650:, began a "wild agitation" against Erzberger. The fact that he succeeded in creating a majority consisting of the Centre, the Progressive Party, and the Social Democrats is considered one of his greatest achievements, since this represented a fundamental upheaval in German domestic politics. Parliament had become involved in matters of foreign policy and warfare that under the constitution were reserved for the emperor, the military leadership and the government. Erzberger emerged from the proceedings surrounding the peace resolution as Germany's most powerful deputy. His attempt to end the war with an amicable peace contributed to his great popularity, especially among the underprivileged classes. On the other hand, he became the most hated man among large sections of the upper classes and in circles that did not want to renounce annexations and rejected demands for a change in Germany's social and political structure.
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872:" ("Get rid of Erzberger!"), and Erzberger was ultimately compelled to bring an action against Helfferich for slander. The case was heard in a Berlin court from 19 January to 12 March 1920. The action resulted in a small fine for Helfferich (German law did not make provision for any damages or penalties for slander). The court, however, in its judgment of 12 March 1920, took the line that Helfferich's allegations regarding Erzberger's corrupt business practices and untruthful statements were partly justified. Erzberger was consequently compelled by his party to resign his ministerial office and to give up his seat in the National Assembly in March 1920.
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988:), while he was out walking with his friend and Centre Party colleague Carl Diez. The pair were accosted in broad daylight by two men armed with revolvers who "fired shots at Erzberger's head and chest. Erzberger leaped down the slope by the road, but three further shots hit him in his lung, stomach, and leg. The murderers then ran down the slope themselves and fired more shots at him. Diez was also hit in the chest, but was able to return, bleeding, to the hotel and relate what had happened." Because Erzberger signed the armistice of 1918, many on the political right regarded him as a traitor.
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the dependence of the central government on the constituent states, as in the former German Empire. Second, Erzberger aimed for a significant redistribution of the tax burden, lightening the burden on low- to moderate income households. In July 1919, war levies on income and wealth were introduced, as well as the first German inheritance tax. In
December 1919, an additional a one-time "emergency" tax on wealth was levied, causing outrage among the better-off. In March 1920, a federal income tax followed. Its high tax rates made Erzberger even more unpopular with many on the right.
946:, was based not so much upon Erzberger's foreign policy – his negotiation of the Armistice terms and the decisive influence which he exercised in securing the acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles – as upon his financial policies. He was suspect for his activities as finance minister in 1919, as the supporter of liberal Catholic trade unions and, it was said, as political adviser of the Catholic Chancellor of the Reich, Joseph Wirth, who prepared a fresh scheme of taxation designed to impose new burdens upon capital and upon the prosperous landed interests in the summer of 1921.
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892:(which replaced the National Assembly) at the general election of June 1920, but in accordance with the wish of his party, he abstained from immediate participation in politics, as proceedings had been instituted against him on a charge of evading taxation. In 1920, he published a memorandum endeavouring to justify his position during the war, and he followed it up with disclosures regarding the attitude of the Holy See in 1917 and the mission of the papal legate in
1044:, retained a modicum of power in an increasingly radicalized Germany. His financial, federal, and rail reforms transformed Germany. Erzberger, with his optimism and sense of responsibility, never retreated even in the face of the most difficult tasks. In fact his greatest, and most tragic legacy, was the signature on the Armistice. Despite military pressure on him to sign as soon as possible, this was pointed out for decades afterwards as evidence for the
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919:. In the industrial regions of these districts, the Catholic workers were organized in their own trade unions on lines of very advanced social policy, and Erzberger became the leading exponent of their views in the Reichstag and on public platforms. On the other hand, he incurred the strong opposition of the conservative and landed section of the Catholics, some of the higher clergy such Cardinal Archbishop
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499:. By virtue of unusually varied political activities, he took a leading position in the parliamentary party. He became a specialist in colonial policy and financial policy, contributing to the financial reforms of 1909. In 1912, Erzberger became a member of the leadership of the parliamentary party. He supported a significant military build-up in Germany in the years 1912–13.
