1499:
1448:
1321:(such as Schott KzFSN 2) can give very high performance in telescope objective lenses, as well as microscope objectives, and camera telephoto lenses. Fluorite elements are similarly paired with complementary "flint" elements (such as Schott LaK 10). The refractive qualities of fluorite and of certain flint elements provide a lower and more uniform dispersion across the spectrum of visible light, thereby keeping colors focused more closely together. Lenses made with fluorite are superior to fluoro-crown based lenses, at least for doublet telescope objectives; but are more difficult to produce and more costly.
1523:
738:, Canada. The first official recognition of fluorspar in the area was recorded by geologist J.B. Jukes in 1843. He noted an occurrence of "galena" or lead ore and fluoride of lime on the west side of St. Lawrence harbour. It is recorded that interest in the commercial mining of fluorspar began in 1928 with the first ore being extracted in 1933. Eventually, at Iron Springs Mine, the shafts reached depths of 970 feet (300 m). In the St. Lawrence area, the veins are persistent for great lengths and several of them have wide
879:, a property that takes its name from fluorite. Many minerals, as well as other substances, fluoresce. Fluorescence involves the elevation of electron energy levels by quanta of ultraviolet light, followed by the progressive falling back of the electrons into their previous energy state, releasing quanta of visible light in the process. In fluorite, the visible light emitted is most commonly blue, but red, purple, yellow, green, and white also occur. The fluorescence of fluorite may be due to mineral impurities, such as
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36:
1351:. The use of fluorite for telescope lenses has declined since the 1990s, as newer designs using fluoro-crown glass, including triplets, have offered comparable performance at lower prices. Fluorite and various combinations of fluoride compounds can be made into synthetic crystals which have applications in lasers and special optics for UV and infrared.
842:
1563:
962:
black, and clear crystals. The most common colors are purple, blue, green, yellow, or colorless. Less common are pink, red, white, brown, and black. Color zoning or banding is commonly present. The color of the fluorite is determined by factors including impurities, exposure to radiation, and the absence of voids of the
818:, where, under the name of "Derbyshire Blue John", purple-blue fluorite was extracted from several mines or caves. During the 19th century, this attractive fluorite was mined for its ornamental value. The mineral Blue John is now scarce, and only a few hundred kilograms are mined each year for ornamental and
1316:
light in a different way. By using combinations of different types of glass, lens manufacturers are able to cancel out or significantly reduce unwanted characteristics; chromatic aberration being the most important. The best of such lens designs are often called apochromatic (see above). Fluoro-crown
961:
Fluorite is allochromatic, meaning that it can be tinted with elemental impurities. Fluorite comes in a wide range of colors and has consequently been dubbed "the most colorful mineral in the world". Every color of the rainbow in various shades is represented by fluorite samples, along with white,
921:
The color of visible light emitted when a sample of fluorite is fluorescing depends on where the original specimen was collected; different impurities having been included in the crystal lattice in different places. Neither does all fluorite fluoresce equally brightly, even from the same locality.
745:
In 2018, Canada
Fluorspar Inc. commenced mine production again in St. Lawrence; in spring 2019, the company was planned to develop a new shipping port on the west side of Burin Peninsula as a more affordable means of moving their product to markets, and they successfully sent the first shipload of
1269:, the refractive index of calcium fluoride shows some non-linearity at high power densities, which has inhibited its use for this purpose. In the early years of the 21st century, the stepper market for calcium fluoride collapsed, and many large manufacturing facilities have been closed.
432:, and particularly valuable in photographic optics. Fluorite optics are also usable in the far-ultraviolet and mid-infrared ranges, where conventional glasses are too opaque for use. Fluorite also has low dispersion, and a high refractive index for its density.
780:, fluorite appears as cubic crystals, sometimes with dodecahedron modifications, which can reach a size of up to 10 cm of edge, with internal colour zoning, almost always violet in colour. It is associated with quartz and leafy aggregates of baryte. In the
1231:
uses. Fluorite may be drilled into beads and used in jewelry, although due to its relative softness it is not widely used as a semiprecious stone. It is also used for ornamental carvings, with expert carvings taking advantage of the stone's zonation.
1447:
1423:
and its daughter products, release radiation sufficiently energetic to induce oxidation of fluoride anions within the structure, to fluorine that becomes trapped inside the mineral. The color of fetid fluorite is predominantly due to the
2405:
Moffatt, Jillian
Elizabeth; Payten, Thomas Bede; Tsiminis, Georgios; Prinse, Thomas Jacob de; Teixeira, Lewis Da Silva; Klantsataya, Elizaveta; Ottaway, David John; Smith, Barnaby Whitmore; Spooner, Nigel Antony (2021-01-07).
