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272:. When only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also called
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Internal combustion engines rely upon the vaporization of the fuel in the cylinders to form a fuel/air mixture in order to burn well. The chemically correct air/fuel mixture for total burning of gasoline has been determined to be 15 parts air to one part gasoline or 15/1 by weight. Changing this to a
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This is in part related to the concentration points above. If "fresh" air (i.e., air which is neither already saturated with the substance nor with other substances) is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus
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Because it typically takes place in a complex environment, where 'evaporation is an extremely rare event', the mechanism for the evaporation of water is not completely understood. Theoretical calculations require prohibitively long and large computer simulations. 'The rate of evaporation of liquid
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On average, only a fraction of the molecules in a liquid have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. The evaporation will continue until an equilibrium is reached when the evaporation of the liquid is equal to its condensation. In an enclosed environment, a liquid will evaporate until the
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of microscopic water droplets suspended in the air above a cup of hot tea after the water vapor has sufficiently cooled and condensed. Water vapor is an invisible gas, but the clouds of condensed droplets refract and scatter the sunlight and are thus
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246:. Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds. With sufficient energy, the liquid will turn into vapor.
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affects rate of evaporation of water. When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the
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and density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor pressure of the substance, as given by the
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open water surface. Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over 120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
211:, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas. When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling.
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The amount of light will affect the evaporation. When photons hits the surface area of the liquid they can make individual molecules break free and disappear into the air without any need for additional
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by evaporating a substance and condensing it onto a substrate, or by dissolving the substance in a solvent, spreading the resulting solution thinly over a substrate, and evaporating the solvent. The
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an individual particle may possess. Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization.
555:. The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure the liquid will
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vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.
306:) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor. However, these liquids
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When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low
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the higher the temperature of the substance the greater the kinetic energy of the molecules at its surface and therefore the faster the rate of their evaporation.
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A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there are more surface molecules per unit of volume that are potentially able to escape.
284:. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat,
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cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher
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The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid state, the more energy one must get to escape. This is characterized by the
1230:
Gusarov, A. V.; Smurov, I. (2002). "Gas-dynamic boundary conditions of evaporation and condensation: Numerical analysis of the
Knudsen layer".
497:{\displaystyle \ln \left({\frac {P_{2}}{P_{1}}}\right)=-{\frac {\Delta H_{\rm {vap}}}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{1}}}\right)}
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of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient
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In the US, the
National Weather Service measures, at various outdoor locations nationwide, the actual rate of evaporation from a
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If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.
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processes; recovering salts from solutions; and drying a variety of materials such as lumber, paper, cloth and chemicals.
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The use of evaporation to dry or concentrate samples is a common preparatory step for many laboratory analyses such as
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Evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves.
295:, where the phase is undetermined. Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear
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On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor state. Instead, there is a
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at the evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the diffusion distance in the stagnant layer.
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and then taken out to evaporate, the instrument shows progressively lower temperature as the ethanol evaporates.
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Note: Air is used here as a common example of the surrounding gas; however, other gases may hold that role.
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Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas (e.g., cooking oil at room
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of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evaporation, such as when
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1304:"Evaporation coefficient and condensation coefficient of vapor under high gas pressure conditions"
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evaporating. It is just that the process is much slower and thus significantly less visible.
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volume ratio yields 8000 parts air to one part gasoline or 8,000/1 by volume.
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return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the
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water is one of the principal uncertainties in modern climate modeling.'
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of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an
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Has an especially detailed discussion of film deposition by evaporation.
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is often used to estimate the rate of evaporation in these instances.
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Demonstration of evaporative cooling. When the sensor is dipped in
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encouraging faster evaporation. This is the result of the
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How light can vaporize water without the need for heat
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288:(determines the percent humidity), and air movement.
1157:"Chilling Science: Evaporative Cooling with Liquids"
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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322:Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature. 760
1205:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
600:The amount of minerals dissolved in the liquid
179:Rain evaporating after falling on hot pavement
1366:Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology
1278:"Five Things We Still Don't Know About Water"
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712:, since heat is absorbed during evaporation.
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1179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
230:in the soil, and other sources of water. In
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238:(which involves evaporation within plant
198:as it changes into the gas phase. A high
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27:Vaporization of a liquid from its surface
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740:. Systems used for this purpose include
522:are the vapor pressures at temperatures
218:Evaporation is an essential part of the
1141:The New Student's Reference Work (1914)
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581:of the substance evaporating in the air
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755:, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a
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1364:Sze, Simon Min (25 September 2001).
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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1276:Richard Saykally (11 June 2015).
1155:Lohner, Science Buddies, Svenja.
150:Droplets of water vapor in a pan.
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47:needs additional citations for
1197:Silberberg, Martin A. (2006).
923:Sublimation (phase transition)
338:above the liquid. Many of the
215:surrounding air is saturated.
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1302:Kotaro Ohashi (18 May 2020).
1091:"the definition of evaporate"
796:Pre-combustion vaporization
361:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
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1417:Atmospheric thermodynamics
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299:interface cannot be seen.
276:. This is why evaporating
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268:to overcome liquid-phase
1422:Meteorological phenomena
811:Evaporation (deposition)
610:enthalpy of vaporization
545:enthalpy of vaporization
903:Hydrology (agriculture)
784:Combustion vaporization
746:centrifugal evaporators
314:Evaporative equilibrium
256:Kinetic theory of gases
1314:(8143). Nature: 8143.
898:Hertz–Knudsen equation
824:Hertz–Knudsen equation
605:Inter-molecular forces
553:universal gas constant
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1432:Thin film deposition
1144:. 1914. p. 636.
893:Heat of vaporization
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286:atmospheric pressure
56:improve this article
1320:2020NatSR..10.8143O
1244:2002PhFl...14.4242G
1161:Scientific American
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777:Evaporative coolers
710:endothermic process
274:evaporative cooling
190:that occurs on the
1308:Scientific Reports
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883:Evapotranspiration
742:rotary evaporators
708:Evaporation is an
688:. You can help by
658:standardized "pan"
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244:evapotranspiration
234:, evaporation and
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1427:Materials science
1412:Phase transitions
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1232:Physics of Fluids
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71:"Evaporation"
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67:Find sources:
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1046:Condensation
1029:Vaporization
862:Distillation
857:Desalination
814:
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734:spectroscopy
716:Applications
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54:Please help
49:verification
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1397:Evaporation
1010:Sublimation
938:of matter (
908:Latent heat
764:matki/matka
697:August 2022
638:Temperature
352:equilibrium
304:temperature
220:water cycle
184:Evaporation
112:August 2016
1406:Categories
1287:20 October
1166:2018-01-23
1124:2022-08-20
1100:2018-01-23
1077:References
1053:Ionization
1041:Deposition
878:Evaporator
847:Cryophorus
816:Thin films
254:See also:
82:newspapers
1368:. Wiley.
1201:Chemistry
1175:cite news
1119:Sciencing
836:Atmometer
820:deposited
470:−
421:Δ
415:−
377:
340:molecules
326:= 1
262:molecules
232:hydrology
226:, lakes,
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1022:Freezing
830:See also
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