Eshnunna - Knowledge

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the Temple by governor Ituria to the deified Ur III ruler Su-Sin during his reign. The palace was partially destroyed during the reign of Bilalama but was eventually fully restored. The remaining excavation efforts were directed to the Abu Temple whose beginnings went back to the Early Dynastic I period and which had undergone a series of major changes over the centuries. A large Southern Building was discovered, believed to be from the time of Ipiq-Adad II, of which only the foundations remained. A number of private houses and a palace from the Akkadian period were also excavated. Much effort was also put into the search for E-sikil, temple of Tishpak, without success. In records written in Sumerian the temple is dedicated to Ninazu while those in Akkadian refer to Tishpak.

526: 2102: 380: 47: 2018: 27: 2030: 2077: 2065: 40: 2114: 2137: 1730: 598: 297: 2053: 324:". His personal seal shows him facing the god Tishpak, who is holding a rod and ring in one hand and an axe in the other while standing on two subdued enemies. Rulers of Eshnunna after Shu-iliya would call themselves the steward of Eshnunna on behalf of Tishpak, and Tishpak even took on traditional titles usually attested by kings. 2149: 3095:

Allred, Lance. "The Tenure of Provincial Governors: Some Observations". From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D.: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina, University Park, USA: Penn

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The primary focuses of the Chicago excavations were the palace and the attached temple (28 meters by 28 meters with 3 meter wide walls) of Su-Sin (termed by the excavators The Palace of the Rulers and The Gimilsin Temple respectively). The palace was built during the time of Ur III ruler Shugi and

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of Mesopotamia. It is known, from cuneiform records and excavations, that the city was occupied in the Akkadian period though its extent was noticeably less than it reached in Ur III times. Areas of the Northern Palace date to this period and show some of the earliest examples of widespread sewage

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Michalowski, Piotr. "Chapter 6. The Royal Letters in Their Historical Setting 2: Great Walls, Amorites, and Military History: The Puzur-Šulgi and Šarrum-bani Correspondence (Letters 13–14 and 19–20)". The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom,

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in a new lower town. Soon after Shu-Sin's death, Ituria was followed by his son Shu-iliya, who in 2026 BCE got rid of the Ur III calendar and replaced it with a local one. He also stopped calling himself the ensi (governor) of Eshnunna, instead referring to himself as lugal (king) and "beloved of

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Rulers from the Early Dynastic period and governors under the Akkadian empire are currently unknown. Eshnunna was ruled by vassal governors under Ur III for a time, then was independent under its own rulers for several centuries, and finally controlled by vassal governors under Babylon after the

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tablets (about 1000 of which came from the palace). Because only inexperienced laborers were available many of the tablets were damaged or broken during the excavation. A project to clean, bake, and catalog all the tablets did not occur until the 1970s. The tablets from the Akkadian period were

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launched an offensive against Eshnunna, which was supported by Zimri-Lim and Hammurabi. However, the sukkalmah had further ambitions and conquered multiple other cities and even pitted Babylon and Larsa against each other. Eventually Elam's ambitions would be put to an end by a coalition led by

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During the Early Dynastic period, the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar (Eshnunna) went through a number of phases. This included the Early Dynastic Archaic Shrine, Square Temple, and Single-Shrine phases of construction. They, along with sculpture found there, helped form the basis for the three part

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Silli-Sin negotiated a treaty with Hammurabi and married one of his daughters to the king of Babylon, then diplomatic relationships with Eshnunna and Babylon worsened. Ishme-Dagan, now back on the throne in Ekallatum, received help from Silli-Sin after Hammurabi denied his request, although

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Despite the length of time since the excavations at Tell Asmar, the work of examining and publishing the remaining finds from that dig continues to this day. These finds include, terracotta figurines, toys, necklaces, cylinder seals, and roughly 200 clay sealings and around 1,750

623:. They are some of the best known examples of ancient Near East sculpture. The group, now split up, show gods, priests and donor worshipers at different sizes, but all in the same highly simplified style. All have greatly enlarged inlaid eyes, but the tallest figure, the main 2089: 2873:

Lise A. Truex, "3 Households and Institutions: A Late 3rd Millennium BCE Neighborhood at Tell Asmar", Iraq (Ancient Eshnunna), Special Issue: Excavating Neighborhoods: A Cross‐Cultural Exploration, American Anthropological Association, vol. 30, iss. 1, July

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Reichel C. 2003, A Modern Crime and an Ancient Mystery: The Seal of Bilalama, in: Selz G. J. (ed.), Festschrift für Burkhart Kienast zu seinem 70. Geburtstage dargebracht von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 274, Münster,

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Van Koppen, Frans, and Denis Lacambre, "Sippar and the Frontier between Ešnunna and Babylon. New Sources for the History of Ešnunna in the Old Babylonian Period", Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 41, pp. 151-177,

451:"No king is truly powerful just on his own: ten to fifteen kings follow Hammurabi of Babylon, as many follow Rim-Sin of Larsa, as many follow Ibal-pi-El of Eshnunna, and as many follow Amut-pi-El of Qatna; but twenty kings follow Yarim-Lim of Yamhad" 2722:

Blocher, Felix. "Thoughts about the Audience-Hall of Naramsin at Tell Asmar-Ešnunna." Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday, pp. 90-97,

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Claudia E. Suter, "The Victory Stele of Dadusha of Eshnunna: A New Look at its Unusual Culminating Scene", Ash-sharq Bulletin of the Ancient Near East Archaeological, Historical and Societal Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–29,

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defeated them and installed Nurahum as the new king of Eshnunna. Ipiq-Adad II's reign marked the rise of Eshnunna to a world power. He revived the title of king and deified himself by writing his name with a divine determinative.

