45:, which in the ethogram is given a descriptive name such as "head forward" or "chest-beating display", and not "head forward threat" or "chest-beating threat". This degree of objectivity is required because what looks like "courtship" might have a completely different function, and in addition, the same motor patterns in different species can have very different functions (e.g. tail wagging in cats and dogs). Objectivity and clarity in the definitions of behaviours also improve
1048:
52:
Often, ethograms are hierarchical in presentation. The defined behaviours are recorded under broader categories of behaviour which may allow functional inference such that "head forward" is recorded under "Aggression". In ethograms of social behaviour, the ethogram may also indicate the "Giver" and
56:
Sometimes, the definition of a behaviour in an ethogram may have arbitrary components. For example, "Stereotyped licking" might be defined as "licking the bars of the cage more than 5 times in 30 seconds". The definition may be arguable, but if it is stated clearly, it fulfils the requirements of
60:
Some ethograms are given in pictorial form and not only catalogue the behaviours but indicate the frequency of their occurrence and the probability that one behaviour follows another. This probability can be indicated numerically or by the thickness of an arrow connecting the two behaviours.
111:
Ethograms have also been applied to research concerning the behavioural response of animals to the presence of humans. For example, it has been used to analyze the reactions of black bears and baboons to humans.
413:
Brunberg, Emma; Wallenbeck, Anna; Keeling, Linda J. (August 2011). "Tail biting in fattening pigs: Associations between frequency of tail biting and other abnormal behaviours".
247:
982:
521:
Jordan, Robert H.; Burghardt, Gordon M. (1986-01-12). "Employing an
Ethogram to Detect Reactivity of Black Bears (Ursus americanus) to the Presence of Humans".
608:
987:
262:
335:
Anderson, Claes; Arun, Attur
Shanmugam; Jensen, Per (2010). "Habituation to environmental enrichment in captive sloth bears--effect on stereotypies".
84:
633:
440:
Dawkins, Marian Stamp (August 1989). "Time budgets in Red
Junglefowl as a baseline for the assessment of welfare in domestic fowl".
206:"Behavioural observations of singly-housed grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) in standard and enriched environments"
103:), departures from the ethogram of ancestral species and the behaviour of captive animals upon release into a natural environment.
83:
Ethograms are used extensively in the study of welfare science. Ethograms can be used to detect the occurrence or prevalence of
370:
Sherwin, CM; Richards, GJ; Nicol, CJ (August 2010). "Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK".
691:
467:
McBride, G.; Parer, I.P.; Foenander, F. (January 1969). "The Social
Organization and Behaviour of the Feral Domestic Fowl".
1077:
1025:
721:
100:
803:
1004:
896:
753:
210:
748:
1018:
701:
31:
676:
270:
46:
494:
Stolba, A.; Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (2 September 2010). "The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment".
835:
798:
788:
733:
681:
626:
88:
78:
558:"The influence of observer presence on baboon (Papio spp.) and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) behavior"
241:
951:
941:
706:
666:
661:
175:
1032:
813:
96:
946:
738:
716:
696:
395:
317:
151:
1072:
1051:
758:
726:
619:
587:
538:
387:
352:
229:
1011:
956:
823:
656:
577:
569:
530:
503:
476:
449:
422:
379:
344:
307:
299:
219:
184:
143:
129:
966:
906:
891:
876:
861:
830:
783:
92:
38:
and functional inference as to their possible purpose. For example, a species may use a
931:
886:
881:
763:
671:
582:
557:
534:
42:
480:
303:
61:
Sometimes the proportion of time that each behaviour occupies can be represented in a
1066:
936:
926:
921:
916:
845:
778:
686:
453:
321:
171:"A Proposed Ethogram of Large-Carnivore Predatory Behavior, Exemplified by the Wolf"
155:
23:
is a catalogue or inventory of behaviours or actions exhibited by an animal used in
961:
911:
871:
840:
793:
573:
426:
399:
35:
383:
901:
866:
30:
The behaviours in an ethogram are usually defined to be mutually exclusive and
507:
189:
170:
542:
66:
62:
39:
591:
391:
356:
233:
224:
205:
773:
768:
642:
134:
24:
808:
147:
348:
312:
57:
scientific repeatability and clarity of reporting and data recording.