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address, he added the proviso "as I interpret it", which he then used as an excuse to ignore it. Erzberger nevertheless succeeded in his main purpose in proposing the resolution, namely to persuade the Social
Democrats to continue voting for war loans while a negotiated peace was sought. At the same time, the annexationists, especially those of the nascent
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Erzberger's political attempts at peace failed, but his public attack on the war effort and dissemination of information about the fragility of the German military created a climate in which the government found it increasingly difficult to maintain the belief that the war could be won. When, towards
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agreed to form an Inter-Party
Committee as a coordinating body, which was seen as the prelude to the parliamentarization of Germany and accordingly interpreted by conservatives as the "beginning of the revolution". The Committee, with the help of Ebert's oratory, galvanized moderate opponents of the
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However, he succeeded in pushing new taxation measures through the
National Assembly. In July 1919, Erzberger introduced what became known as "Erzberger finance reform". The reform pursued two goals. First, it was to give the German federal government supreme authority to tax and spend and thus end
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at Compiègne on 11 November 1918 with the French representative, Marshal Foch. He made a short speech on the occasion, protesting the harshness of the terms, and concluded by saying that "a nation of seventy millions can suffer, but it cannot die." Foch ignored
Erzberger's attempt to shake his hand
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came into force in August 1919, Erzberger remained in that position. He supported the Treaty of
Versailles, as he saw no military or political alternatives. He was treated with particular contempt by the nationalist right wing as the man who had signed what was coming to be viewed as a humiliating
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which embodied all the points he had made in his speech, calling for a peace without annexations or indemnities, freedom of the seas and international arbitration. The resolution passed 212 to 126. It received the support of
Chancellor Michaelis, but when he spoke of supporting it in his inaugural
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named Oltwig von
Hirschfeld as he left the court on 26 January 1920. Hirschfeld, "recently subjected to compulsory demobilisation and determined to 'deal with' the most prominent of the 'Versailles traitors'", fired two shots at Erzberger, the first of which "inflicted a shoulder wound, while the
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to discuss peace terms. He expounded his views on the war in a speech in the
Reichstag on 6 July in which he called on the government to renounce territorial ambitions and conclude a negotiated end to the war. The speech was remarkable at the time in the way he carefully delineated the extent of
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on 10 February 1916, and at their request prepared a memorandum on the measures to be taken in favour of
Christians in Turkey. It explicitly referred only to Catholic Armenians and was never answered or considered by the Ottoman government. The general failure of his mission in Turkey filled
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second was deflected by the minister's watch chain." Although he was immediately apprehended, Hirschfeld was convicted "not of attempted murder but of 'dangerous bodily harm' and sentenced to a mere eighteen months in prison, then paroled after four months on 'health grounds'".
749:, the chief Allied negotiator, was unwilling to make any concessions, with the exception of a slight extension of the time allotted to the German army to withdraw. Erzberger was unsure whether he should hold out for further changes in Germany's favour. On 10 November,
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in a failed attempt to keep Italy from entering the war in 1915. He wrote letters to leading military authorities, later published, with extravagant plans for German annexations. Seen as an opportunist, he was said to have "no convictions, but only appetites".
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Tagebücher 1914–1919. Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Entstehung der Weimarer Republik in Tagebüchern, Leitartikeln und Briefen des Chefredakteurs am "Berliner Tageblatt" und Mitbegründer der "Deutschen Demokratischen Partei". Erster Teil, hrsg. von Bernd
428:. He pushed through the "Erzberger reforms" that transferred supreme taxing authority from the states to the central government and redistributed the tax burden more towards the wealthy. Under attack for corruption from a member of the right-wing
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Diaries 1914-1919: The First World War and the Emergence of the Weimar Republic in Diaries, Editorials and Letters of the Editor-in-Chief of the Berliner Tageblatt and Co-Founder of the German Democratic Party. Part One, ed. by Bernd
459:, the son of Josef Erzberger (1847–1907), a tailor and postman, and his wife Katherina (née Flad; 1845–1916). In his early life he gained massive weight, which he lost in the course of thirty years. He attended the seminaries in
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into law. It required all men not in the military or working in certain areas of the economy to be employed in a job vital to the war effort and, in return, recognized trade unions as equal negotiating partners with employers.
742:. Prince Max supposed that Erzberger, as a Catholic civilian, would be more acceptable to the allies than a Prussian military officer; in addition, he believed that Erzberger's reputation as a man of peace was unassailable.
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as a state secretary (equivalent to a minister) without a specified portfolio. On 6 November 1918, a reluctant Erzberger was appointed chairman of the Armistice Commission sent to negotiate with the Allies in the
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and was carried along by a wave of nationalistic enthusiasm. In September 1914, he wrote a memorandum in which he laid out his view on Germany's war aims, advocating the annexation of Belgium and parts of
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Both his role in ending the war and his financial policies earned him the enmity of the political right. On 26 August 1921, he was assassinated by two members of the right-wing terrorist group
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862:(the old conservatives), on whom he laid the responsibility for the war; the result was a personal dispute with the leader of the Nationalists, the war-time state secretary for the treasury,
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1024:. Erzberger's assassins were later smuggled into Hungary and were prosecuted only after World War II. His funeral turned into a political rally, at which one of the speakers was
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observed, in allusion to Erzberger's appearance, "he may be as round as a bullet, but he is not bullet-proof". These attacks climaxed in Erzberger's murder on 26 August 1921 in
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Erzberger's actions during the first half of July helped to bring about the fall of Bethmann Hollweg. He hoped to have him replaced by Bernhard von BĂĽlow. Instead,
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Matthias Erzberger, ein Wegbereiter der deutschen Demokratie. Buch zur Dauerausstellung der Erinnerungsstätte Matthias Erzberger in Münsingen-Buttenhausen
530:. He was in charge of foreign propaganda, especially relating to Catholic groups, and set up a system of information gathering using the resources of the
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Erzberger was instrumental in preparing the German nation for peace and in ensuring that the Catholic Centre Party, the predecessor of today's
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On 25, 27, and 28 November, Erzberger spoke on modernizing the administration. He won widespread socialist support for attempting through the
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Erzberger continued to be pursued by the relentless animosity of the reactionary parties, the conservatives and the national liberals of the
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Returning to Berlin, Erzberger agreed to remain Chairman of the Armistice Commission, a difficult and humiliating task. He fell out with
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673:. Although it has never been proven that Erzberger was responsible, it led to the extreme right seeing him as a traitor to his country.
