1988:
1977:
857:
stratigraphy: the
Nehdenian, Hembergian, Dasbergian, and Wocklumian (from oldest to youngest). However, these are based solely on ammonoid zonation and do not precisely correspond to the informal ICS subdivisions. The Uppermost Famennian substage (approximating the Wocklumian) is also known as the
778:
epoch. The most recent estimate for its duration is that it lasted from around 371.1 to 359.3 million years ago. An earlier 2012 estimate, still used by the
International Commission on Stratigraphy, is that it lasted from 372.2 million years ago to 358.9 million years ago. It was preceded by the
918:
A 2012 ICS timescale based on rough radioisotopic records estimated the
Famennian began around 372.2 ± 1.6 Ma, and ended at 358.9 ± 0.4 Ma. In 2020 this was revised to a start at 371.1 ± 1.1 Ma and an end at 359.3 ± 0.3 Ma.
967:
Kaufmann, B.; Trapp, E.; Mezger, K. (2004). "The numerical age of the Upper
Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser horizons: A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt(Kellerwald, Germany)".
1179:
Becker, R. T.; Marshall, J. E. A.; Da Silva, A. -C.; Agterberg, F. P.; Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (2020-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.),
1099:
1357:
825:. A brief episode of glaciation, possibly linked to the Hangenberg event, occurred during the late Famennian, the first in a series of short glaciations that preceded the
1002:
Algeo, T. J. (1998). "Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the
Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events".
821:, which is the largest component of the Late Devonian mass extinction. The end of the Famennian experiences a smaller but still quite severe extinction event, the
1350:
846:
571:
522:
1192:
1343:
877:
and was accepted for the upper stage of the Upper
Devonian by the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy in 1981. It is named after
892:
Since 2017, the base of the
Famennian has been defined by a distinctive turnover of conodonts, particularly the last appearance of
865:
North
American subdivisions of the Famennian include the Chautauquan, Canadaway, Conneaut, Conneautan, Conewango and Conewangan.
2021:
1215:"Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian–Mississippian glaciations and their global effects"
1366:
560:
938:"A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications"
2026:
818:
725:
651:
469:
465:
1639:
1634:
826:
327:
285:
2016:
874:
623:
1180:
1071:
1327:
976:
605:
1291:
1970:
2011:
1234:
1987:
881:, a natural region in southern Belgium. The lower GSSP, ratified in 1993, is located within the
506:
1768:
1732:
1188:
882:
1862:
1737:
1706:
1503:
1306:
1226:
1152:
1111:
1029:
1011:
984:
949:
937:
886:
822:
814:
444:
1214:
1831:
1727:
1665:
1560:
1529:
1498:
1156:
1084:
309:
1115:
980:
1981:
1800:
1670:
1565:
1534:
1137:
715:
644:
300:
2005:
1701:
1691:
1660:
1623:
1555:
1524:
1290:
Spalleta, Claudia; Perri, Maria
Cristina; Over, D. Jeffrey; Corradini, Carlo (2017).
1260:
1238:
1100:"The Devonian/Carboniferous boundary stratotype section (La Serre, France) revisited"
1051:
830:
775:
595:
318:
292:
277:
61:
1992:
1976:
1923:
1773:
1696:
894:
807:
771:
699:
628:
426:
1918:
1787:
1763:
1608:
1403:
784:
384:
36:
1913:
1873:
1816:
1716:
1613:
1487:
1387:
1335:
953:
803:
799:
335:
81:
46:
1310:
1213:
Lakin, J. A.; Marshall, J. E. A.; Troth, I.; Harding, I. C. (15 April 2016).
740:
727:
666:
653:
1928:
1878:
1852:
1811:
1758:
1603:
1579:
1460:
1450:
1439:
247:
86:
1015:
915:
first appeared slightly later than the main conodont turnover in the GSSP.
1888:
1883:
1847:
1747:
1680:
1649:
1544:
1513:
1474:
1424:
1398:
1374:
859:
850:
796:
780:
711:
695:
370:
363:
356:
267:
257:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
813:
The beginning of the
Famennian is marked by the final stages of a major
1902:
1842:
1592:
1429:
1413:
1292:"Famennian (Upper Devonian) conodont zonation: revised global standard"
878:
854:
853:
zonation. The Famennian corresponds to four historical subdivisions in
834:
342:
91:
66:
1004:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
849:
divides the Famennian into four informal substages based primarily on
1938:
1821:
1455:
1230:
719:
349:
988:
936:
Parry, S. F.; Noble, S. R.; Crowley, Q. G.; Wellman, C. H. (2011).
