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and the amount of epiphytes can be indicative of changes in the environment. Recent increases in epiphyte abundance have been linked to excessive nitrogen put into the environment from farm runoff and storm water. High abundance of epiphytes are considered detrimental to the plants that they grow on
302:
Epiphytes are not connected to the soil, and consequently must get nutrients from other sources, such as fog, dew, rain and mist, or from nutrients being released from the ground rooted plants by decomposition or leaching, and dinitrogen fixation. Epiphytic plants attached to their hosts high in the
319:
Epiphytes can have a significant effect on the microenvironment of their host, and of ecosystems where they are abundant, as they hold water in the canopy and decrease water input to the soil. Some non-vascular epiphytes such as lichens and mosses are well known for their ability to take up water
285:
Epiphytes however, can generally be categorized into holo-epiphytes or hemi-epiphytes. A holo-epiphyte is a plant that spends its whole life cycle without contact with the ground and a hemi-epiphyte is a plant that spends only half of its life without the ground before the roots can reach or make
395:
systems in which they occur. This is typically between 20 and 60% of the total primary production of the ecosystem. They are a general group of organisms and are highly diverse, providing food for a great number of fauna. Snail and nudibranch species are two common grazers of epiphytes. Epiphyte
394:
or algae. Settlement of epiphytic species is influenced by a number of factors including light, temperature, currents, nutrients, and trophic interactions. Algae are the most common group of epiphytes in marine systems. Photosynthetic epiphytes account for a large amount of the photosynthesis in
389:
The ecology of epiphytes in marine environments differs from those in terrestrial ecosystems. Epiphytes in marine systems are species of algae, bacteria, fungi, sponges, bryozoans, ascidians, protozoa, crustaceans, molluscs and any other sessile organism that grows on the surface of a plant,
56:
and add to both the diversity and biomass of the ecosystem in which they occur, like any other organism. They are an important source of food for many species. Typically, the older parts of a plant will have more epiphytes growing on them. Epiphytes differ from
211:, but mosses and lichens occur as epiphytes in almost all biomes. In Europe there are no dedicated epiphytic plants using roots, but rich assemblages of mosses and lichens grow on trees in damp areas (mainly the western coastal fringe), and the common
47:
is a plant or plant-like organism that grows on the surface of another plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called
737:
307:
have an advantage over herbs restricted to the ground where there is less light and herbivores may be more active. Epiphytic plants are also important to certain animals that may live in their water reservoirs, such as some types of
400:
often causing damage or death, particularly in seagrasses. This is because too many epiphytes can block access to sunlight or nutrients. Epiphytes in marine systems are known to grow quickly with very fast generation times.
455:
335:, is particularly relevant to epiphytic communities. For example, it is estimated that among epiphytic orchids, as many as 50% are likely to use it. Other relevant epiphytic families which display such metabolism are
483:
614:
61:
in that they grow on other plants for physical support and do not necessarily affect the host negatively. An organism that grows on another organism that is not a plant may be called an
414:
320:
rapidly. Epiphytes create a significantly cooler and more moist environment in the host plant canopy, potentially greatly reducing water loss by the host through transpiration.
128:(meaning 'plant'). Epiphytic plants are sometimes called "air plants" because they do not root in soil. However, that term is inaccurate, as there are many aquatic species of
233:
704:
101:
due to their minimal water and soil requirements. Epiphytes provide a rich and diverse habitat for other organisms including animals, fungi, bacteria, and
640:
166:), but epiphytes may be found in every major group of the plant kingdom. Eighty-nine percent of (or about 24,000) terrestrial epiphyte species are
247:
964:
1066:
431:
261:
713:
198:
174:, with about 2,800 species (10% of epiphytes). About one-third of all fern species are epiphytes. The third largest group is
1119:
833:
328:
641:"Evaluation of tree canopy epiphytes and bark characteristics associated with the presence of corticolous myxomycetes"
109:
991:
1134:
1129:
686:
1139:
663:
498:
492:
171:
827:
Stanton, D.E.; Chávez, J.H.; Villegas, L.; Villasante, F.; Armesto, J.; Hedin, L.O.; Horn, H. (2014).