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The German tax code still bears Erzberger's imprint. He stabilized national finances, although they remained strained by the burden of
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himself telegraphed back that the armistice should be signed, with or without modifications, and a while later the new Chancellor, the
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By 1917, with the armies stalemated on both fronts, Erzberger changed his political stance, becoming one of the leading opponents of
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to protect the civil rights of citizens. In December 1916 he successfully used the Budget Committee of the Reichstag to navigate the
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in the State Diet at Munich and in the Reichstag in Berlin. Erzberger also was the leader of the left-wing of the Centre Party with
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Epstein, Klaus. “Erzberger and the German Colonial Scandals, 1905-1910.” The English Historical Review 74, no. 293 (1959): 637–63.
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Painting depicting the signature of the armistice in the railway carriage. Behind the table, from right to left, General
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The denunciations of the conservative and national liberal press went beyond the ordinary limits of party polemics. The
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Der Völkermord an den Armeniern 1915/16. Dokumente aus dem Politischen Archiv des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtesde
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Erzberger's power in German politics was based on his great influence with the Catholic working classes in the
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696:, the sailors informed their officers that what they wanted was "Erzberger", by then synonymous with "peace".
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In his disputes with the political right, Erzberger set himself in particularly sharp opposition to the
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566:(SPD) until 1916), Erzberger was the only German politician who is known to have tried to stop the
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The Armenian Genocide 1915/16. Documents from the Political Archive of the German Foreign Office
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Against hopes that Erzberger would be able to obtain better conditions from the Allies, Marshal
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which apportioned votes based on taxes paid. The promise became known to the public on 12 July.
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In March 1918, Erzberger was the most influential supporter in government of the candidacy of
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and fourth from the left, British Naval Captain Jack Marriott. In the foreground, Erzberger,
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took over on 21 June 1919, Erzberger became finance minister and vice chancellor. After the
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on whether a memorandum had been prepared for the reform of the War Contracting System.
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that equal manhood suffrage would be introduced in Prussia after the war to replace the
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he supported Germany's position enthusiastically but later became a leading opponent of
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regarding the state of the war effort. The report also came into the possession of the
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During the trial, Erzberger was wounded in an assassination attempt by a young army
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On 9/10 July Bethmann Hollweg obtained a promise from the Crown Council and Emperor
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Die nervöse Großmacht 1871–1918. Aufstieg und Untergang des deutschen Kaiserreichs
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Die Kamera als politische Waffe? Matthias Erzberger im Fokus der Pressefotografen
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Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd; Renz, Irina; Pöhlmann, Markus, eds. (2014).
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Mord Erzberger! Konkursverwalter des Kaiserreichs und Wegbereiter der Demokratie
1369:] (in German). Stuttgart / Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 78 ff.
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in January 1919, Erzberger entered the government of the German Republic led by
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1429:"Erzberger, Matthias. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4. [Online-Version]"
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Like many others in his party, he initially supported Germany's involvement in
473:) teacher. While teaching, he also studied constitutional law and economics at
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Matthias Erzberger. Der grosse Mann des Parliamentarismus und der Finanzreform
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1685:"Weimarer Republik, Informationen zur politischen Bildung, Nr. 261 (German)"
1266:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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1631:] (in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. pp. 376, 437, 511.
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2255:(in German), vol. 4, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 638–640
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La Repubblica di Weimar: 1918–1933: storia della prima democrazia tedesca
1866:. No. 13, 604. New South Wales, Australia. 29 August 1921. p. 5
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467:, where he graduated in 1894, and started a career as a primary school (
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1602:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag. p. 528.
370:(20 September 1875 – 26 August 1921) was a politician of the Catholic
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1994:. Heidelberg: Stiftung Reichspräsident-Friedrich-Ebert-Gedenkstätte.
1052:), which portrayed the surrender as betrayal by the civilians on the
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657:, Erzberger revealed the content of a pessimistic secret report from
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The Nervous Superpower 1871-1918. Rise and Fall of the German Empire
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German military weakness. That same day, leading deputies from the
487:, where he also worked as a freelance writer. Erzberger joined the
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Matthias Erzberger: Reichsminister in Deutschlands schwerster Zeit
2133:. Frankfurt am Main: Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften GmbH.
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In 1900, he married Paula Eberhard, daughter of a businessman, in
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Political Education of Arnold Brecht: An Autobiography, 1884-1970
1388:] (in German). Springe: Zu Klampen Verlag. pp. 451 ff.
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634:, the largely unknown and party-unaffiliated nominee of General
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He was born on 20 September 1875 in Buttenhausen (today part of
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Ein kritischer Beobachter des Wilhelminischen Reiches 1895–1914
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Schriftenreihe des Rechtshistorischen Museums. Karlsruhe 2008,
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Heinzelmann, Josef (1969). "Zur Herkunft Matthias Erzbergers".
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propaganda. For his role, Erzberger was branded as one of the "
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On 3 October 1918, Erzberger entered the government of Prince
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Matthias Erzberger, ein Wegbereiter der deutschen Demokratie
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Matthias Erzberger und das Dilemma der deutschen Demokratie
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Nazism in Central Germany: The Brownshirts in 'Red' Saxony
2046:. Stuttgart: Haus der Geschichte Baden-WĂĽrttemberg. 2011.