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archaeological separation of the Early Dynastic period into ED I, ED II, and ED III for the ancient Near East. A cache of 12 gypsum temple sculptures, in a geometric style, were found in the Square Temple; these are known as the

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Reichel, C. 2008. "The King is Dead, Long Live the King: The Last Days of the Šu-Sîn Cult at Ešnunna and its Aftermath.", In: N. Brisch (ed.), Religion and Power. Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond, 133-155. OIS 4,

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in 1892 but he neglected to report the location before he died in 1921. It was refound, after antiquities from the site began to appear in dealers shops in Baghdad, and excavated in six seasons between 1930 and 1936 by an

591:, termed "archaic Old Babylonian". They are roughly in two groups a) earlier primarily from the reigns of Bilalama, Nur-ahum and Kirikiri and b) later primarily from the reigns of Usur-awassu, Ur-Ninmar, and Ipiq-Adad I. 2125: 398:. However, Shamshi-Adad launched a counter-offensive and the resulting military stand off was concluded with a peace treaty in 1782 BCE. Dadusha then collaborated with Shamshi-Adad in a military campaign against Qabra 587:

published in 1961. While most of the Eshnunna tablets are of an administrative nature 58 are letters which are rare in this time period. The letters are written in an early form of the Old Babylonian dialect of the

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Reichel, Clemens. "Centre and Periphery–The Role of the ‘Palace of the Rulers’ at Tell Asmar in the History of Ešnunna (2,100–1,750 BCE)." Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 11 (2018):

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By then the geopolitical situation had grown very complicated, as shown by a record found at Mari in Zimri-Lim's sixth year (Zimri-Lim's Mari is likely not mentioned because it is taken for granted):

3341: 642:"If a man begat sons, divorced his wife and married another, that man shall be uprooted from the house and property and may go after whom he loves. His wife (on the other hand) she claims the house." 2949:

Evans, Jean M. "A Reconsideration of the So-Called Single-Shrine Temple at Tell Asmar." in From Sherds to Landscapes: Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honor of McGuire Gibson 71 (2021): 91-105

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Henri Frankfort with a chapter by Thorkild Jacobsen, "Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933/34: Fourth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition", Oriental Institute Communication 19, 1935

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Matthew Rutz, and Piotr Michalowski. "The Flooding of Ešnunna, the Fall of Mari: Hammurabi’s Deeds in Babylonian Literature and History." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 68, 2016, pp. 15–43

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Matthew Rutz, and Piotr Michalowski. "The Flooding of Ešnunna, the Fall of Mari: Hammurabi’s Deeds in Babylonian Literature and History." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 68, 2016, pp. 15–43

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Henri Frankfort, Seton Lloyd, and Thorkild Jacobsen with a chapter by Günter Martiny, "The Gimilsin Temple and the Palace of the Rulers at Tell Asmar", Oriental Institute Publication 43, 1940

2101: 654:. They were written sometime around the reign of king Dadusha of Eshnunna and appear to not be official copies. When the actual laws were composed is unknown. They are similar to the 3067:

Rosen, Bruce L. "Some Notes on Eshnunna Laws 20 and 21 and a Legal Reform in the Laws of Hammurapi." Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 71, no. 1, 1977, pp. 35–38

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city's capture by Hammurabi. Rulership is unknown afterwards though the city did survive at least until the 12th century BC. The following list should not be considered complete:

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Jordi Vidal. "‘Kill Them All!’ Some Remarks on the Annihilation of the Ya’ilanum Tribe (1781 B.C.E.)." Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 133, no. 4, 2013, pp. 683–89

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Henri Frankfort, "Progress of the Work of the Oriental Institute in Iraq, 1934/35: Fifth Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition'", Oriental Institute Communication 20, 1936

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tried to impose an alliance with Zimri-Lim of Mari with Eshnunna in the dominant position. However, relations soon broke down and Zimri-Lim was soon openly collaborating with

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Max Hilzheimer, translated by Adolph A. Brux, "Animal Remains from Tell Asmar", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 20, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1941

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Henri Frankfort, Thorkild Jacobsen, and Conrad Preusser, "Tell Asmar and Khafaje: The First Season's Work in Eshnunna 1930/31", Oriental Institute Communication 13, 1932

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wife Shulgi-Simtum showed devotion to two goddesses closely connected with the governor's dynasty at Eshnunna, and Shu-Sin's uncle Babati temporarily lived in Eshnunna.

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of Babylon, the Babylonians occupied the city of Eshnunna. He returned the titular deity of Assur which had been removed when Eshnunna captured the city of Assur.

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Henri Frankfort, "Iraq Excavations of the Oriental Institute 1932/33": Third Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, Oriental Institute Communication 17, 1934

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After the fall of the Ur III empire there was a period of chaos in Akkad with numerous city-states vying for power. For a time Eshnunna was under the control of

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proper, the city nonetheless belonged securely within the Sumerian cultural milieu. It is sometimes, in archaeological papers, called Ashnunnak or Tuplias.