863:
396:
208:
35:
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911:
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445:
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grows epiphytically along branches. Rarely, grass, small bushes or small trees may grow in
690:
539:
439:
304:
167:
70:
1042:
924:
889:
890:"CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change"
422:
332:
53:
27:
Non-parasitic surface organism that grows upon another plant but is not nourished by it
1113:
291:
194:
813:
780:"The physiological ecology of vascular epiphytes: current knowledge, open questions"
761:
566:
523:
371:
336:
216:
157:
30:
796:
779:
601:
Webster's Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged
550:
472:
366:
287:
133:
1104:
956:
753:
529:
518:
361:
240:
Epiphytes can grow on the trunks of trees or sometimes in the canopy of a tree
212:
183:
162:
98:
58:
49:
1043:"Marine Plants / Algae - Biscayne National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
974:
915:
940:
847:
828:
466:
462:
377:
355:
313:
179:
153:
102:
94:
805:
906:
829:"Epiphytes Improve Host Plant Water Use by Microenvironment Modification"
684:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment
391:
175:
62:
17:
1016:"www.SeagrassLI.org Cornell Cooperative Extension Eelgrass Restoration"
544:
341:
207:, 1888). Assemblages of large epiphytes occur most abundantly in moist
888:
Zotz, Gerhard; Andrade, José Luis; Einzmann, Helena J R (2023-01-07).
680:
534:
350:
269:
149:
123:
117:
90:
86:
74:
1067:"An Assessment of Coastal Hypoxia and Eutrophication in U.S. Waters"
659:
178:, with 190 species, followed by a handful of species in each of the
187:
129:
29:
603:. (1976). Vol. I, p. 764. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Chicago.
309:
145:
132:
that are epiphytes on other aquatic plants (seaweeds or aquatic
82:
78:
66:
65:. Epiphytes are usually found in the temperate zone (e.g., many
553:, lichens or bryophytes that grow on leaves of vascular plants
639:
Sydney E. Everhart; Joseph S. Ely; Harold W. Keller (2009).
864:"ECOLOGY OF VASCULAR EPIPHYTES IN WEST AFRICAN RAIN FOREST"
615:"Epiphytes are easy to grow Houseplants get water from air"
254:
An epiphytic orchid on a tree in a
Brazilian cloud forest
738:"Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diversity"
331:, a water-preserving metabolism present among various
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
588:
The
Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
706:
The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns
1105:
Epiphytes on a Scot's Pine in Gorbie Glen, Scotland
939:Winter, Klaus; Smith, J. Andrew C., eds. (1996).
986:
984:
1037:
1035:
778:Zotz, Gerhard; Hietz, Peter (November 2001).
8:
712:, Duke University PhD thesis, archived from
202:
773:
771:
736:Nieder, Jürgen; Prosper´ı, Juliana (2001).
470:cyanobacteria (arrows) in symbiosis with a
290:are a common example of holo-epiphytes and
193:The first important monograph on epiphytic
108:Epiphyte is one of the subdivisions of the
923:
905:
846:
795:
144:The best-known epiphytic plants include
578:
410:
229:
7:
219:up trees (typically in a rot-hole).
204:Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas
170:. The second largest group are the
547:, an organism that grows in a rock
294:are an example of hemi-epiphytes.
25:
482:
454:
430:
413:
260:
246:
232:
81:) or in the tropics (e.g., many
39:growing on an oak tree in Mexico
613:Dabbs, Amy (19 December 2014).
941:"Crassulacean Acid Metabolism"
784:Journal of Experimental Botany
421:Heavy epiphyte growth on kelp
281:Holo-epiphyte or hemi-epiphyte
97:). Epiphyte species make good
1:
871:Acta Phytogeographica Suecica
590:. Cambridge University Press.
586:Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001).
502:growing on the outer surface
124:
118:
1156:
797:10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2067
703:Schuettpelz, Eric (2007),
957:10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7
689:November 9, 2011, at the
286:contact with the ground.
52:. Epiphytes take part in
862:Johansson, Dick (1974).
679:Hogan, C Michael, 2010.
