coalition government continued the 240:publications without being translated (a 201:Learn how and when to remove this message 7001:Morris, Craig; Jungjohann, Arne (2016). 6747:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6053:"German Business Is Tangled in Red Tape" 2990:Jungjohann, Arne; Morris, Craig (2016). 2539:(in German). Germany: S Fischer Verlag. 1759: 975: 617: 510:Share of gross final energy consumption 444: 7592: 6101:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41603.pdf 2654:"Mit Bürgerengagement zur Energiewende" 2290: 1885:Much of the policy development for the 1124: 1107: 939:targets, despite recent reforms to the 931:Development of carbon dioxide emissions 792:European Union Emissions Trading Scheme 530:Share of gross electricity consumption 7220:Nuclear reprocessing plant Wackersdorf 7096:Berlin Energy Transition Dialogue 2016 6536: 6534: 6489:"Few new German energy co-ops in 2014" 6465: 6077:"Germany's energy consumption in 2017" 5910:"How Britain ended its coal addiction" 5308: 5306: 4419:Michalopoulos, Sarantis (2021-03-19). 3434: 2580:Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review 2263:Renewable energy in the European Union 2076:German Institute for Economic Research 1125: 610:Final energy productivity (2008–2050) 584: 502: 473: 7326:National Renewable Energy Action Plan 7230:Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH 6440:Renewables 2015: global status report 4850:Shellenberger, Michael (2021-09-14). 4845: 4843: 4841: 4340: 4338: 3989:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3630:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3503:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3399:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3372:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3345:. Berlin, Germany: Agora Energiewende 3092: 3090: 2836: 2834: 2832: 1975:Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project 1445:In 2023, Germany achieved its lowest 700:drive. A chart showing German energy 696:In addition, there was an associated 449:policy targets and status as of 2016 395:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 124:intensity due a significant coal and 100:was passed in late 2010 and included 48: 7: 7550:History of the anti-nuclear movement 7511:World Nuclear Industry Status Report 6446:. Paris, France: REN21 Secretariat. 6265:. St Gallen, Switzerland. 2016-09-08 5082:Kurmayer, Nikolaus J. (2022-01-24). 4925:Kurmayer, Nikolaus J. (2021-10-13). 4494:Kurmayer, Nikolaus J. (2021-11-01). 4087:"Germany's Climate Action Plan 2050" 2184:– German building energy regulations 1801:As of 2016, citizen support for the 1617:A comprehensive study, published in 1310:The following climate goals failed: 183:adding citations to reliable sources 16:Ongoing energy transition in Germany 7275:List of photovoltaic power stations 6113:"Air pollution from biomass energy" 5338:Brinker, Lina-Sophie (2024-06-27). 2919:The Energiewende — Germany's gamble 2603:"Origin of the term "Energiewende"" 1866:policies, specifically wind power. 1850:Changes in energy policy, with the 1632:German Economy and Energy Minister 1605:After introduction of the original 1414:The new coalition formed after the 1317:reducing primary energy consumption 1149:The fifth monitoring report on the 437:increased to €800 million in 2017. 284:designated a significant change in 7662:Renewable energy commercialization 7280:Renewable energy commercialization 7180:EnBW Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG 6283:Mühlenhoff, Jörg (December 2010). 5883:Oroschakoff, Kalina (2018-03-23). 3648:Schiermeier, Quirin (2013-04-10). 3061:Schiermeier, Quirin (2013-04-10). 2574:Jacobs, David (2012). "The German 2253:Renewable energy commercialization 1562:—were shut down on 15 April 2023. 1210:emissions, contributing over 40%. 403:Social Democratic Party of Germany 311:The policy document outlining the 44:for 'energy turnaround') ( 14: 7555:List of power stations in Germany 7545:The Greens–European Free Alliance 6699:(Public domain, see PDF metadata) 6126:Eartha Jane Melzer (2010-01-26). 4856:michaelshellenberger.substack.com 3874:Chambers, Madeline (2015-10-07). 2660:(in German). 2011. Archived from 2223:German Solar Industry Association 2122:The Atmosphere/Energy Program at 1797:Citizen support and participation 1789:as partially renewable fuel with 1621:in 2013, reported that Germany's 1306:reducing greenhouse gas emissions 1303:increasing renewable energy share 399:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 7619: 7607: 7595: 7155:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany 6294:(46). Translated by Hill, Phil. 3848:Oltermann, Philip (2016-10-11). 2750:"A Tale of Two Decarbonizations" 2155: 2141: 1680:electricity transmission network 1669:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1468:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1140:1990 and 2014 values are actual. 159: 7032:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 5114:from the original on 2021-04-18 4642:Proctor, Darrell (2020-06-02). 4623:Power Engineering International 2374:from the original on 2022-03-24 2364:"Atomkraftwerke in Deutschland" 1901:, while others are confined to 1701:of its energy sector under the 1592:environmental damage of biomass 170:needs additional citations for 139:, and plans to retire existing 6917:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.087 6642:. Berlin, Germany: WWF Germany 6010:Emblemsvåg, Jan (2024-12-31). 5314:"Germany | Electricity Trends" 5049:Millard, Rachel (2022-01-08). 3707:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.01.019 3473:(in German). Berlin, Germany: 2118:2016 Stanford University study 965:greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 567:Share in the transport sector 1: 7490:The Fourth Revolution: Energy 6353:Amelang, Sören (2016-06-29). 6230:Borchert, Lars (2015-03-10). 6029:10.1080/14786451.2024.2355642 5933:Wacket, Markus (2021-03-30). 4771:Wetzel, Daniel (2021-05-31). 3962:. Berlin, Germany. 