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Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of the German Democracy
1719:"World War I Continues to Have Relevance 100 Years Later"
1943:
Matthias Erzberger (1875–1921). Staatsmann und Demokrat
998:, masterminded his killing by recruiting two members –
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Matthias Erzberger and the dilemma of German democracy
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Palmer, Christoph E. (2007). Schnabel, Thomas (ed.).
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Matthias Erzberger. Ein Demokrat in Zeiten des Hasses
1961:
Matthias Erzberger. Ein Demokrat in Zeiten des Hasses
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Matthias Erzberger, a Pathbreaker of German Democracy
616:'war party' and served to pacify the working class.
506:. They had three children (a son and two daughters).
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As the head of the German delegation, he signed the
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1561:Haus der Geschichte Baden-WĂĽrttemburg, ed. (2011).
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3389:Members of the 12th Reichstag of the German Empire
3384:Members of the 11th Reichstag of the German Empire
2169:Matthias Erzberger 1875–1921, Patriot und Visionär
2129:Leitzbach, Christian; Erzberger, Matthias (1998).
1493:] (in German). Boppard am Rhein. p. 511.
1299:
1028:. Erzberger is buried in the Catholic cemetery of
760:, telegraphed Erzberger to authorize him to sign.
1969:Matthias Erzberger. Ein Leben fĂĽr die Demokratie
3374:Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
1691:. Bonn: Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung.
595:Erzberger with indignation and disappointment.
412:in 1919 and served as minister of portfolio in
2092:Krausnick, Michael; Randecker, GĂĽnter (2005).
1803:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 133.
1212:(in German). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB)
712:, Marshal Foch (standing) and British Admiral
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1863:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
1569:] (in German). Stuttgart. pp. 37 ff.
1341:GHDI (German History in Documents and Images)
8:
2294:Newspaper clippings about Matthias Erzberger
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1892:. Princeton University Press. p. 218.
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2152:. Potsdam: Verlag fĂĽr Berlin-Brandenburg.
1874:– via National Library of Australia.
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1546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1513:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
653:That same July, at a closed conference in
641:On 19 July Erzberger called a vote on the
602:. In April 1917 he met a Russian envoy in
259:3 December 1903 – 9 November 1918
31:
3459:Assassinated leaders of political parties
1945:. Biberach: Biberacher Verlagsdruckerei.
1912:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1210:"Deutsche Biographie: Matthias Erzberger"
680:for the proposed throne of the stillborn
570:, the persecution of the Greeks, and the
2884:Hans Karl von Stein zu Nord- und Ostheim
2064:. Karlsruhe: G. Braun Buchverlag. 2013.
2038:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1826:Christian Democracy in Europe Since 1945
888:Erzberger was once more returned to the
703:
3379:Members of the Weimar National Assembly
1924:
1337:"Auxiliary Service Law (December 1916)"
1116:
1083:
3429:People from the Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
2186:Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W. (1999).
1678:
1676:
1572:
1539:
1506:
1284:. London: Papermac. pp. 314–316.
1204:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1018:officers and members of the disbanded
942:. This hostility, which amounted to a
401:and was one of the signatories of the
218:24 June 1920 – 26 August 1921
175:3 October 1918 – 20 June 1919
71:21 June 1919 – 3 October 1919
3454:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s
1689:Informationen zur Politischen Bildung
1452:
1450:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1249:
1247:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:Stamp of the German Federal Post 1975
123:21 June 1919 – 12 March 1920
7:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
692:the end of the war, the German Navy
611:(MSPD), the Centre, and the liberal
491:and was first elected to the German
1629:Encyclopedia of the First World War
866:, who published a brochure titled "
562:(a member of the Reichstag for the
385:in 1903. During the early years of
381:Erzberger was first elected to the
3399:Centre Party (Germany) politicians
3045:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau
2871:Ernst Karl August Klemens von Mann
2281:http://www.jstor.org/stable/558886
1717:Wiegrefe, Klaus (8 January 2014).
1060:, who made it an integral part of
25:
3464:Assassinated national legislators
1772:(Living virtual Museum Online) -
1743:(Living virtual Museum Online) -
1166:(Living virtual Museum Online) -
393:and proposed the successful 1917
3149:
2659:
2597:
2570:
2473:
2391:
2148:Michalka, Wolfgang, ed. (2002).
2096:. Norderstedt: Books on Demand.
1098:
1086:
784:, first Foreign Minister of the
586:rulers allied with Germany, met
434:Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
42:
3409:Assassinated German politicians
3364:Government ministers of Germany
3194:– 21 June 1919 to 27 March 1920
2408:Franz Emil Emanuel von Burchard
2171:. Stuttgart: Hohenheim-Verlag.
2115:Der Mord an Matthias Erzberger.
1657:Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19
1462:LeMO (Lebendiges Museum Online)
1074:All Quiet on the Western Front,
876:Erzberger assassination attempt
3424:People from MĂĽnsingen, Germany
2818:– 4 October to 9 November 1918
2582:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
2428:Max Franz Guido von Thielmann
2223:(in Italian). Rome: Donzelli.
