664:
employed by a skillful orator, will be found to be, in fact, so many abridged arguments, the force of which is sufficiently conveyed by a mere hint; e.g., if any one says, 'We ought to take warning from the bloody revolution of France,' the
Epithet suggests one of the reasons for our being warned; and that, not less clearly, and more forcibly, than if the argument had been stated at length." With persuasion being a key component of rhetoric, it is rational to use epithets. The use of persuasive wording gives leverage to one's arguments. Knowledge along with descriptive words or phrases can be a powerful tool. This is supported in Bryan Short's article when he states, "The New Rhetoric derives its empiricist flavor from a pervasive respect for clarity and directness of language." Rhetoricians use epithets to direct their audience to see their point of view, using verbal forms of imagery as a persuasive tactic.
681:: "'I am working on a piece about nationalism with a focus on epithet as a smear word,' writes David Binder, my longtime Times colleague, 'which was still a synonym for 'delineation' or 'characterization' in my big 1942 Webster's but now seems to be almost exclusively a synonym for 'derogation' or 'smear word.' ... In the past century, blossomed as 'a word of abuse,' today gleefully seized upon to describe political smears."
401:
could be very significant assigned by elders or counterparts to represent one's position in the community, or it could be a representation of whomever one wanted to be or thought he was. The elegance of this movement was used throughout history and even modern day, with many examples ranging from "Aphrodite the
Heavenly & Zeus the Protector of Guests" all the way to "Johnny Football & King James".
695:
52:
1348:
663:
An epithet is an adjective or adjectival phrase that characterizes a place, a thing, or a person that helps make the characteristics of this thing more prominent. These descriptive phrases can be used in a positive or negative way that benefits the orator. "It will generally happen, that the
Epithets
454:
religions, such as those of ancient India and Iran (the most ancient of which go back to a common Indo-Iranian period), Greece and Rome, a deity's epithets generally reflected a particular aspect of that god's essence and role, for which their influence may be obtained for a specific occasion: Apollo
799:
of 1086 identifies 40 individuals with the given name of "Richard". Most (40%), such as "Richard of
Coursey" are identified with a locational byname, indicating where they came from, or in some cases where they lived. Others (25%), such as "Richard the butler" and "Richard the bald" are identified
667:
Orators have a variety of epithets that they can employ that have different meanings. The most common are fixed epithets and transferred epithets. A fixed epithet is the repetitive use of the same word or phrase for the same person or object. A transferred epithet qualifies a noun other than the
272:
An epithet is linked to its noun by long-established usage. Not every adjective is an epithet. An epithet is especially recognizable when its function is largely decorative, such as if "cloud-gathering Zeus" is employed other than in reference to conjuring up a storm. "The epithets are decorative
400:
Epithets were in layman's terms glorified nicknames that could be used to represent one's style, artistic nature, or even geographical reference. They originated to simply serve the purpose of dealing with names that were hard to pronounce or just unpleasant. It from there went to something that
811:
The use of bynames did not end with the adoption of surnames. In some cases, before the adoption of middle names, government records, such as taxes lists, included people with both the same given name and the same surname. This led to the use of bynames to further distinguish the person. For
807:
The distinction between a byname and a surname is that the byname is not usually heritable, and may change for any given person as his circumstances change. Richard the Bald, for example, was presumably not always bald, and
Richard of Brampton may not have always lived at Brampton.
518:). A localizing epithet refers simply to a particular center of veneration and the cultic tradition there, as the god manifested at a particular festival, for example: Zeus Olympios, Zeus as present at Olympia, or Apollo Karneios, Apollo at the Spartan
586:
Some epithets were applied to several deities of the same pantheon rather accidentally if they had a common characteristic, or deliberately, emphasizing their blood or other ties. Thus, in pagan Rome, several divinities gods and heroes were given the
374:, in rhetoric, means substituting any epithet or phrase for a proper name, as "Pelides", signifying the "son of Peleus", to identify Achilles. An opposite substitution of a proper name for some generic term is also sometimes called
2994:
668:
person or thing it is describing. This is also known as a hypallage. This can often involve shifting a modifier from the animate to the inanimate; for example, "cheerful money" and "suicidal sky".