1498:
1414:
did not occur naturally because it is so reactive, and would rapidly react with other chemicals. Fluorite is normally colorless, but some varied forms found nearby look black, and are known as 'fetid fluorite' or
1103:
There are three principal types of industrial use for natural fluorite, commonly referred to as "fluorspar" in these industries, corresponding to different grades of purity. Metallurgical grade fluorite (60–85%
2284:
1281:. This use has largely been superseded by newer glasses and computer-aided design. As an infrared optical material, calcium fluoride is widely available and was sometimes known by the
922:
Therefore, ultraviolet light is not a reliable tool for the identification of specimens, nor for quantifying the mineral in mixtures. For example, among
British fluorites, those from
792:
mine, in
Villabona, the fluorite crystals, cubic without modifications of other shapes, are yellow, up to 3 cm of edge. They are associated with large crystals of calcite and barite.
556:. Currently, the word "fluorspar" is most commonly used for fluorite as an industrial and chemical commodity, while "fluorite" is used mineralogically and in most other senses.
1486:
1462:
2034:
Strong, D. F.; Fryer, B. J.; Kerrich, R. (1984). "Genesis of the St. Lawrence fluorspar deposits as indicated by fluid inclusion, rare earth element, and isotopic data".
408:
Pure fluorite is colourless and transparent, both in visible and ultraviolet light, but impurities usually make it a colorful mineral and the stone has ornamental and
1510:
1474:
708:
It is a common mineral mainly distributed in South Africa, China, Mexico, Mongolia, the United
Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Tanzania, Rwanda and Argentina.
2095:
1522:
428:, that is, its refractive index varies with the wavelength of light in a manner that differs from that of commonly used glasses, so fluorite is useful in making
552:, which is prominent in fluorites from certain locations, due to certain impurities in the crystal. Fluorite also gave the name to its constitutive element
1328:
near the end of the 19th century. Naturally occurring fluorite crystals without optical defects were only large enough to produce microscope objectives.
1032:
2488:
Aigueperse, Jean; Paul
Mollard; Didier Devilliers; Marius Chemla; Robert Faron; Renée Romano; Jean Pierre Cuer (2005). "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic".
719:(about 41 Mt), Mexico (32 Mt) and China (24 Mt). China is leading the world production with about 3 Mt annually (in 2010), followed by Mexico (1.0 Mt),
1539:
2562:
2759:
996:
1057:, a commodity chemical used to produce a wide range of materials. Hydrogen fluoride is liberated from the mineral by the action of concentrated
788:, the fluorite crystals, cubes with small modifications of other figures, are colourless and transparent. They can reach 10 cm of edge. In the
1410:
In 2012, the first source of naturally occurring fluorine gas was found in fluorite mines in
Bavaria, Germany. It was previously thought that
1986:
1951:
1894:
1811:
1258:
with wavelength. Furthermore, the material is attacked by few reagents. At wavelengths as short as 157 nm, a common wavelength used for
1020:
182:
Colorless, although samples are often deeply colored owing to impurities; Purple, lilac, golden-yellow, green, blue, pink, champagne, brown.
2910:
1394:
has previously manufactured at least one fluorite and synthetic quartz element camera lens (105 mm f/4.5 UV) for the production of
1331:
With the advent of synthetically grown fluorite crystals in the 1950s - 60s, it could be used instead of glass in some high-performance
2069:
972:
2121:
746:
ore from the new port on July 31, 2021. This marks the first time in 30 years that ore has been shipped directly out of St. Lawrence.
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2645:
2472:
1923:
1728:
1454:
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responsible for the naming of the phenomenon of fluorescence itself, has been attributed to the presence of inclusions of divalent
753:, Russia. The largest documented single crystal of fluorite was a cube 2.12 meters in size and weighing approximately 16 tonnes.
96:
1665:
2714:
2773:
2537:
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wavelengths, since it is transparent in these regions (about 0.15 μm to 9 μm) and exhibits an extremely low change in
2754:
1581:
833:
Recently discovered deposits in China have produced fluorite with coloring and banding similar to the classic Blue John stone.
772:) there are several fluorite deposits known internationally for the quality of the specimens they have yielded. In the area of
416:
for smelting, and in the production of certain glasses and enamels. The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride for
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2813:
2804:
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2183:
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that has special optical properties approaching fluorite. True fluorite is not a glass but a crystalline material. Lenses or
395:
237:
1008:
907:, in which infrared light stimulates emission of visible light, a phenomenon usually only reported in synthetic materials.