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Al-Luhaibi, Ahmed A., "New Cylinder Seals From Tell Asmar (The Ancient City Of Eshnunna) From The Iraqi Eexcavations 2001–2002", Iraq 85, pp. 29-48, 2023

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Ishme-Dagan would later go back to seek refuge in Babylon again. Zimri-Lim, now wary of Hammurabi, supported Silli-Sin in his war against Hammurabi.

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Bloch, Yigal. "The Conquest Eponyms of Šamšī-Adad I and the Kaneš Eponym List." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 73, no. 2, 2014, pp. 191–210

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Henri Frankfort, "Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad: Second Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition", Oriental Institute Communication 16, 1933

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Sasson, Jack M. “The King and I a Mari King in Changing Perceptions." Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 118, no. 4, 1998, pp. 453–70

360:, and Eshnunna, under Ipiq-adad II, rose to fill the void. The boundary of control between the two city-states was fluid running somewhere about 2749:

Carol Meyer et al., "From Zanzibar to Zagros: A Copal Pendant from Eshnunna," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 289–298, 1991

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Falkowitz, Robert S. "Paragraph 59 of the ‘Laws of Ešnunna.’" Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 72, no. 1, 1978, pp. 79–80

2885:"Clay Sealings And Tablets From Tell Asmar", The Oriental Institute News and Notes, no. 159, pp. 1-5, Oriental Institute of Chicago, Fall 1998 2215:

Thorkild Jacobsen, "Philological Notes on Eshnunna and Its Inscriptions", Assyriological Studies 6, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934

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Plaques with nude females from Tell Asmar, baked clay, (left)_city wall area, Isin-Larsa period, 2000-1800 BC, (right) Ishchali, 2000-1600 BC

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culture. The trade routes gave it access to many exotic, sought-after goods such as horses from the north, copper, tin, and other metals and

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Henri Frankfort, "More Sculpture from the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 60, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1943

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Plaque_with_female_and_male_figures, Tell Asmar Single-Shrine Temple III - Early Dynastic period, 2500-2330 BC, alabaster, shell and bitumen

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Henri Frankfort, "The Indus civilization and the Near East." Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology for 1932, Leyden, VI, pp. 1–12, 1934

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Maria deJong Ellis, "Notes on the Chronology of the Later Eshnunna Dynasty", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 61–85, 1985

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Gentili, Paolo. “CHOGHA GAVANEH: AN OUTPOST OF EŠNUNNA ON THE ZAGROS MOUNTAINS?” Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 35, 2012, pp. 165–73

2181: 289: 2977:, "The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient", Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, pp. 46-49, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), 2947: 3326: 497:

Because of its promise of control over lucrative trade routes, Eshnunna could function somewhat as a gateway between Mesopotamian and

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Pinhas Delougaz and Seton Lloyd with chapters by Henri Frankfort and Thorkild Jacobsen, "Pre-Sargonid Temples in the Diyala Region",

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R. M. Whiting Jr., "An Old Babylonian Incantation from Tell Asmar", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, vol. 75, pp. 179 – 187, 1985

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conquered Eshnunna and carried back a number of statues, ranging from the Akkadian period to the Old Babylonian period, to Susa.

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Lambert, W. G. “Narām-Sîn of Ešnunna or Akkad?” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 106, no. 4, 1986, pp. 793–95

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In the late 1990s, Iraqi archaeologists worked at Tell Asmar. The results from that excavation have not yet been published.

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Ibal-pi-El also captured Rapiqum and proceeded along the Suhum, and also launched an offensive towards the north, occupying

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R. M. Whiting Jr., "Four seal impressions from Tell Asmar", Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 34, pp. 30 – 35, 1987

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Rumaidhy, S., et al. "Iraqi Excavations in the Diyala Region: Tell Asmar (Eshnunna) and Tell Muqtadiya." (forthcoming)

3258: 3239: 3230: 3214: 3020: 2254: 468:, a commoner who used to be a section leader as king despite the presence of a pro-Babylonian faction (ARM 26 377). 39: 3273:

Gary A. Rendsburg, "UT 68 and the Tell Asmar Seal", Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 448–452, 1984

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Civil, M., “A School Exercise from Tell Asmar”. Studia Orientalia Electronica, vol. 46, pp. 39–42, Apr. 2015

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strengthened territorial acquisitions and extended Babylon's zone of control to the banks of the Tigris, however

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I.J. Gelb, "Sargonic Texts from the Diyala Region", Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 1, Chicago, 1961

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After the death of Shamshi-Adad, his kingdom disintegrated and the conquered kingdoms regained independence.

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J. B. Istas editor, "Le Muséon", Volume 11, Société des lettres et des sciences (Louvain, Belgium), 1892

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Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature

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Hammurabi. Eshnunna was looted by the retreating Elamite troops, and the military of Eshnunna installed

2959:"The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E 2925: 614:

Head of a statue from Tell Asmar, excavated by the Oriental Institute in 1933. The Sulaymaniyah Museum

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Pinhas Delougaz, Harold D. Hill, and Seton Lloyd, "Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala Region",

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Pendants from Tell Asmar North Palace - Early Dynastic period - lapis lazuli, silver, and carnelian

305: 2302:"Elam and Eshnunna: Historical and Archaeological Interrelations during the Old Babylonian Period" 2530: 1810: 534: 460: 285: 209: 465: 3288: 3221: 3194: 3129: 3052: 2978: 2680: 2639: 2603: 2573: 2522: 2437: 2358: 2317: 2260: 952: 683: 655: 588: 563: 455:

However, less than eight years later, Eshnunna would lose their status as a great power. The

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of Eshnunna reversed some of these territorial gains. Naram-Sin was also the one that forced

2672: 2631: 2565: 2514: 2503:"Les Relations Diplomatiques Entre Ibal-Pi-El Ii Et Zimri-Lim: Deux Étapes Vers La Discorde" 2471: 2392:

Ash-Sharq: Bulletin of the Ancient Near East Archaeological, Historical and Societal Studies

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Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East

2388:"The Victory Stele of Dadusha of Eshnunna: A New Look at its Unusual Culminating Scene" 1767: 1015: 395: 386:

male worshiper, in alabaster with shell eyes. It is of the twelve statues found in the

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In his 38th year name, Hammurabi would claim to have destroyed Eshnunna with a flood.

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Henri Frankfort, "Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafajah

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Richardson, Seth. "Axes Against Ešnunna." Orientalia, vol. 74, no. 1, 2005, pp. 42–50

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Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives

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George, A. R. "On Babylonian Lavatories and Sewers.", Iraq, vol. 77, 2015, pp. 75–106

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Statuette of male worshiper from Tell Asmar - Early Dynastic period 2600-2350 BC

1923: 1439: 1210: 1110: 651: 567: 537:, or archaeological settlement mound, of Tell Asmar, some 50 miles northeast of 410: 308:. Eshnunna may have had special relationships to the royal family. For example, 225: 2463: 2342: 1729: 597: 304:

The first known rulers of the city were a series of vassal governors under the

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Al-Rawi, F. N. H., "Assault and Battery", Sumer, vol. 38, pp. 117–120, 1982

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depicting the local god, has enormous eyes that give it a "fierce power".

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Tell Asmar Statue at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

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Treaty with Hammurabi, in year 4 of reign married daughter of Hammurabi

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He oversaw a large expansion of Eshnunna's territory conquering out to

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Romano, Licia, "Who was Worshipped in the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar?",

752: 406: 348:(in his 9th year, circa 2010 BC) of the southern Mesopotamia city of 309: 267:

were also worshiped there. The personal goddesses of the rulers were

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The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre

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University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 122-16

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God with ax attacks eagle while Shamash and Worshipper stand behind

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Recorded building a throne "inlaid with gold and Meluhha pearls".

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Chubb, Mary (7 November 1961). "Rebuilding The Tower Of Babel".

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Copper Straw from Tell Asmar North Palace Area - Akkadian period

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who captured Eshnunna, in 5th year of reign Shamshi-Adad I dies

650:(Tell Harmal) and a fragment found at Tell Haddad, the ancient 2907:

R. M. Whiting Jr., "Old Babylonian Letters from Tell Asmar",

2671:, Penn State University Press, pp. 294–342, 2015-07-09, 2630:, Penn State University Press, pp. 181–214, 2015-07-09, 529:

Old-Babylonian plaque of a nude female, from Tell Asmar, Iraq

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About the time of the middle 19th century BC Babylon, under

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Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III, Isin-Larsa, Old Babylonian

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States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC

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Sumerian Status from Tell Asmar - part of Tell Asmar Hoard

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Extent of Eshnunna's influence c. 1764 BC (in light blue).

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The remains of the ancient city are now preserved in the

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Dadusha, king of Eshnunna, launched an offensive against

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disposal engineering including toilets in private homes.

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I. J. Gelb, "A Tablet of Unusual Type from Tell Asmar",

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Harper, Prudence; Aruz, Joan; Tallon, Frangoise (1993).

288:, around 3000 BC, Eshnunna was a major city during the 646:

The Laws of Eshnunna consist of two tablets, found at

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was found. A small number of seals and beads from the

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Ituria, the governor of Eshnunna, erected a temple to

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Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC

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Statue of a Sumerian seated worshiper from Tell Asmar

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63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952,

