811:, has anti-cancer activity. Analysis of toxicological screening of the inhibitory effect and bioactivity of euphol has shown concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines, with more than a five-fold difference in the IC50 values in some cell lines. Euphol treatment had a higher selective cytotoxicity index (0.64-3.36) than temozolomide (0.11-1.13) and reduced both proliferation and cell motility. Euphol also exhibited antitumoral and antiangiogenic activity in vivo, using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay, with synergistic temozolomide interactions in most cell lines. In conclusion, euphol exerted in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity against glioma cells, through several cancer pathways, including the activation of autophagy-associated cell death.
102:
129:
253:
5047:
415:
429:
1397:
Cruz, L. S.; De
Oliveira, T. L.; Kanunfre, C. C.; Paludo, K. S.; Minozzo, B. R.; Prestes, A. P.; Wang, M.; Fernandes, D.; Santos FAD; Manda, V. K.; Khan, S. I.; Ali, Z.; De Messias-Reason, I. J.; Avula, B.; Khan, I. A.; Beltrame, F. L. (2018).
1581:
Olson, Mark E.; Lomelí S., José A.; Cacho, N. Ivalú (2005). "Extinction threat in the
Pedilanthus clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae), with special reference to the recently rediscovered E. conzattii (P. pulchellus)".
515:
consisting of fused-together bracts and peripheral nectary glands, surrounding a ring of male flowers, each a single stamen. In the middle of the cyathium stands a female flower, a single
1445:
Silva VAO; Rosa, M. N.; Miranda-Gonçalves, V.; Costa, A. M.; Tansini, A.; Evangelista, A. F.; Martinho, O.; Carloni, A. C.; Jones, C.; Lima, J. P.; Pianowski, L. F.; Reis, R. M. (2019).
478:
are unisexual, with the male and female flowers usually on the same plant. As can be expected from such a large family, a wide variety exists in the structure of the flowers. The
5283:
5322:
1822:
1180:"A Contribution to the Guianan Flora: Dalechampia, Haematostemon, Omphalea, Pera, Plukenetia, and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae) with Notes on Subfamily Acalyphoideae"
538:. A typical schizocarp is the regma, a capsular fruit with three or more cells, each of which splits open explosively at maturity, scattering the small seeds.
676:
The family
Euphorbiaceae is the fifth-largest flowering plant family and has about 7,500 species organised into 300 genera, 37 tribes, and three subfamilies:
1316:. Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Archived from
402:. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except
5231:
1870:
1625:
Rønsted, Nina; Horn, James W.; Simonsen, Henrik Toft; Nilsson, Niclas; Grace, Olwen M.; Saslis-Lagoudakis, C. Haris; Ernst, Madeleine (2016-07-28).
5296:
5244:
1793:
L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
5127:
1502:
1447:"Euphol, a tetracyclic triterpene, from Euphorbia tirucalli induces autophagy and sensitizes temozolomide cytotoxicity on glioblastoma cells"
1309:
1152:
1133:
978:
1815:
1243:
615:), causes blistering on contact and temporary blindness if it contacts the eyes, hence its name. The latex of spurge was used as a
1783:
5466:
641:
is rare - although it has been reported in the past, apparently this was in error. It is confirmed to be absent or incomplete in
5270:
5499:
5430:
1160:
805:
There is evidence that euphol, a tetracyclic triterpene alcohol, and the main constituent of the sap of the medicinal plant
5301:
5309:
1849:
5050:
1875:
1865:
1808:
815:
671:
128:
609:
in the
Euphorbioideae, but innocuous in the Crotonoideae. White mangrove, also known as blind-your-eye mangrove latex (
5114:
1756:
995:
904:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
1689:
Zaya, David N.; Howe, Henry F. (2009). "The anomalous
Kentucky coVeetree: megafaunal fruit sinking to extinction?".
5435:
5384:
217:
5327:
399:
5389:
1860:
5218:
1792:
1051:
Baum, David A.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Nickrent, Daniel L.; Latvis, Maribeth; Davis, Charles C. (2007-03-30).
799:
5132:
101:
5494:
5192:
5067:
1706:
5358:
1179:
751:
382:
5223:
5197:
5376:
1795:
5471:
5337:
5249:
5153:
1774:
1698:
1637:
1064:
795:
638:
611:
395:
1711:
700:
1125:
807:
257:
1506:
1317:
1118:
The
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales
5453:
5205:
5105:
4890:
4108:
4000:
3624:
2111:
1855:
1732:
1484:
1427:
1290:
1098:
705:
601:
376:
354:
123:
5363:
5345:
5140:
4847:
4646:
4198:
4058:
3987:
3910:
3791:
3677:
3594:
2959:
1950:
1886:
1724:
1671:
1653:
1607:
1599:
1563:
1555:
1476:
1419:
1379:
1282:
1239:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1129:
1090:
1082:
1033:
974:
695:
252:
5399:
5288:
5210:
5350:
4731:
4721:
4681:
4661:
4437:
4367:
4342:
4289:
4063:
4053:
3816:
3753:
3697:
3672:
3418:
3323:
3290:
3080:
2994:
2989:
2964:
2865:
2827:
2735:
2399:
2262:
2237:
2232:
2025:
1942:
1716:
1661:
1645:
1591:
1545:
1466:
1458:
1411:
1400:"Pharmacokinetics and cytotoxic study of euphol from Euphorbia umbellata (Bruyns) Pax latex"
1369:
1359:
1274:
1187:
1072:
1025:
925:
915:
778:
746:
634:
570:
512:
271:
1259:
Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01).