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270:
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1854:
1833:
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701:. Fluorite can also be found as a constituent of sedimentary rocks either as grains or as the cementing material in
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1429:
673:
rocks typically through hydrothermal activity. It is particularly common in granitic pegmatites. It may occur as a
2524:
1572:
1974:
577:
describes it as a precious stone with purple and white mottling, whose objects carved from it, the Romans prize.
1432:
carried out on the gas contained in the antozonite, revealed a peak at 425 ppm, which is consistent with F
1273:
and other manufacturers have used synthetically grown crystals of calcium fluoride components in lenses to aid
2905:
1915:
1395:
1383:
86:
2200:
Calvo
Sevillano, Guiomar; Calvo Rebollar, Miguel (2006). "Fluorite from Spain. Every color under the Sun".
1190:) to allow electrolytic recovery of aluminium. Fluorine losses are replaced entirely by the addition of AlF
2727:
192:
Well-formed coarse sized crystals; also nodular, botryoidal, rarely columnar or fibrous; granular, massive
2583:
Rutten, Harrie; van
Venrooij, Martin (1988). Telescope Optics Evaluation and Design. Willmann-Bell, Inc.
2797:
1886:
1339:
elements. In telescopes, fluorite elements allow high-resolution images of astronomical objects at high
861:
807:
760:
Fluorite on barite from the Berbes mine, Ribadesella, Asturias (Spain). Fluorite crystal, 2.2 cm.
735:
227:
217:
1803:
Elsevier's dictionary of chemoetymology: the whies and whences of chemical nomenclature and terminology
1645:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1990). "Fluorite".
2606:
2419:
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2249:
2043:
2008:
1753:
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1301:
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in the crystal lattice. In particular, the blue fluorescence seen in fluorites from certain parts of
608:
532:
385:
111:
41:
1741:
1654:. Vol. III (Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America.
1100:, and diverse fluoride materials. As of the late 1990s, five billion kilograms were mined annually.
1375:
1278:
1210:
904:
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425:
402:
260:
250:
496:, as a mineral noted for its usefulness as a flux. Agricola, a German scientist with expertise in
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207:
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2150:
1957:
1947:
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1807:
1801:
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1655:
1359:
1332:
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fragments. The structural motif adopted by fluorite is so common that the motif is called the
541:
493:
457:
417:
413:
350:
327:
164:
742:. The area with veins of known workable size comprises about 60 square miles (160 km).
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2016:
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914:, which is reddish or purple in color and fluoresces brightly in emerald green when heated (
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69:
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342:
2743:
Educational article about the different colors of fluorites crystals from
Asturias, Spain
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2423:
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2047:
2012:
1757:
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Fluorite with baryte, from Berbes Mine, Berbes Mining area, Ribadesella, Asturias, Spain
2777:
2541:
2261:
1646:
1348:
1288:
Fluorite should not be confused with fluoro-crown (or fluorine crown) glass, a type of
1241:
1215:
923:
850:
739:
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381:
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139:
106:
62:
1312:. Optical groups employ a combination of different types of glass; each type of glass
2894:
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2342:
1999:
Van Alstine, R. E. (1944). "The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland".
1765:
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1379:
1355:
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1148:
1139:), accounts for about 95% of fluorite consumption in the US where it is used to make
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927:
892:
854:
681:
activity particularly in limestones. In such vein deposits it can be associated with
616:
421:
388:
187:
118:
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1411:
1274:
1246:
In the laboratory, calcium fluoride is commonly used as a window material for both
1097:
888:
872:
716:
678:
658:
549:
338:
2168:
591:
2782:
1516:
Fluorite from El Hammam Mine, Meknès Prefecture, Meknès-Tafilalet Region, Morocco
1135:, and cooking utensils. The highest grade, "acid grade fluorite" (97% or more CaF
2096:"CFI seeking new location for shipping port in St. Lawrence, NL | SaltWire"
2055:
1402:
produced a fluorite lens for their SLR cameras – the Hexanon 300 mm f/6.3.
1382:
and Leica). Their transparence to ultraviolet light enables them to be used for
1336:
1318:
1305:
1251:
1125:
911:
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147:
2020:
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35:
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1961:
559:
In archeology, gemmology, classical studies, and Egyptology, the Latin terms
1828:
1704:
1367:
1194:, the majority of which react with excess sodium from the alumina to form Na
1117:
1116:
production to aid the removal of impurities, and later in the production of
935:
884:
730:
One of the largest deposits of fluorspar in North America is located on the
702:
635:
505:
497:
465:
2439:
2326:
2298:
2279:
2313:
Stokes, G. G. (1853). "On the Change of Refrangibility of Light. No. II".