1155:(Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Klasse, 764: Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik 41). Wien 2007, 37–74 , ISBN 978-3-7001-3963-8. Print Edition:
182:, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing. It is usually literally descriptive, as in
671:
Orators take special care when using epithets so as to not use them as smear words. Orators could be accused of racial or abusive epithets if used incorrectly. American journalist
380:, as a Cicero for an orator. The use of a father's name or ancestor's name, such as "Pelides" in the case of Achilles, or "Saturnia" in the case of the goddess Juno in Virgil's
273:
insofar as they are neither essential to the immediate context nor modeled especially for it. Among other things, they are extremely helpful to fill out a half-verse",
2034:
1855:
791:
Descriptive bynames were given to a person to distinguish them from other people of the same name. In
England bynames were used during the period when the use of
363:
uses the phrase "the snot-green sea" he is playing Homer's familiar epithet "the wine-dark sea". The phrase "Discreet
Telemachus" is also considered an epithet.
1176:
On their relation of the epithets of the Old
Iranian Avesta to the ones attested in the Indic Vedas, and on their Indo-Iranian origin, see Sadovski, Velizar:
533:
reflect intercultural equations of a divinity with an older one that is generally considered its pendan. Thus, most Roman gods and goddesses, especially the
2574:
2039:
1386:
1148:
506:
Alternatively, the epithet may identify a particular and localized aspect of the god, such as a reference to the mythological place of birth or
1193:
1160:
1114:
988:
959:
1005:
253:
Epithets are sometimes attached to a person's name or appear in place of their name, as what might be described as a glorified nickname or
2860:
2707:
233:
also may refer to an abusive, defamatory, or derogatory word or phrase. This use is criticized by Martin Manser and other proponents of
2379:
2281:
812:
example, one "John Smith" might be described as "John Smith of the mill", while another might be described as "John Smith the short".
286:, as they are required to distinguish the bearers, as an alternative to numbers after a prince's name—such as Richard the Lionheart (
171:
160:
778:
135:
902:
2989:
2865:
2712:
195:
2781:
545:. But in specific cults there may be a different equation, based on one specific aspect of the divinity. Thus, the Greek word
262:
1083:
716:
620:
73:
1322:
2999:
2428:
2415:
1996:
1271:
Short, Bryan (2000). "Figurative
Language in the Scottish New Rhetoric Figurative Language in the Scottish New Rhetoric".
1188:(Sitzungsberichte der ÖAW. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 845. Band / Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik, Nr. 65). Wien.
2132:
1759:
1711:
1379:
846:
830:
2237:
1437:
1358:
759:
116:
731:
88:
2526:
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1508:
851:
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705:
598:
as companion of another (usually major) divinity. An epithet can even be meant for collective use, e.g., in Latin
62:
2838:
2940:
2796:
2333:
1622:
738:
712:
187:
95:
69:
39:
1212:(Harvard University Press, 1985) III.4.4. "The special character of Greek anthropomorphism", especially p.184.
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2679:
2011:
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234:
211:
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153:
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102:
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303:
207:
191:
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Epitheta und Götternamen im älteren Indo-Iranischen. Die hymnischen
Namenkataloge im Veda und im Avesta
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2468:
2203:
1352:
644:
287:
203:
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727:
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at a specific sanctuary: sacrifice might be offered on one and the same occasion to Pythian Apollo (
84:
3135:
3096:
2833:
2823:
2746:
2721:
2111:
1778:
1754:
648:
566:
538:
537:, had traditional counterparts in Greek, Etruscan, and most other Mediterranean pantheons, such as
404:
388:
327:, meaning religiously observant, humble and wholesome, as well as calling the armsbearer of Aeneas
299:
2323:
1065:
Headlam, W. "The Classic Review." jstor.org. Cambridge University Press, accessed 25 October 2013.