1962:
1958:
1954:
30:
1339:
1050:
Klapper, G.; Feist, R.; Becker, R.; House, M. (December 1993).
873:
The Famennian Stage was proposed in 1855 by Belgian geologist
107:
1138:"Decision on the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary stratotype"
1136:
Paproth, Eva; Feist, Raimund; Flajs, Gerd (December 1991).
1259:
Thorez, Jacques; Dreesen, Roland; Streel, Maurice (2006).
810:
and spread worldwide, then just as suddenly went extinct.
703:(discovered to have biostratigraphic issues as of 2006).
1052:"Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage boundary"
1937:
1901:
1861:
1830:
1799:
1786:
1746:
1715:
1679:
1648:
1622:
1591:
1578:
1543:
1512:
1486:
1473:
1438:
1412:
1386:
1373:
756:
707:
690:
682:
640:
619:
611:
601:
591:
586:
578:
566:
556:
551:
543:
538:
100:
21:
1219:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
907:. It was previously defined by the start of the
1351:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
911:conodont zone, but later studies showed that
521:Subdivision of the Devonian according to the
8:
1036:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
528:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1796:
1588:
1483:
1383:
1358:
1344:
1336:
948:(4). London: Geological Society: 863–872.
847:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1045:
1043:
928:
1080:
1069:
903:, and an increase in the abundance of
18:
7:
795:In the seas, a novel major group of
496:
478:
455:
434:
416:
1957:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1961:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1181:"Chapter 22 - The Devonian Period"
14:
1965:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
942:Journal of the Geological Society
1986:
1975:
1116:10.1127/0078-0421/2009/0043-0195
1157:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i4/004
1098:Kaiser, Sandra (1 April 2009).
806:appeared, underwent tremendous
1187:, Elsevier, pp. 733–810,
1:
1404:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1367:Geological history of Earth
1104:Newsletters on Stratigraphy
16:Final stage of the Devonian
2043:
1640:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1635:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1399:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
783:stage and followed by the
29:371.1 ± 1.1 – 358.9 ± 0.4
1952:
1924:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1774:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
954:10.1144/0016-76492010-043
909:Palmatolepis triangularis
901:Palmatolepis subperlobata
691:Upper boundary definition
629:Palmatolepis subperlobata
620:Lower boundary definition
518:
105:
26:
1919:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1764:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1609:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1461:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1451:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1311:10.3140/bull.geosci.1623
1185:Geologic Time Scale 2020
899:the first appearance of
895:Palmatolepis bogartensis
647:, Montagne Noire, France
635:Palmatolepis bogartensis
470:Late Devonian extinction
1914:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1879:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1874:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1817:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1707:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1614:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1425:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1299:Bulletin of Geosciences
827:Late Palaeozoic ice age
233:−360 —
223:−365 —
213:−370 —
203:−375 —
193:−380 —
183:−385 —
173:−390 —
163:−395 —
153:−400 —
143:−405 —
133:−410 —
123:−415 —
113:−420 —
2022:Devonian geochronology
1884:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1853:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1812:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1759:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1604:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1430:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1079:Cite journal requires
1016:10.1098/rstb.1998.0195
969:The Journal of Geology
1889:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1848:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1769:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1456:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1331:(with link directory)
1929:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1822:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1702:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1692:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1328:List of fossil sites
1034:www.stratigraphy.org
889:in southern France.