3216:Pinhas Delougaz, "Pottery from the Diyala Region", 669: 191: 183: 175: 167: 159: 154: 146: 136: 128: 123: 115: 78: 70: 62: 3236:88, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967 3128:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 532–534. 3051:The Laws of Eshnunna, Reuven Yaron, BRILL, 1988, 1121:His daughter (ME-ku-bi) married Tan-Ruhuratir of 3245:, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1942 332:, giving his daughter Me-Kubi to Tan-Ruhuratir. 3315:The Diyala Project at the University of Chicago 3151:Amorites in the Old Babylonian Period. PhD diss 2507:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 2343:"3. The Origins of Assyrian Cultural Tradition" 640: 449: 171:Henri Frankfort, Seton Lloyd, Thorkild Jacobsen 2965:, Boston, Oct 2007, Vol. 111, Iss. 4; pg. 599 1832:Comments, notes, and references for mentions 946:Comments, notes, and references for mentions 689:Comments, notes, and references for mentions 8: 1551:Defeated the Elamites during his fourth year 505:. In a grave in Eshnunna, a pendant made of 19: 2739:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2349:, DE GRUYTER, pp. 93–144, 2015-09-25, 2047:Sumerian Statues from Eshnunna and Khafajah 3010:, Oriental Institute Publication 44, 1939" 2209: 2207: 1867: c. 1764 – c. 1756 BC 1787: c. 1779 – c. 1765 BC 541:and 15 km in a straight line east of 25: 18: 3096:State University Press, 2021, pp. 115-124 2280: 2278: 2276: 490:In the 12th century BC the Elamite ruler 432:and Qattara before proceeding to capture 2985:; the group are now divided between the 1836: 950: 693: 295: 3252:, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 219–226, 1942 2203: 2167:List of cities of the ancient Near East 2119:Administrative tablet - Akkadian period 2013: 570:. The expedition's field secretary was 440:abandoned Ekallatum and took refuge in 3281:Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004-12-28). 3126:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.) 2922:"Rescuing Iraqi Archeological Reports" 2600:Hammurabi King of Babylon: a Biography 251:(Tišpak) though other gods, including 3119: 3117: 2487: 2485: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 1826: 940: 679: 7: 2381: 2379: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 566:, Pinhas Delougaz, Gordon Loud, and 3352:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) 2602:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 16–17. 2434:A History of Babylon: 2200 BC–AD 75 2398:(2): 1–30 – via Academia.edu. 2182:Chronology of the ancient Near East 247:The tutelary deity of the city was 3243:Oriental Institute Publications 58 328:formed a diplomatic marriage with 14: 224:) city and city-state in central 3108:Discoveries in Anatolia, 1930-31 2462:Veenhof, Klaas R. (2017-04-07). 2347:Religion and Ideology in Assyria 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 1728: 904:of and gained independence from 46: 45: 38: 3367:Former populated places in Iraq 3250:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3234:Oriental Institute Publications 3218:Oriental Institute Publications 2963:American Journal of Archaeology 2436:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 75. 2259:. University of Chicago Press. 1864: 1784: 1741: 1634: 1513: 405:, with the help of the king of 269:Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban 2035:Plaque of Ishtar from Eshnunna 1829:date and length of reign (MC) 943:date and length of reign (MC) 1: 2598:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2004). 2432:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2017). 2300:Peyronel, Luca (2013-01-01), 1987: 1956: 1933: 1905: 1842: 1588: 1470: 1328: 1198: 1163: 1084: 1014:and applied it to the city’s 982: 956: 855: 725: 413:and took the throne of Mari. 3362:Archaeological sites in Iraq 2911:22, Oriental Institute, 1987 1929: 1699:Descendant of Naram-Suen (?) 1584: 1410:Gained control of Ishur and 236:. Although situated in the 16:Archaeological site in Iraq 3393: 2501:Guichard, Michaël (2002). 2386:Suter, Claudia E. (2018). 682:date and length of reign ( 634: 545:. It was first located by 475:In 1762 BC, in Year 31 of 232:and 15 miles northwest of 2476:10.1002/9781118325216.ch3 2355:10.1515/9781614514268-005 2314:10.1163/9789004207417_005 2308:, Brill, pp. 51–70, 2253:Frankfort, Henri (1948). 1831: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1218: 1183: 945: 939: 936: 933: 929: 688: 678: 675: 672: 515:Indus Valley civilization 33: 24: 3149:de Boer, Rients (2014). 3124:Frayne, Douglas (1990). 1820:Portrait or inscription 934:Portrait or inscription 673:Portrait or inscription 228:12.6 miles northwest of 163:1930 to 1936, late 1990s 3270:7, pp. 51–65, 2010 3193:(2nd ed.). Libri. 2995:National Museum of Iraq 2909:Assyriological Studies 2677:10.5325/j.ctv1bxgxg3.10 2023:Dancers Eshnunna Louvre 2669:From the Mari Archives 2636:10.5325/j.ctv1bxgxg3.7 2628:From the Mari Archives 2570:10.5325/j.ctv1bxgxg3.5 2562:From the Mari Archives 2468:A Companion to Assyria 2010:Excavation photographs 1759:"King of the Universe" 1744: c. 1790 BC 1637: c. 1797 BC 1617:"King of the Universe" 1516: c. 1862 BC 644: 615: 602: 530: 453: 391: 301: 132:Late 4th Millennium BC 2519:10.3917/assy.096.0109 1839:Old Babylonian period 1643:Son of Naram-Suen (?) 1010:Dropped the title of 613: 600: 556:University of Chicago 528: 382: 299: 290:Early Dynastic period 160:Excavation dates 100:33.48417°N 44.72833°E 63:Alternative name 3189:Chubb, Mary (1999). 