556:
Iredale, Steven K.; Nevill, Christian H.; Lutz, Corrine K. (2010).
711:
290:
Mason, Georgia J. (June 1991). "Stereotypies: a critical review".
132:(1964). "Mouse mutants studied by means of ethological methods".
818:
615:
204:
Wilkinson, M., Stirton, C. and McConnachie, A. (October 2010).
169:
MacNulty, Daniel R.; Mech, L. David; Smith, Douglas W. (2007).
611:
996:
975:
854:
649:
16:Catalogue of behaviours exhibited by an animal
983:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
627:
8:
246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
988:International Society for Applied Ethology
634:
620:
612:
581:
311:
223:
188:
607:A sample ethogram of general behaviour:
121:
271:The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
239:
107:Reactions of animals to human presence
7:
535:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb01002.x
14:
1047:
1046:
562:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
442:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
415:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
692:Bee learning and communication
574:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.11.002
427:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.019
1:
481:10.1016/S0066-1856(69)80003-8
304:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2
454:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90126-3
384:10.1080/00071668.2010.502518
469:Animal Behaviour Monographs
99:), normal behaviours (e.g.
1094:
76:
53:"Receiver" of activities.
47:inter-observer reliability
1042:
749:Evolutionary neuroscience
508:10.1017/S0003356100040411
190:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-119R1.1
702:Behavioral endocrinology
897:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
677:Animal sexual behaviour
372:British Poultry Science
836:Tool use by non-humans
789:Philosophical ethology
734:Comparative psychology
682:Animal welfare science
225:10.1258/la.2010.010040
79:Animal welfare science
73:Animal welfare science
942:William Homan Thorpe
707:Behavioural genetics
667:Animal consciousness
662:Animal communication
176:Journal of Mammalogy
1078:Behavioral concepts
697:Behavioural ecology
85:abnormal behaviours
1026:Behavioral Ecology
947:Nikolaas Tinbergen
739:Emotion in animals
717:Cognitive ethology
267:Greenberg Homepage
211:Laboratory Animals
148:10.1007/BF01664181
101:comfort behaviours
1060:
1059:
952:Jakob von Uexküll
722:Comfort behaviour
496:Animal Production
349:10.1002/zoo.20301
263:"Anolis ethogram"
1085:
1050:
1049:
1012:Animal Cognition
1005:Animal Behaviour
957:Wolfgang Wickler
657:Animal cognition
636:
629:
622:
613:
596:
595:
585:
553:
547:
546:
518:
512:
511:
491:
485:
484:
464:
458:
457:
437:
431:
430:
410:
404:
403:
367:
361:
360:
332:
326:
325:
315:
298:(6): 1015–1037.
292:Animal Behaviour
287:
281:
280:
278:
277:
258:
252:
251:
245:
237:
227:
201:
195:
194:
192:
166:
160:
159:
126:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1038:
992:
971:
967:Solly Zuckerman
907:Karl von Frisch
892:Richard Dawkins
877:John B. Calhoun
862:Patrick Bateson
850:
784:Pain in animals
645:
640:
605:
600:
599:
555:
554:
550:
520:
519:
515:
493:
492:
488:
466:
465:
461:
439:
438:
434:
412:
411:
407:
369:
368:
364:
334:
333:
329:
289:
288:
284:
275:
273:
260:
259:
255:
238:
203:
202:
198:
168:
167:
163:
130:Abeelen, J.H.F.
128:
127:
123:
118:
109:
93:feather pecking
81:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1019:Animal Welfare
1015:
1008:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
979:
977:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
932:Desmond Morris
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
887:Marian Dawkins
884:
882:Charles Darwin
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
852:
851:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
764:Human ethology
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
730:
729:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
672:Animal culture
669:
664:
659:
653:
651:
647:
646:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
604:
603:External links
601:
598:
597:
548:
513:
502:(2): 419–425.
486:
459:
432:
421:(1–2): 18–25.
405:
362:
327:
282:
261:Greenberg, N.
253:
196:
183:(3): 595–605.
161:
120:
119:
117:
114:
108:
105:
74:
71:
43:threat display
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1090:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
937:Thomas Sebeok
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Konrad Lorenz
925:
923:
922:Julian Huxley
920:
918:
917:Heini Hediger
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
853:
847:
846:Zoomusicology
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:Neuroethology
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
728:
725:
724:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:Anthrozoology
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
648:
644:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
614:
610:
609:
602:
593:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:(2): 89–115.
528:
524:
517:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:(4): 488–99.
377:
373:
366:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:(6): 705–14.
342:
338:
331:
328:
323:
319:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
283:
272:
268:
264:
257:
254:
249:
243:
235:
231:
226:
221:
217:
213:
212:
207:
200:
197:
191:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
165:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
125:
122:
115:
113:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
72:
70:
68:
64:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
28:
26:
22:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
962:E. O. Wilson
912:Jane Goodall
872:Donald Broom
841:Zoosemiotics
794:Sociobiology
743:
606:
568:(1): 53–57.
565:
561:
551:
526:
522:
516:
499:
495:
489:
472:
468:
462:
448:(1): 77–80.
445:
441:
435:
418:
414:
408:
375:
371:
365:
340:
336:
330:
295:
291:
285:
274:. Retrieved
266:
256:
242:cite journal
218:(4): 364–9.
215:
209:
199:
180:
174:
164:
139:
133:
124:
110:
89:stereotypies
82:
59:
55:
51:
36:subjectivity
29:
20:
18:
902:Dian Fossey
867:Marc Bekoff
855:Ethologists
475:: 125–181.
337:Zoo Biology
97:tail-biting
34:, avoiding
1067:Categories
804:Structures
799:Stereotypy
313:10214/4622
276:2011-03-18
116:References
77:See also:
1033:Behaviour
976:Societies
814:Honeycomb
543:1439-0310
142:: 79–94.
67:bar chart
63:pie chart
32:objective
1073:Ethology
1052:Category
997:Journals
824:Instinct
774:Learning
769:Instinct
744:Ethogram
727:Grooming
650:Branches
643:Ethology
592:20228948
523:Ethology
392:20924842
357:20069629
322:53187334
234:20807718
156:44915853
135:Genetica
40:putative
25:ethology
21:ethogram
754:Feeding
583:2836517
400:8968010
590:
580:
541:
398:
390:
355:
320:
232:
154:
87:(e.g.
831:Swarm
759:Hover
712:Breed
396:S2CID
318:S2CID
152:S2CID
819:Nest
809:Hive
588:PMID
539:ISSN
388:PMID
353:PMID
248:link
230:PMID
578:PMC
570:doi
566:122
531:doi
504:doi
477:doi
450:doi
423:doi
419:133
380:doi
345:doi
308:hdl
300:doi
220:doi
185:doi
144:doi
65:or
49:.
27:.
19:An
1069::
586:.
576:.
564:.
560:.
537:.
527:73
525:.
500:48
498:.
471:.
446:24
444:.
417:.
394:.
386:.
376:51
374:.
351:.
341:29
339:.
316:.
306:.
296:41
294:.
269:.
265:.
244:}}
240:{{
228:.
216:44
214:.
208:.
181:88
179:.
173:.
150:.
140:34
138:.
95:,
91:,
69:.
635:e
628:t
621:v
594:.
572::
545:.
533::
510:.
506::
483:.
479::
473:2
456:.
452::
429:.
425::
402:.
382::
359:.
347::
324:.
310::
302::
279:.
250:)
236:.
222::
193:.
187::
158:.
146::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.