4786:
583:) had been known since the mid-20th century, their possible functions were the subject mainly of speculation, and few actual studies were published. Initial speculation regarded the claws as slashing implements used to disembowel large prey. In this scenario, the shortened upper foot would serve as an anchor point for powerful tendons to improve kicking ability. However, subsequent studies of the actual claw shape showed that the underside of the claw was only weakly keeled and would not have been an effective cutting instrument. Instead, it appeared to be more of a hooking implement. Manning et al. suggested in 2006 that the claws were similar to
431:
597:, which had slightly opposing first toes and strong tendons in the toes and foot. This makes it likely that advanced dromaeosaurids also used their claws to puncture and grip their prey to aid in pinning it to the ground, while using shallow wing beats and tail movements to stabilize themselves. Other lines of evidence for this behavior include teeth which had large, hooked serrations only on the back edge (useful in pulling flesh upward rather than slicing it) and large claws on the wings (for greater maneuvering of prey while mantling it with the wings).
7994:
562:
591:
species with modern birds to shed light on their actual function. Fowler and colleagues showed that many modern predatory birds also have enlarged claws on the second toes. In modern raptors, these claws are used to help grip and hold prey of sizes smaller than or equal to the predator, while the birds use their body weight to pin their prey to the ground and eat it alive. Fowler and colleagues suggested that this behavior is entirely consistent with the anatomy of advanced dromaeosaurids like
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6176:
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5737:
8404:
5742:
184:
4779:
4024:
132:
4018:
7821:
6236:
7845:
523:, have often been referred to as "four winged dinosaurs". Though it has been suggested that these hind wings would have prevented some paravians from getting around on the ground, and that they must have lived in trees, there is very little evidence that any of the earliest paravians were capable of climbing. This apparent paradox was addressed by later studies which showed that early paravians like
6182:
8392:
476:. Basal members of Paraves are well known for the possession of an enlarged claw on the second digit of the foot, which was held off the ground when walking in some species. A number of differing scientific interpretations of the relationships between paravian taxa exist. New fossil discoveries and analyses make the classification of Paraves an active subject of research.
7857:
8380:
7833:
8368:
1451:("true maniraptorans") was named by Padian, Hutchinson, & Holtz (1997). They defined their clade to include only avialans and deinonychosaurs. Paraves and Eumaniraptora are generally considered to be synonyms, though some phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups have a similar but not identical content; Agnolín and Novas (2011) recovered
1472:, initially based primarily on the presence of a retractable second toe with sickle-claw (now also known to be present in some avialans). The name Deinonychosauria was coined by Ned Colbert and Dale Russell in 1969, and defined as a clade (all theropods closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds) by Jacques Gauthier in 1986.
590:
A larger study of sickle-claw function, published in 2011 by Fowler and colleagues, concluded that the earlier study by
Manning and colleagues was correct and that the "sickle claws" would have been ineffective as cutting weapons. They compared the claw and overall foot anatomy of various primitive
539:
Most theropods walked with three toes contacting the ground, but fossilized footprint tracks confirm that many basal paravians, including dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and some early avialans, held the second toe off the ground in a hyperextended position, with only the third and fourth toes bearing
509:
Paravians generally have long, winged forelimbs, though these have become smaller in many flightless species and some extinct lineages that evolved before flight. The wings usually bore three large, flexible, clawed fingers in early forms. The fingers became fused and stiffened and the claws highly
496:
Most of the earliest paravian groups were carnivorous, though some smaller species (especially among the troodontids and early avialans) are known to have been omnivores, and it has been suggested that an omnivorous diet was the ancestral state for this group, with strict carnivory evolving in some
574:
One of the best-known features of paravians is the presence of an enlarged and strongly curved "sickle claw" on a hyper-extendible second toe, modified to hold the sickle claw clear of the ground when walking, most notably developed in the dromaeosaurids and troodontids. While this characteristic
1475:
However, several more recent studies have cast doubt on the hypothesis that dromaeosaurids and troodontids were more closely related to each other than either was to birds, instead finding that troodontids were more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurids. Because
Deinonychosauria was
613:
are found in
Paraves. The ancestors of Paraves first started to shrink in size in the early Jurassic 200 million years ago, and fossil evidence shows that this theropod line evolved new adaptations four times faster than other groups of dinosaurs, and was shrinking 160 times faster than other
1577:
are often considered to be synonyms, depending on the interpretation of paravian systematics. Deinonychosauria will become a synonym of
Dromaeosauridae when troodontids are found to form a clade with Avialae, to the exclusion of Dromaeosauridae. Tetrapterygidae is a polyphyletic grouping of
600:
In more primitive dromaeosaurids and in troodontids, the feet were not as specialized and the claws were not as large or as hooked. Additionally, the toe joints allowed more range of motion than the simple up-down movements of advanced dromaeosaurids. This makes it likely that these species
540:
the weight of the animal. This is called functional didactyly. The enlarged second toe bore an unusually large, curved sickle-shaped claw (held off the ground or 'retracted' when walking). This claw was especially large and flattened from side to side in the large-bodied predatory
1476:
originally defined as all animals closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds without specific reference to troodontids, this would render
Deinonychosauria a synonym of Dromaeosauridae. The clade containing avialans, microraptorians, unenlagiids,
2589:
Lefèvre, Ulysse; Cau, Andrea; Cincotta, Aude; Hu, Dongyu; Chinsamy, Anusuya; Escuillié, François; Godefroit, Pascal (2017). "A new
Jurassic theropod from China documents a transitional step in the macrostructure of feathers".
618:. (2007) suggested that extreme miniaturization was ancestral for the clade, whose common ancestor has been estimated to have been around 65 centimetres (26 in) long and 600–700 grams (21–25 oz) in mass. In
2646:
Cau, Andrea; Beyrand, Vincent; Voeten, Dennis F.A.E.; Fernandez, Vincent; Tafforeau, Paul; Stein, Koen; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Currie, Philip J.; Godefroit, Pascal (2017-12-06).
1781:
Li, Rihui; Lockley, M.G.; Makovicky, P.J.; Matsukawa, M.; Norell, M.A.; Harris, J.D.; Liu, M. (2007). "Behavioral and faunal implications of Early
Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China".
517:
Many early members of
Paraves had both well-developed wings and long feathers on the hind legs, which in some cases, formed a second set of airfoils. These species, most famously represented by
2824:
Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wu, Wenhao; Dyke, Gareth (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".
634:. Fossils show that all the earliest members of Paraves found to date started out as small, while Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae gradually increased in size during the Cretaceous period.
4785:
2047:
630:
went later through four independent events of gigantism, three times in dromaeosaurids and once in troodontids, while the body mass continued to decrease in many forms within
1733:
1687:
Zhang, H.; Wang, M.; Liu, X. (2008). "Constraints on the upper boundary age of the
Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating".
493:. The serrations on the front edge of dromaeosaurid and troodontid teeth were very small and fine, while the back edge had serrations which were very large and hooked.
6733:
3103:
Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (2 July 2014). "New specimen of
Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers".
8439:
7895:
548:) was usually small and angled inward toward the center of the body, but only became fully reversed in more specialized members of the bird lineage. One species,
2718:
2523:
8251:
2070:
Hu, Dongyu; Lianhi, Hou; Zhang, Lijun; Xu, Xing (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
6728:
497:
specialized lineages. Fossils also suggest that legs and feet covered with feathers was an ancestral condition, possibly having originated in the
8256:
3176:
2915:
7888:
8449:
1895:
1637:
643:
514:, allowed the forelimbs to elongate and an elaboration of their plumage, traits that made the evolution of flapping flight possible.
4029:
430:
6175:
8429:
510:
reduced or lost in some advanced lineages. An increasingly asymmetric wrist joint, a trend that can be traced back to primitive
6272:
2753:
Sereno, P. C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria".
1655:
601:
specialized in smaller prey that could be pinned using only the inner toes, not requiring the feet to be as strong or sturdy.
554:, possessed a first toe which was highly modified in parallel with the second. Both the first and second toes on each foot of
7881:
5736:
4792:
7861:
7993:
8358:
587:
and were used for climbing, and in the case of larger species or individuals, climbing up the flanks of very large prey.
4778:
8444:
8396:
8015:
6718:
2390:
2058:
1468:
Since the 1960s, the dromaeosaurids and troodontids have often been classified together in a group or clade named the
487:
The teeth of basal paravians were curved and serrated, but not blade-like except in some specialized species, such as
5741:
8434:
8107:
7943:
6500:
2513:
1660:
1610:
4023:
1835:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Motta, Matias J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Lo Coco, Gastón; Novas, Fernando E. (2019-02-12).
531:
in particular also seems to represent a case of flight evolving independently of the bird lineage within Paraves.
6415:
6405:
3969:
3169:
1598:
1444:
1354:
489:
527:
were capable of flapping flight and powered launching from the ground into the air without relying on climbing.
183:
6741:
6723:
4322:
3267:
2048:
125-Million-Year-Old Biplanes: New Evidence Suggests the Earliest Bird Species Had Feathers on their Hind Limbs
4017:
6746:
5861:
4726:
1590:. Then, around 110–90 Mya, the ancestors of Neornithes (modern birds) split from the other paravians.
561:
8278:
8246:
8190:
8185:
8170:
6713:
6525:
6475:
6239:
5838:
5782:
2896:
Avian ancestors. A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria,
1627:
168:
2179:
Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
8338:
8261:
6550:
6098:
4348:
3913:
6069:
2232:"The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents"
2059:
The asymmetry of the carpal joint and the evolution of wing folding in maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs
8325:
8200:
8112:
7178:
6181:
3162:
3112:
3010:
2948:
2833:
2727:
2659:
2599:
2553:
2460:
2353:
2294:
2188:
2137:
2079:
2002:
1943:
1790:
1696:
1518:. (2017) and other phylogenies in which find Eudromaeosauria to be an outgroup to a clade including
8408:
8195:
8122:
6708:
6600:
6540:
6485:
6265:
5130:
4625:
4491:
4126:
2518:
1452:
1218:
706:
465:
371:
7844:
1514:
and modern birds. Averaptora additionally contains troodontids according to Cau, Beyrand, Voeten
8424:
8210:
8175:
7928:
7491:
6555:
6515:
6480:
6126:
5258:
5207:
4854:
4594:
3817:
3294:
3136:
2964:
2921:
2857:
2691:
2623:
2484:
2212:
2161:
2103:
1814:
1760:
1632:
1459:
as paravians that were not eumaniraptorans, while Turner, Makovicky, and Norell (2012) recovered
402:
178:
5035:
4955:
8343:
7837:
6026:
5410:
3054:
Fountaine, Toby M.R.; Benton, Michael J.; Dyke, Gareth J.; Nudds, Robert L. (4 February 2005).
8226:
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8165:
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7963:
7617:
7564:
7514:
6657:
6647:
6590:
6390:
6385:
5978:
5237:
4965:
4480:
4265:
3869:
3236:
3128:
3085:
3036:
2911:
2849:
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2683:
2675:
2615:
2571:
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2433:
2381:
2322:
2263:
2204:
2153:
2095:
2030:
1971:
1891:
1868:
1806:
550:
355:
2648:"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs"
8384:
8236:
8010:
7483:
6625:
6297:
6209:
6134:
6076:
5669:
5560:
5267:
4945:
4669:
4648:
3958:
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3799:
3436:
3120:
3075:
3067:
3026:
3018:
2956:
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2796:
2762:
2735:
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2423:
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2145:
2087:
2020:
2010:
1961:
1951:
1858:
1848:
1798:
1750:
1742:
1704:
1601:
of Paraves, there are no extant survivors or genetic material, so their entire phylogeny is
1469:
1366:
1088:
675:
2939:
Senter, P' (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
8180:
8084:
8067:
7938:
7715:
7543:
7013:
6535:
6520:
6458:
6357:
6285:
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6149:
6112:
6033:
6017:
5597:
5569:
5216:
4844:
4703:
4634:
4506:
4469:
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4296:
4215:
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4150:
3927:
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3763:
3588:
3519:
3252:
1643:
1622:
1530:
1485:
1456:
1165:
1114:
968:
623:
580:
541:
519:
461:
453:
449:
380:
363:
47:
2878:
2785:"Unenlagiid theropods: are they members of the Dromaeosauridae (Theropoda, Maniraptora)?"
2283:"A microraptorine (Dinosauria–Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America"
3116:
3014:
2952:
2837:
2731:
2663:
2603:
2557:
2540:
Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Norell, M. (2007).
2464:
2357:
2298:
2192:
2141:
2083:
2006:
1947:
1794:
1700:
1426:
in 1997. The clade was defined by Sereno in 1998 as a branch-based clade containing all
131:
8241:
8132:
8055:
8002:
7973:
7933:
7908:
7825:
7755:
7707:
7641:
7580:
7535:
7522:
7396:
7359:
7210:
6984:
6821:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6545:
6530:
6425:
6420:
6400:
6395:
6377:
6325:
6258:
6199:
6141:
6105:
6002:
5934:
5909:
5882:
5850:
5494:
5464:
5329:
5168:
5086:
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4715:
4641:
4604:
4102:
3899:
3658:
3554:
3493:
3472:
3080:
3055:
3031:
2998:
2428:
2403:
2376:
2341:
2317:
2282:
2258:
2231:
2025:
1990:
1966:
1927:
1378:
336:
141:
2710:
2122:
1991:"Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution"
575:
claw and its associated modifications to the anatomy of the foot (such as a shortened
8418:
8316:
8062:
7978:
7968:
7763:
7747:
7670:
7662:
7496:
7294:
7144:
7031:
6989:
6789:
6781:
6703:
6667:
6585:
6509:
6219:
6214:
6083:
5943:
5827:
5771:
5450:
5369:
5313:
5283:
5230:
5223:
5109:
5100:
4884:
4864:
4407:
4396:
4282:
4251:
4208:
4157:
4143:
3837:
3569:
3547:
3532:
3450:
2925:
2107:
1602:
1510:
1500:
1461:
1392:
1387:
1370:
1192:
931:
748:
619:
498:
147:
89:
27:
Clade of all dinosaurs that are more closely related to birds than to oviraptorosaurs
2968:
2801:
2784:
2766:
2627:
1818:
1764:
8372:
8127:
7849:
7593:
7438:
7254:
7092:
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6912:
6873:
6642:
6630:
6620:
6610:
6307:
6229:
6091:
5818:
5692:
5685:
5624:
5542:
5275:
5154:
5066:
5015:
4985:
4934:
4874:
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3851:
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3712:
3669:
3630:
3500:
3479:
3410:
3388:
3140:
2861:
2739:
2695:
2488:
2342:"An aberrant island-dwelling theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania"
2165:
1519:
1400:
1140:
1072:
1054:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Lefèvre, Cau, Cincotta,
952:
875:
661:
627:
511:
457:
415:
388:
326:
267:
2999:"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds"
2216:
472:, which include diverse extinct taxa as well as the over 10,000 species of living
1956:
484:
Like other theropods, all paravians are bipedal, walking on their two hind legs.
8310:
8139:
8089:
8030:
8025:
8020:
7654:
7501:
7307:
7286:
7275:
7240:
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3644:
3615:
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3420:
3360:
3347:
3306:
3185:
1888:
Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and its Paleobiological Significance
1594:
1539:
1427:
1423:
1340:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, Beyrand, Voeten
593:
566:
315:
305:
285:
153:
64:
2346:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8040:
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6994:
6842:
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6652:
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6119:
5987:
5794:
5678:
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5583:
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5116:
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4523:
4459:
4386:
4274:
4244:
4237:
4180:
4136:
3830:
3719:
3703:
3692:
3651:
3637:
3601:
3562:
3540:
2960:
2907:
2647:
2611:
2451:
Bhullar, B.A.; et al. (2012). "Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls".
2200:
1802:
1708:
1587:
1557:
1545:
1431:
1396:
1374:
1260:
918:
857:
730:
610:
576:
241:
171:
159:
109:
74:
8301:
2679:
1872:
1853:
1836:
17:
8144:
8117:
7731:
7686:
7475:
7268:
7185:
7169:
7158:
7068:
7004:
6963:
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6463:
6450:
6430:
6330:
6224:
6204:
6040:
5995:
5957:
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5390:
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5184:
5177:
5146:
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3784:
3726:
3678:
3622:
3508:
3377:
3279:
3227:
2566:
2541:
2402:
Manning, P.L.; Payne, D.; Pennicott, J.; Barrett, P.M.; Ennos, R.A. (2006).
2366:
2307:
2015:
1666:
1436:
1244:
805:
346:
254:
195:
114:
58:
3132:
3089:
3071:
3040:
3022:
2853:
2810:
2687:
2619:
2575:
2480:
2437:
2419:
2385:
2326:
2267:
2208:
2157:
2099:
2034:
1975:
1810:
8391:
1508:, which Agnolín and Novas redefine as the least inclusive clade including
8295:
8149:
8072:
8050:
7958:
7699:
7429:
7404:
7350:
7261:
7233:
7123:
7087:
7079:
7061:
6956:
6941:
6925:
6672:
6635:
6468:
6047:
5919:
5576:
5514:
5336:
5290:
4904:
4655:
4579:
4223:
4187:
3733:
3465:
3218:
3209:
1551:
1358:
823:
584:
445:
442:
228:
215:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
51:
7873:
3124:
2845:
2671:
2501:
2472:
2149:
2091:
1863:
8077:
7609:
7462:
7341:
7226:
7192:
7130:
6951:
6805:
6797:
6490:
6362:
6347:
6337:
6061:
5807:
5655:
5480:
5055:
4365:
4194:
2248:
1649:
1562:
1523:
1505:
1382:
992:
631:
469:
393:
119:
94:
31:
6250:
8035:
7739:
7678:
7454:
7446:
7375:
7315:
7199:
7137:
7020:
6687:
6682:
6560:
5632:
5430:
5045:
4924:
3399:
3203:
1755:
1494:
545:
205:
8272:
1926:
Fowler, D.W.; Freedman, E.A.; Scannella, J.B.; Kambic, R.E. (2011).
1728:
2121:
Xing, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F.; Du, X. (2003).
1369:. The ancestral paravian is the earliest common ancestor of birds,
7625:
7412:
6975:
3457:
1837:"Paravian Phylogeny and the Dinosaur-Bird Transition: An Overview"
1746:
560:
429:
8330:
2542:"A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight"
1727:
Turner, Alan Hamilton; Makovicky, Peter J.; Norell, Mark (2012).
1434:(which includes all the birds living in the world today) than to
8231:
8099:
7912:
7601:
6968:
6931:
6901:
6315:
6281:
5759:
5704:
2986:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 45–48.
1362:
473:
164:
8276:
7877:
6765:
6254:
5757:
4808:
4045:
3345:
3196:
3158:
7920:
7904:
7723:
6580:
6342:
3154:
2340:
Z., Csiki; Vremir, M.; Brusatte, S. L.; Norell, M. A. (2010).
1729:"A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny"
1492:
by Agnolín and Novas (2013), defined as all animals closer to
434:
Birds, members of the paraves, are the only living dinosaurs.
1586:
Paravians diverged from other maniraptorans around 165
1561:; together they were proposed to be the sister group of the
558:
were held retracted and bore enlarged, sickle-shaped claws.
501:, even if this trait was later lost in more advanced birds.
2902:. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. pp. 1–96.
1605:
only from the fossil record. The prototypical fossil is
2984:
The Rise of Birds: 225 million years of evolution
8356:
2778:
2776:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2230:
Dececchi, T.A.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Habib, M.B. (2016).
1597:
of modern birds, which are direct descendants in the
6014:
5975:
5931:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5666:
5612:
5491:
5461:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5396:
5386:
5376:
5365:
5310:
5255:
5204:
5165:
5127:
5097:
5082:
5072:
5062:
5051:
5041:
5031:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4880:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4840:
4712:
4666:
4622:
4591:
4574:
4503:
4487:
4476:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4434:
4424:
4414:
4403:
4392:
4382:
4334:
4308:
4262:
4168:
4123:
4108:
4098:
4087:
4077:
3955:
3760:
3433:
3416:
3406:
3395:
3384:
3373:
3056:"The quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic birds"
1890:(1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. Ch. 2.
1240:
1215:
1189:
1162:
1137:
1111:
1085:
385:
377:
368:
360:
352:
342:
332:
322:
311:
301:
139:Six paravian dinosaurs (top left to bottom right):
8285:
8219:
8158:
8098:
8001:
7919:
7698:
7653:
7592:
7563:
7534:
7513:
7474:
7437:
7428:
7395:
7358:
7349:
7340:
7285:
7209:
7168:
7106:
7078:
7054:
7030:
7003:
6924:
6911:
6872:
6841:
6780:
6696:
6599:
6499:
6449:
6376:
6306:
6013:
5974:
5930:
5880:
5849:
5826:
5817:
5793:
5770:
5703:
5665:
5611:
5559:
5490:
5460:
5350:
5309:
5254:
5203:
5164:
5126:
5096:
4821:
4737:
4711:
4702:
4665:
4621:
4590:
4559:
4502:
4363:
4333:
4307:
4261:
4167:
4122:
4058:
3980:
3954:
3945:
3868:
3816:
3759:
3702:
3668:
3587:
3518:
3431:
3358:
3305:
3278:
3251:
2873:
2871:
1734:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1381:. Paraves often comprises three major sub-groups:
2894:Agnolín, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (2013).
2783:Agnolín, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (2011).
1722:
1720:
1718:
1535:The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution
2997:Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (11 December 2015).
2889:
2887:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1670:, a putative but possibly chimeric Triassic bird
2535:
2533:
1465:as the only known non-eumaniraptoran paravian.
7889:
6266:
3170:
2755:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
2719:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2404:"Dinosaur killer claws or climbing crampons?"
8:
2877:Mortimer, M. (2012): The Theropod Database:
2502:Dinosaurs 'shrank' regularly to become birds
1776:
1774:
1504:. Most studies use a similar definition for
1652:, a hypothetical dinosaur-bird intermediary
8273:
7896:
7882:
7874:
7434:
7355:
7346:
7337:
7075:
6921:
6908:
6869:
6865:
6838:
6777:
6773:
6762:
6758:
6273:
6259:
6251:
5888:
5823:
5799:
5767:
5754:
5499:
5358:
4833:
4829:
4818:
4805:
4708:
4567:
4375:
4371:
4070:
4066:
4055:
4042:
3951:
3822:
3768:
3756:
3593:
3524:
3442:
3366:
3355:
3342:
3284:
3257:
3248:
3193:
3177:
3163:
3155:
130:
38:
8252:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3079:
3030:
2800:
2565:
2427:
2375:
2365:
2316:
2306:
2257:
2247:
2024:
2014:
1965:
1955:
1862:
1852:
1754:
544:. In these early species, the first toe (
2789:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
609:Extreme examples of miniaturization and
8363:
2711:"The origin and evolution of dinosaurs"
2514:"How Dinosaurs Shrank and Became Birds"
1679:
614:dinosaur lineages were growing. Turner
8440:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
2281:Longrich, N.R.; Currie, P.J. (2009).
1989:Zanno, L.E.; Makovicky, P.J. (2011).
7:
7832:
1932:and the Origin of Flapping in Birds"
1830:
1828:
7856:
2941:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1578:four-winged basal paravian genera.
1233:
1208:
1181:
1155:
1130:
1104:
1078:
1068:
944:
937:
909:
848:
796:
789:
782:
721:
698:
691:
667:
657:
452:period. In addition to the extinct
2123:"Four-winged dinosaurs from China"
1638:Biogeography of paravian dinosaurs
1533:in the second edition of his book
1361:which are more closely related to
644:Biogeography of paravian dinosaurs
25:
6734:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1391:and modern birds, as well as the
8402:
8390:
8378:
8366:
7992:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7820:
7819:
7710:(New World vultures and condors)
6235:
6234:
6180:
6174:
5740:
5735:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4028:
4022:
4016:
2526:from the original on 2023-07-20.
1377:which was not also ancestral to
182:
2802:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100008
1656:Temporal paradox (paleontology)
2740:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435
1399:, which may or may not form a
468:, the group also contains the
1:
1613:, both complete and partial.
1609:, of which 11 specimens
1957:10.1371/journal.pone.0028964
7774:(woodpeckers and relatives)
1529:In 2015 Chatterjee created
8466:
8108:Flying and gliding animals
7944:Fin and flipper locomotion
7636:(cormorants and relatives)
6729:Extinct species since 1500
1928:"The Predatory Ecology of
1841:Frontiers in Earth Science
1661:List of fossil bird genera
1582:Origin and early evolution
1406:The name 'Paraves' (Greek
641:
441:are a widespread group of
29:
8450:Taxa named by Paul Sereno
7990:
7815:
7766:(kingfishers and rollers)
7620:(albatrosses and petrels)
7504:(swifts and hummingbirds)
7486:(nightjars and relatives)
7336:
7310:(pheasants and relatives)
6868:
6837:
6776:
6772:
6761:
6757:
6293:
6194:
6172:
5891:
5802:
5766:
5753:
5733:
5502:
5361:
4836:
4832:
4817:
4804:
4775:
4570:
4378:
4374:
4073:
4069:
4054:
4041:
4014:
3825:
3771:
3755:
3596:
3527:
3445:
3369:
3354:
3341:
3287:
3260:
3247:
3192:
2961:10.1017/S1477201907002143
2908:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3
2767:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
2612:10.1007/s00114-017-1496-y
2201:10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y
1803:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7
1709:10.1007/s11434-008-0287-4
1258:
1238:
1231:
1213:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1160:
1153:
1135:
1128:
1109:
1102:
1083:
1076:
990:
965:
949:
942:
935:
914:
907:
871:
853:
846:
819:
801:
794:
787:
780:
744:
726:
719:
703:
696:
689:
672:
665:
490:Dromaeosaurus albertensis
408:
401:
298:
293:
179:Scientific classification
177:
138:
129:
41:
7665:(seriemas and relatives)
7644:(pelicans and relatives)
2881:. Retrieved 2013-AUG-15.
1854:10.3389/feart.2018.00252
1689:Chinese Science Bulletin
30:Not to be confused with
8430:Late Jurassic dinosaurs
7758:(hornbills and hoopoes)
7673:(falcons and relatives)
2982:Chatterjee, S. (2015).
2900:and Scansoriopterygidae
2567:10.1126/science.1144066
2367:10.1073/pnas.1006970107
2308:10.1073/pnas.0811664106
2016:10.1073/pnas.1011924108
1414:'beside, near' + Latin
1357:defined to include all
605:Dichotomy in body sizes
448:that originated in the
8247:Terrestrial locomotion
8191:Evolution of cetaceans
8186:Origin of avian flight
8171:Evolution of tetrapods
7742:(trogons and quetzals)
7554:(cranes and relatives)
6824:(emus and cassowaries)
6714:Glossary of bird terms
6526:Confuciusornithiformes
3072:10.1098/rspb.2004.2923
3023:10.1126/sciadv.1501005
2879:Phylogeny of Theropoda
2420:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0395
2391:Supporting Information
1995:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1628:Origin of avian flight
1422:'bird') was coined by
571:
435:
8339:Paleobiology Database
8262:Undulatory locomotion
8211:Homologous structures
7583:(kagu and sunbittern)
7546:(gulls and relatives)
6551:Songlingornithiformes
6516:Omnivoropterygiformes
3914:Paralitherizinosaurus
2709:Sereno, P.C. (1997).
2592:The Science of Nature
1886:Mayr, G. (Oct 2016).
564:
433:
8397:Evolutionary biology
8206:Analogous structures
8201:Convergent evolution
7405:Phoenicopteriformes
1644:thecodont hypothesis
1537:, where he included
1484:to the exclusion of
535:Feet and sickle claw
8257:Rotating locomotion
8196:Comparative anatomy
7376:Mesitornithiformes
7370:(doves and pigeons)
6704:Families and orders
6566:Ichthyornithiformes
6541:Patagopterygiformes
5131:Patagopterygiformes
4626:Confuciusornithidae
4492:Scansoriopterygidae
4127:Scansoriopterygidae
3125:10.1038/nature13467
3117:2014Natur.511...79F
3015:2015SciA....1E1005C
2953:2007JSPal...5..429S
2846:10.1038/nature12168
2838:2013Natur.498..359G
2732:1997AREPS..25..435S
2672:10.1038/nature24679
2664:2017Natur.552..395C
2604:2017SciNa.104...74L
2558:2007Sci...317.1378T
2552:(5843): 1378–1381.
2519:Scientific American
2473:10.1038/nature11146
2465:2012Natur.487..223B
2358:2010PNAS..10715357C
2299:2009PNAS..106.5002L
2193:2005NW.....92..173X
2181:Naturwissenschaften
2150:10.1038/nature01342
2142:2003Natur.421..335X
2092:10.1038/nature08322
2084:2009Natur.461..640H
2007:2011PNAS..108..232Z
1948:2011PLoSO...628964F
1795:2008NW.....95..185L
1783:Naturwissenschaften
1701:2008SciBu..53.3574Z
1219:Scansoriopterygidae
707:Scansoriopterygidae
464:, and possibly the
372:Scansoriopterygidae
8445:Evolution of birds
8176:Evolution of birds
7929:Aquatic locomotion
7718:(eagles and hawks)
7618:Procellariiformes
7523:Opisthocomiformes
7492:Steatornithiformes
6719:List by population
6556:Hongshanornithidae
6481:Evolution of birds
5259:Songlingornithidae
5208:Hongshanornithidae
4595:Omnivoropterygidae
4507:Jeholornithiformes
3818:Therizinosauroidea
2249:10.7717/peerj.2159
1667:Protoavis texensis
1633:Evolution of birds
1453:scansoriopterygids
1355:branch-based clade
572:
466:scansoriopterygids
436:
8435:Prehistoric birds
8354:
8353:
8279:Taxon identifiers
8270:
8269:
8227:Animal locomotion
8166:Evolution of fish
8046:facultative biped
7871:
7870:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7604:(loons or divers)
7573:Phaethontiformes
7565:Phaethontimorphae
7515:Opisthocomiformes
7484:Caprimulgiformes
7424:
7423:
7413:Podicipediformes
7332:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7050:
7049:
6833:
6832:
6790:Struthioniformes
6658:Waterfowl hunting
6591:Gastornithiformes
6586:Aepyornithiformes
6576:Lithornithiformes
6248:
6247:
6190:
6189:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6070:Lutetodontopteris
5979:Gastornithiformes
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5760:Aves / Neornithes
5749:
5748:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5705:Aves / Neornithes
5607:
5606:
5346:
5345:
5238:Parahongshanornis
4800:
4799:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4555:
4554:
4481:Archaeopterygidae
4359:
4358:
4266:Archaeopterygidae
4037:
4036:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3870:Therizinosauridae
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3237:Maniraptoriformes
3066:(1560): 289–294.
2917:978-94-007-5636-6
2832:(7454): 359–362.
2658:(7685): 395–399.
2459:(7406): 223–226.
2136:(6921): 335–340.
2078:(7264): 640–643.
1695:(22): 3574–3584.
1348:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
979:
978:
896:
895:
887:
886:
835:
834:
769:
768:
760:
759:
428:
427:
422:
356:Archaeopterygidae
289:
16:(Redirected from
8457:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8395:
8394:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8362:
8347:
8346:
8334:
8333:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8274:
8237:Robot locomotion
8011:Limb development
7996:
7969:Lobe-finned fish
7898:
7891:
7884:
7875:
7859:
7858:
7847:
7835:
7834:
7823:
7822:
7775:
7767:
7759:
7751:
7748:Leptosomiformes
7743:
7735:
7727:
7719:
7716:Accipitriformes
7711:
7690:
7689:(perching birds)
7682:
7674:
7666:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7610:Sphenisciformes
7605:
7584:
7576:
7555:
7547:
7544:Charadriiformes
7526:
7505:
7487:
7466:
7458:
7455:Musophagiformes
7450:
7435:
7416:
7408:
7387:
7379:
7371:
7356:
7347:
7338:
7311:
7298:
7076:
7072:
7065:
6978:
6971:
6935:
6922:
6918:
6909:
6905:
6870:
6866:
6839:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6793:
6778:
6774:
6763:
6759:
6626:Bird collections
6581:Dinornithiformes
6486:Darwin's finches
6476:Origin of flight
6416:Seabird breeding
6406:Sexual selection
6275:
6268:
6261:
6252:
6238:
6237:
6210:Deinonychosauria
6185:
6184:
6178:
6135:Protodontopteryx
6077:Macrodontopteryx
6016:
5977:
5933:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5889:
5824:
5800:
5768:
5755:
5744:
5739:
5670:Cimolopterygidae
5668:
5614:
5561:Hesperornithidae
5500:
5493:
5463:
5448:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5367:
5359:
5312:
5257:
5206:
5167:
5129:
5099:
5084:
5074:
5064:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4862:
4852:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4819:
4806:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4714:
4709:
4670:Jinguofortisidae
4668:
4649:Eoconfuciusornis
4624:
4593:
4576:
4568:
4505:
4489:
4478:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4436:
4426:
4416:
4405:
4394:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4336:
4310:
4264:
4170:
4125:
4110:
4100:
4089:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4056:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4020:
3970:Oviraptorosauria
3959:Oviraptorosauria
3957:
3952:
3893:Nanshiungosaurus
3823:
3800:Jianchangosaurus
3769:
3762:
3757:
3594:
3525:
3443:
3437:Alvarezsauroidea
3435:
3418:
3408:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3367:
3356:
3343:
3285:
3258:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3194:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3009:(11): e1501005.
3003:Science Advances
2994:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2352:(35): 15357–61.
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1923:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1470:Deinonychosauria
1445:node-based clade
1242:
1234:
1217:
1209:
1191:
1182:
1164:
1156:
1139:
1131:
1113:
1105:
1089:Oviraptorosauria
1087:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1063:
945:
938:
910:
849:
797:
790:
783:
722:
699:
692:
676:Oviraptorosauria
668:
658:
653:
652:
414:
387:
379:
370:
362:
354:
344:
334:
324:
313:
303:
284:
187:
186:
134:
124:
61:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8367:
8365:
8357:
8355:
8350:
8342:
8337:
8329:
8324:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8281:
8271:
8266:
8215:
8181:Origin of birds
8154:
8094:
8016:Limb morphology
7997:
7988:
7974:Ray-finned fish
7939:Fish locomotion
7915:
7902:
7872:
7867:
7779:
7773:
7765:
7757:
7756:Bucerotiformes
7750:(cuckoo-roller)
7749:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7717:
7709:
7708:Cathartiformes
7694:
7688:
7680:
7679:Psittaciformes
7672:
7664:
7649:
7643:
7642:Pelecaniformes
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7588:
7582:
7581:Eurypygiformes
7574:
7559:
7553:
7545:
7530:
7524:
7509:
7503:
7485:
7470:
7464:
7456:
7448:
7420:
7414:
7406:
7391:
7385:
7384:Pterocliformes
7377:
7369:
7320:
7309:
7296:
7281:
7205:
7164:
7102:
7067:
7066:
7059:
7058:
7046:
7026:
6999:
6976:
6969:
6929:
6928:
6916:
6915:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6829:
6823:
6822:Casuariiformes
6815:
6814:Apterygiformes
6807:
6799:
6791:
6768:
6753:
6724:Lists by region
6692:
6602:
6595:
6536:Chaoyangiformes
6521:Jeholornithidae
6495:
6459:Origin of birds
6445:
6426:Brood parasites
6372:
6302:
6289:
6279:
6249:
6244:
6186:
6179:
6162:
6157:Tympanonesiotes
6150:Pseudodontornis
6113:Palaeochenoides
6034:Caspiodontornis
6018:Pelagornithidae
6009:
5970:
5926:
5868:
5845:
5813:
5789:
5762:
5745:
5719:
5699:
5661:
5603:
5598:Parahesperornis
5570:Asiahesperornis
5555:
5486:
5456:
5355:
5342:
5305:
5250:
5217:Archaeornithura
5199:
5160:
5122:
5092:
4845:Archaeorhynchus
4826:
4813:
4796:
4783:
4753:
4733:
4704:Ornithothoraces
4698:
4661:
4635:Changchengornis
4617:
4586:
4564:
4551:
4498:
4470:Anchiornithidae
4368:
4355:
4329:
4323:Dromaeosauridae
4312:Dromaeosauridae
4303:
4297:Anchiornithidae
4257:
4216:Liaoningvenator
4172:Anchiornithidae
4163:
4151:Scansoriopteryx
4118:
4063:
4050:
4033:
3996:
3976:
3933:
3928:Therizinosaurus
3864:
3812:
3807:Lingyuanosaurus
3764:Therizinosauria
3739:
3698:
3664:
3589:Parvicursorinae
3583:
3520:Alvarezsauridae
3514:
3439:
3427:
3363:
3350:
3321:
3301:
3274:
3268:Avemetatarsalia
3253:Avemetatarsalia
3243:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3153:
3148:
3111:(7507): 79–82.
3102:
3101:
3097:
3053:
3052:
3048:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2918:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2869:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2408:Biology Letters
2401:
2400:
2396:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1925:
1924:
1905:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1646:of bird origins
1623:Origin of birds
1619:
1611:have been found
1593:Other than the
1584:
1531:Tetrapterygidae
1486:Eudromaeosauria
1379:oviraptorosaurs
1367:oviraptorosaurs
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1166:Anchiornithinae
1115:Dromaeosauridae
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
980:
969:Dromaeosauridae
897:
888:
836:
770:
761:
651:
646:
640:
624:Dromaeosauridae
607:
537:
520:Microraptor gui
507:
482:
450:Middle Jurassic
381:Dromaeosauridae
364:Anchiornithidae
283:
181:
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
56:
55:
48:Middle Jurassic
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8463:
8461:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8411:
8399:
8387:
8375:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8335:
8322:
8307:
8291:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8145:Pterosaur wing
8142:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8013:
8007:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7934:Cephalopod fin
7931:
7925:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7893:
7886:
7878:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7829:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7764:Coraciiformes
7761:
7753:
7745:
7740:Trogoniformes
7737:
7729:
7721:
7713:
7704:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:Passeriformes
7684:
7676:
7671:Falconiformes
7668:
7663:Cariamiformes
7659:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7626:Ciconiiformes
7623:
7615:
7607:
7598:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7578:
7569:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7549:
7540:
7538:
7536:Cursorimorphae
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7519:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7480:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7443:
7441:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7410:
7401:
7399:
7397:Mirandornithes
7393:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7381:
7373:
7368:Columbiformes
7364:
7362:
7360:Columbimorphae
7353:
7344:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7305:
7300:
7295:Meleagridinae
7291:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7215:
7213:
7211:Odontophoridae
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7009:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6990:Stictonettinae
6987:
6985:Dendrocygninae
6982:
6981:
6980:
6973:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6938:
6936:
6919:
6906:
6863:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6819:
6811:
6803:
6795:
6786:
6784:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6738:Notable birds
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6688:Egg collecting
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6571:Hesperornithes
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6546:Ambiortiformes
6543:
6538:
6533:
6531:Enantiornithes
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6505:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6200:Archaeornithes
6195:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6142:Protopelicanus
6138:
6131:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6106:Osteodontornis
6102:
6095:
6088:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6020:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:Dromornithidae
5999:
5992:
5983:
5981:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5937:
5935:Dromornithidae
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5913:
5910:Perplexicervix
5903:
5892:
5886:
5883:Incertae sedis
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5862:Pangalliformes
5855:
5853:
5851:Pangalliformes
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5776:
5774:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5620:
5618:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5497:
5495:Hesperornithes
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5467:
5465:Ichthyornithes
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5414:
5404:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5362:
5356:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5330:Similiyanornis
5326:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5263:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5171:
5169:Ambiortiformes
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5087:Zhongjianornis
5080:
5070:
5060:
5049:
5039:
5029:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4979:
4976:Jianchangornis
4969:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4727:Enantiornithes
4720:
4718:
4716:Enantiornithes
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4642:Confuciusornis
4638:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4605:Omnivoropteryx
4600:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4571:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4474:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4432:
4422:
4412:
4401:
4390:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4103:Pneumatoraptor
4096:
4085:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3900:Neimongosaurus
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3659:Trierarchuncus
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3555:Bonapartenykus
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3494:Shishugounykus
3490:
3483:
3476:
3473:Bonapartenykus
3469:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3404:
3393:
3382:
3370:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3151:External links
3149:
3147:
3146:
3095:
3046:
2989:
2974:
2947:(4): 429–463.
2931:
2916:
2883:
2867:
2816:
2795:(1): 117–162.
2772:
2745:
2701:
2633:
2581:
2529:
2505:
2494:
2443:
2414:(1): 110–112.
2394:
2332:
2293:(13): 5002–7.
2273:
2222:
2187:(4): 173–177.
2171:
2113:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2001:(1): 232–237.
1981:
1942:(12): e28964.
1903:
1897:978-1119020769
1896:
1878:
1824:
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1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
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1630:
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1583:
1580:
1457:alvarezsaurids
1393:dromaeosaurids
1371:dromaeosaurids
1346:
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1332:
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1328:
1327:
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1023:
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989:
986:
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982:
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977:
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972:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
928:
927:
924:
923:
913:
908:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
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893:
890:
889:
885:
884:
881:
880:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
852:
847:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
833:
832:
829:
828:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
767:
766:
763:
762:
758:
757:
754:
753:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
725:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
684:
683:
680:
679:
671:
666:
664:
656:
650:
647:
639:
636:
606:
603:
581:eudromaeosaurs
542:eudromaeosaurs
536:
533:
506:
503:
481:
478:
462:anchiornithids
454:dromaeosaurids
426:
425:
424:
423:
406:
405:
399:
398:
397:
396:
391:
383:
375:
366:
358:
350:
340:
337:Pneumatoraptor
330:
320:
309:
296:
295:
291:
290:
278:
271:
270:
265:
258:
257:
252:
245:
244:
239:
232:
231:
226:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
175:
174:
142:Confuciusornis
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
62:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8462:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8386:
8376:
8374:
8364:
8360:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8327:
8323:
8318:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8297:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8275:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8097:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7979:Pectoral fins
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7894:
7892:
7887:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7864:
7863:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7754:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7738:
7736:
7730:
7728:
7724:Strigiformes
7722:
7720:
7714:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7632:
7630:
7624:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7575:(tropicbirds)
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7497:Podargiformes
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7447:Cuculiformes
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7411:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7145:Macrocephalon
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7032:Anseranatidae
7029:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6972:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6806:Tinamiformes
6804:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6782:Palaeognathae
6779:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6668:Pigeon racing
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6510:Archaeopteryx
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6241:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:Odontornithes
6218:
6216:
6215:Odontognathae
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6183:
6177:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5944:Barawertornis
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5921:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5840:
5839:Anserimorphae
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5828:Anserimorphae
5825:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5783:Palaeognathae
5780:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5772:Palaeognathae
5769:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5743:
5738:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5610:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5451:Tingmiatornis
5445:
5443:
5442:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:Antarcticavis
5364:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5314:Yanornithidae
5308:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5284:Songlingornis
5281:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5231:Longicrusavis
5228:
5226:
5225:
5224:Hongshanornis
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5110:Mengciusornis
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5101:Schizoouridae
5095:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:Changzuiornis
4879:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:Brevidentavis
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4780:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:Cretaaviculus
4402:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:Archaeopteryx
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4252:Yixianosaurus
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:Fujianvenator
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:Epidexipteryx
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4019:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:Beipiaosaurus
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:Heptasteornis
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:Alvarezsaurus
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:Achillesaurus
3530:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:Achillesaurus
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:Proc Biol Sci
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(3): 185–91.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1747:10.1206/748.1
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:Archaeopteryx
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:Eumaniraptora
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:Archaeopteryx
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:Dromaeosaurus
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:Epidexipteryx
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Eumaniraptora
1446:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:natural group
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:Archaeopteryx
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:Archaeopteryx
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
975:
974:
971:
970:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
947:
946:
940:
939:
933:
932:Eumaniraptora
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
920:
912:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
892:
891:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
859:
851:
850:
844:
843:
840:
839:
831:
830:
827:
826:
825:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
807:
799:
798:
792:
791:
785:
784:
778:
777:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:Yixianosaurus
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
732:
724:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
701:
700:
694:
693:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
670:
669:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
649:Relationships
648:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Eumaniraptora
617:
612:
604:
602:
598:
596:
595:
588:
586:
582:
578:
570:"sickle claw"
569:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
552:
551:Balaur bondoc
547:
543:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:
515:
513:
504:
502:
500:
499:Coelurosauria
494:
492:
491:
485:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
432:
420:
417:
413:
412:Eumaniraptora
410:
409:
407:
404:
400:
395:
392:
390:
384:
382:
376:
373:
367:
365:
359:
357:
351:
349:
348:
341:
339:
338:
331:
329:
328:
321:
318:
317:
310:
308:
307:
300:
299:
297:
292:
287:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
149:
148:Dromaeosaurus
144:
143:
137:
133:
128:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
53:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Eumaniraptora
8409:Paleontology
8286:
7860:
7848:
7836:
7824:
7734:(mousebirds)
7732:Coliiformes
7602:Gaviiformes
7594:Aequornithes
7502:Apodiformes
7463:Otidiformes
7439:Otidimorphae
7386:(sandgrouse)
7308:Phasianinae
7274:
7267:
7260:
7255:Odontophorus
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7093:Oreophasinae
7039:
7019:
7012:
6917:(waterfowls)
6913:Anseriformes
6663:Cockfighting
6648:Conservation
6643:Bird feeding
6631:Birdwatching
6621:Ornithomancy
6561:Gansuiformes
6508:
6501:Fossil birds
6391:Intelligence
6230:Unenlagiidae
6155:
6148:
6140:
6133:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6092:Odontopteryx
6090:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5918:
5908:
5898:
5881:
5819:Galloanserae
5806:
5693:Lamarqueavis
5691:
5686:Cimolopteryx
5684:
5677:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5625:Australornis
5623:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5548:
5543:Pasquiaornis
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5479:
5472:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5368:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5297:
5289:
5282:
5276:Piscivoravis
5274:
5266:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5191:
5183:
5176:
5155:Patagopteryx
5153:
5145:
5138:
5115:
5108:
5085:
5075:
5067:Xinghaiornis
5065:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5016:Khinganornis
5014:
5004:
4994:
4986:Jiuquanornis
4984:
4974:
4964:
4954:
4944:
4935:Gargantuavis
4933:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4875:Changmaornis
4873:
4863:
4853:
4843:
4782:
4693:Jinguofortis
4691:
4684:
4677:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4610:
4603:
4577:
4546:Neimengornis
4544:
4537:
4531:Jixiangornis
4529:
4522:
4516:Dalianraptor
4514:
4490:
4479:
4468:
4458:
4450:Yandangornis
4448:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4406:
4395:
4385:
4349:Troodontidae
4338:Troodontidae
4295:
4290:Wellnhoferia
4288:
4281:
4273:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4207:
4202:Eosinopteryx
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4111:
4101:
4092:Palaeopteryx
4090:
4080:
4060:
4047:
4021:
3981:
3947:Pennaraptora
3926:
3919:
3912:
3907:Nothronychus
3905:
3898:
3891:
3886:Erlikosaurus
3884:
3879:Erliansaurus
3877:
3859:Suzhousaurus
3857:
3852:Martharaptor
3850:
3845:Enigmosaurus
3843:
3836:
3829:
3805:
3798:
3792:Fukuivenator
3790:
3783:
3777:Eshanosaurus
3775:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3713:Albertonykus
3711:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:Ceratonykini
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3631:Nemegtonykus
3629:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3507:
3501:Tugulusaurus
3499:
3492:
3485:
3480:Haplocheirus
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3449:
3419:
3411:Migmanychion
3409:
3398:
3389:Fukuivenator
3387:
3376:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2899:
2895:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2792:
2788:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2723:
2717:
2704:
2655:
2651:
2598:(9–10): 74.
2595:
2591:
2584:
2549:
2545:
2517:
2508:
2497:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2043:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1887:
1881:
1864:11336/130197
1844:
1840:
1786:
1782:
1738:
1732:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1665:
1606:
1599:stem lineage
1592:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1520:Troodontidae
1515:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1418:, plural of
1415:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1386:
1385:, including
1350:
1349:
1341:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1214:
1188:
1187:
1161:
1141:Troodontidae
1136:
1110:
1084:
1073:Pennaraptora
1055:
991:
966:
953:Troodontidae
950:
917:
915:
876:Eosinopteryx
874:
872:
856:
854:
822:
820:
804:
802:
747:
745:
729:
727:
704:
673:
662:Pennaraptora
628:Troodontidae
615:
608:
599:
592:
589:
573:
565:
555:
549:
538:
528:
524:
518:
516:
512:coelurosaurs
508:
495:
488:
486:
483:
438:
437:
418:
411:
389:Troodontidae
345:
335:
327:Palaeopteryx
325:
314:
304:
280:
274:
268:Pennaraptora
261:
248:
235:
222:
169:Prince Creek
158:
152:
146:
140:
36:
8311:Wikispecies
8140:Insect wing
8090:Webbed foot
8031:unguligrade
8026:plantigrade
8021:digitigrade
7862:WikiProject
7772:Piciformes
7655:Australaves
7634:Suliformes
7552:Gruiformes
7407:(flamingos)
7316:Tetraoninae
7287:Phasianidae
7276:Rhynchortyx
7241:Dactylortyx
7108:Megapodidae
7098:Penelopinae
7056:Galliformes
6798:Rheiformes
6792:(ostriches)
6742:individuals
6616:Ornithology
6603:interaction
6358:Preen gland
6127:Proceriavis
6099:Odontoptila
6055:Gigantornis
5965:Ilbandornis
5900:Asteriornis
5641:Neogaeornis
5591:Hesperornis
5522:Chupkaornis
5474:Ichthyornis
5299:Yixianornis
5245:Tianyuornis
5193:Palintropus
5140:Alamitornis
5026:Meemannavis
4996:Juehuaornis
4915:Eogranivora
4855:Bellulornis
4679:Chongmingia
4429:Overoraptor
4419:Fukuipteryx
4082:Imperobator
3921:Segnosaurus
3686:Ceratonykus
3645:Parvicursor
3616:Khulsanurus
3609:Jaculinykus
3577:Patagonykus
3487:Patagonykus
3421:Yaverlandia
3361:Maniraptora
3348:Maniraptora
3307:Maniraptora
3186:Maniraptora
2726:: 435–489.
1930:Deinonychus
1595:crown group
1540:Microraptor
1428:Maniraptora
1397:troodontids
1375:troodontids
1126:Averaptora
594:Deinonychus
567:Deinonychus
529:Microraptor
525:Microraptor
480:Description
458:troodontids
316:Overoraptor
306:Imperobator
154:Microraptor
57:165–0
8419:Categories
8068:Cephalopod
7984:Pelvic fin
7954:Dorsal fin
7949:Caudal fin
7612:(penguins)
7465:(bustards)
7303:Perdicinae
7248:Dendrortyx
7220:Callipepla
7152:Megapodius
7117:Aepypodius
6995:Tadorninae
6977:true geese
6808:(tinamous)
6767:Neornithes
6678:Pheasantry
6653:Aviculture
6421:Incubation
6411:Lek mating
6198:See also:
6120:Pelagornis
5988:Brontornis
5795:Neognathae
5714:see below↓
5679:Ceramornis
5649:Polarornis
5616:Vegaviidae
5584:Fumicollis
5550:Potamornis
5536:Judinornis
5529:Enaliornis
5353:Ornithurae
5323:Abitusavis
5117:Schizooura
5077:Yumenornis
5036:Platanavis
5006:Kaririavis
4956:Horezmavis
4895:Chaoyangia
4824:Euornithes
4811:Euornithes
4748:see below↓
4739:Euornithes
4686:Cratonavis
4562:Pygostylia
4539:Kompsornis
4524:Jeholornis
4460:Zhongornis
4387:Alcmonavis
4275:Alcmonavis
4245:Xiaotingia
4238:Serikornis
4181:Anchiornis
4137:Ambopteryx
3991:see below↓
3831:Alxasaurus
3720:Linhenykus
3704:Mononykini
3693:Xixianykus
3652:Qiupanykus
3638:Ondogurvel
3602:Dzharaonyx
3563:Bradycneme
3541:Alnashetri
3316:see below↓
3219:Dinosauria
2898:Anchiornis
1675:References
1575:Averaptora
1558:Anchiornis
1546:Xiaotingia
1490:Averaptora
1488:was named
1482:Xiaotingia
1478:Anchiornis
1432:Neornithes
1430:closer to
1261:Pygostylia
919:Anchiornis
858:Serikornis
731:Xiaotingia
642:See also:
611:progenesis
577:metatarsus
294:Subgroups
242:Saurischia
229:Dinosauria
172:troodontid
167:, and the
160:Anchiornis
8425:Paravians
8385:Dinosaurs
8159:Evolution
8118:Bird wing
8063:Arthropod
8056:quadruped
7681:(parrots)
7525:(hoatzin)
7476:Strisores
7457:(turacos)
7449:(cuckoos)
7378:(mesites)
7297:(turkeys)
7269:Philortyx
7186:Agelastes
7179:Acryllium
7170:Numididae
7159:Talegalla
7069:gamebirds
7062:landfowls
7041:Anseranas
7005:Anhimidae
6964:Anserinae
6747:fictional
6469:dinosaurs
6464:Theropoda
6451:Evolution
6396:Migration
6378:Behaviour
6225:Sauriurae
6205:Carinatae
6041:Cyphornis
6027:Aequornis
5996:Gastornis
5958:Genyornis
5951:Dromornis
5508:Baptornis
5441:Limenavis
5421:Iaceornis
5411:Guildavis
5401:Gallornis
5391:Cerebavis
5381:Apatornis
5185:Apsaravis
5178:Ambiortus
5147:Kuszholia
4612:Sapeornis
4439:Rahonavis
4231:Pedopenna
4113:Rahonavis
3785:Falcarius
3727:Mononykus
3679:Albinykus
3509:Xiyunykus
3378:Elopteryx
3295:Theropoda
3280:Theropoda
3228:Theropoda
3202:Kingdom:
2926:199493087
2761:: 41–83.
2680:1476-4687
2242:: e2159.
2108:205218015
1873:2296-6463
1756:2246/6352
1741:: 1–206.
1437:Oviraptor
1359:dinosaurs
1344:. (2017)
1245:Rahonavis
806:Pedopenna
638:Evolution
556:B. bondoc
446:dinosaurs
347:Rahonavis
255:Theropoda
202:Kingdom:
196:Eukaryota
42:Paravians
8331:42329848
8296:Wikidata
8150:Wingspan
8133:feathers
8128:skeleton
8113:Bat wing
8073:Tetrapod
7959:Fish fin
7826:Category
7700:Afroaves
7628:(storks)
7430:Passerea
7415:(grebes)
7351:Columbea
7262:Oreortyx
7234:Cyrtonyx
7124:Alectura
7088:Cracinae
7080:Cracidae
6957:Oxyurini
6947:Aythyini
6942:Anatinae
6926:Anatidae
6673:Falconry
6636:big year
6491:Seabirds
6401:Foraging
6348:Feathers
6240:Category
6048:Dasornis
5920:Qinornis
5577:Canadaga
5515:Brodavis
5337:Yanornis
5291:Yanornis
5268:Hollanda
4966:Iteravis
4946:Hollanda
4905:Dingavis
4656:Yangavis
4580:Proornis
4224:Ostromia
4188:Aurornis
3734:Shuvuuia
3466:Bannykus
3210:Chordata
3208:Phylum:
3204:Animalia
3133:24990749
3090:15705554
3041:26824065
2969:83726237
2854:23719374
2811:21437379
2688:29211712
2628:32780661
2620:28831510
2576:17823350
2524:Archived
2481:22722850
2438:17148340
2386:20805514
2327:19289829
2268:27441115
2209:15685441
2158:12540892
2100:19794491
2035:21173263
1976:22194962
1936:PLOS ONE
1819:16380823
1811:17952398
1765:83572446
1617:See also
1603:inferred
1552:Aurornis
1498:than to
1365:than to
1177:Avialae
1100:Paraves
824:Aurornis
687:Paraves
585:crampons
470:avialans
443:theropod
403:Synonyms
216:Chordata
212:Phylum:
206:Animalia
192:Domain:
8359:Portals
8317:Paraves
8302:Q136586
8287:Paraves
8220:Related
8078:dactyly
7964:Flipper
7838:Commons
7342:Neoaves
7227:Colinus
7193:Guttera
7131:Eulipoa
6952:Mergini
6816:(kiwis)
6800:(rheas)
6611:Ringing
6436:Hybrids
6431:Nesting
6386:Singing
6363:Plumage
6338:Dactyly
6308:Anatomy
6298:Outline
6288:: Aves)
6062:Laornis
5808:Neoaves
5656:Vegavis
5481:Janavis
5056:Wyleyia
4366:Avialae
4195:Caihong
4061:Paraves
4048:Paraves
3982:Paraves
3141:4464659
3113:Bibcode
3081:1634967
3032:4730849
3011:Bibcode
2949:Bibcode
2862:4364892
2834:Bibcode
2728:Bibcode
2696:4471941
2660:Bibcode
2600:Bibcode
2554:Bibcode
2546:Science
2489:4370675
2461:Bibcode
2429:1617199
2377:2932599
2354:Bibcode
2318:2664043
2295:Bibcode
2259:4941780
2189:Bibcode
2166:1160118
2138:Bibcode
2080:Bibcode
2026:3017133
2003:Bibcode
1967:3237572
1944:Bibcode
1791:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1650:Proavis
1567:Paraves
1563:Avialae
1524:Avialae
1506:Avialae
1447:called
1383:Avialae
1351:Paraves
1058:(2017)
993:Avialae
632:Avialae
622:, both
439:Paraves
394:Avialae
281:Paraves
52:Present
32:Panaves
8242:Samara
8051:triped
8036:uniped
7850:Portal
7726:(owls)
7200:Numida
7138:Leipoa
7021:Chauna
7014:Anhima
6709:Genera
6683:Imping
6601:Human
6441:Colony
6368:Vision
6353:Flight
5633:Maaqwi
5431:Kookne
5046:Vorona
4925:Gansus
4397:Balaur
3400:Kakuru
3139:
3131:
3105:Nature
3088:
3078:
3039:
3029:
2967:
2924:
2914:
2860:
2852:
2826:Nature
2809:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2652:Nature
2626:
2618:
2574:
2487:
2479:
2453:Nature
2436:
2426:
2384:
2374:
2325:
2315:
2266:
2256:
2217:789908
2215:
2207:
2164:
2156:
2130:Nature
2106:
2098:
2072:Nature
2033:
2023:
1974:
1964:
1894:
1871:
1817:
1809:
1763:
1573:, and
1555:, and
1495:Passer
1480:, and
1424:Sereno
1373:, and
1056:et al.
546:hallux
421:. 1999
416:Padian
288:, 1997
286:Sereno
8373:Birds
8344:64113
8100:Wings
8085:Digit
8041:biped
8003:Limbs
7913:wings
7909:limbs
6970:swans
6932:ducks
6902:fowls
6697:Lists
6321:Brain
6286:class
6282:Birds
3458:Aorun
3233:Clade
3224:Clade
3215:Clade
3137:S2CID
2965:S2CID
2922:S2CID
2858:S2CID
2714:(PDF)
2692:S2CID
2624:S2CID
2485:S2CID
2236:PeerJ
2213:S2CID
2162:S2CID
2126:(PDF)
2104:S2CID
1815:S2CID
1761:S2CID
1516:et al
1363:birds
1353:is a
1342:et al
616:et al
505:Wings
474:birds
419:et al
275:Clade
262:Clade
249:Clade
236:Clade
223:Clade
8232:Gait
8123:keel
7921:Fins
7911:and
7905:Fins
6343:Eggs
6331:milk
6326:Crop
6316:Beak
6084:Manu
5860:see
5837:see
5781:see
4725:see
4347:see
4321:see
3968:see
3293:see
3266:see
3129:PMID
3086:PMID
3037:PMID
2912:ISBN
2850:PMID
2807:PMID
2684:PMID
2676:ISSN
2616:PMID
2572:PMID
2477:PMID
2434:PMID
2382:PMID
2323:PMID
2287:PNAS
2264:PMID
2205:PMID
2154:PMID
2096:PMID
2031:PMID
1972:PMID
1892:ISBN
1869:ISSN
1807:PMID
1642:The
1522:and
1455:and
1420:avis
1416:aves
1412:par'
1408:pará
1395:and
626:and
165:crow
163:, a
65:PreꞒ
8326:EoL
3623:Kol
3121:doi
3109:511
3076:PMC
3068:doi
3064:272
3027:PMC
3019:doi
2957:doi
2904:doi
2842:doi
2830:498
2797:doi
2763:doi
2759:210
2736:doi
2668:doi
2656:552
2608:doi
2596:104
2562:doi
2550:317
2469:doi
2457:487
2424:PMC
2416:doi
2372:PMC
2362:doi
2350:107
2313:PMC
2303:doi
2291:106
2254:PMC
2244:doi
2197:doi
2146:doi
2134:421
2088:doi
2076:461
2021:PMC
2011:doi
1999:108
1962:PMC
1952:doi
1859:hdl
1849:doi
1799:doi
1751:hdl
1743:doi
1739:371
1705:doi
1588:Mya
579:in
8421::
8341::
8328::
8313::
8298::
7907:,
4158:Yi
3235::
3226::
3217::
3135:.
3127:.
3119:.
3107:.
3084:.
3074:.
3062:.
3058:.
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3025:.
3017:.
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