770:is the later of two
700:Siphonodella sulcata
633:LAD of the conodont
449:Famennian glaciation
1984: •
1973: •
1971:Geologic time scale
1733:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1697:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1666:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1561:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1530:Middle (164–174 Ma)
981:2004JG....112..495K
905:Palmatolepis ultima
875:André Hubert Dumont
869:Name and definition
757:Upper GSSP ratified
737: /
708:Upper boundary GSSP
683:Lower GSSP ratified
663: /
641:Lower boundary GSSP
612:Time span formality
1982:Geology portal
1843:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1738:Early (470–485 Ma)
1671:Early (393–419 Ma)
1566:Early (247–252 Ma)
1535:Early (174–201 Ma)
1504:Early (100–145 Ma)
1499:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1030:"Chart/Time Scale"
741:43.5555°N 3.3573°E
667:43.4613°N 3.0403°E
602:Stratigraphic unit
592:Chronological unit
579:Time scale(s) used
490:shrubs & trees
1999:
1998:
1897:
1896:
1863:Paleoproterozoic
1782:
1781:
1728:Late (444–458 Ma)
1661:Late (359–383 Ma)
1574:
1573:
1556:Late (201–237 Ma)
1525:Late (145–164 Ma)
1469:
1468:
1390:(present–2.58 Ma)
1378:(present–66.0 Ma)
1265:Geologica Belgica
1194:978-0-12-824360-2
1010:(1365): 113–130.
883:Coumiac Formation
764:
763:
552:Usage information
533:
532:
514:
513:
495:
494:
477:
476:
454:
453:
433:
432:
2034:
1993:World portal
1991:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1942:
1906:
1866:
1835:
1832:Mesoproterozoic
1804:
1797:
1792:
1751:
1720:
1684:
1653:
1627:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1548:
1517:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1443:
1417:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1315:
1314:
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1249:
1247:
1245:
1231:10.1144/SP423.12
1210:
1204:
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1202:
1201:
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1161:
1160:
1142:
1133:
1127:
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1082:
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1038:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
993:
992:
964:
958:
957:
933:
858:Strunian in the
823:Hangenberg Event
819:Kellwasser Event
815:extinction event
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
742:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
678:
677:
675:
674:
673:
668:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
626:of the conodont
502:
497:
484:
479:
466:Kellwasser event
461:
456:
445:Hangenberg event
440:
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417:
330:
321:
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108:
96:
33:
19:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2027:Devonian Europe
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1974:
1966:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1904:
1893:
1864:
1857:
1833:
1826:
1802:
1801:Neoproterozoic
1791:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1790:
1789:
1788:Proterozoic Eon
1778:
1749:
1742:
1718:
1711:
1682:
1675:
1651:
1644:
1625:
1618:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1546:
1539:
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1508:
1489:
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1465:
1441:
1434:
1415:
1408:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1294:
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1288:
1284:
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1253:
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1241:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1178:
1177:
1164:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1097:
1096:
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1078:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1001:
1000:
996:
966:
965:
961:
935:
934:
930:
925:
913:P. triangularis
871:
843:
808:diversification
793:
746:43.5555; 3.3573
745:
743:
739:
736:
731:
728:
726:
724:
723:
722:
672:43.4613; 3.0403
671:
669:
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657:
654:
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650:
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529:
527:
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28:
27:
17:
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5:
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1996:
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1828:
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1814:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1784:
1783:
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1779:
1777:
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1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1624:Carboniferous
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1586:
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1540:
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1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1442:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1416:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1282:
1251:
1205:
1193:
1162:
1151:(4): 331–336.
1128:
1110:(2): 195–205.
1090:
1081:|journal=
1039:
1021:
994:
989:10.1086/421077
975:(4): 495–501.
959:
927:
926:
924:
921:
870:
867:
842:
839:
792:
789:
762:
761:
758:
754:
753:
716:Montagne Noire
709:
705:
704:
692:
688:
687:
684:
680:
679:
645:Coumiac quarry
642:
638:
637:
621:
617:
616:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:
584:
583:
582:ICS Time Scale
580:
576:
575:
568:
567:Regional usage
564:
563:
558:
557:Celestial body
554:
553:
549:
548:
545:
544:Name formality
541:
540:
536:
535:
531:
530:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
507:Hunsrück fauna
505:
503:
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492:
487:
485:
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474:
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462:
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451:
443:
441:
431:
430:
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102:
98:
97:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2039:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Late Devonian
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1798:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1580:Paleozoic Era
1577:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:(66.0–145 Ma)
1485:
1482:
1480:
1478:(66.0–252 Ma)
1472:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1073:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
922:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
866:
863:
861:
856:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
831:Carboniferous
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
777:
776:Late Devonian
773:
772:faunal stages
769:
759:
755:
750:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
646:
643:
639:
636:
631:
630:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
537:
526:
525:, as of 2021.
524:
517:
508:
504:
499:
498:
486:
481:
480:
471:
467:
463:
458:
457:
446:
442:
437:
436:
428:
424:
419:
418:
415:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
329:
320:
311:
302:
294:
287:
280:
279:
271:
269:
260:
259:
251:
249:
242:
110:
109:
104:
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
1967:
1903:Archean Eon
1865:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1750:(485–539 Ma)
1719:(444–485 Ma)
1683:(419–444 Ma)
1652:(359–419 Ma)
1626:(299–359 Ma)
1595:(252–299 Ma)
1583:(252–539 Ma)
1547:(201–252 Ma)
1516:(145–201 Ma)
1475:Mesozoic Era
1375:Cenozoic Era
1330:
1305:(1): 31–57.
1302:
1298:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1271:(1–2): 27–45
1268:
1264:
1254:
1244:13 September
1242:. Retrieved
1222:
1218:
1208:
1198:, retrieved
1184:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1107:
1103:
1093:
1072:cite journal
1060:. Retrieved
1058:(4): 433–441
1055:
1033:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:
972:
968:
962:
945:
941:
931:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
891:
872:
864:
844:
841:Subdivisions
812:
794:
791:Major events
767:
765:
698:
634:
627:
520:
427:Rhynie chert
377:
276:
265:
256:
245:
1939:Hadean Eon
1717:Ordovician
1488:Cretaceous
1388:Quaternary
1225:: 439–464.
1062:19 December
800:cephalopods
785:Tournaisian
744: /
694:FAD of the
670: /
2006:Categories
1941:(4–4.6 Ga)
1905:(2.5–4 Ga)
1834:(1–1.6 Ga)
1440:Paleogene
1261:"Frasnian"
1200:2022-02-21
1121:7 December
923:References
804:clymeniids
729:43°33′20″N
655:43°27′41″N
587:Definition
488:Widespread
336:Lochkovian
101:Chronology
2012:Famennian
1968:See also:
1748:Cambrian
1681:Silurian
1650:Devonian
1545:Triassic
1514:Jurassic
1239:130689152
837:periods.
768:Famennian
732:3°21′26″E
658:3°02′25″E
539:Etymology
378:Famennian
248:Paleozoic
22:Famennian
1593:Permian
1414:Neogene
1322:See also
1275:16 March
1145:Episodes
887:Cessenon
862:region.
860:Ardennes
851:conodont
797:ammonoid
781:Frasnian
712:La Serre
696:conodont
570:Global (
385:Tournai.
371:Frasnian
364:Givetian
357:Eifelian
268:Devonian
977:Bibcode
879:Famenne
835:Permian
829:of the
802:called
787:stage.
774:in the
501:←
483:←
460:←
439:←
421:←
343:Pragian
293:Přídolí
238:–
228:–
218:–
208:–
198:–
188:–
178:–
168:–
158:–
148:–
138:–
128:–
118:–
1947:
1237:
1191:
855:German
817:, the
720:France
615:Formal
547:Formal
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
350:Emsian
1295:(PDF)
1235:S2CID
1141:(PDF)
885:near
606:Stage
561:Earth
301:Early
1277:2013
1246:2022
1189:ISBN
1123:2020
1085:help
1064:2020
845:The
833:and
766:The
760:1990
686:1993
319:Late
37:PreꞒ
1307:doi
1227:doi
1223:423
1153:doi
1112:doi
1012:doi
1008:353
985:doi
973:112
950:doi
946:168
624:FAD
596:Age
572:ICS
523:ICS
310:Mid
2008::
1963:Ga
1959:Ma
1955:ka
1303:92
1301:.
1297:.
1267:.
1263:.
1233:.
1221:.
1217:.
1183:,
1165:^
1149:14
1147:.
1143:.
1108:43
1106:.
1102:.
1076::
1074:}}
1070:{{
1056:16
1054:.
1042:^
1032:.
1006:.
983:.
971:.
944:.
940:.
718:,
714:,
328:EM
87:Pg
31:Ma
1359:e
1352:t
1345:v
1313:.
1309::
1279:.
1269:9
1248:.
1229::
1159:.
1155::
1125:.
1114::
1087:)
1083:(
1066:.
1018:.
1014::
991:.
987::
979::
956:.
952::
897:,
574:)
472:)
468:(
447:,
286:M
278:C
258:S
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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