2111:Reiner Haehling von Lanzenauer
1458:"Matthias Erzberger 1875-1921"
1160:"Matthias Erzberger 1875-1921"
860:German National People's Party
800:following the collapse of the
796:diplomat and agitator, to the
768:and is said to have replied, "
625:Prussian three-class franchise
600:unrestricted submarine warfare
430:German National People's Party
391:unrestricted submarine warfare
383:Reichstag of the German Empire
376:minister of finance of Germany
374:, member of the Reichstag and
1:
3005:– 13 February to 20 June 1919
1625:Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg
782:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau
528:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
403:Armistice of 11 November 1918
27:German politician (1875–1921)
3369:German people of World War I
3359:Finance ministers of Germany
2423:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
2192:. New York: Berghahn Books.
1380:Gust, Wolfgang, ed. (2005).
1367:Experiences in the World War
1361:Erzberger, Matthias (1920).
1298:Tuchman, Barbara W. (1962).
1254:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1014:. The assassins were former
819:and a new government led by
807:After the elections for the
765:armistice ending World War I
3404:Organisation Consul victims
3354:Vice-chancellors of Germany
2654:Federal Republic of Germany
2298:20th Century Press Archives
1655:Haffner, Sebastian (2002).
1257:"Erzberger, Matthias"
1093:Inscription at the memorial
828:and unnecessary surrender.
661:'s Foreign Minister, Count
3480:
3419:People murdered in Germany
2418:Baron Helmuth von Maltzahn
2325:Vice Chancellor of Germany
1990:Dowe, Christopher (2011).
1967:Dowe, Christopher (2011).
1959:Christopher Dowe (Hrsg.),
1799:Taylor, Frederick (2013).
1077:Erzberger is portrayed by
1042:Christian Democratic Union
992:, a leading member of the
958:Erzberger's birthplace in
643:Reichstag peace resolution
613:Progressive People's Party
395:Reichstag peace resolution
163:Minister without portfolio
59:Vice-Chancellor of Germany
3414:German shooting survivors
3199:
3147:
3010:
2823:
2433:Baron Hermann von Stengel
2331:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2016:. MĂĽnchen: Piper Verlag.
1824:Gehler, Michael. (2004).
1278:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim
609:Majority Social Democrats
361:
283:
252:
211:
168:
116:
64:
53:
41:
2252:Neue Deutsche Biographie
2215:Winkler, Heinrich August
1683:Sturm, Reinhard (2011).
1594:Ullrich, Volker (2010).
809:Weimar National Assembly
410:Weimar National Assembly
228:Constituency established
3449:1921 murders in Germany
3208:Reichsministerpräsident
3019:Reichsministerpräsident
1528:Epstein, Klaus (1962).
1483:Wolff, Theodor (1984).
1427:Epstein, Klaus (1959).
1363:Erlebnisse im Weltkrieg
1306:. New York: Macmillan.
1263:Encyclopædia Britannica
929:Bavarian People's Party
835:Erzberger and Minister
648:German Fatherland Party
564:Social Democratic Party
3434:German Roman Catholics
2267:Patriot in der Gefahr.
2245:Klaus Epstein (1959),
1659:(in German). Kindler.
1021:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
968:
963:
962:is now a small museum.
915:, central Germany and
868:
840:
730:
723:Detlof von Winterfeldt
678:Wilhelm, Duke of Urach
665:, to Austrian Emperor
552:Auxiliary Services Act
479:
457:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
408:He was elected to the
279:Constituency abolished
2929:Siegfried von Roedern
2458:Siegfried von Roedern
2247:"Erzberger, Matthias"
1941:Diemer, Kurt (1986).
1050:stab-in-the-back myth
990:Manfred von Killinger
957:
940:German People's Party
834:
729:, and Ernst Vanselow.
727:Alfred von Oberndorff
707:
700:Signing the Armistice
638:, became chancellor.
1858:"ERZBERGER MURDERED"
1030:Biberach an der Riss
1016:Imperial German Navy
817:Treaty of Versailles
682:Kingdom of Lithuania
504:Rottenburg am Neckar
480:Deutsches Volksblatt
422:Treaty of Versailles
196:(Minister-President)
3015:Philipp Scheidemann
3003:Scheidemann cabinet
2941:Philipp Scheidemann
2834:Friedrich von Payer
2731:Gerhard Stoltenberg
2696:Franz Josef Strauss
2010:Eschenburg, Theodor
1433:Deutsche Biographie
1012:Organisation Consul
869:Fort mit Erzberger!
839:in Berlin, May 1919
825:Weimar Constitution
813:Philipp Scheidemann
751:Paul von Hindenburg
740:Forest of Compiègne
441:Organisation Consul
436:later in the year.
414:Philipp Scheidemann
378:from 1919 to 1920.
192:Philipp Scheidemann
111:Minister of Finance
3294:Johannes Giesberts
3272:Alexander Schlicke
3222:Matthias Erzberger
3122:Matthias Erzberger
3097:Johannes Giesberts
2935:Matthias Erzberger
2897:Wilhelm von Waldow
2520:Otto von Schlieben
2495:Matthias Erzberger
2413:Karl Rudolf Jacobi
2310:Political offices
1302:The Guns of August
1296:Original edition:
1066:November Criminals
1000:Heinrich Tillessen
969:Tägliche Rundschau
964:
921:Felix von Hartmann
841:
731:
578:. He travelled to
540:Bernhard von BĂĽlow
368:Matthias Erzberger
248:for WĂĽrttemberg 16
36:Matthias Erzberger
3341:
3340:
3326:Walther Reinhardt
3158:
3157:
3134:Walther Reinhardt
3039:Bernhard Dernburg
2969:
2968:
2782:
2781:
2774:Christian Lindner
2756:Wolfgang Schäuble
2726:Manfred Lahnstein
2540:Rudolf Hilferding
2510:Rudolf Hilferding
2490:Bernhard Dernburg
2374:Finance Ministers
2341:
2340:
2332:Succeeded by
2318:Bernhard Dernburg
2178:978-3-89850-141-5
2123:978-3-922596-75-2
2071:978-3-765-08436-2
2053:978-3-933726-38-4
2001:978-3-928880-34-3
1982:978-3-17-021491-0
1973:Kohlhammer Verlag
1963:, Stuttgart 2013.
1638:978-3-8252-8551-7
1609:978-3-596-17240-5
1464:(in German). 2014
1412:. pp. 56ff, 82ff.
1071:In the 2022 film
1008:ultra-nationalist
802:German Revolution
772:" ("very well").
568:Armenian genocide
365:
364:
303:20 September 1875
197:
144:Bernhard Dernburg
92:Bernhard Dernburg
48:Erzberger in 1919
16:(Redirected from
3471:
3332:Adolf von Trotha
3315:
3302:
3254:Erich Koch-Weser
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3140:Adolf von Trotha
3105:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2955:
2924:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2860:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2765:
2741:Oskar Lafontaine
2664:
2663:
2624:Werner Schmieder
2602:
2601:
2575:
2574:
2555:Hermann Dietrich
2550:Heinrich BrĂĽning
2545:Paul Moldenhauer
2478:
2477:
2403:Adolf von Scholz
2396:
2395:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2315:Preceded by
2307:
2259:full text online
2256:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2182:
2163:
2144:
2107:
2088:
2075:
2057:
2039:
2027:
2005:
1986:
1956:
1928:
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1326:Tuchman, p. 315.
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1090:
1046:DolchstoĂźlegende
971:
871:
694:mutinied at Kiel
636:Erich Ludendorff
572:Aramean genocide
482:
326:
302:
300:
288:Personal details
276:
266:
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3099:
3006:
3000:
2970:
2965:
2960:Conrad HauĂźmann
2949:
2918:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2865:Paul von Krause
2854:
2819:
2813:
2783:
2778:
2763:
2751:Peer SteinbrĂĽck
2658:
2656:
2648:
2639:Walter Romberg
2596:
2594:
2586:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2535:Heinrich Köhler
2472:
2470:
2468:Weimar Republic
2462:
2453:Karl Helfferich
2390:
2388:
2380:
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2337:
2328:
2320:
2290:
2264:Robert Leicht:
2244:
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1038:
1004:Heinrich Schulz
952:
898:Eugenio Pacelli
878:
864:Karl Helfferich
849:war reparations
786:Weimar Republic
778:
758:Friedrich Ebert
755:Social Democrat
725:(with helmet),
702:
686:Wilhelm Groener
663:Ottokar Czernin
659:Austria-Hungary
632:Georg Michaelis
560:Karl Liebknecht
512:
461:Schwäbisch Hall
449:
344:Political party
328:
324:
304:
298:
296:
274:
264:
258:
253:
247:
233:
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217:
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207:for WĂĽrttemberg
206:
194:
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188:Friedrich Ebert
186:
174:
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3329:
3323:
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3304:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3266:Robert Schmidt
3263:
3260:Rudolf Wissell
3257:
3251:
3245:
3242:Hermann MĂĽller
3239:
3232:Eugen Schiffer
3229:
3219:
3200:
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3131:
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3119:
3113:
3107:
3094:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3069:Robert Schmidt
3066:
3063:Rudolf Wissell
3060:
3057:Otto Landsberg
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3029:Eugen Schiffer
3026:
3011:
3008:
3007:
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2999:
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2991:
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2771:
2766:
2761:Peter Altmaier
2758:
2753:
2748:
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2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Hans Matthöfer
2718:
2713:
2711:Helmut Schmidt
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Kurt SchmĂĽcker
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Fritz Schäffer
2667:
2665:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2644:Werner Skowron
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
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2619:Siegfried Böhm
2616:
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2530:Peter Reinhold
2527:
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2512:
2507:
2505:Andreas Hermes
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Eugen Schiffer
2481:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Reinhold Sydow
2435:
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2338:
2335:Eugen Schiffer
2333:
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2305:
2304:
2289:
2288:External links
2286:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2276:, Nr. 34/2011.
2262:
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2229:
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2183:
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2058:
2052:
2040:
2032:Epstein, Klaus
2028:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:, p. 178.
