220:, by providing sound methodological advice. The advice may take different forms. In some cases the advisor collaborates with a researcher in a more long-term process, and guides them through the more technical parts of the research (this type of advising is called longitudinal consultancy). In complex, longterm projects it is not uncommon for the advisor to help by doing part of the work themself (interactive consultancy). In other cases a researcher may have a specific question that can be answered in a brief conversation with a consultant (cross-sectional consultancy, or advisory consulting). The advisors role can also take a didactic form, when the client is not familiar with suggested (statistical) methods. Sometimes the best advice is not statistically ideal, but is comprehensible for the client.
150:) has long been considered a critical factor in entrepreneurial success. At the same time, some economists have argued that entrepreneurs should not simply act on all advice given to them, even when that advice comes from well-informed sources, because the entrepreneurs themselves possess far deeper and richer local knowledge about their own firm than any outsider. Indeed, measures of advice-taking are
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In the social sciences in general, and in psychological research in particular, advice has typically been defined as a recommendation to do something. For example, in response to a client's question regarding whether to invest in stocks, bonds, or T-notes, a financial planner (the advisor) might say:
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Depending on the function of the methodological advisor, the advice that is given may not be free. If a student conducts research commissioned by a professor, this professor will probably help this student for free, if needed. However, if a researcher contacts an independent advisor, this probably
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A researcher will usually know more about the field in which the study is conducted than the methodological advisor. The advisor on the other hand will know more about the method. By combining their expertise and, through dialog and cooperation, researcher and consultant may achieve better, more
75:, recommendations or guidance about certain situations relayed in some context to another person, group or party. Advice is often offered as a guide to action and/or conduct. Put a little more simply, an advice message is advice about what might be thought, said, or otherwise done to address a
163:"I recommend going with bonds at this time." However, Dalal and Bonaccio (2010) have argued, based on a review of the research literature, that such a definition is incomplete and leaves out several important types of advice These authors have provided the following taxonomy of advice:
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In psychology, seminal articles include
Brehmer and Hagafors (1986), Hollenbeck et al. (1995), and Sniezek and Buckley (1995). The Sniezek and Buckley (1995) and Hollenbeck et al. (1995) articles, in particular, introduced researchers to standardized ways of studying advice in the
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costs them. In this case the methodological advisor is basically being hired by the researcher. In other cases the advisor may be incorporated into research team, leading to co-authorship. It is advisable to make clear agreements about the advisors compensation on fore hand.
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Researchers may seek advice on a wide range of subjects concerning their research. One of the major tasks of the methodological advisor is to help their clients think about what they really want to accomplish. This may involve helping them to formulate the
192:, which is a related form of interpersonal assistance that often accompanies advice), Dalal and Bonaccio (2010) found that decision-makers reacted most favorably to the provision of information, because this form of advice not only increased decision
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MacGeorge, E. L., Graves, A. R., Feng, B., Gillihan, S. J., & Burleson, B. R. (2004). The myth of gender cultures: Similarities outweigh differences in men’s and women’s provision of and responses to supportive communication.
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Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Sego, D. J., Hedlund, J., Major, D. A., & Phillips, J. (1995). Multilevel theory of team decision making: decision performance in teams incorporating distributed expertise.
212:. This kind of advice is, as opposed to some forms of advising mentioned above, usually initiated by the person who receives the advice, thus not unrequested. The goal of the advisor (see
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Bonaccio, S., & Dalal, R. S. (2006). Advice taking and decision-making: An integrative literature review, and implications for the organizational sciences.
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Humphrey, S. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., Meyer, C. J., & Ilgen, D. R.(2002). Hierarchical team decision making. In G. R. Ferris & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.).
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actually predictive of subsequent entrepreneurial success (e.g., measured as success in subsequent funding rounds, acquisitions, pivots, and firm survival).
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MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Thompson, E. R. (2008). "Good" and "bad" advice: How to advise more effectively. In M. T. Motley (Ed.),
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Communication researchers have tended to study advice as part of their research on supportive communication. Much research has focused on
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Providing additional information about a particular course of action without explicitly prescribing or proscribing that course of action
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Brehmer, B., & Hagafors, R. (1986). The use of experts in complex decision-making: a paradigm for the study of staff work.
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In economics, the willingness of entrepreneurs to take advice from early investors and other partners (i.e., entrepreneurial
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Timmons, Jeffry A.; Bygrave, William D. (1986-03-01). "Venture capital's role in financing innovation for economic growth".
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Asking for a Friend: Three
Centuries of Advice on Life, Love, Money, and Other Burning Questions from a Nation Obsessed
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Burleson, B. R., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2002). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.),
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Bonaccio and Dalal (2006), and a portion of this literature was also reviewed by Humphrey et al. (2002).
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Sniezek, J. A., & Buckley, T. (1995). Cueing and cognitive conflict in judge–advisor decision making.
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Derr, J. (2008). Having an impact in a multi-disciplinary setting. In
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Advising on research methods
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30:"Exhortation" redirects here. For the hymn tune by that name, see
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404:(Vol. 21, pp. 175–213). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
208:Methodological advice concerns expert advice on
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498:"Difficult Times – How to give a friend Advice"
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232:and relatedly, the research hypothesis (see
545:New York: Wiley: Chapter 10 (pp. 217-235).
500:. Sapients.net. 2011-07-25. Archived from
430:(pp. 145-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
415:Handbook of interpersonal communication
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158:Social science definitions of "advice"
543:Statistical rules of thumb (2nd ed.).
296:Category:Family and parenting writers
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188:Of these four types of advice (and
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286:Protrepsis and paraenesis
190:socio-emotional support
114:organizational behavior
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214:statistical consultant
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276:Business consultation
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210:research methodology
312:. Bold Type Books.
291:Public consultation
122:human communication
50:Jean-Baptiste Madou
256:reliable results.
238:psychological test
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556:H. J. Adèr
508:2012-03-15
328:References
271:Astrologer
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130:laboratory
102:psychology
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