2016-11-18 3906:. Berlin, Germany. 2016-10-14 2794:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 2213:The Fourth Revolution: Energy 2177:Electricity sector in Germany 1684:transmission system operators 1359:Grohnde nuclear power station 756:(excluding taxes) in the EU. 7331:Renewable Energy Sources Act 7270:Energy transition in Germany 7072:– a legal blog covering the 6487:Morris, Craig (2015-02-24). 6051:Eddy, Melissa (2024-04-09). 5160:Eddy, Melissa (2022-06-19). 4617:nicholasnhede (2020-11-19). 3097:Curry, Andrew (2019-03-27). 1852:Renewable Energy Sources Act 1154:including a flat national CO 941:Renewable Energy Sources Act 761:Renewable Energy Sources Act 759:On 1 August 2014, a revised 612: 96:Legislative support for the 7667:Renewable energy in Germany 7285:Renewable energy in Germany 6177:Climate & Capital Media 6155:Grassland Science in Europe 5784:Stam, Claire (2019-04-09). 5685:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.026 4743:"Unabhängige Wissenschaft?" 3620:Agora Energiewende (2015). 3586:Agora Energiewende (2014). 3494:Agora Energiewende (2014). 3390:Agora Energiewende (2016). 3363:Agora Energiewende (2015). 3336:Agora Energiewende (2013). 2952:Agora Energiewende (2015). 2916:Buchan, David (June 2012). 2258:Renewable energy in Germany 2218:German Renewable Energy Act 1496:Russian invasion of Ukraine 817:is required by about 2040. 7683: 7522:Films about nuclear issues 7517:Books about nuclear issues 6767:10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.012 5709:www.world-nuclear-news.org 5625:10.1016/j.eist.2015.06.005 5510:www.energate-messenger.com 3681:Strunz, Sebastian (2014). 3286:Electricity prices (table) 3124:10.1038/d41586-019-00916-1 2792:Storms of my grandchildren 2754:The Breakthrough Institute 2048:Carbon capture and storage 2018:carbon capture and storage 1963:carbon capture and storage 1923:World Wide Fund for Nature 1785:There are attempts to use 1768:volatile organic compounds 1663:, thereby undermining its 1338:Biblis nuclear power plant 1320:final energy productivity. 1215: 1108: 1091: 1074: 1057: 1040: 1023: 1006: 985: 959:for Germany, adopted on 14 726: 676: 659: 642: 624: 609: 591: 586:Efficiency and consumption 566: 550:Share of heat consumption 549: 529: 509: 482: 369: 336:Storms of My Grandchildren 317:Fukushima nuclear accident 7647:Climate change in Germany 7565:Nuclear-Free Future Award 7190:Free Republic of Wendland 7028:Sturm, Christine (2020). 7011:10.1007/978-3-319-31891-2 5186:(in German). 2022-08-01. 4747:www.igte.uni-stuttgart.de 4346:"Germany 2020 – Analysis" 2847:Der Spiegel International 2658:Deutscher Naturschutzring 2487:The German coal conundrum 2129:concentrating solar power 2029:2015 Fraunhofer ISE study 1766:(nitrogen oxides), VOCs ( 1300:closure of nuclear plants 813:together with a shift to 357:Federal Court of Auditors 7657:Energy policy of Germany 7311:Climate Action Plan 2050 7210:Nuclear power in Germany 7205:List of nuclear reactors 7165:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival 7083:Heinrich Böll Foundation 7079:German Energy Transition 7054:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 6359:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 6236:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 6203:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 4121:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 4091:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3960:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3904:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3856:. London, United Kingdom 3561:Shellenberger, Michael. 2872:internationalepolitik.de 2182:Energieeinsparverordnung 1521:Isar Nuclear Power Plant 1447:greenhouse gas emissions 1368:In June 2021, professor 1201:noted 27% decrease in CO 707:The targets went beyond 698:research and development 476:Greenhouse gas emissions 326:lobbied Swedish company 133:phased out nuclear power 91:energy demand management 50:[ʔenɐˈɡiːˌvɛndə] 7316:Energy Saving Ordinance 7215:Nuclear power phase-out 6262:University of St Gallen 5387:(in German). 2024-01-04 5362:(in German). 2024-01-15 4955:Clean Energy Revolution 1943:German Aerospace Center 1937:A 2011 report from the 1623:nuclear power phase-out 1440:EU sustainable taxonomy 866:may restrict progress. 786:is also central to the 381:Initial phase 2013–2016 135:in 2023 as part of the 7575:Nuclear weapons debate 7540:Environmental movement 7427:Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake 7377:Siegwart Horst Günther 7290:Solar power in Germany 6132:The Michigan Messenger 5267:(in Dutch). 2022-10-14 2996:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2790:Hansen, James (2009). 2203:Federal Network Agency 2115: 2102:demand-side management 2067: 1956: 1903:electricity generation 1839: 1831: 1583: 1524: 1365:for the same reasons. 1293: 1259: 1229:German Coal Commission 1179: 1129:Units: million tonnes 932: 920: 704:in 2016 is available. 390: 353: 308: 229: 34: 29: 7295:Wind power in Germany 7253:100% renewable energy 7160:Anti-nuclear protests 3530:DIW Economic Bulletin 2898:. Germany. 2013-11-27 2208:Fossil fuel phase-out 1837: 1827: 1659:for gas supplies via 1581: 1518: 1291: 1218:Surface power density 1177: 930: 918: 842:Germany invested €1.5 815:100% renewable energy 388: 307: 236:is regularly used in 216: 24: 7570:Nuclear power debate 6633:WWF Germany (2009). 5972:10.1093/jeea/jvac007 4113:"Experts call for CO 3687:Ecological Economics 1780:loss of biodiversity 1693:Slow reduction of CO 1607:Renewable Energy Act 1567:dispatchable sources 1235:voting against, and 1001:(2030 relative 1990) 837:electricity networks 179:improve this article 7642:Emissions reduction 7185:E.ON Kernkraft GmbH 6909:2016ApEn..171..555L 6759:2014RSERv..30.1003H 5677:2013EnPol..60..251B 5617:2016EIST...18..147L 3699:2014EcoEc.100..150S 3115:2019Natur.567S..51C 2961:. Berlin, Germany: 2465:www.neimagazine.com 2198:European Green Deal 2124:Stanford University 1983:Wuppertal Institute 1791:Green Planet Energy 1482:(CDU) declared the 982: 957:Climate Action Plan 826:Electricity storage 450: 376:Wandel durch Handel 355:In 2019, Germany's 110:emissions reduction 7098:, 17–18 March 2016 7070:German Energy Blog 6959:Delucchi, Mark A; 6057:The New York Times 5492:Bundesrechnungshof 5344:. Umweltbundesamt. 