Foreskin - Knowledge (XXG)

5226:

conditions where some benefit may result from circumcision are urinary tract infections, HIV and later cancer of the penis.…The complication rate of neonatal circumcision is reported to be around 1% and includes tenderness, bleeding and unhappy results to the appearance of the penis. Serious complications such as bleeding, septicaemia and may occasionally cause death (1 in 550,000). The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit. Whether these legal concerns are valid will be known only if the matter is determined in a court of law. If the operation is to be performed, the medical attendant should ensure this is done by a competent operator, using appropriate anaesthesia and in a safe child-friendly environment. In all cases where parents request a circumcision for their child the medical attendant is obliged to provide accurate information on the risks and benefits of the procedure. Up-to-date, unbiased written material summarizing the evidence should be widely available to parents. Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure in the neonate.

642:. The foreskin can be classified as long, when the preputial orifice extents beyond the glans, medium, when the preputial orifice is located around the meatus, and short, when most of the glans is exposed. The variation of long foreskin was regarded by Chengzu (2011) as 'prepuce redundant'. Frequent retraction and washing under the foreskin is suggested for all adults, particularly for those with a long or 'redundant' foreskin. Some males, according to Xianze (2012), may be reluctant for their glans to be exposed because of discomfort when it chafes against clothing, although the discomfort on the glans was reported to diminish within one week of continuous exposure. Guochang (2010) states that for those whose foreskins are too tight to retract or have some adhesions, forcible retraction should be avoided since it may cause injury. 610:

retraction is a process that normally occurs over time. The phenomenon of non retractile or tight foreskin in childhood, sometimes referred to as physiologic phimosis, may completely resolve before, during or even after puberty. When the foreskin starts to become retractile, a pediatrician can recommend careful retraction at home and rinsing with water during bath. Mild soap may be used, but can be avoided, if it causes irritation. If full retraction is hard to achieve, the child may only wash the exposed area of the glans. Since there is no specific age when non-retractile foreskin begins to resolve, the time of foreskin retraction can vary considerably among children.

1002: 987: 1018: 330: 903: 598: 694:, which are one of a group of nerve endings involved in fine-touch sensitivity. Compared to other hairless skin areas on the body, the Meissner's index was highest in the finger tip (0.96) and lowest in the foreskin (0.28) which suggested that the foreskin has the least sensitive hairless tissue of the body. The foreskin helps to provide sufficient skin during an erection. In infants, it protects the glans from ammonia and feces in diapers, which reduces the incidence of 746:. The American Academy of Pediatricians' now expired 2012 technical report on circumcision found that the foreskin can harbor micro-organisms that may increase the risk of urinary tract infections in some infants and contribute to the transmission of some sexually transmitted infections in adults. In some cases of recurrent pathologies, excessive soap washing may irritate the mucosa, therefore washing of the area should be done gently. 834: 448:. These fibers form a whorl at the tip of the foreskin, known as the preputial orifice, which is narrow during infancy and childhood. The dartos fascia is sensitive to temperature and reacts to temperature changes by expanding and contracting. The fascia is only loosely connected with the underlying tissue, so that it provides the mobility and elasticity of the penile skin. 651: 42: 3349:

Examination of the ontogeny of innervation of the glans penis and prepuce reveals the presence of the dorsal nerve of the penis as early as 9 weeks of gestation. Nerve fibers enter the glans penis proximally and extend distally...to eventually reach the distal aspect of the glans and prepuce by 14 to

709:

noted that the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns. He wrote, "It is often stated that the prepuce is a vestigial structure devoid of function... However, it seems to be no accident that during the years when the child is incontinent the glans is completely clothed by the prepuce,

579:

in human males, occurs on the ventral side of the penis as a manifestation of the fusion of the urethral and preputial folds. The dorsal nerve of the penis, which is present as early as nine weeks of gestation, completely expands through branches to the distal end of the glans and prepuce by sixteen