5012:
4799:
4666:
4651:
4231:
4118:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4048:
3864:
3859:
3659:
3629:
3599:
3483:
3448:
3408:
3383:
3373:
3333:
3085:
2974:
2857:
2832:
2727:
2699:
2689:
2482:
2452:
2394:
2379:
2242:
2068:
1975:
1832:
1778:
1760:
1212:
765:
737:
520:
341:
166:
5184:
1800:
1702:
1641:
1068:
5004:
4994:
4976:
4948:
4910:
4900:
4852:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4726:
4676:
4623:
4608:
4493:
4407:
4347:
4337:
4241:
4143:
4078:
4068:
4028:
4010:
3811:
3738:
3526:
3488:
3443:
3378:
3353:
3328:
3272:
3186:
2954:
2901:
2837:
2694:
2586:
2563:
2525:
2502:
2492:
2295:
2157:
2096:
1960:
1666:
1626:
1374:
1343:
1261:
945:
826:
770:
690:
592:
487:
460:
242:
153:
110:
5488:
4986:
4915:
4885:
4862:
4857:
4842:
4794:
4761:
4756:
4691:
4485:
4470:
4417:
4397:
4357:
4352:
4332:
4294:
4246:
4193:
4183:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4103:
4018:
3995:
3977:
3945:
3930:
3892:
3796:
3776:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3614:
3609:
3589:
3574:
3536:
3531:
3478:
3463:
3413:
3393:
3368:
3358:
3259:
3181:
3161:
3100:
3095:
3075:
3009:
2979:
2939:
2847:
2842:
2789:
2659:
2621:
2596:
2568:
2553:
2497:
2477:
2472:
2389:
2356:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2247:
2217:
2149:
2116:
2106:
2073:
2063:
2053:
1922:
1904:
1836:
1294:
1262:"Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India"
1029:
920:
903:
756:
709:
678:
623:
232:
59:
1534:
L.: Review on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities"
1488:
1431:
1102:
814:
Numerous
Euphorbiaceae species are listed on the poisonous plant database of the US
5458:
4925:
4920:
4905:
4895:
4834:
4716:
4701:
4671:
4628:
4618:
4572:
4549:
4539:
4511:
4412:
4392:
4362:
4304:
4251:
4173:
4128:
4088:
4043:
4033:
4023:
3915:
3884:
3849:
3834:
3748:
3743:
3649:
3403:
3398:
3363:
3343:
3318:
3305:
3295:
3267:
3224:
3219:
3176:
3143:
3128:
3090:
3067:
3004:
2999:
2984:
2949:
2931:
2883:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2684:
2644:
2578:
2558:
2548:
2540:
2507:
2467:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2346:
2341:
2305:
2222:
2101:
2058:
1955:
1932:
1896:
850:
684:
627:
596:
504:
237:
202:
5445:
5145:
5119:
1788:
1736:
1415:
1016:
Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, Krenzelok EP (May 1986). "Castor bean poisoning".
865:
Some species of this family are facing the risk of extinction. These include the
5314:
5257:
5099:
4880:
4776:
4736:
4711:
4706:
4696:
4564:
4554:
4544:
4526:
4475:
4427:
4422:
4402:
4382:
4309:
4236:
4178:
4133:
4073:
4038:
3935:
3925:
3869:
3781:
3720:
3715:
3667:
3639:
3619:
3579:
3561:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3428:
3423:
3388:
3282:
3239:
3214:
3138:
3110:
3105:
2944:
2921:
2906:
2875:
2794:
2669:
2649:
2611:
2462:
2457:
2434:
2419:
2361:
2351:
2257:
2252:
2204:
2121:
2045:
2030:
2007:
2002:
1927:
1914:
1550:
1529:
830:
494:
34:
5422:
482:(the male organs) number from one to 10 (or even more). The female flowers are
4963:
4953:
4930:
4814:
4751:
4686:
4613:
4590:
4516:
4462:
4372:
4226:
4213:
4188:
4168:
3920:
3902:
3874:
3844:
3839:
3771:
3730:
3707:
3644:
3634:
3584:
3569:
3498:
3453:
3438:
3348:
3249:
3229:
3191:
3171:
2893:
2799:
2679:
2664:
2654:
2384:
2333:
2272:
2227:
2078:
2035:
1994:
1985:
1720:
1462:
1121:
646:
642:
565:
542:
531:
483:
467:
414:
403:
79:
44:
5090:
1657:
1603:
1559:
1364:
1348:
L. (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects"
1286:
1143:
1086:
5179:
5166:
4971:
4940:
4872:
4741:
4600:
4582:
4534:
4503:
4432:
4377:
4314:
4299:
4284:
4221:
4203:
4138:
4113:
3950:
3854:
3806:
3786:
3433:
3338:
3313:
2784:
2776:
2674:
2639:
2616:
2606:
2591:
2530:
2487:
2447:
2424:
2194:
2126:
2017:
1446:
1399:
1077:
1052:
854:
838:
834:
622:
Twenty first century molecular studies have shown that the enigmatic family
557:
499:
471:
387:
349:
84:
5412:
1766:
1753:
1728:
1675:
1627:"Evolutionary prediction of medicinal properties in the genus Euphorbia L."