5166:The New York Times 4825:1 Milliarde Tonnen 4152:: Report year 2015 3457:Quaschning, Volker 2963:Agora Energiewende 2896:German Energy Blog 2849:. Hamburg, Germany 2243:Low-carbon economy 2087:2016 acatech study 2044:climate protection 1979:low-carbon economy 1889:is underpinned by 1840: 1832: 1688:transmission lines 1667:. In light of the 1584: 1525: 1480:Michael Kretschmer 1455:Agora Energiewende 1428:Agora Energiewende 1294: 1268:Agora Energiewende 1192:electricity prices 1180: 976: 933: 921: 911:Slowdown from 2016 776:electricity market 445: 414:Agora Energiewende 391: 334:in his 2009 book " 309: 230: 30: 7652:Energy in Germany 7583: 7582: 7469:The Atom Besieged 7352:Hildegard Breiner 7265:Energy transition 7139:Energy in Germany 7020:978-3-319-31890-5 6979:xlsx-spreadsheets 6863:978-3-8047-3549-1 6619:978-3-8376-3171-5 6518:Energy Transition 6495:. Berlin, Germany 6453:978-3-9815934-6-4 6419:. Berlin, Germany 6361:. Berlin, Germany 6238:. Berlin, Germany 6205:. Berlin, Germany 6081:Energy Transition 5839:Energy Transition 5814:Clean Energy Wire 5558:Clean Energy Wire 5029:Clean Energy Wire 4905:Clean Energy Wire 4880:Clean Energy Wire 4697:Clean Energy Wire 4672:Clean Energy Wire 4598:www.uniper.energy 4573:Clean Energy Wire 4548:Clean Energy Wire 4449:Clean Energy Wire 4375:Clean Energy Wire 4323:Clean Energy Wire 4205:Clean Energy Wire 4093:. Berlin, Germany 3109:(7749): S51–S53. 3033:978-3-8047-3550-7 3003:978-3-319-31890-5 2932:978-1-907555-52-7 2627:Paulitz, Henrik. 2546:978-3-10-007705-9 2440:Clean Energy Wire 2278:Greenpeace Energy 2188:Energy in Germany 1951:nuclear phase-out 1895:scenario analysis 1875:Baden-Württemberg 1560:Neckarwestheim II 1363:Schongau, Bavaria 1147: 1146: 833:Energy efficiency 694: 693: 211: 210: 203: 141:coal power plants 87:energy efficiency 63:energy transition 61:) is the ongoing 7674: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7602:Renewable energy 7600: 7599: 7591: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7109: 7062:– hosted by the 7043: 7024: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6961:Jacobson, Mark Z 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6931:Jacobson, Mark Z 6927: 6921: 6920: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6872: 6866:. Archived from 6855: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6818: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6725: 6718: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6471: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6393: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6302:. Archived from 6289: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6227: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6134:. Archived from 6123: 6117: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6031: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5966:(3): 1311–1346. 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5762: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5088:www.euractiv.com 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4931:www.euractiv.com 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4847: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4749:. Archived from 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4500:www.euractiv.com 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4425:www.euractiv.com 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123:. Berlin, German 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4055: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3472: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3307: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3036:. Archived from 3025: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2965:. Archived from 2960: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2924: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2838: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2723: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2605:. Archived from 2599: 2593: 2587: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2549:. Archived from 2538: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2395:. Archived from 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2268:Soft energy path 2165: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2097:gas power plants 1959: 1881:Computer studies 1764: 1601: 1385:Matthias Kleiner 1378: 1257: 1163: 1002: 983: 980: 962: 950: 946: 890: 887: 886: 849: 845: 504:Renewable energy 451: 411:policy institute 351: 273: 258: 238:English language 206: 199: 195: 192: 186: 163: 155: 145:nuclear reactors 106:renewable energy 83:hydroelectricity 71:renewable energy 60: 59: 58: 52: 47: 39: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7594: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7532: 7526: 7456: 7402:Rainer Moormann 7397:Irene Meichsner 7392:André Larivière 7387:Claudia Kemfert 7367:Hans-Josef Fell 7362:Hans-Peter Dürr 7335: 7299: 7245: 7239: 7147: 7141: 7136: 7102:Strom-Report.de 7050: 7040: 7027: 7021: 7000: 6991: 6989:Further reading 6986: 6985: 6971: 6969: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6853: 6846: 6845: 6838: 6829: 6827: 6816: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6539: 6532: 6523: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6498: 6496: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6443: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6364: 6362: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6268: 6266: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6229: 6228: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6182: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5993: 5990:Financial Times 5984: 5983: 5979: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5916: 5914:Financial Times 5907: 5906: 5902: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5868: 5866: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5844: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5767: 5760: 5754:Gabriel, Sigmar 5752: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5689: 5687: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5216:Financial Times 5210: 5209: 5205: 5196: 5194: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5141:Financial Times 5135: 5134: 5130: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5092: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4229:Financial Times 4223: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3662:10.1038/496156a 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3544: 3536:(10): 137–146. 