312:

in infancy and early childhood. Inability to retract the foreskin in childhood should not be considered a problem unless there are other symptoms. Retraction of the foreskin is not recommended until it loosens from the glans before or during puberty. In adults, it is typically retractable over the

5221:(RACP) has prepared this statement on routine circumcision of infants and boys to assist parents who are considering having this procedure undertaken on their male children and for doctors who are asked to advise on or undertake it. After extensive review of the literature the RACP reaffirms that 570:

that separates from the penis creating a raised fold, known as the preputial fold. On the underside of this structure forms the preputial lamina, which expands dorsolaterally over the base of the developing glans. At thirteen weeks, the prepuce has not yet extended to the distal tip of the glans

554:

Historically, the theories regarding the stages of preputial development during gestation fall into two main ideas. The earliest report by Schweigger-Seidel (1866) and later Hunter (1935) suggested the formation of the prepuce out of dorsal skin and its progressive distal extension to completely

5225:

Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It remains an important ritual in some religious and cultural groups.…In recent years there has been evidence of possible health benefits from routine male circumcision. The most important

609:

During the first years of life, the inner foreskin is fused to the glans making them hard to manually separate. At that time, forced retraction can cause pain or microtearing and is thus not recommended. The two surfaces may begin to separate from early childhood, but complete separation and

926:

Foreskins obtained from circumcision procedures are frequently used by biochemical and micro-anatomical researchers to study the structure and proteins of human skin. In particular, foreskins obtained from newborns have been found to be useful in the manufacturing of more human skin.

621:, foreskin retractability gradually increases allowing more comfortable exposure of the glans when needed. Gentle washing under the foreskin during shower and maintaining good genital hygiene is sufficient to prevent smegma buildup. Smegma is an oily secretion in the genitals of both 5030:

Van Howe RS, Sorrells MS, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, Milos MF (December 2016). "Letter from Van Howe et al Re: Examining Penile Sensitivity in Neonatally Circumcised and Intact Men Using Quantitative Sensory Testing: J. A. Bossio, C. F. Pukall and S. S. Steele J Urol 2016;195:1848–1853".

638:, the degree of automatic foreskin retraction varies considerably; in some adults, when the foreskin is longer than the erect penis, it will not spontaneously retract upon erection. In this case, the foreskin remains covering all or some of the glans until retracted manually or by 4473:...there are many myths about male circumcision that circulate. For example, some people think that circumcision can cause impotence (failure of erection) or reduce sexual pleasure. Others think that circumcision will cure impotence. Let me assure you that none of these is true. 588:

lamina. At birth, this shared membrane is physiologically adherent to the glans preventing retraction in infancy and early childhood. The phenomenon of non-retractile foreskin in children naturally starts to resolve in varying ages; in childhood, preadolescence or puberty.

3547:

In the male newborn, the mucosal surfaces of the inner foreskin and glans penis adhere to one another; Until this developmental process is complete, the best descriptor to use is 'nonretractile foreskin' rather than the confusing and perhaps erroneous term 'physiologic

678:(WHO) stated in 2007 that there was "debate about the role of the foreskin, with possible functions including keeping the glans moist, protecting the developing penis in utero, or enhancing sexual pleasure due to the presence of nerve receptors". In 2009, the 3456:

The foreskin and glans are connected by the balanopreputial lamina, a membrane similar to the synechial membrane that connects the nail bed and the fingernail... This membrane and the small preputial opening prevent retraction in boys with normal physiologic

710:

for, deprived of this protection, the glans becomes susceptible to injury from contact with sodden clothes or napkin". During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. The

2624:

Human preputial development begins at ~11 weeks of gestation when the epithelium thickens on the dorsal aspect of the glans penis and forms the preputial placode from which bilateral preputial laminar processes extend ventrally into the glanular

2269:

Behind the corona, the axial arteries send perforating branches through Buck's fascia to anastomose with the terminal branches of the dorsal arteries before they end in the glans. The attenuated continuation of the arteries pass into the

625:

that maintains the moist texture of the mucosal surfaces and prevents friction. In boys, it helps resolve the natural adhension of the glans and inner prepuce. By the end of puberty, most boys have a fully retractable foreskin.