2070:"St. Lawrence fluorspar mine gets $ 5M from feds, hundreds of jobs touted"
1296:
made using this low dispersion glass as one or more elements exhibit less
1154:
Internationally, acid-grade fluorite is also used in the production of AlF
727:(0.22 Mt), South Africa (0.13 Mt), Spain (0.12 Mt) and Namibia (0.11 Mt).
420:
manufacture, which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containing
2873:
2637:
Bulk crystal growth of electronic, optical & optoelectronic materials
2122:"First Shipment of Fluorspar in Over 30 Years Exported From St. Lawrence"
1370:. Fluorite has a uniquely high transparency at this wavelength. Fluorite
1247:
1228:
1159:
963:
943:
899:
in the crystal. Natural samples containing rare earth impurities such as
896:
846:
819:
765:
720:
553:
461:
409:
391:, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.
20:
1849:
1622:
1597:
2879:
2849:
2837:
2204:. Connecticut, USA: Lithographie LLC. Connecticut, USA. pp. 38–42.
1468:
Fluorite and sphalerite, from Elmwood mine, Smith county, Tennessee, US
1425:
1420:
1317:
glass (such as Schott FK51) usually in combination with an appropriate
1171:
931:
880:
841:
815:
785:
698:
670:
643:
628:
45:
2334:
1692:
1453:
Fluorite crystals on display at the Cullen Hall of Gems and Minerals,
1324:
The use of fluorite for prisms and lenses was studied and promoted by
2861:
2831:
2382:
2357:
1399:
1170:), which are the main fluorine compounds used in aluminium smelting.
900:
773:
724:
694:
690:
682:
667:
647:
631:
536:
520:
501:
1480:
Translucent ball of botryoidal fluorite perched on a calcite crystal
1285:
trademarked name "Irtran-3", although this designation is obsolete.
1108:), the lowest of the three grades, has traditionally been used as a
806:
One of the most famous of the older-known localities of fluorite is
44:, set upon a micaceous matrix, from Erongo Mountain, Erongo Region,
2619:
2594:
2408:"Upconversion Fluorescence in Naturally Occurring Calcium Fluoride"
1987:
Reactivation of the St. Lawrence fluorspar mine at St. Lawrence, NL
1347:
produces synthetic fluorite crystals that are used in their better
946:, if they fluoresce at all, are generally only feebly fluorescent.
2867:
1391:
1209:
1128:
1113:
1070:
1038:
Grass-green fluorite octahedrons clustered on a quartz-rich matrix
840:
769:
755:
712:
657:
590:
524:
445:
2825:
469:
2786:
1868:
James Harrell 2012. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Gemstones.
2715:
First direct evidence that elemental fluorine occurs in nature
1089:
619:. Fluorite has four perfect cleavage planes that help produce
934:
are the most consistently fluorescent, whereas fluorite from
424:. Optically clear transparent fluorite has anomalous partial
48:(overall size: 50 mm × 27 mm, crystal size: 19 mm wide, 30 g)
711:
The world reserves of fluorite are estimated at 230 million
1174:
is dissolved in a bath that consists primarily of molten Na
749:
Cubic crystals up to 20 cm across have been found at
2315:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2285:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1214:
Crawford Cup (Roman, 50-100 CE) in the collection of the
1002:
Freestanding purple fluorite cluster between two quartzes
2358:"Fluorescence of Fluorite and the Bivalent Europium Ion"
1374:
are manufactured by the larger microscope firms (Nikon,
2717:. Labspaces.net (2012-07-06). Retrieved on 2013-08-05.
1528:
Toad carved in fluorite. Length 8 cm (3 in).
1026:
Transparent teal color fluorite with purple highlights
1504:
Fluorite from Diana Maria mine, Weardale, England, UK
548:
In 1852, fluorite gave its name to the phenomenon of
1742:"Mohs's Hardness Scale - A Physical Interpretation"
1358:industry make use of fluorite optical elements for
356:
333:
320:
310:
300:
289:
285:
3.175–3.184; to 3.56 if high in rare-earth elements
279:
269:
259:
249:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
178:
173:
163:
146:
117:
105:
95:
85:
68:
58:
53:
28:
1300:than those utilizing conventional, less expensive
666:Fluorite forms as a late-crystallizing mineral in
40:Deep green isolated fluorite crystal resembling a
2728:Fluorine finally found in nature |Chemistry World
293:Isotropic; weak anomalous anisotropism; moderate
2661:Rost, F. W. D.; Oldfield, Ronald Jowett (2000).