3525: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3470: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3297: 3284: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3079: 3077: 3075:10.1038/496156a 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3023: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2958: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2840: 2839: 2830: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2665: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2536: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2422:Bundesregierung 2416: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2193:Energy modeling 2161: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2120: 2089: 2072: 2058: 2053: 2040:energy carriers 2031: 1971: 1935: 1919: 1891:computer models 1883: 1799: 1763: 1757: 1749:carbon monoxide 1747:in the form of 1734: 1724: 1720: 1699:decarbonization 1696: 1665:energy security 1599: 1576: 1536: 1531: 1464: 1410: 1394: 1372: 1258: 1255: 1220: 1209: 1204: 1172: 1161: 1157: 1143: 1134: 1000: 999: 978: 960: 948: 944: 913: 888: 884: 882: 847: 843: 765:feed-in tariffs 731: 712:surpassing the 619: 614: 383: 378: 352: 349: 302: 293:democratization 267: 265:Wolf von Fabeck 256: 207: 196: 190: 187: 176: 164: 153: 123: 55: 54: 53: 45: 27:Rheinland-Pfalz 17: 12: 11: 5: 7680: 7678: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7626:European Union 7616: 7604: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7504:What Will Work 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7432:Michael Sladek 7429: 7424: 7419: 7417:Hermann Scheer 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7347:Hermann Behmel 7343: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7057: 7049: 7048:External links 7046: 7045: 7044: 7039:978-3030427290 7038: 7025: 7019: 6998: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6951: 6922: 6897:Applied Energy 6883: 6862: 6836: 6802: 6772: 6736: 6702: 6673: 6652: 6625: 6618: 6596: 6582: 6557: 6546:Deutsche Welle 6530: 6505: 6479: 6452: 6437:REN21 (2015). 6429: 6404: 6371: 6345: 6324: 6292:Renews Special 6275: 6248: 6215: 6189: 6164: 6141: 6138:on 2010-02-05. 6118: 6104: 6093: 6068: 6043: 6002: 5977: 5950: 5925: 5900: 5875: 5864:Deutsche Welle 5851: 5826: 5801: 5776: 5756:(2014-10-13). 5745: 5720: 5696: 5651: 5630: 5595: 5570: 5545: 5534:Stromvergleich 5521: 5497: 5476: 5458: 5440: 5415: 5397: 5372: 5347: 5330: 5302: 5277: 5252: 5228: 5203: 5171: 5152: 5128: 5099: 5074: 5041: 5016: 4991: 4966: 4942: 4917: 4892: 4867: 4837: 4812: 4801:Deutsche Welle 4788: 4763: 4734: 4709: 4684: 4659: 4648:POWER Magazine 4634: 4609: 4585: 4560: 4535: 4524:Deutsche Welle 4511: 4486: 4461: 4436: 4411: 4387: 4362: 4334: 4310: 4293: 4265: 4254:Deutsche Welle 4241: 4216: 4192: 4181:Deutsche Welle 4168: 4133: 4114: 4103: 4074: 4037: 3999: 3972: 3947: 3916: 3891: 3866: 3840: 3806: 3780: 3756: 3730: 3673: 3640: 3612: 3578: 3553: 3513: 3486: 3459:(2016-06-20). 3448: 3409: 3382: 3355: 3328: 3295: 3293:, October 2016 3278: 3276:, October 2015 3261: 3236: 3211: 3183: 3150: 3138: 3086: 3053: 3032: 3009: 3002: 2982: 2944: 2931: 2908: 2883: 2859: 2828: 2807: 2801:978-1608195022 2800: 2782: 2765: 2741: 2708: 2674: 2645: 2619: 2594: 2566: 2545: 2517: 2476: 2452: 2427: 2409: 2384: 2355: 2321: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2152: 2149:Germany portal 2136: 2133: 2119: 2116: 2088: 2085: 2071: 2070:2015 DIW study 2068: 2056: 2051: 2035:Fraunhofer ISE 2030: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1970: 1967: 1934: 1931: 1918: 1917:2009 WWF study 1915: 1882: 1879: 1860:negative price 1858:can lead to a 1819:municipalities 1811:Genossenschaft 1798: 1795: 1772:sulfur dioxide 1753:carbon dioxide 1741:carbon-neutral 1733: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1694: 1673:Scholz cabinet 1653:European Union 1634:Sigmar Gabriel 1575: 1572: 1544:hydrogen-ready 1534: 1529: 1494:caused by the 1476:Energiewende's 1466:Following the 1463: 1460: 1416:2021 elections 1408: 1392: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1273:Peter Altmaier 1253: 1207: 1202: 1188:climate policy 1171: 1168: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 996: 993: 990: 987: 912: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 864:infrastructure 784:Carbon pricing 782:based market. 718:feed-in tariff 709:European Union 692: 691: 688: 686: 684: 681: 678: 674: 673: 671: 669: 667: 664: 661: 657: 656: 653: 651: 649: 647: 644: 640: 639: 636: 634: 632: 629: 626: 622: 621: 616: 611: 607: 606: 603: 601: 599: 596: 593: 589: 588: 582: 581: 579: 577: 574: 571: 568: 564: 563: 561: 559: 557: 554: 551: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 527: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 507: 506: 500: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 480: 479: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 382: 379: 347: 324:Sigmar Gabriel 301: 298: 209: 208: 167: 165: 158: 152: 149: 121: 102:greenhouse gas 73:(particularly 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7679: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437:Ursula Sladek 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7412:Rüdiger Sagel 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304:Public policy 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7060:Energy Topics 7058: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6952: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6884: 6873:on 2016-10-06 6869: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6803: 6788: 6787: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6753:: 1003–1018. 