4042:

The collection of smegma (a white exudate of skin cells and keratin) separating the prepuce from the glans and repeated reflex erections are the primary mechanisms that lead to resolution of physiological adhesions over

893:

is the most common foreskin reconstruction technique, most often done when a boy is born with a foreskin that is too small; a similar procedure is performed to relieve a tight foreskin without resorting to circumcision.

654:

The foreskin typically covers the glans when the penis is not erect (top image), but generally retracts upon erection (bottom image). Coverage of the glans in a flaccid and erect state varies depending on foreskin

3057:

Development of the prepuce is initiated by ~12 weeks with the appearance of a novel structure, the preputial placode, which is a dorsal thickening of the epidermis on the dorsal aspect of the developing glans

4179:

The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision "Technical Report" (2012) addresses sexual function, sensitivity and satisfaction without qualification by age of circumcision. Sadeghi-Nejad

805:

It has been found that larger foreskins place men who are not circumcised at an increased risk of HIV infection most likely due to the larger surface area of inner foreskin and the high concentration of

3900:

The production of smegma increases from the age of 12-13, but our actual figures of the incidence of smegma can only be of limited significance, as the boys received regular instruction about preputial

3228:

From the lateral aspect of the preputial placode the bilateral preputial laminae expand ventrally until the preputial folds (foreskin) cover all of the glans, fusing in the ventral midline at ~16 weeks

1621:

ts outer surface is continuous with skin of the penile shaft and is covered by a glabrous stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Its inner mucosal surface is lined by variably-keratinized squamous

881:

to stretch the skin of the penis to regrow a foreskin; the resulting tissue does cover the glans but does not fully replicate the features of a foreskin. Other cultural or aesethetic practices include

671:, have prepuces that partially or completely cover the glans penis. In primates, the foreskin is present in the genitalia of both sexes and likely has been present for millions of years of evolution. 802:

there is no foreskin at birth, in micropathia the foreskin does not cover the glans, and in macroposthia, also called and congenital megaprepuce, the foreskin extends well past the end of the glans.

3517:

At birth the solid preputial lamina is intact and thus "physiologically adherent" to the glans. Thereafter, the preputial lamina will canalize creating the preputial space that "houses" the glans.

4057:"Preputial variability and preferential association of long phimotic foreskins with penile cancer: an anatomic comparative study of types of foreskin in a general population and cancer patients" 3289:

Formation of the prepuce occurs after formation of the urethra in the penile shaft. The penile raphe within the penile shaft is a manifestation of fusion of the urethral folds within the shaft

1469:

Virtually all foreskins become retractable in puberty. Thus, phimosis is not a pathological condition in young children unless it is associated with balanitis, or, rarely, urinary retention.

5738:– Statement from the British Association of Paediatric Urologists on behalf of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons and The Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists (2007). 711: 1001: 373:. The mucosal aspect of the prepuce has a great capacity for self-repair. The area of the outer foreskin measures 7–100 cm, and the inner foreskin measures 18–68 cm. The 5596:

Hodges FM (2001). "The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme".

5239: 2223:

Certain preputial sensory corpuscles, such as Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel cell‐neurite complexes, function as mechanoreceptors in human glabrous skin

5467: 308:

In humans, foreskin length varies widely and coverage of the glans in a flaccid and erect state can also vary. The foreskin is fused to the glans at birth and is generally not

1151:. Helen Weiss, World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008. 1017: 4310: 3848:

As long as the foreskin doesn't easily retract, only the outside needs to be cleaned. If the foreskin retracts a little, just clean the exposed area of the glans with water.