488:and was first discussed in print in a 1530 work
2240:Ford, Trevor D. (1994). "Blue John fluorspar".
1937:
1935:
1112:to lower the melting point of raw materials in
918:), or when illuminated with ultraviolet light.
2490:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1719:Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985,
615:is common and adds complexity to the observed
212:Octahedral, perfect on {111}, parting on {011}
2798:
1096:The resulting HF is converted into fluorine,
990:A golden yellow with hints of purple fluorite
545:, referring to its crystalline projections).
484:. The mineral fluorite was originally termed
8:
1944:An introduction to the rock-forming minerals
1419:. The minerals, containing small amounts of
1227:Natural fluorite mineral has ornamental and
2667:. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
2805:
2791:
2783:
2691:Scientific photography and applied imaging
2280:"On the Change of Refrangibility of Light"
2273:
2271:
845:Fluorescing fluorite from Boltsburn Mine,
412:uses. Industrially, fluorite is used as a
202:Common on {111}, interpenetrant, flattened
2618:
2467:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
2381:
2297:
1715:
1713:
1621:
1428:atoms remaining. Solid-state fluorine-19
2755:An educational tour of Weardale Fluorite
1688:
1686:
1540:List of countries by fluorite production
715:(Mt) with the largest deposits being in
2519:
2517:
1800:compiled by Alexander Senning. (2007).
1588:
1443:
978:Pastel green fluorite crystal on galena
968:
949:Fluorite also exhibits the property of
910:One fluorescent variety of fluorite is
504:, and metallurgy, named fluorspar as a
490:Bermannvs sive de re metallica dialogus
1989:. Burin Minerals Ltd. (April 9, 2009).
1386:. The fluorite also serves to correct
887:, or organic matter, such as volatile
25:
2147:The Complete Encyclopedia of Minerals
1946:. London: The Mineralogical Society.
1014:Light to dark burgundy color fluorite
595:The structure of calcium fluoride CaF
567:refer to fluorite. In book 37 of his
7:
2640:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 339.
1806:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 149.
1598:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1120:. Ceramic grade fluorite (85–95% CaF
2215:Hill, Graham; Holman, John (2000).
903:have also been observed to display
2262:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1994.tb00422.x
326:slightly water soluble and in hot
169:a = 5.4626 Å; Z = 4
14:
2694:. Focal Press. pp. 387–388.
1455:Houston Museum of Natural Science
871:Many samples of fluorite exhibit
822:use. Mining still takes place in
2202:Fluorite. The Collector's Choice
2189:from the original on 2009-06-20.
2145:Korbel, P. and Novak, M. (2002)
1566: This article incorporates
1561:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1446:
1406:Source of fluorine gas in nature
1124:) is used in the manufacture of
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
34:
16:Mineral form of calcium fluoride
1671:from the original on 2006-09-06
1582:United States Geological Survey
1049:Source of fluorine and fluoride
627:. Element substitution for the
476:comes from the Latin adjective
405:, defines value 4 as fluorite.
2814:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
2760:Illinois State Geologic Survey
1147:by reacting the fluorite with
1053:Fluorite is a major source of
396:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
1:
2664:Photography with a microscope
2527:, USGS 2009 Minerals Yearbook
662:A closeup of fluorite surface
2726:Withers, Neil (1 July 2012)
2464:Thermoluminescence of Solids
2911:Minerals in space group 225
2461:McKeever, S. W. S. (1988).
2056:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.5.1142
1855:Online Etymology Dictionary
1834:Online Etymology Dictionary
456:. The mineral is used as a
2952:
2563:"Interactive Abbe Diagram"
2021:10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109
1912:Introduction to mineralogy
1910:Nesse, William D. (2000).
1766:10.1088/0370-1301/67/3/310
1239:
799:
584:
275:Transparent to translucent
18:
2820:
1883:Chemistry of the Elements
1881:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1723:, pp. 324–325, 20th ed.,
905:upconversion fluorescence
372:) is the mineral form of
33:
2776:, related Roman cups at
2498:10.1002/14356007.a11_307
2432:10.1177/0003702820979052
2167:Rickwood, P. C. (1981).
1552:– also used in UV optics
1262:stepper manufacture for
868:from fluorite, in 1852.
864:named the phenomenon of
19:Not to be confused with
2688:Ray, Sidney F. (1999).
2492:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1916:Oxford University Press
1787:"Discovery of fluorine"
1384:fluorescence microscopy
1354:Exposure tools for the
222:Subconchoidal to uneven
2765:Illinois state mineral
2634:Capper, Peter (2005).
2327:10.1098/rstl.1853.0016
2321:: 385–396, at p. 387.
2299:10.1098/rstl.1852.0022
2278:Stokes, G. G. (1852).
2169:"The largest crystals"
1648:Handbook of Mineralogy
1602:Mineralogical Magazine
1568:public domain material
1277:design, and to reduce
1219:
858:
761:
663:
600:
2599:Astrophysical Journal
2356:Przibram, K. (1935).
2176:American Mineralogist
1887:Butterworth-Heinemann
1879:Greenwood, Norman N.
1213:
862:George Gabriel Stokes
844:
759:
661:
654:Occurrence and mining
594:
482:flowing, loose, slack
436:History and etymology
384:. It crystallizes in
334:Other characteristics
97:Strunz classification
2926:Luminescent minerals
2523:Miller, M. Michael.
2412:Applied Spectroscopy
2217:Chemistry in context
1942:Deer, W. A. (2013).
1721:Manual of Mineralogy
1308:elements to make an
1298:chromatic aberration
1290:low-dispersion glass
444:is derived from the
380:. It belongs to the
245:4 (defining mineral)
42:truncated octahedron
2936:Symbols of Illinois
2931:Industrial minerals
2611:1914ApJ....39....1L
2424:2021ApSpe..75..674M
2374:1935Natur.135..100P
2254:1994GeolT..10..186F
2048:1984EcGeo..79.1142S
2013:1944EcGeo..39..109V
1918:. pp. 376–77.
1789:. Fluoride History.
1758:1954PPSB...67..249T
1623:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1614:2021MinM...85..291W
1596:Warr, L.N. (2021).
1388:optical aberrations
1218:. Made of fluorite.
1186:, and fluorite (CaF
802:Blue John (mineral)
640:rare-earth elements
430:apochromatic lenses
403:hardness comparison
2748:2015-06-18 at the
2593:Lyman, T. (1914).
2538:"The Crawford Cup"
2219:. Nelson Thornes.
1746:Proc. Phys. Soc. B
1740:Tabor, D. (1954).
1550:Magnesium fluoride
1396:ultraviolet images
1264:integrated circuit
1220:
951:thermoluminescence
916:thermoluminescence
859:
828:Treak Cliff Cavern
762:
664:
625:fluorite structure
601:
570:Naturalis Historia
290:Optical properties
2921:Fluorine minerals
2888:
2887:
2595:"Victor Schumann"
2565:. SCHOTT AG. 2019
1977:. USGS.gov (2011)
1953:978-0-903056-27-4
1896:978-0-08-037941-8
1848:Harper, Douglas.
1827:Harper, Douglas.
1813:978-0-444-52239-9
1390:in these lenses.
1360:ultraviolet light
1333:optical telescope
1145:hydrofluoric acid
1141:hydrogen fluoride
1055:hydrogen fluoride
877:ultraviolet light
784:mine, in Loroñe,
494:Georgius Agricola
418:hydrofluoric acid
363:
362:
347:thermoluminescent
328:hydrochloric acid
2943:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2731:
2724:
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2712:
2706:
2705:
2685:
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2485:
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2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2383:10.1038/135100a0
2353:
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2237:
2231:
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2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2120:Sheppard, Noah.
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2094:Farrell, Colin.
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2036:Economic Geology
2031:
2025:
2024:
2001:Economic Geology
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1885:(2nd ed.).
1875:
1869:
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1845:
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1824:
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1797:
1791:
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1708:
1707:. Webmineral.com
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1635:
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1579:
1565:
1564:
1545:List of minerals
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1450:
1372:objective lenses
1349:telephoto lenses
1279:light dispersion
1256:refractive index
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
824:Blue John Cavern
613:Crystal twinning
587:Calcium fluoride
535:mineral akin to
506:Neo-Latinization
464:to decrease the
374:calcium fluoride
351:triboluminescent
302:Refractive index
281:Specific gravity
242:
158:
135:
126:
123:Hexoctahedral (m
75:
74:(repeating unit)
38:
26:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
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2940:
2891:
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2889:
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2816:
2811:
2750:Wayback Machine
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2063:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1998:
1997:
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1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1909:
1908:
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1897:
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1502:
1493:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1408:
1326:Victor Schumann
1310:achromatic lens
1244:
1238:
1225:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1138:
1123:
1107:
1086:
1080:
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1024:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1000:
991:
988:
979:
976:
959:
839:
804:
798:
732:Burin Peninsula
677:formed through
656:
642:(REE), such as
634:often includes
598:
589:
583:
575:Pliny the Elder
438:
382:halide minerals
379:
240:
156:
137:
133:
128:
124:
81:
73:
72:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Cubic minerals
2903:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2821:
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2812:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:British Museum
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2738:
2737:External links
2735:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2707:
2700:
2680:
2673:
2653:
2646:
2626:
2620:10.1086/142050
2585:
2576:
2554:
2542:British Museum
2529:
2513:
2506:
2480:
2473:
2453:
2418:(6): 674–689.