6752: 6748: 6740: 6737: 6726:on 2016-09-09 6722: 6715: 6714: 6706: 6703: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6674: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6638: 6637: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6455: 6449: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6430: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6375: 6372: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6346: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6309:on 2012-05-23 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6276: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6119: 6115:. 2011-03-17. 6114: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6003: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5951: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5777: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665:Energy Policy 5662: 5655: 5652: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5596: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5494:. 2024-03-07. 5493: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5473:. 2024-02-05. 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5455:. 2023-04-18. 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5429: 5428:tagesschau.de 5425: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5386: 5385:www.merkur.de 5382: 5376: 5373: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5331: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5153: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5075: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5055:The Telegraph 5052: 5045: 5042: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4918: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4764: 4753:on 2021-06-01 4752: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4710: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4107: 4104: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4063:on 2017-12-15 4059: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4027:on 2017-09-19 4023: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3830:on 2016-08-05 3826: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3613: 3602:on 2016-06-02 3598: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3487: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3383: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3250: 3249:The Economist 3246: 3240: 3237: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3200: 3199:The Economist 3196: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3173:on 2016-10-06 3169: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3043:on 2016-11-09 3039: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2983: 2972:on 2016-06-02 2968: 2964: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825:. 2011-05-30. 2824: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2779:. 2014-10-13. 2775: 2769: 2766: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2731:on 2016-10-06 2727: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2698:on 2016-10-06 2694: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2675: 2664:on 2016-08-12 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2609:on 2018-10-21 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586:(4): 223–233. 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2556:on 2016-09-14 2552: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2500:on 2016-10-10 2496: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2424:. 2020-01-16. 2423: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2399:on 2020-11-30 2398: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2373: 2370:(in German). 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2345:on 2016-09-09 2341: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2273:Wildpoldsried 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2233:KfW IPEX-Bank 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163:Energy portal 2158: 2153: 2150: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2028: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899:energy sector 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:air pollution 1742: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:Nord Stream 2 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619:Energy Policy 1615: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506:open pit mine 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492:energy crisis 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436:nuclear power 1432: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1152: 1139: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 997: 994: 991: 988: 984: 974: 972: 970: 966: 958: 953: 942: 938: 929: 925: 917: 910: 908: 902: 899: 896: 893: 880: 879: 878: 876: 871: 867: 865: 861: 856: 851: 840: 838: 834: 830: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:marginal cost 777: 774:. The German 773: 768: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 742:German States 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 710: 705: 703: 699: 689: 687: 685: 682: 679: 675: 672: 670: 668: 665: 662: 658: 654: 652: 650: 648: 645: 641: 637: 635: 633: 630: 627: 623: 618:2.1% per year 613:1.1% per year 608: 604: 602: 600: 597: 594: 590: 587: 583: 580: 578: 575: 572: 569: 565: 562: 560: 558: 555: 552: 548: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 528: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 481: 478: 477: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 452: 448: 443: 441: 438: 434: 432: 431:energy policy 428: 423: 419: 415: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 387: 380: 377: 373: 368: 366: 361: 