1611:
1567:
1480:
1423:
1383:
1191:
1094:
1037:
428:
5407:
5084:
4824:
4746:
4656:
4638:
4387:
4324:
4276:
4266:
4123:
3940:
3826:
3801:
3763:
3604:
3473:
3458:
3244:
3234:
3209:
3166:
3133:
3042:
2969:
2766:
2749:
2601:
2517:
2371:
2186:
2176:
2088:
1595:
846:
616:
553:
508:
456:
179:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
4786:
4452:
3551:
3506:
3201:
3153:
3120:
3034:
2758:
2704:
2212:
930:
730:
721:
658:
561:
546:
452:
448:
444:
418:
363:
89:
64:
1649:
1471:
5262:
3057:
3024:
2631:
2442:
842:
606:
578:
516:
479:
475:
391:
192:
5275:
5236:
5061:
1796:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/
1278:
5371:
5171:
1116:
Webster, G. L. (2014). "Euphorbiaceae". In
Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.).
720:
Some species of
Euphorbiaceae have economic significance, such as
652:
588:
581:
575:
549:
535:
527:
427:
413:
367:
251:
140:
802:
that euphorbia extracts are effective for treating any disease.
440:
371:
359:
5065:
1804:
1215:. Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh and Missouri Botanic Gardens
328:
322:
295:
5158:
794:
277:
788:
712:
at the end of the Cretaceous, around 66 million years ago.
313:
307:
301:
286:
1771:
507:("false flower" made up of several true flowers) called a
447:. They are mainly simple, but where compound, are always
274:
626:, which was only recently recognized to belong to order
1505:. US Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Archived from
605:
is the primary source of natural rubber. The latex is
503:
and close relatives) show a highly specialized form of
694:. Amongst the oldest fossils of the group include the
325:
319:
310:
304:
298:
283:
523:. This whole arrangement resembles a single flower.
292:
289:
5074:
5003:
4985:
4962:
4939:
4871:
4833:
4785:
4774:
4637:
4599:
4581:
4563:
4525:
4502:
4484:
4461:
4450:
4323:
4275:
4264:
4212:
4009:
3986:
3975:
3901:
3883:
3825:
3762:
3729:
3706:
3658:
3560:
3549:
3497:
3304:
3281:
3258:
3200:
3152:
3119:
3066:
3055:
3033:
3022:
2930:
2919:
2892:
2874:
2856:
2808:
2775:
2757:
2748:
2726:
2717:
2630:
2577:
2539:
2516:
2433:
2370:
2332:
2304:
2286:
2203:
2185:
2170:
2148:
2139:
2087:
2044:
2016:
1993:
1984:
1973:
1941:
1913:
1895:
1884:
280:
1260:
1178:Gillespie, Lynn J.; Armbruster, W. Scott (1997).
662:by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967.
545:(toxic substances produced by plants), including
463:, or in succulent species are sometimes absent.
1344:"A complete profile on blind-your-eye mangrove
1528:Mali, Prashant Y.; Panchal, Shital S. (2017).
996:"Convergent evolution of cacti and euphorbias"
1816:
791:) contain the extremely potent toxin, ricin.
8:
630:, is derived from within the Euphorbiaceae.
344:. In English, they are also commonly called
1173:
1171:
1169:
5062:
4782:
4458:
4447:
4272:
4261:
3983:
3557:
3063:
3052:
3030:
3019:
2927:
2916:
2754:
2723:
2182:
2145:
1990:
1981:
1892:
1823:
1809:
1801:
1697:(2). Oecologia: Springer-Verlag: 221–226.
1538:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
1236:Plants Systematics: An Integrated Approach
1018:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
100:
20:
1710:
1665:
1549:
1470:
1373:
1363:
1337:
1335:
1076:
929:
919:
908:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1772:Cactus and Succulent Society of America
1342:Mondal, Sumanta; Ghosh, Debjit (2016).
1267:International Journal of Plant Sciences
894:
829:found in Euphorbiaceae species include
591:is a characteristic of the subfamilies
541:The family contains a large variety of
443:are alternate, seldom opposite, with
7:
5436:85a7a78f-a6b7-46e5-a327-c6e460454be7
5377:5C975E52-E7D1-52AD-BFD8-E9ACDF9FA107
5338:d8a437ff-4894-4032-ba78-613d008d5c07
1238:. Enfield, N.H: Science Publishers.
511:. This is usually a small, cup-like
1184:Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
1053:"Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae"
969:Bramwell, D.; Bramwell, Z. (2001).
902:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
599:, and the latex of the rubber tree
5390:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30375178-2
971:Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands
16:Family of Eudicot flowering plants
14:
1754:Marc Altenloh collection (photos)
818:mainly because of the toxic sap.
633:Euphorbiaceae are monoecious and
5046:
5045:
921:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
400:cosmopolitan global distribution
270:
127:
1767:International Euphorbia Society
1213:"The Plant list: Euphorbiaceae"
973:(2nd ed.). Madrid: Rueda.
784:Seeds of the castor oil plant (
1503:"FDA Poisonous Plant Database"
362:, but some, especially in the
1:
845:, neriifolins (also found in
741:), and the Pará rubber tree (
708:of India, dating to the late
455:. Stipules may be reduced to
1416:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.055
1030:10.1016/0735-6757(86)90080-X
816:Food and Drug Administration
672:List of Euphorbiaceae genera
579:carbohydrate-binding protein
350:the type genus of the family
348:, which is also the name of
1551:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.003
474:. The radially symmetrical
5516:
1584:American Journal of Botany
950:Merriam Webster Dictionary
800:rigorous clinical evidence
798:, as of 2019, there is no
701:Euphorbiotheca deccanensis
669:
5041:
3051:
1844:
1721:10.1007/s00442-009-1372-3
1463:10.1007/s10637-018-0620-y
1451:Investigational New Drugs
1128:. pp. 51–216/x+331.