476:diatom (scale bar 50 μm)
298:Plant nutrient relations
848:10.1111/1365-2435.12249
754:10.1023/A:1017517119305
533:– a genus of epiphytic
116:derives from the Greek
203:
172:leptosporangiate ferns
40:
499:Pyrophyllon subtumens
493:Durvillaea antarctica
224:Terrestrial epiphytes
140:Terrestrial epiphytes
122:(meaning 'upon') and
33:
268:Clinging root of an
1120:Ecology terminology
907:10.1093/aob/mcac158
490:Cross-section of a
397:species composition
36:Tillandsia bourgaei
1020:www.seagrassli.org
945:Ecological Studies
834:Functional Ecology
790:(364): 2067–2078.
557:Epiphytic bacteria
41:
966:978-3-642-79062-1
522:– a genus of the
446:Hormosira banksii
199:A. F. W. Schimper
16:(Redirected from
1147:
1135:Plant life-forms
1130:Plant morphology
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1076:. Archived from
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1039:
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1012:
999:
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978:
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894:Annals of Botany
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841:(5): 1274–1283.
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693:. Washington, DC
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662:. Archived from
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619:Post and Courier
610:
604:
598:
592:
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583:
562:Epiphytic fungus
486:
458:
434:
417:
405:Marine epiphytes
385:Marine epiphytes
339:(e.g. in genera
324:Plant metabolism
264:
250:
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209:tropical forests
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168:flowering plants
127:
121:
21:
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992:"MV Commission"
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702:
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697:
691:Wayback Machine
678:
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660:10.1139/b09-027
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623:
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540:Parasitic plant
514:
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496:frond, showing
487:
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440:Notheia anomala
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217:suspended soils
197:was written by
182:, other ferns,
142:
110:Raunkiær system
54:nutrient cycles
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1099:External links
1097:
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965:
931:
900:(4): 685–698.
880:
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669:on 2013-09-26.
654:(5): 509–517.
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329:CAM metabolism
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160:(of the genus
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1085:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1073:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1023:. Retrieved
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883:
874:
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721:, retrieved
714:the original
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681:
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664:the original
651:
647:
634:
622:. Retrieved
618:
608:
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567:Canopy soils
528:
524:Bromeliaceae
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192:
161:
158:Spanish moss
143:
113:
107:
44:
42:
34:
1047:www.nps.gov
624:15 December
551:Foliicolous
473:Chaetoceros
443:growing on
367:Apocynaceae
337:Bromeliacee
180:spikemosses
134:angiosperms
112:. The term
103:myxomycetes
99:houseplants
50:phorophytes
1114:Categories
1087:2017-06-26
1052:2017-06-26
1025:2017-06-26
723:2009-12-11
573:References
530:Epiphyllum
519:Tillandsia
392:seagrasses
390:typically
362:Epiphyllum
347:Tillandsia
333:plant taxa
314:arthropods
176:clubmosses
163:Tillandsia
154:bromeliads
95:bromeliads
71:liverworts
1125:Epiphytes
975:0070-8356
916:0305-7364
748:: 51–63.
467:Calothrix
463:Epiphytic
378:Dischidia
369:(e.g. in
356:Rhipsalis
353:(e.g. in
351:Cactaceae
114:epiphytic
59:parasites
18:Epiphytic
925:10799991
814:22635086
806:11604445
762:37082364
687:Archived
512:See also
184:Gnetales
156:such as
63:epibiont
45:epiphyte
545:Epilith
342:Aechmea
288:Orchids
150:orchids
91:orchids
75:lichens
973:
963:
922:
914:
812:
804:
760:
648:Botany
365:) and
305:canopy
270:orchid
188:cycads
186:, and
152:, and
146:mosses
125:phyton
93:, and
77:, and
67:mosses
1081:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
810:S2CID
758:S2CID
717:(PDF)
710:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
644:(PDF)
535:cacti
423:stipe
375:and
310:frogs
130:algae
87:cacti
83:ferns
79:algae
1074:NOAA
971:ISSN
961:ISBN
912:ISSN
802:PMID
682:Fern
626:2016
372:Hoya
359:and
345:and
312:and
119:epi-
953:doi
949:114
920:PMC
902:doi
898:132
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750:doi
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201:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