358: 346: 342: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 322: 318: 314: 306: 299: 297: 294: 289: 287: 286:energy policy 283: 279: 277: 271: 266: 262: 254: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 228: 227:photovoltaics 224: 220: 215: 205: 202: 194: 184: 180: 174: 173: 168:This section 166: 162: 157: 156: 150: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 120:has a high CO 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 79:photovoltaics 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 51: 43: 38: 37: 28: 23: 19: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7442:Klaus Traube 7407:Claudia Roth 7382:Robert Jungk 7259:Energiewende 7257: 7225:RWE Power AG 7092:Amory Lovins 7088:Presentation 7074:Energiewende 7073: 7029: 7002: 6977:Direct URL: 6970:. Retrieved 6965: 6954: 6943:. Retrieved 6935: 6925: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6875:. Retrieved 6868:the original 6849: 6828:. Retrieved 6812: 6805: 6794:. Retrieved 6785: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6728:. Retrieved 6721:the original 6712: 6705: 6691:. Retrieved 6682: 6676: 6665:. Retrieved 6655: 6644:. Retrieved 6635: 6628: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6585: 6574:. Retrieved 6572:. 2019-08-20 6569: 6560: 6549:. Retrieved 6545: 6522:. Retrieved 6520:. 2018-02-07 6517: 6508: 6497:. Retrieved 6492: 6482: 6457:. Retrieved 6439: 6432: 6421:. Retrieved 6416: 6407: 6396:. Retrieved 6387: 6381: 6374: 6363:. Retrieved 6358: 6348: 6337:. Retrieved 6327: 6311:. Retrieved 6304:the original 6291: 6278: 6267:. Retrieved 6260: 6251: 6240:. Retrieved 6235: 6207:. Retrieved 6202: 6192: 6181:. Retrieved 6179:. 2021-03-11 6176: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6136:the original 6131: 6121: 6107: 6096: 6085:. Retrieved 6083:. 2018-01-11 6080: 6071: 6060:. Retrieved 6056: 6046: 6019: 6015: 6005: 5994:. Retrieved 5992:. 2021-09-27 5989: 5980: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5942:. Retrieved 5938: 5928: 5917:. Retrieved 5913: 5903: 5892:. Retrieved 5888: 5878: 5867:. Retrieved 5863: 5854: 5843:. Retrieved 5841:. 2019-03-19 5838: 5829: 5818:. Retrieved 5816:. 2015-06-22 5813: 5804: 5793:. Retrieved 5790:euractiv.com 5789: 5779: 5768:. Retrieved 5764: 5748: 5737:. Retrieved 5733: 5723: 5712:. Retrieved 5708: 5699: 5688:. Retrieved 5668: 5664: 5654: 5643:. Retrieved 5633: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5587:. Retrieved 5585:. 2019-07-19 5582: 5573: 5562:. Retrieved 5560:. 2020-02-26 5557: 5548: 5537:. Retrieved 5533: 5524: 5513:. Retrieved 5509: 5500: 5491: 5479: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5432:. Retrieved 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5389:. Retrieved 5384: 5375: 5364:. Retrieved 5359: 5350: 5340: 5333: 5322:. Retrieved 5320:. 2022-03-28 5317: 5294:. Retrieved 5292:. 2022-10-17 5289: 5280: 5269:. Retrieved 5264: 5255: 5244:. Retrieved 5240: 5231: 5220:. Retrieved 5218:. 2022-07-26 5215: 5206: 5195:. Retrieved 5183: 5174: 5165: 5155: 5144:. Retrieved 5140: 5131: 5122: 5116:. Retrieved 5102: 5091:. Retrieved 5087: 5077: 5066:. Retrieved 5054: 5044: 5033:. Retrieved 5031:. 2022-01-07 5028: 5019: 5008:. Retrieved 5004:STROM-REPORT 5003: 4994: 4983:. Retrieved 4981:. 2021-11-25 4978: 4969: 4958:. Retrieved 4954: 4945: 4934:. Retrieved 4930: 4920: 4909:. Retrieved 4907:. 2021-10-19 4904: 4895: 4884:. Retrieved 4882:. 2021-08-20 4879: 4870: 4859:. Retrieved 4855: 4829:. Retrieved 4824: 4815: 4804:. Retrieved 4800: 4791: 4780:. Retrieved 4776: 4766: 4755:. Retrieved 4751:the original 4746: 4737: 4726:. Retrieved 4722: 4712: 4701:. Retrieved 4699:. 2021-06-02 4696: 4687: 4676:. Retrieved 4674:. 2021-02-11 4671: 4662: 4651:. Retrieved 4647: 4637: 4626:. Retrieved 4622: 4612: 4601:. Retrieved 4597: 4588: 4577:. Retrieved 4575:. 2020-08-14 4572: 4563: 4552:. Retrieved 4550:. 2018-06-27 4547: 4538: 4527:. Retrieved 4523: 4514: 4503:. Retrieved 4499: 4489: 4478:. Retrieved 4476:. 2019-01-28 4473: 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4451:. 2021-04-22 4448: 4439: 4428:. Retrieved 4424: 4414: 4403:. Retrieved 4399: 4390: 4379:. Retrieved 4377:. 2019-01-23 4374: 4365: 4354:. Retrieved 4352:. 2020-02-19 4349: 4326:. Retrieved 4322: 4313: 4296: 4285:. Retrieved 4283:. 2016-06-21 4277: 4268: 4257:. Retrieved 4253: 4244: 4233:. Retrieved 4231:. 2019-11-17 4228: 4219: 4208:. Retrieved 4204: 4195: 4184:. Retrieved 4180: 4171: 4160:. Retrieved 4151: 4150:Energiewende 4147: 4142: 4136: 4125:. Retrieved 4120: 4106: 4095:. Retrieved 4090: 4065:. Retrieved 4058:the original 4049: 4029:. Retrieved 4022:the original 4013: 4008: 4002: 3991:. Retrieved 3982: 3975: 3964:. Retrieved 3959: 3950: 3939:. Retrieved 3930: 3925: 3919: 3908:. Retrieved 3903: 3894: 3883:. Retrieved 3879: 3869: 3858:. Retrieved 3854:The Guardian 3853: 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3825:the original 3816: 3809: 3798:. Retrieved 3789: 3783: 3772:. Retrieved 3768: 3759: 3748:. Retrieved 3740: 3733: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3665:. Retrieved 3653: 3643: 3632:. Retrieved 3622: 3615: 3604:. Retrieved 3597:the original 3588: 3581: 3570:. Retrieved 3566: 3556: 3545:. Retrieved 3533: 3529: 3516: 3505:. Retrieved 3496: 3489: 3478:. Retrieved 3466: 3461: 3451: 3426:. Retrieved 3422: 3412: 3401:. Retrieved 3392: 3385: 3374:. Retrieved 3365: 3358: 3347:. Retrieved 3338: 3331: 3320:. Retrieved 3311: 3288: 3281: 3271: 3264: 3253:. Retrieved 3251:. 2013-02-07 3248: 3239: 3228:. Retrieved 3224: 3214: 3203:. Retrieved 3201:. 2012-07-28 3198: 3175:. Retrieved 3168:the original 3159: 3153: 3141: 3106: 3102: 3078:. Retrieved 3066: 3056: 3045:. Retrieved 3038:the original 3019: 3012: 2992: 2985: 2974:. Retrieved 2967:the original 2954: 2947: 2936:. Retrieved 2918: 2911: 2900:. Retrieved 2895: 2886: 2875:. Retrieved 2871: 2862: 2851:. Retrieved 2846: 2822: 2810: 2791: 2785: 2768: 2757:. Retrieved 2753: 2744: 2733:. Retrieved 2726:the original 2717: 2711: 2700:. Retrieved 2693:the original 2684: 2677: 2666:. Retrieved 2662:the original 2657: 2648: 2637:. Retrieved 2632: 2622: 2611:. Retrieved 2607:the original 2597: 2590:Energiewende 2589: 2583: 2579: 2576:Energiewende 2575: 2569: 2558:. Retrieved 2551:the original 2532: 2527: 2520: 2511:Energiewende 2510: 2508: 2502:. Retrieved 2495:the original 2486: 2479: 2468:. Retrieved 2464: 2455: 2444:. Retrieved 2442:. 