569:(both were messenger of the gods). Among the Greeks, T.H. Price notes that the nurturing power of
309:
Other epithets can easily be omitted without serious risk of confusion and are therefore known as
2959:
2902:
2666:
2346:
2139:
2021:
1933:
1701:
1675:
1551:
1442:
677:
615:
Christians, and Christians of other churches practice the use of epithets in the veneration of
551:("thrice grand") was first used as a Greek name for the Egyptian god of science and invention,
3130:
3045:
2811:
2300:
2180:
1574:
1540:
1535:
1189:
1156:
1110:
1079:
1038:
The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture of the Early Archaic Age
984:
955:
881:
640:
605:
519:
356:
223:
1023:
945:
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might be invoked in sacrifices and recorded in inscription, without specifically identifying
436:, the Spanish version of epithet, is commonly used throughout poems in Castilian literature.
2930:
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2801:
2702:
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2188:
2157:
2064:
1923:
1644:
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1102:
612:
534:
492:
397:, epithets are used in the prologue, such as "star-cross'd lovers" and "death-mark'd love."
393:
295:
183:
3140:
2935:
2855:
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2845:
2776:
2741:
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2650:
2544:
2421:
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2170:
2147:
2106:
1860:
1820:
1632:
1257:
1152:
947:
Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics and the Real Life of States, Societies, and Institutions
929:
910:
800:
with an occupational or a personally descriptive byname. Some of the individuals, such as
291:
2616:
1009:. (2nd ed.) Rev. By Sir Ernest Gowers. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 161.
2828:
2791:
2670:
2662:
2601:
2593:
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2559:
2491:
2435:
2400:
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2258:
2208:
2101:
1948:
1883:
1827:
1503:
1428:
980:
821:
801:
672:
530:
424:
274:
1284:
525:
Often the epithet is the result of fusion of the Olympian divinity with an older one.
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2818:
2726:
2645:
2534:
2515:
2500:
2405:
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2251:
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2198:
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2096:
2091:
2078:
2049:
2006:
1943:
1850:
1835:
1806:
1719:
1513:
1395:
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866:
796:
752:
624:
215:
109:
3084:
3072:
3022:
3016:
3011:
2870:
2564:
2510:
2505:
2458:
2392:
2318:
2308:
2287:
2231:
2165:
2116:
2044:
1978:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1928:
1903:
1893:
1800:
1581:
1399:
856:
616:
451:
445:
257:, and for this reason some linguists have argued that they should be considered as
238:
1364:
1314:
384:, is specifically called a patronymic device and is in its own class of epithet.
3057:
2979:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2549:
2463:
2453:
2313:
2271:
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2083:
2059:
2001:
1968:
1938:
1918:
1913:
1888:
1878:
1845:
1840:
1656:
1637:
1591:
1586:
1467:
694:
652:
412:
369:
360:
348:
51:
1130:
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3033:
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2954:
2611:
2539:
2486:
2482:
2410:
2226:
2193:
2126:
2029:
1973:
1795:
1749:
1706:
1661:
1612:
1545:
1525:
1488:
1462:
1418:
1413:
876:
315:. Thus, the classical Roman author Virgil systematically called his main hero
266:
298:. The same epithet can be used repeatedly joined to different names, such as
3062:
2949:
2925:
2687:
2579:
2339:
2054:
1737:
1671:
1617:
1564:
1559:
1432:
951:
871:
841:
826:
632:
526:
408:
254:
219:
1096:
1347:
1106:
3079:
3067:
3028:
3006:
2897:
2786:
2731:
2554:
2353:
1813:
1766:
1725:
1696:
1684:
1627:
1607:
1569:
1530:
1164:
861:
836:
416:
258:
199:
427:, who are individually known as "The Dark Knight" and "The Boy Wonder".