1916:Vassal under Babylon 1542:King of the Universe 1004:after the defeat of 996:of and installed by 606:Square Temple of Abu 284:Inhabited since the 2993:, Chicago, and the 2987:Metropolitan Museum 1754:Son of Ipiq-adad II 1603:Son of Ipiq-adad II 1526:Son of Ibal-pi-El I 1054:Held the title of, 910:Held the title of, 873:Held the title of, 829:Held the title of, 801:Held the title of, 773:Held the title of, 736:Held the title of, 409:Yarim-Lim, deposed 364:(now Tell ed-Der). 306:Third dynasty of Ur 96: / 21: 3372:Diyala Governorate 3320:2013-12-14 at the 2991:Oriental Institute 2961:", Jean M Evans, 2810:2010-06-18 at the 2792:2010-06-18 at the 1998:Held the title of 1967:Held the title of 1882:Held the title of 1811:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 1757:Held the title of 1718:Held the title of 1693:Held the title of 1668:Held the title of 1646:Held the title of 1615:Held the title of 1538:Held the title of 1494:Held the title of 1450:Gained control of 1444:Held the title of 1404:Held the title of 1370:Held the title of 1350:Held the title of 1310:Held the title of 1288:Held the title of 1266:Held the title of 1235:Held the title of 1174:Held the title of 1143:Held the title of 1115:Held the title of 866:Known only from a 616: 603: 552:Oriental Institute 531: 461:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 392: 302: 286:Jemdet Nasr period 210:Diyala Governorate 192:Public access 105:33.48417; 44.72833 3294:978-0-8264-1628-5 3287:. A&C Black. 3211:pp. 355–389. 3106:Martin, Richard. 2861:. No. 55232. 2609:978-1-405-12660-1 2323:978-90-04-20741-7 2266:978-0-226-26011-2 2007: 2006: 1792: 1749: 1598: 1521: 1480: 1098: 1040: 953:Isin-Larsa period 870:temple dedication 684:Middle Chronology 656:Code of Hammurabi 589:Akkadian language 564:Thorkild Jacobsen 517:were also found. 216:) was an ancient 199: 198: 54:Shown within Iraq 3384: 3298: 3204: 3191:City In the Sand 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2975:Frankfort, Henri 2972: 2966: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2924:. Archived from 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2803: 2797: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2459: 2448: 2447: 2429: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2297: 2286: 2282: 2271: 2270: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2211: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1868: 1866: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1828: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1732: 1690:Son of Ibni-Erra 1638: 1636: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1338:Son of Ur-Ninmar 1333: 1330: 1327: 1209:Originally from 1204: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1038: 988: 987: 984: 979: 965: 961: 958: 942: 893: 892: c. 2026 BC 861: 860: 857: 852: 731: 730: 727: 722: 708: 704: 681: 670: 637:Laws of Eshnunna 631:Laws of Eshnunna 621:Tell Asmar Hoard 601:Stele of Dadusha 492:Shutruk-Nakhunte 388:Tell Asmar Hoard 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 49: 48: 42: 29: 22: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3377:Former kingdoms 3357:Sumerian cities 3332: 3331: 3322:Wayback Machine 3311: 3295: 3280: 3201: 3188: 3182: 3180:Further reading 3177: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3001: 2997:(with the god). 2973: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2812:Wayback Machine 2804: 2800: 2794:Wayback Machine 2786: 2782: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2461: 2460: 2451: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2299: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2267: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2132: 2129: 2120: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2096: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2060: 2057: 2048: 2045: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2021: 2012: 1990: 1985: 1959: 1954: 1936: 1928: 1908: 1903: 1863: 1849: 1845: 1789: 1783: 1746: 1740: 1680:Iqishi-Tishpak 1633: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1518: 1512: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1331: 1300:Urn-ningiszida 1201: 1196: 1166: 1161: 1103:Son of Kirikiri 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1075: 1037: 985: 980: 963: 959: 888: 858: 853: 728: 723: 706: 702: 664: 639: 633: 608: 560:Henri Frankfort 523: 503:precious stones 488: 338: 282: 277: 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 58: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3310: 3309:External links 3307: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3141: 3134: 3113: 3098: 3088: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3044: 3033: 3024: 3013: 2999: 2967: 2951: 2940: 2931: 2928:on 2015-10-09. 2913: 2898: 2887: 2876: 2864: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2816: 2798: 2780: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2725: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2685: 2656: 2644: 2615: 2608: 2590: 2578: 2549: 2540: 2513:(2): 109–142. 