2021-12-08 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2401:. Retrieved 2397:the original 2387: 2376:. Retrieved 2367: 2358: 2347:. Retrieved 2340:the original 2331: 2324: 2313:. Retrieved 2304: 2172:Dunkelflaute 2121: 2111: 2090: 2080:grid storage 2073: 2063: 2032: 2023: 1998: 1972: 1957:Atomausstieg 1954: 1947: 1936: 1927:Öko-Institut 1920: 1911: 1907:Energiewende 1906: 1887:Energiewende 1886: 1884: 1868: 1864:Energiewende 1863: 1856: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1810: 1807:Energiewende 1806: 1803:Energiewende 1802: 1800: 1784: 1776: 1760: 1735: 1727: 1715: 1710:Energiewende 1709: 1707: 1703:Messmer plan 1692: 1690:until 2030. 1677: 1641:fossil fuels 1638: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1611:Energiewende 1610: 1604: 1598:non-existent 1596: 1588:Energiewende 1587: 1585: 1564: 1549: 1540: 1526: 1500: 1489: 1484:Energiewende 1483: 1475: 1465: 1444: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1381:Klaus Töpfer 1367: 1323: 1309: 1295: 1283:Sven Giegold 1263:Udo Bullmann 1260: 1249: 1241: 1221: 1212: 1199:Energiewende 1198: 1196: 1184:Energiewende 1183: 1181: 1151:Energiewende 1150: 1148: 973: 954: 937:Energiewende 936: 934: 922: 906: 875:Energiewende 874: 872: 868: 860:Energiewende 859: 855:Energiewende 854: 852: 841: 831: 822:Energiewende 821: 819: 811:fossil fuels 807:Energiewende 806: 804: 800:Energiewende 799: 788:Energiewende 787: 772:Energiewende 771: 769: 758: 746:Energiewende 745: 739: 735: 732: 706: 695: 620:(2008–2050) 585: 503: 498:−80 to −95% 474: 447:Energiewende 446: 442: 439: 435: 427:Energiewende 426: 422:Energiewende 421: 418:Energiewende 417: 407:Energiewende 406: 392: 365:Energiewende 364: 362: 354: 344: 340: 332:James Hansen 313:Energiewende 312: 310: 290: 282:Energiewende 281: 280: 276:Energiewende 275: 260: 253:Öko-Institut 249:Energiewende 248: 246: 234:Energiewende 233: 231: 197: 188: 177:Please help 172:verification 169: 137:Energiewende 136: 130: 114:Energiewende 113: 98:Energiewende 97: 95: 36:Energiewende 35: 31: 18: 7452:Armin Weiss 7447:Roland Vogt 7422:Jens Scheer 7372:Erich Fromm 7090:(30:47) by 6903:: 555–580. 6394:(in German) 5671:: 251–261. 5611:: 147–163. 5430:(in German) 5241:www.zeit.de 5184:Der Spiegel 5006:(in German) 4827:(in German) 4723:newsrnd.com 4594:"StackPath" 3716:10419/76875 3693:: 150–158. 3423:Der Spiegel 3225:Der Spiegel 2635:(in German) 2393:"Kernkraft" 2005:modal shift 1774:than coal. 1472:natural gas 1451:Ukraine war 1373: [ 1370:André Thess 1075:Agriculture 702:legislation 615:(2008–2016) 433:formation. 268: [ 223:wind energy 191:August 2020 7636:Categories 7357:Rolf Disch 7244:Renewable 6972:2016-07-26 6945:2016-11-23 6877:2016-06-10 6830:2016-07-07 6796:2016-04-29 6730:2016-04-28 6693:2016-11-11 6667:2016-11-11 6646:2016-05-01 6576:2020-02-28 6551:2020-03-26 6524:2018-02-26 6499:2016-08-04 6459:2016-06-14 6423:2016-06-14 6398:2016-09-09 6365:2016-07-02 6339:2016-06-14 6313:2016-08-05 6269:2016-09-09 6242:2016-09-09 6209:2016-09-09 6183:2021-09-16 6161:: 679–671. 6087:2018-04-10 6062:2024-04-09 5996:2021-09-28 5944:2021-06-16 5919:2020-07-21 5894:2019-07-10 5869:2019-07-10 5845:2019-07-10 5820:2019-07-10 5795:2019-07-10 5770:2016-06-14 5739:2016-06-14 5714:2019-06-27 5690:2016-05-12 5645:2016-08-15 5641:. May 2016 5589:2020-02-29 5564:2020-02-29 5539:2016-09-05 5515:2024-04-03 5434:2024-02-06 5391:2024-01-16 5366:2024-01-15 5324:2024-07-04 5296:2022-10-18 5271:2022-10-18 5246:2022-09-01 5222:2022-08-03 5197:2022-08-03 5146:2024-04-16 5118:2022-10-10 5093:2022-01-25 5068:2022-01-15 5035:2022-01-15 5010:2022-08-03 4985:2021-11-29 4960:2021-10-13 4936:2021-10-13 4911:2021-10-28 4886:2021-10-13 4861:2021-09-16 4831:2021-10-19 4806:2021-09-16 4782:2021-06-03 4757:2021-10-24 4728:2022-02-14 4703:2021-06-03 4678:2021-03-20 4653:2021-10-24 4628:2020-11-19 4603:2020-05-28 4579:2020-09-11 4554:2020-02-28 4529:2020-02-28 4505:2021-11-01 4480:2021-06-16 4455:2021-04-25 4430:2021-03-19 4405:2020-05-18 4381:2022-01-21 4356:2020-03-26 4328:2021-10-05 4287:2017-02-01 4259:2019-12-12 4235:2019-12-12 4210:2019-12-12 4186:2019-12-12 4162:2016-12-15 4127:2016-12-15 4097:2016-11-15 4067:2016-11-17 4031:2016-11-17 3993:2016-11-22 3966:2016-11-22 3941:2016-11-08 3910:2016-11-08 3885:2016-10-20 3860:2016-10-13 3834:2016-06-09 3800:2016-06-07 3774:2016-06-07 3750:2016-05-01 3667:2016-05-01 3634:2016-04-29 3606:2016-04-29 3572:2020-07-21 3547:2016-06-09 3507:2016-04-29 3480:2016-06-23 3428:2020-07-21 3403:2016-04-29 3376:2016-04-29 3349:2016-04-29 3322:2016-06-07 3255:2016-06-14 3230:2016-06-14 3205:2016-06-14 3177:2016-04-29 3080:2016-05-01 3047:2016-11-09 2976:2016-04-29 2938:2016-05-12 2902:2016-06-16 2877:2022-10-18 2853:2021-02-16 2759:2020-07-21 2735:2016-06-16 2702:2016-05-01 2668:2016-06-14 2639:2016-06-14 2613:2017-03-09 2560:2016-06-14 2504:2016-10-07 2470:2020-05-28 2446:2024-07-04 2403:2020-12-26 2378:2022-03-26 2349:2016-04-28 2315:2017-11-18 2285:References 2248:Passivhaus 2106:power-to-X 1678:Germany's 1649:atmosphere 1503:brown coal 1334:fossil gas 1326:fossil gas 1244:fossil gas 1237:Greenpeace 1216:See also: 1170:After 2017 949:EEG (2017) 790:, and the 727:See also: 401:(CSU) and 372:Ostpolitik 370:See also: 328:Vattenfall 126:fossil gas 118:energy mix 46:pronounced 6825:1619-4535 6468:cite book 6318:See also 6300:2190-3581 6038:1478-6451 5192:2195-1349 5063:0307-1235 4400:Home Page 3542:2192-7219 3437:cite news 2509:The term 2012:bioenergy 1574:Criticism 1510:Lutzerath 1462:Post-2022 1426:In 2022, 1041:Transport 1024:Buildings 998:Reduction 955:The 2016 877:, notes: 247:The term 232:The term 151:Etymology 7531:Related 7195:Gorleben 7170:Brokdorf 7146:Nuclear 6570:Politico 5889:Politico 5765:Altinget 5471:Politico 5453:NBC News 5360:DIE WELT 5290:Politico 5112:Archived 4979:Politico 4777:DIE WELT 4717:Anonym. 