17:
2920:
2892:
2360:
1988:
1743:
1690:
1649:
1472:
1423:
792:
719: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
636:
580:
245:
is suffering a vulgarization that is giving it an abusive imputation."
32:
1178:
Zur Morphologie und Semantik von Namen und Epitheta im Indo-Iranischen
3089:
2964:
2074:
1520:
1129:
For the most ancient Iranian divine epithets, cf. Sadovski, Velizar:
562:
474:
462:
420:
3039:
2768:
2754:
2750:
594:
552:
507:
352:
261:. It has also been argued that epithets are a phenomenon with the
576:
542:
466:
1368:
688:
45:
1298:
Safire, William (June 22, 2008). "Presents of the Mind".
804:, made use of what would now be recognized as a surname.
469:" and therefore patron of the arts and sciences, while
355:
or the northern European sagas (see above, as well as
655:, except where some aspect of the Virgin is invoked.
1017:
1015:
795:
had not been extensively adopted. As an example the
347:
Epithets are characteristic of the style of ancient
2913:
2885:
2767:
2678:
2659:
2592:
2481:
2391:
2299:
2217:
2179:
2156:
2073:
2020:
1987:
1902:
1869:
1786:
1775:
1670:
1600:
1481:
1455:
1406:
588:
570:
556:
546:
498:
490:
484:
478:
473:
Apollo is the same deity, but as shining sun-god. "
456:
375:
367:
265:, because they have components of both, and also a
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
675:discussed the use of the word in a 2008 column in
1235:Whately, Richard (1841). "Elements of Rhetoric".
419:called "The Man of Steel", and "The Dynamic Duo"
565:and, finally, the fully equated Roman Mercurius
27:Descriptive term used in place of a formal name
1380:
901:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (eds.).
431:
8:
1184:Disputationes Iranologicae Vindobonenses, II
1313:Scott, Brian M.; Mittleman, Joshua (1999).
1144:Disputationes Iranologicae Vindobonenses, I
1078:, Volume 25, p. 77. Arlington House, 1970.
599:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
281:
2675:
2153:
1783:
1387:
1373:
1365:
1315:"A Brief Introduction to Medieval Bynames"
1204:
1202:
1024:Epithets at the Syntax-semantics Interface
604:, "the felt hat-wearers" for the brothers
280:Some epithets are known by the Latin term
779:Learn how and when to remove this message
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1052:Wheeler, L. K. "Epithets", web.cn.edu,
1027:, ch. 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
893:
1253:
1242:
1182:Sadovski, Velizar / Panaino, Antonio:
1142:Panaino, Antonio – Sadovski, Velizar:
1048:
1046:
884:, a surname derived from a place name
7:
1006:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
717:adding citations to reliable sources
608:. Some epithets resist explanation.
74:adding citations to reliable sources
1225:, 1978, noted by Burkert 1985:184.
541:as head of the Olympian Gods with
25:
1325:from the original on 30 July 2021
833:formation often used for epithets
339:, which means faithful or loyal.
2035:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1346:
693:
50:
704:needs additional citations for
61:needs additional citations for
1101:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
930:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
641:Pope Saint John Paul the Great
639:"), and of the saints (e.g., "
1:
1285:10.1016/S0388-0001(00)00005-X
415:being "The Ghost Who Walks",
38:For the taxonomic usage, see
1319:The Academy of Saint Gabriel
847:List of monarchs by nickname
178: 'additional'), also a
167: 'adjective', from
1136:Stilistica Indo-Iranica, I.
1056:; accessed 25 October 2013.
589:
571:
557:
547:
499:
491:
485:
479:
457:
376:
368:
3157:
2698:Imperial, royal, and noble
975:Manser, Martin H. (2007).
944:Herzfeld, Michael (2016).
852:Lists of people by epithet
645:Saint Theophan the Recluse
483:, oversees handicrafts as
443:
263:syntax–semantics interface
170:
159:
29:
3105:
2782:Imperial, royal and noble
1359:Homer's Epitheta ornantia
407:tend to give epithets to
1623:Maiden and married names
1095:Gonda, J. (1959-12-31).