2163:

branches of the dorsal nerve of the penis are already present within the preputial mesenchyme", "Parasympathetic and sympathetic input to the penis is via the pelvic plexus

5763: 5490: 2997:

The first indication of the onset of the developmental processes of the prepuce involved the appearance of a raised fold (the preputial fold), just at the coronary sulcus.

571:

covering only a part of its surface. By sixteen weeks, the bilateral preputial folds cover most of the glans and the ventral sides of the prepuce fuse in the midline. The

393:

states that "the frenulum forms the interface between the outer and inner foreskin layers, and when the penis is not erect, it tightens to narrow the foreskin opening.

2458: 4338:"Knowledge, attitudes and acceptance of voluntary medical male circumcision among males attending high school in Shiselweni region, Eswatini: a cross sectional study" 5194: 1080: 4236:

There is lack of any convincing evidence that neonatal circumcision will impact sexual function or cause a perceptible change in penile sensation in adulthood.

182: 4244:

Shabanzadeh DM, Düring S, Frimodt-Møller C (July 2016). "Male circumcision does not result in inferior perceived male sexual function - a systematic review".

4328:

Some parents also may worry that circumcision harms a man's sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction. However, current evidence shows that it does not.

563:, which rolls outwards over the glans, but with the resultant preputial lamina also expanding backwards to form an ingrowing fold at the coronal sulcus. 4837: 4192:"Safety and efficacy of nontherapeutic male circumcision: a systematic review" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function and satisfaction. 3654: 5701: 3681: 2175:

García-Mesa, Yolanda; García-Piqueras, Jorge; Cobo, Ramón; Martín-Cruces, José; Suazo, Iván; García-Suárez, Olivia; Feito, Jorge; Vega, José A. (2021).

1482: 6318: 4458: 1340:

Werker PM, Terng AS, Kon M (September 1998). "The prepuce free flap: dissection feasibility study and clinical application of a super-thin new flap".

377:

occurs where the outer and inner foreskin meet. The foreskin is free to move after it separates from the glans, which usually occurs before or during

6505: 6157: 6147: 5731: 5218: 5198: 986: 6495: 4795:

Blank, Susan; Brady, Michael; Buerk, Ellen; Carlo, Waldemar; Diekema, Douglas; Freedman, Andrew; Maxwell, Lynne; Wegner, Steven (September 2012).

4761:

Blank, Susan; Brady, Michael; Buerk, Ellen; Carlo, Waldemar; Diekema, Douglas; Freedman, Andrew; Maxwell, Lynne; Wegner, Steven (September 2012).

4315: 452:

are immature dendritic cells that are found in all areas of the penile epithelium, but are most superficial in the inner surface of the foreskin.

777:

may occur if a tight foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans and swells as a restrictive ring. This can cut off the blood supply, resulting in

4479: 5756: 3469:

Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Shen, Joel; Yue, Aaron; Isaacson, Dylan; Sinclair, Adrian; Cao, Mei; Liaw, Aron; Cunha, Gerald R.; Baskin, Laurence (2018).

3241:

Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Shen, Joel; Yue, Aaron; Isaacson, Dylan; Sinclair, Adrian; Cao, Mei; Liaw, Aron; Cunha, Gerald R.; Baskin, Laurence (2018).

3180:

Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Shen, Joel; Yue, Aaron; Isaacson, Dylan; Sinclair, Adrian; Cao, Mei; Liaw, Aron; Cunha, Gerald R.; Baskin, Laurence (2018).

3009:

Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Shen, Joel; Yue, Aaron; Isaacson, Dylan; Sinclair, Adrian; Cao, Mei; Liaw, Aron; Cunha, Gerald R.; Baskin, Laurence (2018).

2576:

Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Shen, Joel; Yue, Aaron; Isaacson, Dylan; Sinclair, Adrian; Cao, Mei; Liaw, Aron; Cunha, Gerald R.; Baskin, Laurence (2018).