4279:EurActiv 3725:41888814 3624:energies 3290:Eurostat 3273:Eurostat 3133:30918376 2372:Archived 2135:See also 1921:In 2009 1347:Leipheim 1330:Irsching 1328:plants ( 1254:— 1058:Industry 981:  979:for 2030 796:scarcity 729:Desertec 348:— 242:loanword 131:Germany 7614:Germany 7588:Portals 7094:to the 6905:Bibcode 6755:Bibcode 6593:. 2015. 5939:Reuters 5734:reuters 5673:Bibcode 5613:Bibcode 5583:Reuters 5410:Reuters 5124:prices. 4474:Reuters 3880:Reuters 3695:Bibcode 3111:Bibcode 2113:plants. 2093:acatech 2091:A 2016 2016:use of 1871:Bavaria 1737:Biomass 1732:Biomass 1645:methane 1556:Isar II 1552:Emsland 1438:in the 1351:Bavaria 1343:Datteln 1233:Lusatia 1121:55–56% 1118:543–562 1087:31–34% 1070:49–51% 1067:140–143 1053:40–42% 1036:66–67% 1019:61–62% 1016:175–183 722:returns 397:(CDU) / 219:biomass 128:usage. 67:Germany 7533:topics 7340:People 7246:energy 7200:Kalkar 7148:issues 7066:(BMWi) 7036: 7017: 6860: 6823: 6616: 6450: 6390:] 6383:(BUND) 6335:. 2014 6298: 6036: 5265:nos.nl 5190: 5061: 4821:"Home" 4154:] 4016:] 3933:] 3723: 3654:Nature 3567:Forbes 3540: 3469:] 3131: 3103:Nature 3067:Nature 3030: 3000: 2929: 2798: 2543: 2535:] 1787:biogas 1657:Russia 1355:Heyden 1162: 1007:Energy 986:Sector 961: 945: 889: 848: 844: 750:prices 646:−18.3% 486:−27.3% 454:Target 300:Status 257: 225:, and 89:, and 81:, and 42:German 7461:Media 6940:(PDF) 6871:(PDF) 6854:(PDF) 6817:(PDF) 6790:(PDF) 6724:(PDF) 6717:(PDF) 6687:(PDF) 6640:(PDF) 6608:[ 6444:(PDF) 6392:(PDF) 6386:[ 6307:(PDF) 6288:(PDF) 6022:(1). 5761:(PDF) 5488:(PDF) 5318:Ember 4305:(PDF) 4156:(PDF) 4146:[ 4061:(PDF) 4054:(PDF) 4025:(PDF) 4018:(PDF) 4012:[ 3987:(PDF) 3935:(PDF) 3929:[ 3828:(PDF) 3821:(PDF) 3794:(PDF) 3745:(PDF) 3721:S2CID 3628:(PDF) 3600:(PDF) 3593:(PDF) 3526:(PDF) 3501:(PDF) 3471:(PDF) 3465:[ 3397:(PDF) 3370:(PDF) 3343:(PDF) 3316:(PDF) 3171:(PDF) 3164:(PDF) 3041:(PDF) 3024:(PDF) 2970:(PDF) 2959:(PDF) 2923:(PDF) 2819:(PDF) 2777:(PDF) 2729:(PDF) 2722:(PDF) 2696:(PDF) 2689:(PDF) 2554:(PDF) 2537:(PDF) 2531:[ 2498:(PDF) 2491:(PDF) 2343:(PDF) 2336:(PDF) 2309:(PDF) 1377:] 1277:Green 1109:Total 1092:Other 1084:58–61 1050:95–98 1033:70–72 969:table 754:costs 690:−40% 663:−6.3% 655:−80% 638:−25% 628:−3.6% 605:−50% 595:−6.5% 553:13.2% 533:31.6% 513:14.8% 469:2050 272:] 7235:Wyhl 7034:ISBN 7015:ISBN 6858:ISBN 6821:ISSN 6614:ISBN 6474:link 6448:ISBN 6296:ISSN 6034:ISSN 5188:ISSN 5059:ISSN 4281:.com 3538:ISSN 3443:link 3129:PMID 3028:ISBN 2998:ISBN 2927:ISBN 2796:ISBN 2541:ISBN 1973:The 1873:and 1586:The 1558:and 1519:The 1383:and 1112:1248 1104:87% 995:2030 992:2014 989:1990 820:The 740:The 714:OECD 683:−10% 680:4.2% 666:−20% 631:−10% 598:−20% 570:6.9% 545:80% 525:60% 495:−70% 492:−55% 489:−40% 466:2040 463:2030 460:2020 457:2016 374:and 75:wind 32:The 7007:doi 6913:doi 6901:171 6763:doi 6024:doi 5968:doi 5681:doi 5621:doi 4350:IEA 3711:hdl 3703:doi 3691:100 3658:doi 3119:doi 3107:567 3071:doi 1602:". 1508:in 1280:MEP 1164:ETS 1115:902 1064:181 1061:283 1047:160 1044:163 1030:119 1027:209 1013:358 1010:466 885:132 576:14% 573:10% 556:14% 542:65% 539:50% 536:35% 522:45% 519:30% 516:18% 244:). 181:by 85:), 65:by 7638:: 7013:. 6911:. 6899:. 6895:. 6839:^ 6775:^ 6761:. 6751:30 6749:. 6568:. 6544:. 6533:^ 6516:. 6491:. 6470:}} 6466:{{ 6357:. 6290:. 6259:. 6234:. 6218:^ 6201:. 6175:. 6159:23 6157:. 6153:. 6130:. 6079:. 6055:. 6032:. 6020:43 6018:. 6014:. 5988:. 5964:20 5962:. 5937:. 5912:. 5887:. 5862:. 5837:. 5812:. 5788:. 5763:. 5732:. 5707:. 5679:. 5669:60 5667:. 5663:. 5619:. 5609:18 5607:. 5581:. 5556:. 5532:. 5508:. 5490:. 5469:. 5451:. 5426:. 5408:. 5383:. 5358:. 5316:. 5305:^ 5288:. 5263:. 5239:. 5214:. 5182:. 5164:. 5139:. 5121:. 5110:. 5086:. 5057:. 5053:. 5027:. 5002:. 4977:. 4953:. 4929:. 4903:. 4878:. 4854:. 4840:^ 4823:. 4799:. 4775:. 4745:. 4721:. 4695:. 4670:. 4646:. 4621:. 4596:. 4571:. 4546:. 4522:. 4498:. 4472:. 4447:. 4423:. 4398:. 4373:. 4348:. 4337:^ 4321:. 4276:. 4252:. 4227:. 4203:. 4179:. 4119:. 4089:. 4077:^ 4040:^ 3958:. 3902:. 3878:. 3852:. 3767:. 3719:. 3709:. 3701:. 3689:. 3685:. 3656:. 3652:. 3565:. 3532:. 3528:. 3439:}} 3435:{{ 3421:. 3298:^ 3247:. 3223:. 3197:. 3186:^ 3127:. 3117:. 3105:. 3101:. 3089:^ 3069:. 3065:. 2894:. 2870:. 2845:. 2831:^ 2821:. 2752:. 2582:. 2507:. 2463:. 2438:. 2420:. 2366:. 2293:^ 2055:CO 1909:. 1877:. 1758:NO 1755:, 1751:, 1594:. 1554:, 1533:CO 1528:CO 1375:de 1349:, 1246:. 1225:EV 1160:EU 1135:eq 1131:CO 1098:12 1095:39 1081:72 1078:88 883:13 270:de 221:, 93:. 77:, 7590:: 7131:e 7124:t 7117:v 7042:. 7023:. 7009:: 6981:. 6975:. 6948:. 6919:. 6915:: 6907:: 6880:. 6833:. 6799:. 6769:. 6765:: 6757:: 6733:. 6696:. 6670:. 6649:. 6622:. 6579:. 6554:. 6527:. 6502:. 6476:) 6462:. 6426:. 6401:. 6368:. 6342:. 6322:. 6316:. 6272:. 6245:. 6212:. 6186:. 6090:. 6065:. 6040:. 6026:: 5999:. 5974:. 5970:: 5947:. 5922:. 5897:. 5872:. 5848:. 5823:. 5798:. 5773:. 5742:. 5717:. 5693:. 5683:: 5675:: 5648:. 5627:. 5623:: 5615:: 5592:. 5567:. 5542:. 5518:. 5437:. 5412:. 5394:. 5369:. 5327:. 5299:. 5274:. 5249:. 5225:. 5200:. 5168:. 5149:. 5096:. 5071:. 5038:. 5013:. 4988:. 4963:. 4939:. 4914:. 4889:. 4864:. 4834:. 4809:. 4785:. 4760:. 4731:. 4706:. 4681:. 4656:. 4631:. 4606:. 4582:. 4557:. 4532:. 4508:. 4483:. 4458:. 4433:. 4408:. 4384:. 4359:. 4331:. 4307:. 4290:. 4262:. 4238:. 4213:. 4189:. 4165:. 4130:. 4115:2 4100:. 4070:. 4034:. 3996:. 3969:. 3944:. 3913:. 3888:. 3863:. 3837:. 3803:. 3777:. 3753:. 3727:. 3713:: 3705:: 3697:: 3670:. 3660:: 3637:. 3609:. 3575:. 3550:. 3534:5 3510:. 3483:. 3445:) 3431:. 3406:. 3379:. 3352:. 3325:. 3258:. 3233:. 3208:. 3180:. 3135:. 3121:: 3113:: 3083:. 3073:: 3050:. 3006:. 2979:. 2941:. 2905:. 2880:. 2856:. 2804:. 2762:. 2738:. 2705:. 2671:. 2642:. 2616:. 2592:. 2584:3 2563:. 2473:. 2449:. 2406:. 2381:. 2352:. 2318:. 2100:( 2057:2 2052:2 1953:( 1761:x 1723:2 1719:2 1695:2 1600:' 1535:2 1530:2 1409:2 1393:2 1208:2 1203:2 1156:2 1137:. 1133:2 1101:5 204:) 198:( 193:) 189:( 175:. 122:2 40:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index