1021:Patel-Grosz, P. (2015).
188:Suleiman the Magnificent
40:Epithet (disambiguation)
31:Not to be confused with
3110:Category:Lists of names
1076:All in Color for a Dime
1003:Fowler. H. W. (1965) .
907:A Greek-English Lexicon
685:Usage prior to surnames
235:linguistic prescription
2040:Eritrean and Ethiopian
1252:Cite journal requires
1165:doi:10.1553/0x0016ae99
1098:Epithets in the Rgveda
600:
514:) and Delphic Apollo (
497:and grants victory as
432:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
282:
2970:Galton–Watson process
2575:Ancient Tamil country
1997:Australian Aboriginal
1361:Bibliotheca Augustana
1107:10.1515/9783110908916
1054:Carson-Newman College
629:Mary, Mother of Jesus
477:protects the city as
351:, notably in that of
304:Constantine the Great
283:epitheton necessarium
208:William the Conqueror
192:Richard the Lionheart
2737:Post-nominal letters
1856:Indigenous Taiwanese
1355:at Wikimedia Commons
713:improve this article
405:American comic books
333:, the epithet being
321:, the epithet being
288:Richard I of England
241:noted in 1926 that "
220:Mehmed the Conqueror
212:Æthelred the Unready
204:Edward the Confessor
70:improve this article
3097:Surnames by country
2722:Pre-nominal letters
1779:Surnames by country
831:Proto-Indo-European
649:Our Lady of Lourdes
527:Poseidon Erechtheus
389:William Shakespeare
300:Alexander the Great
196:Ladislaus the Short
2960:Endonym and exonym
2903:Calendar of saints
2886:Related traditions
2660:Manners of address
2022:Sub-Saharan Africa
1443:Nobiliary particle
1300:The New York Times
1163:. Online Edition:
1151:2022-01-09 at the
1140:. Fascicle II of:
933:. Merriam-Webster.
678:The New York Times
619:(e.g., "Christ"; "
489:, joins battle as
3118:
3117:
3046:Personal identity
2881:
2880:
2588:
2587:
2529:
2477:
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2438:
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2254:
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2240:
2142:
2135:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1601:By life situation
1554:
1351:Media related to
1273:Language Sciences
1208:Burkert, Walter.
1194:978-3-7001-7140-9
1161:978-3-7001-3990-4
1116:978-3-11-090891-6
990:978-0-7136-7759-1
961:978-1-317-29755-0
882:Toponymic surname
789:
788:
781:
763:
651:" is essentially
625:The Good Shepherd
606:Castor and Pollux
520:Carneian festival
516:Apollo Delphinios
508:numinous presence
465:, leader of the
357:epithets in Homer
239:H. W. Fowler
146:
145:
138:
120:
16:(Redirected from
3148:
2931:Anthropomorphism
2676:
2624:Buddhist surname
2525:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2380:Hispanic America
2378:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2286:
2257:
2250:
2245:African-American
2243:
2236:
2154:
2138:
2131:
2102:Ashkenazi Jewish
1907:and Western Asia
1872:and Central Asia
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1784:
1645:Placeholder name
1550:
1494:Double-barrelled
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979:(6th ed.).
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898:
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770:
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762:
721:
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689:
613:Eastern Orthodox
603:
592:
574:
560:
550:
535:Twelve Olympians
502:
496:
488:
482:
460:
435:
394:Romeo and Juliet
379:
373:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
312:epitheton ornans
296:Charles the Bald
285:
184:Alfred the Great
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119:
78:
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46:
43:
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21:
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3119:
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2936:Personification
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2651:Theophoric name
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2016:
1983:
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1633:Posthumous name
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1200:
1175:
1171:
1153:Wayback Machine
1128:
1124:
1117:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1074:Thompson, Don.
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1002:
998:
991:
983:. p. 147.