1027: 1750: 787:

is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that most commonly occurs in adult women, although it may also be seen in men and children. Topical

289:. The foreskin is mobile, fairly stretchable and sustains the glans in a moist environment. Except for humans, a similar structure known as a 5668: 5354: 5178: 5153: 5144:

Cox G, Morris BJ (2012). "Chapter 21: Why Circumcision:From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).

5014: 4164: 3383: 2976: 2552: 2517: 2485: 2295: 2256: 2094: 1658: 1546: 1519: 1492: 1316: 1210: 1156: 1122: 1090: 158: 4929: 4198:"Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (full version)" 3118:

The process of preputial lamina formation is initiated dorsally or dorsal-laterally in the proximal aspect of the glans at 11 to 12.5 weeks

5385: 4438:...medical studies do not support circumcision as having a negative impact on sexual function or satisfaction in males or their partners. 4645: 1552: 857:

Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, either partially or completely. It is most commonly performed as an elective procedure for

5247: 3611:

the incidence of non-retractable physiological phimosis was 50% in grade 1 boys and decreased to 35% in grade 4 and 8% in grade 7 boys

5749: 5128: 2442: 1904: 1462: 973:, foreskins were valued, especially those that were longer. The earliest known illustrative depiction of the foreskin dates back to 5482: 544: 4388:

It was interesting to note that the young males in this study had misconceptions about sexual pleasure post male circumcision...

6325: 6035: 5957: 5952: 1509: 5442: 5115:

Alan Glasper, Edward; Richardson, James; Randall, Duncan (2021). "Promote, Restore, and Stabilise Health Status in Children".

506:. The preputial vein, an extension of the superficial dorsal vein, receives blood from the prepuce and connects to the larger 5711: 739: 350: 5553: 722:, Morris and Krieger wrote, "The variability in foreskin size is consistent with the foreskin being a vestigial structure". 2738:...the earliest stages (8 weeks) of human preputial development to advanced preputial development at 17 weeks of gestation. 869:

reasons. Circumcision may also be performed on children or adults to treat phimosis, balanitis, and other pathologies. The

177: 6490: 6196: 6174: 6130: 5419: 5321: 753: 382: 278: 5202: 2678:

The complete foreskin was formed only in the fetuses at 18 and 19 WPC, in which the foreskin totally covered the glans.

6288: 5243: 4402: 4188:"The Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV Transmission" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function. Perera 475: 3130:

Favorito, Luciano Alves; Balassiano, Carlos Miguel; Costa, Waldemar Silva; Sampaio, Francisco José Barcellos (2012).

2640:

Favorito, Luciano Alves; Balassiano, Carlos Miguel; Costa, Waldemar Silva; Sampaio, Francisco José Barcellos (2012).

762:

is a condition where the foreskin of an adult cannot be retracted properly. Phimosis can be treated by using topical

756:

that is insufficiently long to allow the foreskin to fully retract, which may lead to discomfort during intercourse.

2363:

Hsieh, Cheng-Hsing; Hsu, Geng-Long; Chang, Shang-Jen; Yang, Stephen Shei-Dei; Liu, Shih-Ping; Hsieh, Ju-Ton (2020).

1837:

Hsieh, Cheng-Hsing; Hsu, Geng-Long; Chang, Shang-Jen; Yang, Stephen Shei-Dei; Liu, Shih-Ping; Hsieh, Ju-Ton (2020).

559:

of the glans. Glenister (1956) expanded the theory suggesting that the preputial fold results as an ingrowth of the

6423: 6231: 5991: 5947: 5814: 5513:"A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cells" 4184:"Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual function" (2010) addresses adult circumcision and sexual function. Doyle 1183: 874: 605:, the foreskin's two layers of outer skin and inner mucosa can be retracted to reveal the glans and inner foreskin. 495: 93: 6418: 6393: 6378: 6293: 6271: 4446: 679: 675: 507: 463: 390: 117: 105: 5856: 6438: 6241: 6236: 6208: 5962: 5772: 5120: 1972:

Gibson, Alan; Akinrinsola, Adetokunbo; Patel, Tejesh; Ray, Arijit; Tucker, John; McFadzean, Ian (August 2002).