2397:
2348:
2305:
2267:
2232:
2225:
2207:
2192:
2159:
2149:, Book Sales,
2138:
2112:
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2026:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1952:
1931:
1924:
1902:
1895:
1870:
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1840:
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1732:
1709:
1697:
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1660:
1637:
1608:(3): 291–320.
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1407:
1404:
1341:magnifications
1294:optical groups
1242:Fluoride glass
1237:
1234:
1224:
1221:
1216:British Museum
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
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994:
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989:
982:
980:
977:
970:
958:
955:
930:, and eastern
924:Northumberland
857:, England, UK.
851:North Pennines
838:
835:
800:Main article:
797:
794:
655:
652:
617:crystal habits
596:
585:Main article:
582:
579:
437:
434:
422:fine chemicals
377:
361:
360:
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354:
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343:phosphorescent
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174:Identification
171:
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114:
109:
107:Crystal system
103:
102:
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63:Halide mineral
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2711:
2708:
2703:
2701:0-240-51323-1
2697:
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2676:
2674:0-521-77096-3
2670:
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2647:0-470-85142-2
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2474:0-521-36811-1
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2371:
2368:(3403): 100.
2367:
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2242:Geology Today
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1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
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1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:9780195106916
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1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:of about 157
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:semiconductor
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1319:"flint" glass
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1283:Eastman Kodak
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:semiconductor
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1223:Lapidary uses
1222:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1173:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1149:sulfuric acid
1146:
1142:
1134:
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1127:
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1115:
1111:
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1098:fluorocarbons
1091:
1087:
1072:
1064:
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1056:
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965:
964:color centers
956:
954:
952:
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933:
929:
928:County Durham
925:
919:
917:
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902:
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894:
893:Great Britain
890:
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855:County Durham
852:
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415:
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368:(also called
367:
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188:Crystal habit
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
131:
122:
120:
119:Crystal class
116:
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100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
84:
77:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2843:
2774:Crawford Cup
2722:
2710:
2690:
2683:
2663:
2656:
2636:
2629:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2579:
2569:February 20,
2567:. Retrieved
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2532:
2489:
2483:
2463:
2456:
2415:
2411:
2400:
2365:
2361:
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2235:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2179:
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2162:
2146:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2100:Saltwire.com
2099:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2064:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1943:
1914:. New York:
1911:
1905:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1853:
1843:
1832:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1749:
1745:
1735:
1720:
1700:
1695:. Mindat.org
1673:. Retrieved
1647:
1640:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1573:
1560:
1412:fluorine gas
1409:
1353:
1330:
1323:
1287:
1275:apochromatic
1245:
1226:
1153:
1102:
1095:
1052:
960:
948:
920:
909:
889:hydrocarbons
873:fluorescence
870:
866:fluorescence
865:
860:
837:Fluorescence
832:
805:
789:
781:
763:
748:
744:
736:Newfoundland
729:
717:South Africa
710:
707:
679:hydrothermal
675:vein deposit
665:
638:and certain
605:crystallizes
602:
568:
564:
560:
558:
550:fluorescence
547:
540:
539:, spærstān,
528:
516:
512:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
453:
449:
441:
439:
407:
393:
369:
365:
364:
152:
2547:20 December
2292:: 463–562.
2182:: 885–907.
2131:14 December
2105:14 December
2079:14 December
2042:(5): 1142.
1675:December 5,
1364:wavelengths
1337:camera lens
1306:flint glass
1302:crown glass
1267:lithography
1252:ultraviolet
1088:(s) + 2 HF(
912:chlorophane
796:"Blue John"
778:Ribadesella
723:(0.45 Mt),
609:cubic motif
542:spear stone
533:nonmetallic
531:(meaning a
472:. The term
398:, based on
389:cubic habit
339:fluorescent
306:1.433–1.448
271:Diaphaneity
159:m (No. 225)
148:Space group
2895:Categories
2856:Orthoclase
2770:Barber Cup
2730:. Rsc.org.
2507:3527306730
2248:(5): 186.
2226:0174482760
2155:0785815201
2007:(2): 109.
1829:"fluorite"
1771:19 January
1752:(3): 249.
1661:0962209724
1557:References
1417:antozonite
1380:Carl Zeiss
1368:nanometers
1345:Canon Inc.
1240:See also:
1206:Niche uses
1126:opalescent
940:Derbyshire
812:Derbyshire
751:Dalnegorsk
687:sphalerite
621:octahedral
480:, meaning
452:, meaning
426:dispersion
357:References
322:Solubility
312:Fusibility
238:Mohs scale
130:H–M symbol
87:IMA symbol
2916:Evaporite
2525:Fluorspar
2448:227176307
2343:186207789
1975:Fluorspar
1962:858884283
1632:235729616
1574:Fluorspar
1118:aluminium
936:Yorkshire
885:ytterbium
808:Castleton
703:sandstone
636:strontium
603:Fluorite
581:Structure
513:Flussspat
498:philology
486:fluorspar
466:viscosity
440:The word
386:isometric
370:fluorspar
349:, and/or
165:Unit cell
112:Isometric
2901:Fluorite
2874:Corundum
2844:Fluorite
2746:Archived
2440:33241707
2184:Archived
2126:Vocm.com
1705:Fluorite
1693:Fluorite
1666:Archived
1534:See also
1314:refracts
1248:infrared
1229:lapidary
1160:cryolite
944:Cornwall
897:europium
847:Weardale
820:lapidary
766:Asturias
721:Mongolia
565:myrrhina
554:fluorine
462:smelting
460:in iron
442:fluorite
410:lapidary
366:Fluorite
255:Vitreous
241:hardness
228:Tenacity
218:Fracture
208:Cleavage
198:Twinning
59:Category
29:Fluorite
21:Fluoride
2880:Diamond
2850:Apatite
2838:Calcite
2607:Bibcode
2605:: 1–4.
2420:Bibcode
2392:4104586
2370:Bibcode
2250:Bibcode
2044:Bibcode
2009:Bibcode
1754:Bibcode
1610:Bibcode
1440:Gallery
1426:calcium
1421:uranium
1376:Olympus
1172:Alumina
1133:enamels
932:Cumbria
881:yttrium
816:England
790:Moscona
786:Colunga
699:calcite
671:igneous
644:yttrium
629:calcium
561:murrina
508:of the
454:to flow
400:scratch
337:May be
232:Brittle
132:: (4/m
101:3.AB.25
70:Formula
54:General
46:Namibia
2862:Quartz
2832:Gypsum
2698:
2671:
2644:
2504:
2471:
2446:
2438:
2390:
2362:Nature
2341:
2335:108570
2333:
2223:
2153:
2074:Cbc.ca
1960:
1950:
1922:
1893:
1850:"spar"
1810:
1727:
1658:
1630:
1400:Konica
1236:Optics
942:, and
901:erbium
875:under
782:Emilio
774:Berbes
740:lenses
725:Russia
713:tonnes
697:, and
695:quartz
691:barite
683:galena
668:felsic
648:cerium
632:cation
537:gypsum
527:) and
521:stream
510:German
502:mining
478:fluxus
450:fluere
295:relief
261:Streak
251:Luster
2868:Topaz
2444:S2CID
2388:S2CID
2339:S2CID
2331:JSTOR
2187:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1628:S2CID
1578:(PDF)
1570:from
1392:Nikon
1271:Canon
1182:, AlF
1129:glass
1114:steel
1073:) + H
957:Color
770:Spain
607:in a
525:river
517:Fluss
515:from
492:, by
448:verb
446:Latin
376:, CaF
265:White
179:Color
136:2/m)
2826:Talc
2772:and
2696:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2571:2018
2549:2014
2502:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2436:PMID
2221:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2133:2021
2107:2021
2081:2021
1958:OCLC
1948:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1773:2022
1725:ISBN
1677:2011
1656:ISBN
1335:and
1304:and
1250:and
1158:and
1143:and
1110:flux
1083:CaSO
1044:Uses
883:and
826:and
646:and
563:and
529:Spat
474:flux
470:slag
458:flux
414:flux
394:The
140:cF12
2878:10
2615:doi
2494:doi
2428:doi
2378:doi
2366:135
2323:doi
2319:143
2294:doi
2290:142
2258:doi
2052:doi
2017:doi
1762:doi
1618:doi
1430:NMR
1362:at
1198:AlF
1178:AlF
1166:AlF
1162:(Na
1104:CaF
1065:CaF
810:in
764:In
468:of
127:m)
91:Flr
78:CaF
2897::
2872:9
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2860:7
2854:6
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