981:A & C Black
977:Good Word Guide
974:
973:
969:
962:
943:
942:
938:
923:
922:
918:
911:Perseus Project
900:
899:
895:
891:
818:
785:
774:
768:
765:
722:
720:
710:
698:
687:
661:
621:Prince of Peace
448:
442:
366:The Greek term
345:
292:Charles the Fat
251:
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
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3060:
3055:
3054:
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3036:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
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2997:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
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2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2866:Ecclesiastical
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
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2759:
2758:
2757:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:Ecclesiastical
2705:
2700:
2695:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2602:Christian name
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
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2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2492:Southeast Asia
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:Eastern Slavic
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2366:
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2357:
2350:
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2326:
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2316:
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2297:
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2292:
2291:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1773:
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1716:
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1694:
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1653:
1652:
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1579:
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1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
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1516:
1511:
1506:
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1483:
1479:
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1470:
1465:
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1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1396:Personal names
1394:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1342:
1341:External links
1339:
1337:
1336:
1305:
1290:
1263:
1254:|journal=
1227:
1214:
1210:Greek Religion
1198:
1169:
1122:
1115:
1087:
1067:
1058:
1042:
1040:, 1992, p.116.
1029:
1011:
996:
989:
967:
960:
954:. p. 73.
936:
916:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
824:
822:Animal epithet
817:
814:
802:Richard Basset
787:
786:
701:
699:
692:
686:
683:
673:William Safire
660:
657:
561:for the Greek
555:, later as an
531:Artemis Orthia
512:Apollo Pythios
444:Main article:
441:
438:
430:Additionally,
344:
341:
275:Walter Burkert
250:
247:
144:
143:
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
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3074:
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3066:
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3027:
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3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
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2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
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2981:
2978:
2977:
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2973:
2971:
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2956:
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2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
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2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
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2872:
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2864:
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2859:
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2827:
2825:
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2805:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
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2766:
2756:
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2723:
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2714:
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2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
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2690:
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2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Mandaean name
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Biblical name
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
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2447:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:Ancient Greek
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:North America
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:Northern Asia
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:Nom de guerre
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:Personal name
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:Price, T. H.
1218:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
963:
957:
953:
949:
948:
940:
937:
932:
931:
926:
920:
917:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
888:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:Plant epithet
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
803:
798:
797:Domesday Book
794:
783:
780:
772:
769:December 2021
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
730: –
729:
725:
724:Find sources:
718:
714:
708:
707:
702:This section
700:
696:
691:
690:
684:
682:
680:
679:
674:
669:
665:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Mother of God
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
602:
597:
596:
591:
584:
582:
578:
573:
568:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
501:
495:
494:
487:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
453:
447:
439:
437:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
383:
378:
372:
371:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
337:
331:
330:fidus Achates
325:
319:
313:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
278:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
216:John Lackland
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
154:Ancient Greek
151:
140:
137:
129:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
41:
34:
19:
3085:Signum manus
3073:Royal cypher
3038:
3023:Nomen nescio
3021:
3017:Nomenclature
3012:Naming taboo
2824:Professional
2667:of authority
2617:Saint's name
2282:Scandinavian
1904:Muslim world
1742:
1718:
1689:
1541:Occupational
1498:
1400:anthroponymy
1327:. Retrieved
1318:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1279:. Elsevier.
1276:
1272:
1266:
1245:cite journal
1236:
1230:
1223:Kourotrophos
1222:
1217:
1209:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1097:
1090:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1037:
1036:Burkert, W.
1032:
1022:
1004:
999:
976:
970:
946:
939:
928:
919:
906:
896:
857:Makurakotoba
810:
806:
790:
775:
766:
756:
749:
742:
735:
723:
711:Please help
706:verification
703:
676:
670:
666:
662:
610:
593:
585:
572:Kourotrophos
548:Trismegistos
524:
515:
511:
505:
470:
452:polytheistic
449:
446:Names of God
429:
403:
399:
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68:Please help
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1969:Somali
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