687: 471: 141: 81: 24: 4796: 3862:"Further Fate of the Foreskin: Incidence of Preputial Adhesions, Phimosis, and Smegma among Danish Schoolboys" 718:

that is rich in specialized sensory nerve endings and erogenous tissue". In the March 2017 publication of the

566:

By eleven and twelve weeks of gestation, the process of preputial formation is evident as a thickening of the

6475: 6450: 6433: 6261: 6226: 6152: 6142: 6093: 5925: 5819: 4861:

Birley, H. D.; Walker, M. M.; Luzzi, G. A.; Bell, R.; Taylor-Robinson, D.; Byrne, M.; Renton, A. M. (1993).

4465: 4055:

Velazquez, Elsa F.; Bock, Adelaida; Soskin, Ana; Codas, Ricardo; Arbo, Manuel; Cubilla, Antonio L. (2003).

551:. Preputial development is initiated at around eleven weeks or earlier and continues up to eighteen weeks. 6510: 3737: 3404:

Prepuce completely covering and fusing with the glans structure at around twenty-fourth week of gestation.

2081:

Raynor, Stephen C. (2010-01-01), Holcomb, George Whitfield; Murphy, J. Patrick; Ostlie, Daniel J. (eds.),

1197:

Raynor, Stephen C. (2010-01-01), Holcomb, George Whitfield; Murphy, J. Patrick; Ostlie, Daniel J. (eds.),

870: 866: 286: 189: 165: 153: 5726: 2473: 2422: 2283: 2082: 1198: 6500: 6298: 6256: 6251: 6179: 862: 858: 788: 639: 581: 503: 5169:

McClung C, Voelzke B (2012). "Chapter 14: Adult Circumcision". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).

4793:

The technical report was published in conjunction with an updated statement of policy on circumcision:

4305: 329: 4726:

Simmons MN, Jones JS (May 2007). "Male genital morphology and function: an evolutionary perspective".

902: 597: 584:, the glans and the prepuce have completely fused together by the preputial, sometimes referred to as 6022: 4863:"Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing" 4476: 2409:

The superficial dorsal vein drains blood from the foreskin into saphenous and external pudendal veins

1434:

At birth, the inner foreskin is usually fused to the glans penis and should not be forcibly retracted

992: 878: 828: 456: 5345:

Snodgrass WT (2012). "Chapter 15: Foreskin Reconstruction". In Bolnick DA, Koyle M, Yosha A (eds.).

3833: 3710: 2472:

George, Fredrick W.; Wilson, Jean D. (1984-01-01), Beard, RICHARD W.; Nathanielsz, PETER W. (eds.),

6342: 6213: 6079: 5920: 5879: 1743: 1223:

The prepuce is a specialized junctional mucocutaneous tissue that provides adequate skin and mucosa

6388: 6308: 6125: 6052: 5998: 5979: 5831: 5826: 5674: 5629: 5613: 4829: 4092: 3976: 3389: 2982: 2841: 2452: 2400: 2060: 1874: 1816: 1664: 1365: 1283:

It is also a warm, moist environment that may allow viral particles to linger longer on the penis

1177: 919: 792: 524: 479: 374: 314: 5648: 4921: 3996:"CUA guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants" 3565:"CUA guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants" 1388:"CUA guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants" 1148:

Male circumcision : global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety, and acceptability

585: 5511:

Hovatta O, Mikkola M, Gertow K, Strömberg AM, Inzunza J, Hreinsson J, et al. (July 2003).