946:"Definition of EUPHORBIA"
497:, subtribe Euphorbiinae (
486:, that is, with superior
229:
224:
124:Scientific classification
122:
108:
99:
23:
1365:10.4103/0973-7847.194049
1308:Gucker, Corey L (2010).
1234:Gurcharan Singh (2004).
781:weeds in North America.
656:by Bouharmont 1962, and
352:. Most spurges, such as
5443:Watson & Dallwitz:
1784:Data from GRIN Taxonomy
1078:10.1126/science.1135260
994:Natasha Nguyen (2014).
340:, is a large family of
1192:10.5479/si.0081024X.86
749:, such as poinsettia (
436:
425:
262:
5500:Malpighiales families
5359:Paleobiology Database
1352:Pharmacognosy Reviews
752:Euphorbia pulcherrima
745:). Many are grown as
728:), castor oil plant (
560:(e.g. root tubers of
558:cyanogenic glycosides
431:
417:
383:Euphorbia canariensis
255:
1596:10.3732/ajb.92.4.634
1532:Euphorbia neriifolia
1346:Excoecaria Agallocha
796:traditional medicine
639:self-incompatibility
612:Excoecaria agallocha
564:). The seeds of the
493:The genera in tribe
398:. This family has a
396:convergent evolution
30:Maastrichtian–Recent
1703:2009Oecol.161..221Z
1642:2016NatSR...630531E
1069:2007Sci...315.1812D
879:E. crossadenia
871:E. appariciana
808:Euphorbia tirucalli
761:Codiaeum variegatum
650:by Ehrenfeld 1976,
574:contain the highly
423:Euphorbia baylissii
258:Euphorbia characias
116:Aleurites moluccana
4891:Pentaphragmataceae
4109:Stegnospermataceae
4001:Berberidopsidaceae
3625:Pentadiplandraceae
2112:Atherospermataceae
1777:2007-02-26 at the
1759:2016-03-03 at the
1630:Scientific Reports
1509:on 15 October 2021
883:E. gymnoclada
763:). Leafy spurge (
743:Hevea brasiliensis
706:Intertrappean Beds
602:Hevea brasiliensis
534:, but sometimes a
466:The plants can be
437:
426:
377:Hevea brasiliensis
355:Euphorbia paralias
263:
5482:
5481:
5346:Open Tree of Life
5068:Taxon identifiers
5059:
5058:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
4848:Cardiopteridaceae
4770:
4769:
4647:Plocospermataceae
4446:
4445:
4260:
4259:
4199:Anacampserotaceae
4059:Ancistrocladaceae
3988:Berberidopsidales
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3911:Biebersteiniaceae
3792:Sphaerosepalaceae
3678:Strasburgeriaceae
3595:Setchellanthaceae
3545:
3544:
3018:
3017:
2960:Cercidiphyllaceae
2915:
2914:
2744:
2743:
2713:
2712:
2166:
2165:
2135:
2134:
1969:
1968:
1951:Austrobaileyaceae
1650:10.1038/srep30531
1153:978-3-642-39417-1
1135:978-3-642-39416-4
875:E. attastoma
775:Triadica sebifera
747:ornamental plants
735:), Barbados nut (
726:Manihot esculenta
716:Uses and toxicity
250:
249:
220:
5507:
5475:
5474:
5462:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5403:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5318:
5317:
5315:NBNSYS0000159994
5305:
5304:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5278:
5266:
5265:
5253:
5252:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5226:
5214:
5213:
5201:
5200:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5136:
5135:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5063:
5049:
5048:
4783:
4732:Thomandersiaceae
4722:Lentibulariaceae
4682:Scrophulariaceae
4662:Tetrachondraceae
4459:
4448:
4438:Mitrastemonaceae
4368:Pentaphylacaceae
4343:Tetrameristaceae
4290:Hydrostachyaceae
4273:
4262:
4064:Rhabdodendraceae
4054:Dioncophyllaceae
3984:
3817:Dipterocarpaceae
3754:Dipentodontaceae
3698:Crossosomataceae
3673:Geissolomataceae
3558:
3419:Chrysobalanaceae
3324:Ctenolophonaceae
3291:Lepidobotryaceae
3081:Anisophylleaceae
3064:
3053:
3031:
3020:
2995:Tetracarpaeaceae
2990:Aphanopetalaceae
2965:Daphniphyllaceae
2928:
2917:
2866:Trochodendraceae
2828:Circaeasteraceae
2755:
2736:Ceratophyllaceae
2724:
2400:Alstroemeriaceae
2263:Potamogetonaceae
2238:Scheuchzeriaceae
2233:Hydrocharitaceae
2183:
2146:
2026:Aristolochiaceae
1991:
1982:
1943:Austrobaileyales
1893:
1889:
1887:Basalangiosperms
1871:Acrogymnospermae
1833:flowering plants
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1741:
1740:
1714:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1175:
1164:
1147:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1080:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
991:
985:
984:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
942:
936:
935:
933:
923:
899:
857:, among others.
786:Ricinus communis
571:Ricinus communis
435:cultivar 'Petra'
380:. Some, such as
342:flowering plants
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
316:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
216:
132:
131:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5470:
5465:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5434:
5429:
5421:
5419:
5411:
5406:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5375:
5370:
5362:
5357:
5349:
5344:
5336:
5334:
5326:
5321:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5274:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5235:
5230:
5222:
5217:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5191:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5144:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5017:
5013:Paracryphiaceae
4999:
4981:
4958:
4935:
4867:
4829:
4800:Torricelliaceae
4779:
4766:
4667:Calceolariaceae
4652:Carlemanniaceae
4633:
4595:
4577:
4559:
4521:
4498:
4480:
4455:
4442:
4319:
4269:
4256:
4232:Balanophoraceae
4208:
4119:Lophiocarpaceae
4099:Achatocarpaceae
4094:Caryophyllaceae
4084:Macarthuriaceae
4049:Drosophyllaceae
4005:
3980:
3955:
3897:
3879:
3865:Crypteroniaceae
3860:Melastomataceae
3821:
3758:
3725:
3702:
3660:Crossosomatales
3654:
3630:Gyrostemonaceae
3600:Koeberliniaceae
3554:
3541:
3493:
3484:Picrodendraceae
3449:Lacistemataceae
3409:Dichapetalaceae
3384:Centroplacaceae
3374:Lophopyxidaceae
3334:Erythroxylaceae
3300:
3277:
3254:
3196:
3148:
3115:
3086:Corynocarpaceae
3060:
3047:
3027:
3014:
2975:Grossulariaceae
2924:
2911:
2888:
2870:
2858:Trochodendrales
2852:
2833:Lardizabalaceae
2804:
2771:
2740:
2728:Ceratophyllales
2719:Ceratophyllidae
2709:
2700:Ecdeiocoleaceae
2690:Flagellariaceae
2626:
2573:
2535:
2512:
2483:Tecophilaeaceae
2453:Blandfordiaceae
2429:
2395:Petermanniaceae
2380:Campynemataceae
2366:
2328:
2300:
2282:
2243:Aponogetonaceae
2199:
2174:
2162:
2131:
2083:
2069:Himantandraceae
2040:
2012:
1978:
1976:Mesangiospermae
1965:
1937:
1909:
1885:
1880:
1861:Marchantiophyta
1840:
1829:
1779:Wayback Machine
1761:Wayback Machine
1750:
1745:
1744:
1712:10.1.1.536.3841
1688:
1687:
1683:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1358:(20): 123–138.
1341:
1340:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1312:Euphorbia esula
1307:
1306:
1302:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1136:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
988:
981:
968:
967:
963:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
901:
900:
896:
891:
863:
824:
766:Euphorbia esula
738:Jatropha curcas
718:
674:
668:
635:open pollinated
412:
318:
273:
269:
215:
126:
113:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5513:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5463:
5459:wfo-7000000224
5450:
5440:
5427:
5417:
5404:
5394:
5381:
5368:
5355:
5342:
5332:
5319:
5306:
5293:
5280:
5267:
5254:
5241:
5228:
5215:
5202:
5189:
5176:
5163:
5150:
5137:
5124:
5111:
5096:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5005:Paracryphiales
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4995:Escalloniaceae
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4977:Caprifoliaceae
4974:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4949:Columelliaceae
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Argophyllaceae
4908:
4903:
4901:Alseuosmiaceae
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4853:Phyllonomaceae
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4820:Myodocarpaceae
4817:
4812:
4810:Pittosporaceae
4807:
4805:Griseliniaceae
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Schlegeliaceae
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Plantaginaceae
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4624:Sphenocleaceae
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Convolvulaceae
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4494:Metteniusaceae
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:Sarraceniaceae
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Fouquieriaceae
4345:
4340:
4338:Marcgraviaceae
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:Misodendraceae
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4144:Phytolaccaceae
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Asteropeiaceae
4076:
4071:
4069:Simmondsiaceae
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4029:Plumbaginaceae
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4011:Caryophyllales
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3812:Sarcolaenaceae
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Gerrardinaceae
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:Elaeocarpaceae
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3489:Phyllanthaceae
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Passifloraceae
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Putranjivaceae
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Calophyllaceae
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Rhizophoraceae
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3273:Zygophyllaceae
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3187:Ticodendraceae
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Hamamelidaceae
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2902:Myrothamnaceae
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Menispermaceae
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Joinvilleaceae
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Strelitziaceae
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2564:Pontederiaceae
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:Dasypogonaceae
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2503:Amaryllidaceae
2500:
2495:
2493:Xeronemataceae
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2296:Petrosaviaceae
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2158:Chloranthaceae
2154:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Calycanthaceae
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
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1961:Schisandraceae
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1866:Polypodiophyta
1863:
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1748:External links
1746:
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1742:
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1617:
1590:(4): 634–641.
1573:
1544:(5): 430–438.
1520:
1494:
1457:(2): 223–237.
1437:
1389:
1331:
1320:on 20 May 2022
1300:
1279:10.1086/717691
1273:(2): 128–138.
1251:
1244:
1226:
1204:
1165:
1134:
1108:
1063:(5820): 1812.
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1024:(3): 259–261.