2493: 2481: 2449: 2442: 2413: 2401: 2375: 2363: 2334: 2322: 2287: 2272: 2265: 2245: 2226: 2217: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1991: 1700 BC 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1960: 1736 BC 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1731 BC 1926: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1742 BC 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1595 BC 1834: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1798: 1797:Son of Dadusha 1793: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1768:Shamshi-Adad I 1761: 1755: 1750: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621:He was deified 1619: 1613: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1816 BC 1581: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1552: 1549: 1548:He was deified 1546: 1536: 1527: 1522: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1481: 1474: 1870 BC 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1433: 1432:Son of Sarrija 1428: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1393: 1392:Son of Sarrija 1388: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1900 BC 1323: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1932 BC 1191: 1190:Anum-muttabil 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1170: 1167: 1940 BC 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1962 BC 1077: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1016:tutelary deity 1008: 989: 986: 2010 BC 975: 972: 969: 968: 964: 1765 BC 948: 947: 944: 938: 935: 931: 930: 927: 926: 925: 924: 918: 908: 899: 894: 886: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 871: 862: 859: 2030 BC 848: 845: 842: 841: 840: 839: 833: 825: 820: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 805: 797: 792: 789: 786: 785: 784: 783: 777: 769: 764: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 744: 732: 729: 2065 BC 718: 715: 712: 711: 707: 2010 BC 691: 690: 687: 677: 674: 663: 662:List of rulers 660: 635:Main article: 632: 629: 607: 604: 522: 519: 487: 484: 396:Shamshi-Adad I 374:Shamshi-Adad I 362:Sippar-Amnanum 337: 334: 281: 278: 276: 273: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168:Archaeologists 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 53: 44: 43: 37: 36: 35: 34: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3389: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3226:0-226-14233-7 3223: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3200:1-901965-02-3 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3135:0-8020-5873-6 3131: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057:90-04-08534-3 3054: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2729: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2688: 2686:9781575063768 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2647: 2645:9781575063768 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2581: 2579:9781575063768 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443:9781405188999 2439: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364:9781614514824 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2177:Tell Ishchali 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1840: 1835: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1782: 1780: 1779:Ibal-pi-el II 1777: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1630:Dannum-tahaz 1629: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1511: 1509:Ipiq-adad II 1508: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1464: 1462:Ibal-pi-El I 1461: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133:Isharramashu 1132: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1060:His name was 1059: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992: 991: 990: 976: 973: 971: 970: 967: 954: 949: 932: 928: 923: 919: 917: 915: 909: 907: 903: 900: 898:Son of Ituria 897: 896: 895: 891: 887: 884: 882: 881: 876: 872: 869: 865: 864: 863: 849: 846: 844: 843: 837: 834: 832: 828: 827: 826: 824: 821: 818: 816: 815: 809: 806: 804: 800: 799: 798: 796: 793: 790: 788: 787: 781: 778: 776: 772: 771: 770: 768: 765: 762: 760: 759: 754: 750: 749: 745: 743: 741: 735: 734: 733: 719: 716: 714: 713: 710: 701: 697: 696:Ur III period 692: 685: 671: 668: 661: 659: 657: 653: 649: 643: 638: 630: 628: 626: 622: 612: 605: 599: 595: 592: 590: 585: 579: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 527: 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 485: 483: 480: 478: 473: 469: 467: 462: 458: 452: 448: 445: 443: 439: 438:Ishme-Dagan I 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 415:Ibal-pi-el II 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 389: 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 351: 347: 343: 336:Middle Bronze 335: 333: 331: 327: 323: 318: 313: 311: 307: 298: 294: 291: 287: 279: 274: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 240:northwest of 239: 238:Diyala Valley 235: 234:Tell Ishchali 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 118: 114: 109: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 41: 32: 28: 23: 3283: 3267: 3249: 3242: 3233: 3217: 3190: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3125: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3047: 3036: 3027: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2989:, New York, 2970: 2962: 2954: 2943: 2934: 2926:the original 2916: 2908: 2901: 2890: 2879: 2867: 2858: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2801: 2783: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2735: 2728: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2690:, retrieved 2668: 2659: 2649:, retrieved 2627: 2618: 2599: 2593: 2583:, retrieved 2561: 2552: 2543: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2467: 2433: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2368:, retrieved 2346: 2337: 2327:, retrieved 2305: 2255: 2248: 2220: 1999: 1968: 1919: 1883: 1873: 1837: 1800: 1763: 1758: 1719: 1711: 1694: 1683: 1669: 1661: 1647: 1616: 1606: 1539: 1529: 1495: 1485: 1445: 1435: 1425: 1405: 1395: 1385: 1371: 1351: 1341: 1322:Ipiq-Adad I 1311: 1303: 1289: 1281: 1267: 1262:Lipit-Ishtar 1257: 1250: 1236: 1228: 1175: 1155:Usur-awassu 1144: 1136: 1116: 1106: 1055: 1045: 1034: 1011: 1001: 993: 951: 922:self-deified 911: 901: 874: 835: 830: 822: 807: 802: 794: 779: 774: 766: 746: 737: 694: 665: 645: 641: 617: 593: 580: 576: 558:team led by 547:Henri Pognon 532: 496: 489: 481: 474: 470: 454: 450: 446: 434:Shubat-Enlil 423: 400: 393: 376:into exile. 355: 339: 314: 303: 283: 280:Early Bronze 246: 205: 201: 200: 1924:Samsu-iluna 1846: 1765 1440:Erra-imitti 1111:Iddin-Dagan 1088: 1981 960: 2010 819:Lugal-Kuzu 717:Urguedinna 703: 2119 568:Seton Lloyd 521:Archaeology 486:Late Bronze 411:Yasmah-Addu 226:Mesopotamia 220:(and later 103: / 79:Coordinates 3336:Categories 2983:0140561072 2692:2023-08-15 2651:2023-08-15 2585:2023-08-15 2558:"Kingship" 2370:2023-08-15 2329:2023-08-15 2198:References 1860:Silli-Sin 1848: – c. 1809:Killed by 1791:(14 years) 1748:(10 years) 1708:Ibbi-Suen 1695:"Governor" 1658:Ibni-Erra 1611:Silli-Adad 1579:Naram-Suen 1534:Sumu-la-El 1520:(37 years) 1479:(10 years) 1446:"Governor" 1406:"Governor" 1400:Enlil-bani 1372:"Governor" 1365:Uncertain 1352:"Governor" 1346:Ur-Ninurta 1312:"Governor" 1290:"Governor" 1278:Ur-Ninmar 1268:"Governor" 1237:"Governor" 1176:"Governor" 1145:"Governor" 1117:"Governor" 1097:(20 years) 1090: – c. 1056:"Governor" 1050:Shu-Ilishu 1039:(10 years) 1002:"Governor" 998:Ishbi-Erra 962: – c. 885:Shu-iliya 875:"Governor" 831:"Governor" 803:"Governor" 775:"Governor" 705: – c. 625:cult image 572:Mary Chubb 358:Sumu-la-El 346:Ishbi-Erra 230:Tell Agrab 206:Tell Asmar 155:Site notes 141:Bronze Age 119:settlement 91:44°43′42″E 66:Tell Asmar 2859:The Times 2665:"Culture" 2624:"Warfare" 2527:0373-6032 2470:: 57–79. 1979:Ahu-šina 1878:Hammurabi 1805:Zimri-Lim 1712:Uncertain 1684:Uncertain 1662:Uncertain 1597:(9 years) 1426:Uncertain 1386:Uncertain 1304:Uncertain 1282:Uncertain 1251:Uncertain 1229:Uncertain 1225:Abimadar 1137:Uncertain 1035:Uncertain 1031:Kirikiri 838:of Shulgi 823:Uncertain 810:of Shulgi 795:Uncertain 782:of Shulgi 767:Uncertain 648:Shaduppum 584:cuneiform 477:Hammurabi 466:Silli-Sin 430:Ekallatum 419:Hammurabi 403:Zimri-Lim 370:Naram-Sin 184:Ownership 176:Condition 88:33°29′3″N 3318:Archived 2808:Archived 2790:Archived 2535:23281220 2243:Chicago. 2172:Khafajah 2161:See also 1564:Me-Turan 1452:Nerebtum 1422:Belakum 1382:Warassa 1362:Sarrija 1073:Bilalama 974:Nurahum 906:Ibbi-Sin 791:Kallamu 740:Governor 652:Mê-Turan 511:Zanzibar 384:Sumerian 366:Apil-Sin 326:Bilalama 310:Shulgi's 222:Akkadian 218:Sumerian 204:(modern 202:Eshnunna 147:Cultures 71:Location 20:Eshnunna 2192:Andarig 1986: 1955: 1932: 1904: 1827:Approx. 1736:Dadusha 1587: 1568:Arrapha 1556:Rapiqum 1490:Zambiya 1469: 1247:Azuzum 1197: 1162: 1083: 1076:𒉋𒆷𒈠 1062:Elamite 1020:Tishpak 1006:Subartu 981: 941:Approx. 890:reigned 868:Shu-Sin 854: 847:Ituria 724: 680:Approx. 554:of the 543:Baqubah 539:Baghdad 499:Elamite 457:Elamite 442:Babylon 342:Subartu 322:Tishpak 317:Shu-Sin 275:History 265:Kititum 249:Tishpak 137:Periods 129:Founded 124:History 3291: 3268:KASKAL 3224: 3197: 3132: 3055: 2981: 2683: 2642: 2606: 2576: 2533: 2525: 2440: 2361: 2320: 2263: 2000:"King" 1969:"King" 1897:Iluni 1884:"King" 1823:Ruler 1720:"King" 1670:"King" 1648:"King" 1566:, and 1496:"King" 1012:"King" 937:Ruler 753:Shulgi 676:Ruler 459:ruler 407:Aleppo 261:Inanna 259:, and 187:Public 179:Ruined 2531:JSTOR 2285:29-53 1948:Anni 1920:temp. 1874:temp. 1801:temp. 1764:temp. 1607:temp. 1560:Suhum 1530:temp. 1486:temp. 1436:temp. 1412:Tutub 1396:temp. 1342:temp. 1258:temp. 1107:temp. 1046:temp. 994:temp. 902:temp. 836:temp. 808:temp. 780:temp. 763:Bamu 748:temp. 562:with 509:from 507:copal 426:Assur 242:Sumer 3289:ISBN 3277:2018 3222:ISBN 3195:ISBN 3130:ISBN 3053:ISBN 2979:ISBN 2874:2019 2723:2019 2681:ISBN 2640:ISBN 2604:ISBN 2574:ISBN 2523:ISSN 2438:ISBN 2411:2009 2359:ISBN 2318:ISBN 2261:ISBN 2187:Mari 1123:Elam 1000:as, 914:King 535:tell 350:Isin 330:Elam 257:Adad 214:Iraq 116:Type 74:Iraq 2673:doi 2632:doi 2566:doi 2515:doi 2472:doi 2351:doi 2310:doi 1983:fl. 1952:fl. 1922:of 1901:fl. 1876:of 1803:of 1766:of 1609:of 1532:of 1488:of 1466:fl. 1438:of 1398:of 1344:of 1326:fl. 1260:of 1211:Der 1194:fl. 1159:fl. 1109:of 1080:fl. 1048:of 978:fl. 920:He 851:fl. 751:of 721:fl. 436:. 263:of 253:Sin 208:in 195:Yes 3338:: 3116:^ 2679:, 2667:, 2638:, 2626:, 2572:, 2560:, 2529:. 2521:. 2511:96 2509:. 2505:. 2484:^ 2466:. 2452:^ 2416:^ 2394:. 2390:. 2378:^ 2357:, 2345:, 2316:, 2304:, 2290:^ 2275:^ 2229:^ 2206:^ 1988:c. 1957:c. 1934:c. 1930:d. 1906:c. 1865:r. 1843:c. 1785:r. 1742:r. 1635:r. 1589:c. 1585:d. 1562:, 1558:, 1514:r. 1471:c. 1329:c. 1199:c. 1164:c. 1085:c. 983:c. 957:c. 856:c. 726:c. 700:c. 686:) 658:. 574:. 444:. 428:, 421:. 344:. 271:. 255:, 212:, 3297:. 3203:. 3153:. 3138:. 3110:. 2675:: 2634:: 2612:. 2568:: 2537:. 2517:: 2478:. 2474:: 2446:. 2396:2 2353:: 2312:: 2269:. 1852:) 1841:( 1544:" 1540:" 1022:) 1018:( 966:) 955:( 916:" 912:" 742:" 738:" 709:) 698:( 390:.

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Index