5389: 634:

In children, the foreskin usually covers the glans completely but in adults it may not. During

494:. Blood supply to the prepuce is provided by the preputial artery, a division of the axial and 6303: 6072: 6003: 5889: 5836: 5664: 5621: 5534: 5461: 5350: 5299: 5174: 5149: 5124: 5097: 5048: 5010: 4982: 4900: 4882: 4821: 4784: 4743: 4708: 4626: 4572: 4528: 4429: 4379: 4361: 4342: 4290: 4253: 4227: 4160: 4084: 4076: 4033: 4015: 3968: 3913: 3891: 3811: 3627: 3602: 3584: 3508: 3490: 3447: 3429: 3379: 3340: 3322: 3280: 3262: 3219: 3201: 3159: 3151: 3109: 3091: 3048: 3030: 2972: 2937: 2929: 2890: 2872: 2833: 2794: 2776: 2729: 2711: 2669: 2661: 2615: 2597: 2558: 2548: 2523: 2513: 2481: 2438: 2392: 2384: 2345: 2337: 2291: 2252: 2214: 2196: 2154: 2136: 2090: 2052: 2011: 1993: 1951: 1933: 1900: 1866: 1858: 1808: 1800: 1718: 1654: 1612: 1594: 1542: 1515: 1488: 1458: 1425: 1407: 1357: 1312: 1274: 1256: 1206: 1162: 1152: 1128: 1118: 1086: 966: 698:. And the foreskin helps prevent the glans from getting abrasions and trauma throughout life. 691: 668: 535:. Initially undifferentiated, the tubercle develops into a penis depending on the exposure to 491: 4652: 1536: 6400: 6383: 6201: 6057: 5809: 5706: 5656: 5605: 5524: 5289: 5281: 5087: 5079: 5040: 4972: 4964: 4890: 4874: 4811: 4774: 4735: 4698: 4690: 4616: 4608: 4562: 4518: 4510: 4419: 4411: 4369: 4351: 4280: 4217: 4209: 4068: 4023: 4007: 3958: 3950: 3881: 3873: 3801: 3592: 3576: 3498: 3482: 3437: 3371: 3330: 3314: 3270: 3254: 3209: 3193: 3143: 3099: 3083: 3038: 3022: 2964: 2921: 2880: 2825: 2784: 2768: 2719: 2703: 2653: 2605: 2589: 2430: 2376: 2329: 2244: 2204: 2188: 2144: 2128: 2042: 2001: 1985: 1941: 1850: 1790: 1708: 1700: 1646: 1602: 1586: 1538:

The Male Genitalia: A Clinician's Guide to Skin Problems and Sexually Transmitted Infections

1415: 1399: 1349: 1304: 1264: 1248: 882: 807: 784: 715: 706: 532: 434: 354: 282: 224: 69: 65: 1744:"Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability" 1687:

Kigozi G, Wawer M, Ssettuba A, Kagaayi J, Nalugoda F, Watya S, et al. (October 2009).

766:

ointments and using lubricants during sex; for severe cases circumcision may be necessary.

6480: 6276: 6067: 6062: 6030: 6008: 5866: 5841: 5735: 4499:"Histological Correlates of Penile Sexual Sensation: Does Circumcision Make a Difference?" 4483: 695: 618: 580:

weeks. At nineteen weeks, foreskin development is complete. Towards the end of the second

487: 449: 410: 366: 258: 2547:. Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher, Lawrence M. Ross, Edward D. Lamperti. Stuttgart: Thieme. 1795: 1778: 2909: 2364: 2047: 2030: 1838: 444:. The dartos fascia extents within the skin of the prepuce and contains an abuncance of 321:

in females. In some cases, the foreskin may become subject to a pathological condition.

309: 6485: 6443: 6410: 6347: 6337: 6313: 6184: 6047: 5974: 5935: 5899: 5874: 5294: 5269: 5092: 5067: 4977: 4952: 4895: 4862: 4703: 4678: 4621: 4596: 4523: 4498: 4424: 4397: 4374: 4337: 4222: 4197: 4028: 3963: 3938: 3886: 3861: 3806: 3789: 3597: 3503: 3470: 3442: 3417: 3335: 3302: 3275: 3242: 3214: 3181: 3104: 3071: 3043: 3010: 2925: 2885: 2860: 2789: 2756: 2724: 2691: 2610: 2577: 2434: 2209: 2176: 2149: 2116: 2006: 1973: 1946: 1921: 1713: 1688: 1607: 1574: 1420: 1269: 1236: 970: 890: 749: 576: 560: 502:

through perforating branches and give off the preputial arteries before they reach the

467: 414: 274: 3995: 3564: 2333: 1387: 6469: 6373: 6137: 6120: 6115: 6110: 5789: 5678: 4951:

Chi CC, Kirtschig G, Baldo M, Brackenbury F, Lewis F, Wojnarowska F (December 2011).