1008:
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980:978-8472071292
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853:, lectin, and
827:Phytochemicals
823:
822:Phytochemistry
820:
771:Chinese tallow
717:
714:
696:permineralised
691:Euphorbioideae
670:Main article:
667:
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593:Euphorbioideae
519:with branched
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5133:Euphorbiaceae
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5106:Euphorbiaceae
5101:
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5073:
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5014:
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4987:Escalloniales
4984:
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4955:
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4916:Menyanthaceae
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Campanulaceae
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4863:Aquifoliaceae
4861:
4859:
4858:Helwingiaceae
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Stemonuraceae
4841:
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4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
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4813:
4811:
4808:
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4803:
4801:
4798:
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4795:Pennantiaceae
4793:
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4778:
4773:
4763:
4762:Orobanchaceae
4760:
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4757:Paulowniaceae
4755:
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4708:
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4692:Linderniaceae
4690:
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4678:
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4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4486:Metteniusales
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Oncothecaceae
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4436:
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4431:
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4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Actinidiaceae
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
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4399:
4398:Diapensiaceae
4396:
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4389:
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4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
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4371:
4369:
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4364:
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4358:Lecythidaceae
4356:
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4353:Polemoniaceae
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4333:Balsaminaceae
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4326:
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4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
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4301:
4298:
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4295:Hydrangeaceae
4293:
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4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4263:
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4247:Schoepfiaceae
4245:
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4223:
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4211:
4205:
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4197:
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4194:Portulacaceae
4192:
4190:
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4185:
4184:Halophytaceae
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Molluginaceae
4162:
4160:
4159:Nyctaginaceae
4157:
4155:
4154:Sarcobataceae
4152:
4150:
4149:Petiveriaceae
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
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4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
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4104:Amaranthaceae
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
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4077:
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4072:
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4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Frankeniaceae
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Aextoxicaceae
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:Superasterids
3974:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Simaroubaceae
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Anacardiaceae
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:Picramniaceae
3891:
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3828:
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3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Thymelaeaceae
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Muntingiaceae
3775:
3773:
3770:
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3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
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3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Stachyuraceae
3691:
3689:
3688:Guamatelaceae
3686:
3684:
3683:Staphyleaceae
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Emblingiaceae
3613:
3611:
3610:Salvadoraceae
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Limnanthaceae
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Tropaeolaceae
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3537:Brunelliaceae
3535:
3533:
3532:Cephalotaceae
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Ixonanthaceae
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Euphorbiaceae
3467:
3465:
3464:Rafflesiaceae
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Euphroniaceae
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Malpighiaceae
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Caryocaraceae
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Podostemaceae
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3260:Zygophyllales
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Casuarinaceae
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Nothofagaceae
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Tetramelaceae
3099:
3097:
3096:Cucurbitaceae
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Apodanthaceae
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3010:Cynomoriaceae
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Saxifragaceae
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Peridiscaceae
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2848:Ranunculaceae
2846:
2844:
2843:Berberidaceae
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Nelumbonaceae
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Eriocaulaceae
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2622:Zingiberaceae
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Heliconiaceae
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2569:Haemodoraceae
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Commelinaceae
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Asphodelaceae
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Ixioliriaceae
2476:
2474:
2473:Doryanthaceae
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Melanthiaceae
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Cyclanthaceae
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:Dioscoreaceae
2322:
2320:
2319:Burmanniaceae
2317:
2315:
2314:Nartheciaceae
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2288:Petrosaviales
2285:
2279:
2278:Cymodoceaceae
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Posidoniaceae
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Juncaginaceae
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Tofieldiaceae
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2150:Chloranthales
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Chloranthidae
2138:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Hernandiaceae
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Gomortegaceae
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Eupomatiaceae
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Degeneriaceae
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Myristicaceae
2052:
2051:
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2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
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2029:
2027:
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1954:
1952:
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1946:
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1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Hydatellaceae
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1905:Amborellaceae
1903:
1902:
1900:
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1826:
1821:
1819:
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1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:Euphorbiaceae
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
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710:Maastrichtian
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680:
679:Acalyphoideae
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665:
663:
661:
660:
655:
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649:
648:
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640:
636:
631:
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625:
624:Rafflesiaceae
620:
618:
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333:
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266:Euphorbiaceae
260:
259:
254:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Acalyphoideae
231:
230:
228:
223:
219:
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213:Euphorbiaceae
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
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197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
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181:
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155:
154:Tracheophytes
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
109:Parts of the
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:Euphorbiaceae
22:
19:
5075:
4926:Calyceraceae
4921:Goodeniaceae
4906:Phellinaceae
4896:Stylidiaceae
4835:Aquifoliales
4717:Bignoniaceae
4702:Martyniaceae
4672:Gesneriaceae
4629:Hydroleaceae
4619:Montiniaceae
4573:Boraginaceae
4550:Gelsemiaceae
4540:Gentianaceae
4512:Eucommiaceae
4413:Roridulaceae
4393:Symplocaceae
4363:Sladeniaceae
4305:Curtisiaceae
4252:Loranthaceae
4174:Didiereaceae
4129:Barbeuiaceae
4089:Microteaceae
4044:Nepenthaceae
4034:Polygonaceae
4024:Tamaricaceae
3916:Nitrariaceae
3885:Picramniales
3850:Vochysiaceae
3835:Combretaceae
3749:Tapisciaceae
3744:Petenaeaceae
3650:Brassicaceae
3468:
3404:Trigoniaceae
3399:Balanopaceae
3364:Hypericaceae
3344:Bonnetiaceae
3319:Irvingiaceae
3306:Malpighiales
3296:Celastraceae
3268:Krameriaceae
3225:Elaeagnaceae
3220:Dirachmaceae
3177:Juglandaceae
3144:Polygalaceae
3129:Quillajaceae
3091:Coriariaceae
3068:Cucurbitales
3005:Haloragaceae
3000:Penthoraceae
2985:Crassulaceae
2950:Altingiaceae
2932:Saxifragales
2884:Dilleniaceae
2823:Papaveraceae
2818:Eupteleaceae
2810:Ranunculales
2718:
2685:Restionaceae
2645:Bromeliaceae
2579:Zingiberales
2559:Philydraceae
2549:Hanguanaceae
2541:Commelinales
2508:Asparagaceae
2468:Hypoxidaceae
2415:Ripogonaceae
2410:Philesiaceae
2405:Colchicaceae
2347:Velloziaceae
2342:Triuridaceae
2306:Dioscoreales
2223:Alismataceae
2171:
2140:
2102:Siparunaceae
2059:Magnoliaceae
1956:Trimeniaceae
1933:Nymphaeaceae
1897:Amborellales
1876:Angiospermae
1831:Families of
1694:
1690:
1684:
1633:
1629:
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949:
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870:
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861:Conservation
851:cycloartenol
831:diterpenoids
825:
813:
806:
804:
793:
785:
783:
774:
764:
760:
750:
742:
736:
729:
725:
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699:
689:
685:Crotonoideae
683:
677:
675:
657:
651:
645:
632:
628:Malpighiales
621:
610:
600:
597:Crotonoideae
586:
569:
540:
525:
505:pseudanthium
498:
492:
465:
438:
432:
422:
381:
375:
353:
345:
337:
265:
264:
256:
238:Crotonoideae
225:Subfamilies
212:
203:Malpighiales
186:
173:
160:
147:
115:
18:
5258:iNaturalist
5100:Wikispecies
4881:Rousseaceae
4777:Campanulids
4737:Verbenaceae
4712:Acanthaceae
4707:Pedaliaceae
4697:Byblidaceae
4565:Boraginales
4555:Apocynaceae
4545:Loganiaceae
4527:Gentianales
4476:Icacinaceae
4428:Cyrillaceae
4423:Clethraceae
4403:Styracaceae
4383:Primulaceae
4310:Grubbiaceae
4237:Santalaceae
4179:Basellaceae
4134:Gisekiaceae
4074:Physenaceae
4039:Droseraceae
3936:Sapindaceae
3926:Burseraceae
3870:Alzateaceae
3782:Neuradaceae
3721:Francoaceae
3716:Geraniaceae
3668:Aphloiaceae
3640:Capparaceae
3620:Tovariaceae
3580:Moringaceae
3562:Brassicales
3522:Cunoniaceae
3517:Oxalidaceae
3512:Connaraceae
3429:Achariaceae
3424:Humiriaceae
3389:Elatinaceae
3283:Celastrales
3240:Cannabaceae
3215:Barbeyaceae
3139:Surianaceae
3111:Begoniaceae
3106:Datiscaceae
2945:Paeoniaceae
2922:Superrosids
2907:Gunneraceae
2876:Dilleniales
2795:Platanaceae
2670:Thurniaceae
2650:Rapateaceae
2612:Marantaceae
2463:Lanariaceae
2458:Asteliaceae
2443:Orchidaceae
2435:Asparagales
2420:Smilacaceae
2362:Pandanaceae
2352:Stemonaceae
2258:Zosteraceae
2253:Maundiaceae
2205:Alismatales
2122:Monimiaceae
2046:Magnoliales
2031:Saururaceae
2008:Winteraceae
2003:Canellaceae
1986:Magnoliidae
1928:Cabombaceae
1915:Nymphaeales
1848:Supergroup
1410:: 105–112.
931:10654/18083
543:phytotoxins
495:Euphorbieae
410:Description
394:because of
167:Angiosperms
5489:Categories
5276:30375178-2
4964:Dipsacales
4954:Bruniaceae
4931:Asteraceae
4815:Araliaceae
4752:Phrymaceae
4687:Stilbaceae
4614:Solanaceae
4591:Vahliaceae
4517:Garryaceae
4463:Icacinales
4373:Sapotaceae
4227:Opiliaceae
4214:Santalales
4189:Talinaceae
4169:Montiaceae
3921:Kirkiaceae
3903:Sapindales
3875:Penaeaceae
3845:Onagraceae
3840:Lythraceae
3772:Cytinaceae
3731:Huerteales
3708:Geraniales
3645:Cleomaceae
3635:Resedaceae
3585:Caricaceae
3570:Akaniaceae
3499:Oxalidales
3454:Salicaceae
3439:Goupiaceae
3349:Clusiaceae
3250:Urticaceae
3230:Rhamnaceae
3192:Betulaceae
3172:Myricaceae
2894:Gunnerales
2800:Proteaceae
2680:Cyperaceae
2665:Mayacaceae
2655:Xyridaceae
2385:Corsiaceae
2334:Pandanales
2273:Ruppiaceae
2228:Butomaceae
2079:Annonaceae
2036:Piperaceae
1995:Canellales
1472:1822/57883
1161:3642394167
1122:Heidelberg
955:2019-06-10
889:References
839:flavonoids
835:terpenoids
647:Chamaesyce
643:herbaceous
566:castor oil
532:schizocarp
484:hypogynous
468:monoecious
404:Antarctica
374:, such as
346:euphorbias
5180:FloraBase
4972:Adoxaceae
4941:Bruniales
4873:Asterales
4742:Lamiaceae
4601:Solanales
4583:Vahliales
4535:Rubiaceae
4504:Garryales
4433:Ericaceae
4378:Ebenaceae
4315:Cornaceae
4300:Loasaceae
4285:Nyssaceae
4222:Olacaceae
4204:Cactaceae
4139:Aizoaceae
4114:Limeaceae
3951:Meliaceae
3855:Myrtaceae
3807:Cistaceae
3787:Malvaceae
3434:Violaceae
3339:Ochnaceae
3314:Pandaceae
2785:Sabiaceae
2777:Proteales
2675:Juncaceae
2640:Typhaceae
2617:Costaceae
2607:Cannaceae
2592:Lowiaceae
2531:Arecaceae
2488:Iridaceae
2448:Boryaceae
2425:Liliaceae
2195:Acoraceae
2127:Lauraceae
2018:Piperales
1856:Bryophyta
1707:CiteSeerX
1691:Oecologia
1658:2045-2322
1636:: 30531.
1604:0002-9122
1560:1995-7645
1295:239507275
1287:1058-5893
1186:(86): 6.
1144:868922400
1087:0036-8075
867:Euphorbia
855:taraxerol
704:from the
607:poisonous
554:alkaloids
547:diterpene
513:involucre
500:Euphorbia
472:dioecious
388:succulent
137:Kingdom:
5446:euphorbi
5431:VicFlora
5420:VASCAN:
5413:42000236
5408:Tropicos
5397:SEINet:
5085:Wikidata
5051:Category
4825:Apiaceae
4747:Mazaceae
4657:Oleaceae
4639:Lamiales
4388:Theaceae
4325:Ericales
4277:Cornales
4267:Asterids
4124:Kewaceae
3941:Rutaceae
3827:Myrtales
3802:Bixaceae
3764:Malvales
3605:Bataceae
3474:Linaceae
3459:Peraceae
3245:Moraceae
3235:Ulmaceae
3210:Rosaceae
3167:Fagaceae
3134:Fabaceae
3043:Vitaceae
2970:Iteaceae
2767:Buxaceae
2750:Eudicots
2602:Musaceae
2518:Arecales
2372:Liliales
2187:Acorales
2177:Monocots
2089:Laurales
1775:Archived
1757:Archived
1729:19488788
1676:27464466
1612:21652441
1568:28647179
1489:49329684
1481:29931585
1432:52132966
1424:30166094
1384:28082796
1219:31 March
1126:Springer
1103:27620205
1095:17218493
1001:31 March
869:species
847:oleander
779:invasive
733:communis
666:Taxonomy
617:laxative
587:A milky
509:cyathium
451:, never
445:stipules
209:Family:
180:Eudicots
5091:Q156584
4787:Apiales
4453:Lamiids
3552:Malvids
3507:Huaceae
3202:Rosales
3154:Fagales
3121:Fabales
3035:Vitales
2759:Buxales
2705:Poaceae
2213:Araceae
2172:Lilidae
1699:Bibcode
1667:4964329
1638:Bibcode
1513:10 June
1375:5214557
1324:10 June
1065:Bibcode
1057:Science
1038:3964368
843:tannins
731:Ricinus
722:cassava
659:Manihot
637:and so
562:cassava
521:stigmas
488:ovaries
480:stamens
476:flowers
453:pinnate
449:palmate
419:Cyathia
364:tropics
336:), the
261:flowers
199:Order:
141:Plantae
5472:235055
5351:914245
5335:NZOR:
5289:114198
3058:Fabids
3025:Rosids
2632:Poales
1837:APG IV
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698:fruit
568:plant
556:, and
550:esters
517:pistil
461:spines
441:leaves
433:Croton
386:, are
368:shrubs
366:, are
358:, are
193:Rosids
5467:WoRMS
5372:Plazi
5364:53786
5302:28031
5284:IRMNG
5263:51821
5224:10327
5206:FoAO2
5198:10327
5185:22851
5172:1EUPF
5120:54442
1850:Plant
1737:18015
1733:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1291:S2CID
1099:S2CID
755:) or
653:Hevea
589:latex
582:ricin
576:toxic
536:drupe
528:fruit
457:hairs
392:cacti
372:trees
360:herbs
218:Juss.
187:Clade
174:Clade
161:Clade
148:Clade
5400:5445
5385:POWO
5328:3977
5323:NCBI
5297:ITIS
5271:IPNI
5245:GRIN
5237:4691
5232:GBIF
5167:EPPO
5159:4198
5128:ATRF
5115:APNI
1725:PMID
1672:PMID
1654:ISSN
1608:PMID
1600:ISSN
1564:PMID
1556:ISSN
1515:2019
1477:PMID
1420:PMID
1380:PMID
1326:2019
1283:ISSN
1240:ISBN
1221:2017
1199:2018
1157:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1140:OCLC
1130:ISBN
1091:PMID
1083:ISSN
1034:PMID
1003:2007
975:ISBN
688:and
595:and
526:The
439:The
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5454:WFO
5423:131
5310:NBN
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5141:CoL
1791:in
1717:doi
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1662:PMC
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1592:doi
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1467:hdl
1459:doi
1412:doi
1370:PMC
1360:doi
1275:doi
1271:183
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