1917:
1913:Szejnmann 1999
1905:
1899:978-0691647746
1898:
1886:Brecht, Arnold
1877:
1849:
1834:
1816:
1810:978-1408839911
1809:
1786:
1766:"Innenpolitik"
1757:
1737:"Chronik 1919"
1728:
1709:
1672:
1665:
1644:
1637:
1615:
1608:
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1553:
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877:
874:
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774:
747:Ferdinand Foch
714:Rosslyn Wemyss
701:
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580:Constantinople
576:Ottoman Empire
511:
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327:(aged 45)
323:26 August 1921
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159:
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147:
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135:
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113:
107:
106:
104:Eugen Schiffer
101:
95:
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89:
83:
82:
77:
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72:
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
50:
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14:
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10:
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3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:Wilhelm Mayer
3305:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:Johannes Bell
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
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3261:
3258:
3255:
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3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:Reichskanzler
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3192:Bauer cabinet
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3172:
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3163:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
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3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:Georg Gothein
3108:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:Johannes Bell
3085:
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3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:(Deputy, DDP)
3040:
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3027:
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3009:
3004:
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2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:Karl Trimborn
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:Max von Baden
2826:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2816:Baden cabinet
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
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2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
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2709:
2707:
2706:Karl Schiller
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Rolf DahlgrĂĽn
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
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2480:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Adolf Wermuth
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
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2398:
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2386:German Empire
2383:
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2230:88-7989-428-5
2226:
2222:
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2201:
2199:1-57181-942-8
2195:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:3-935035-32-2
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:3-631-33492-3
2136:
2132:
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2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2103:3-8334-3586-0
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2025:
2023:3-492-00339-7
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1971:. Stuttgart:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:3-924489-36-X
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1915:, p. 38.
1914:
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1901:
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1887:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:. Routledge.
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1768:(in German).
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1739:(in German).
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1698:
1694:
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1666:3-463-40423-0
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1524:
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1510:
1502:
1500:3-7646-1835-3
1496:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
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1405:
1402:
1397:
1395:3-934920-59-4
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1313:9780026203104
1309:
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1234:
1232:
1230:
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1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1162:(in German).
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
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1137:
1135:
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1125:
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1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1067:
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1055:
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1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
995:Germanenorden
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:Bad Griesbach
970:
961:
956:
950:Assassination
949:
947:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
902:Pope Pius XII
899:
895:
891:
886:
883:
875:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
838:
833:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:After the war
775:
773:
771:
766:
761:
759:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:Max von Baden
728:
724:
721:
720:
715:
711:
706:
699:
697:
695:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
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649:
644:
639:
637:
633:
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626:
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589:
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569:
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561:
556:
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541:
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404:
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388:
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377:
373:
369:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
330:Bad Griesbach
322:
318:
315:
314:German Empire
311:
307:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
272:
269:Gebhard Braun
268:
262:
256:
251:
246:
241:
237:
231:
227:
221:
215:
210:
205:
200:
193:
189:
185:
184:Max von Baden
182:
178:
172:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
148:
145:
142:
136:
133:
130:
126:
120:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
96:
93:
90:
84:
81:
78:
74:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3320:Otto Gessler
3278:Gustav Noske
3248:Eduard David
3221:
3211:
3207:
3204:Gustav Bauer
3128:Joseph Koeth
3121:
3116:Eduard David
3081:Gustav Noske
3075:Gustav Bauer
3018:
2947:Adolf Gröber
2934:
2910:Gustav Bauer
2840:Wilhelm Solf
2830:(Chancellor)
2681:Heinz Starke
2629:Ernst Höfner
2595:(1949–1990)
2592:East Germany
2568:(1933–1945)
2565:Nazi Germany
2500:Joseph Wirth
2494:
2471:(1918–1933)
2448:Hermann KĂĽhn
2389:(1871–1918)
2323:
2271:
2266:
2257:; (
2250:
2234:. Retrieved
2219:
2203:. Retrieved
2188:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2114:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2061:
2043:
2035:
2013:
1991:
1968:
1960:
1942:
1925:Winkler 1998
1920:
1908:
1889:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1825:
1819:
1800:
1777:. Retrieved
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1688:
1656:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1437:. Retrieved
1432:
1409:
1404:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1322:
1301:
1281:
1272:
1261:
1214:. Retrieved
1171:. Retrieved
1079:Daniel BrĂĽhl
1073:
1070:
1058:Adolf Hitler
1045:
1039:
1026:Joseph Wirth
1019:
1010:death squad
993:
982:Black Forest
965:
960:Buttenhausen
937:
933:Joseph Wirth
906:
887:
879:
857:
846:
842:
837:Eduard David
821:Gustav Bauer
806:
779:
769:
762:
744:
732:
719:Generalmajor
717:
690:
675:
652:
640:
629:
618:
597:
592:Talaat Pasha
557:
545:
513:
501:
495:in 1903 for
489:Centre Party
468:
450:
447:Early career
438:
426:Gustav Bauer
407:
380:
372:Centre Party
367:
366:
348:Centre Party
325:(1921-08-26)
306:Buttenhausen
275:Succeeded by
254:
238:Hermann Eger
234:Succeeded by
213:
170:
156:Joseph Wirth
151:Succeeded by
132:Gustav Bauer
118:
99:Succeeded by
80:Gustav Bauer
66:
29:
3444:1921 deaths
3439:1875 births
3310: [
3297: [
3100: [
2950: [
2919: [
2916:Otto RĂĽdlin
2900: [
2887: [
2874: [
2855: [
2846:Max Wallraf
2769:Olaf Scholz
2746:Hans Eichel
2736:Theo Waigel
2701:Alex Möller
2676:Franz Etzel
2614:Willy Rumpf
2525:Hans Luther
2515:Hans Luther
1723:Der Spiegel
1435:(in German)
1408:Erzberger.
1282:August 1914
588:Enver Pasha
584:Young Turks
558:Apart from
534:and of the
516:World War I
510:World War I
470:Volksschule
465:Bad Saulgau
387:World War I
310:WĂĽrttemberg
265:Preceded by
224:Preceded by
139:Preceded by
87:Preceded by
3348:Categories
3051:Hugo PreuĂź
2634:Uta Nickel
2236:25 October
2205:25 October
2087:: 593–604.
2081:Genealogie
1935:References
1870:1 December
1835:0714685674
1779:25 October
1750:25 October
1468:25 October
1439:25 October
1410:Erlebnisse
1291:0333305167
1216:25 October
1173:25 October
1054:home front
913:Westphalia
853:Reichsbahn
790:Karl Radek
621:Wilhelm II
536:Freemasons
525:Chancellor
357:Politician
354:Occupation
299:1875-09-20
180:Chancellor
128:Chancellor
76:Chancellor
3316:(Zentrum)
3303:(Zentrum)
3234:(Deputy,
3224:(Deputy,
3124:(Zentrum)
3106:(Zentrum)
3031:(Deputy,
2956:(Zentrum)
2937:(Zentrum)
2861:(Zentrum)
2716:Hans Apel
2609:Hans Loch
1844:219670104
1697:0046-9408
1575:cite book
1542:cite book
1509:cite book
1006:– of the
909:Rhineland
890:Reichstag
794:Bolshevik
770:Très bien
655:Frankfurt
604:Stockholm
548:Bundesrat
493:Reichstag
485:Stuttgart
455:) in the
453:MĂĽnsingen
255:In office
245:Reichstag
214:In office
204:Reichstag
171:In office
119:In office
67:In office
18:Erzberger
3210:, later
2764:(Acting)
2657:(1949–)
2273:Die Zeit
2217:(1998).
2034:(1959).
2012:(1973).
1888:(2016).
1491:Sösemann
1486:Sösemann
1346:30 April
1280:(1980).
944:vendetta
532:Holy See
521:Lorraine
497:Biberach
475:Fribourg
3288:Zentrum
3226:Zentrum
3091:Zentrum
2378:Germany
2300:of the
2296:in the
1702:17 June
980:in the
925:Cologne
917:Silesia
900:(later
798:Entente
710:Weygand
574:in the
418:cabinet
338:Germany
2227:
2196:
2175:
2156:
2137:
2121:
2100:
2068:
2050:
2020:
1998:
1979:
1949:
1896:
1842:
1832:
1807:
1695:
1663:
1635:
1606:
1497:
1392:
1310:
1288:
1036:Legacy
894:Munich
882:ensign
792:, the
671:Allies
667:Karl I
399:Allies
3322:(DDP)
3314:]
3301:]
3280:(SPD)
3274:(SPD)
3268:(SPD)
3262:(SPD)
3256:(DDP)
3250:(SPD)
3244:(SPD)
3118:(SPD)
3112:(DDP)
3104:]
3083:(SPD)
3077:(SPD)
3071:(SPD)
3065:(SPD)
3059:(SPD)
3053:(DDP)
2962:(FVP)
2954:]
2943:(SPD)
2923:]
2912:(SPD)
2904:]
2891:]
2878:]
2859:]
2836:(FVP)
2329:1919
1627:[
1598:[
1565:[
1532:[
1488:[
1384:[
1365:[
1111:Notes
986:Baden
334:Baden
2270:In:
2238:2015
2225:ISBN
2207:2015
2194:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1872:2022
1840:OCLC
1830:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1781:2015
1770:LeMO
1752:2015
1741:LeMO
1704:2013
1693:ISSN
1661:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1581:link
1548:link
1515:link
1495:ISBN
1470:2015
1441:2015
1390:ISBN
1348:2022
1308:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1218:2015
1175:2015
1164:LeMO
1062:Nazi
1002:and
976:, a
590:and
463:and
320:Died
293:Born
3334:(–)
3328:(–)
3236:DDP
3216:SPD
3142:(–)
3136:(–)
3130:(–)
3047:(–)
3033:DDP
3023:SPD
2931:(-)
2925:(-)
2906:(-)
2893:(-)
2880:(-)
2867:(-)
2848:(-)
2842:(-)
2376:of
2302:ZBW
1774:DHM
1745:DHM
1168:DHM
1068:".
978:spa
923:of
904:).
483:in
416:'s
3350::
3312:de
3299:de
3214:,
3102:de
3021:,
2952:de
2921:de
2902:de
2889:de
2876:de
2857:de
2249:,
2113::
2085:18
2083:.
1975:.
1860:.
1838:.
1789:^
1721:.
1687:.
1675:^
1647:^
1577:}}
1573:{{
1544:}}
1540:{{
1511:}}
1507:{{
1460:.
1449:^
1431:.
1417:^
1339:.
1260:.
1226:^
1183:^
1119:^
1081:.
1032:.
911:,
896:,
804:.
443:.
405:.
336:,
332:,
312:,
308:,
3290:)
3286:(
3238:)
3228:)
3218:)
3206:(
3184:e
3177:t
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