4833: 4267:

Friedman B, Khoury J, Petersiel N, Yahalomi T, Paul M, Neuberger A (September 2016).

4072: 3393: 2986: 2404: 1878: 1668: 1353: 974: 743: 660: 536: 445: 430: 418: 343: 318: 290: 262: 20: 5633: 4096: 3980: 3761: 3532: 2910:"A consideration of the processes involved in the development of the prepuce in man" 2845: 2064: 1820: 1369: 6405: 6330: 6218: 5986: 5904: 5884: 5851: 5577: 4968: 1974:"Pharmacology and thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle isolated from rat scrotum" 824: 774: 702: 701:

In modern times, there is controversy regarding whether the foreskin is a vital or

683: 572: 386: 362: 294: 277:. The foreskin is attached to the glans by an elastic band of tissue, known as the 76: 2177:"Sensory innervation of the human male prepuce: Meissner's corpuscles predominate" 547:

of the external sexual organs will be evident between twelve and sixteen weeks of

5572: 4336:

Shezi, Mirriam Hlelisani; Tlou, Boikhutso; Naidoo, Saloshni (February 16, 2023).

1704: 333:

Different studies estimating timing of preputial separation in children and teens

146: 19:

This article is about the human foreskin. For the foreskin in other mammals, see

6164: 6102: 5969: 5930: 5846: 5660: 5449:. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013 4056: 3375: 2968: 1650: 1308: 962: 907: 886: 602: 499: 402: 370: 358: 270: 266: 47: 5044: 4739: 4679:"CDC's Male Circumcision Recommendations Represent a Key Public Health Measure" 4549:

Dobanovacki D, Lucić Prostran B, Sarac D, Antić J, Petković M, Lakić T (2012).

4356: 3486: 3318: 3258: 3197: 3087: 3026: 2772: 2707: 2593: 2132: 1590: 6368: 5942: 5083: 4285: 4268: 3954: 3363: 2956: 1638: 1296: 942: 935: 931: 915: 556: 483: 406: 254: 210: 60: 5694: 5411: 5317: 4886: 4365: 4080: 4019: 3588: 3494: 3433: 3326: 3266: 3205: 3155: 3095: 3034: 2933: 2876: 2837: 2780: 2715: 2665: 2601: 2388: 2341: 2200: 2140: 1997: 1937: 1862: 1804: 1598: 1411: 1260: 1166: 1132: 170: 5894: 5780: 5529: 5512: 4694: 3131: 2641: 2562: 2527: 2248: 1057: 1053: 833: 767: 731: 567: 548: 5741: 5625: 5538: 5303: 5101: 5052: 4986: 4825: 4816: 4788: 4779: 4762: 4747: 4712: 4630: 4576: 4532: 4433: 4415: 4383: 4294: 4257: 4231: 4088: 4037: 3972: 3877: 3815: 3606: 3512: 3451: 3344: 3284: 3223: 3163: 3113: 3052: 2941: 2894: 2818:

Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin

2798: 2733: 2673: 2619: 2396: 2317: 2218: 2158: 2056: 2015: 1989: 1955: 1870: 1812: 1722: 1689:"Foreskin surface area and HIV acquisition in Rakai, Uganda (size matters)" 1616: 1429: 1278: 980:

The foreskin has also been depicted in art from different historical ages:

5609: 5285: 4904: 4612: 3895: 3301: