31:
985:
51:
870:
Earth tongues are commonly found in soil or among rotting vegetation. In North
America, they are commonly found in coniferous woodland, broad-leaved woodland and mixed woodland habitats, whereas in Europe they are commonly found in grassland habitats and are major components of the endangered
269:
are typically light-brown to dark-brown and are often multiseptate. Other species of fungi have been known to parasitize ascocarps. The use of a compound microscope is needed for accurate identification.
803:). Schoch et al., using a six-gene phylogeny including ribosomal DNA and protein-coding genes, found support for the establishment of a new class (Geoglossomycetes), containing the genera
1038:
Wang Z, Binder M, Schoch CL, Johnston PR, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS (2006). "Evolution of helotialean fungi (Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina): A nucleear rDNA phylogeny".
1963:
1868:
1659:
1450:
1894:
1711:
1502:
751:
The fungi that are now included in the fungal class
Geoglossomycetes were previously considered by mycologists to be a family (Geoglossaceae) within the class
1594:
1346:
265:
of most species in the family
Geoglossaceae are terrestrial and are generally small, dark in color, and club-shaped with a height of 2–8 cm. The
1842:
1633:
1424:
1081:
Wang Z, Johnston PR, Takamatsu S, Spatafora JW, Hibbett DS (2006). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the
Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data".
1672:
1463:
1284:
1007:
907:
Rossman AY, Samuels GJ, Rogerson CT, Lowen R (1999). "Genera of
Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes)".
854:
have similar morphology and are also known by the common name of "earth tongues", but they are members of the quite distantly related
1968:
1212:
1677:
1468:
1698:
1489:
1973:
841:
599:
50:
30:
1899:
1716:
1507:
582:
156:
558:
135:
396:
926:
643:
1118:"Geoglossomycetes cl. nov., Geoglossales ord. nov. and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota Tree of Life"
984:
693:
1958:
1299:
552:
454:
676:
487:
835:
428:
1794:
504:
370:
188:
1909:
1834:
1816:
1726:
1625:
1517:
1372:
1047:
422:
1416:
353:
1023:
Pfister D, Kimbrough JW (2000). "Discomycetes". In
Mclaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA (eds.).
1337:
45:
1873:
1664:
1585:
1917:
1803:
1734:
1607:
1525:
1359:
1280:
1150:
1098:
1063:
1003:
973:
1455:
1739:
1239:
1188:
1140:
1132:
1090:
1055:
963:
955:
872:
855:
239:
1922:
1530:
251:
1403:
1051:
1829:
1620:
1411:
1145:
968:
943:
829:
181:
92:
1952:
1599:
1351:
799:
766:
752:
546:
223:
209:
1612:
1364:
1243:
1193:
781:
195:
1216:
1779:
1570:
1855:
1808:
1788:
1703:
1646:
1579:
1494:
1437:
1331:
1094:
1059:
809:
787:
216:
1322:
859:
819:
793:
757:
266:
202:
174:
144:
82:
1136:
959:
1935:
1752:
1543:
1398:
1385:
1230:
Mains EB. (1954). "North
American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum".
742:
738:
262:
62:
1213:"The Families of Mushrooms and Toadstools Represented in the British Isles"
1169:
1154:
1117:
1102:
1067:
977:
927:
http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/fungi/family/geoglossaceae/geoglossaceae.htm
1930:
1881:
1773:
1747:
1685:
1564:
1538:
1476:
1316:
850:
1847:
1638:
773:
was not a monophyletic group, and that the hyaline spored genera (e.g.
1860:
1651:
1886:
1690:
1442:
791:) were not allied within the same clade as the darker-spored genera (
775:
762:
72:
1481:
1429:
1293:
833:
was circumscribed in 2013 to contain the species formerly known as
1390:
1002:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 279.
243:
1821:
1297:
1377:
925:"Family: Geoglossaceae." The Hidden Forest. 26 Aug. 2009 <
817:. Further molecular research resulted in the addition of
942:
Hustad VP, Miller AN, Dentinger BTM, Cannon PF (2013).
1168:
Hustad VP, Miller AN, Moingeon J-M, Priou J-P (2011).
1257:
1116:
Schoch CL, Wang Z, Townsend JP, Spatafora JW (2009).
1763:
1554:
1306:
998:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
745:of Geoglossomycetes based on a four-gene dataset.
1025:The Mycota VII Part A. Systematics and Evolution
892:Seeler EV. (1943). "Several Fungicolous Fungi".
823:(previously treated as a relative or synonym of
765:and 48 species. Early molecular evidence using
944:"Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes"
1211:L. Watson & M. J. Dallwitz (2009-06-20).
937:
935:
121:Zheng Wang, C.L.Schoch & Spatafora (2009)
107:Zheng Wang, C.L.Schoch & Spatafora (2009)
8:
858:, an entirely different subdivision of the
1294:
29:
20:
1192:
1144:
967:
1206:
1204:
884:
1964:Taxa named by August Carl Joseph Corda
1279:. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
1040:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1910:ebeedbb9-3dc2-4a9e-9099-279d9d96b01d
1727:6b0ed678-2dce-4c71-a2c3-001998a6af3f
1518:3f27e11c-6d18-473a-880a-2ab20cda87a1
1027:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 257–81.
668:
574:
538:
479:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
257:. These fungi are broadly known as
14:
983:
49:
1244:10.1080/00275514.1954.12024398
839:, and a new European species,
761:was previously defined with 6
1:
848:Several species in the genus
769:suggested that Geoglossaceae
1277:Fungal families of the world
600:Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum
1275:Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007).
1095:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1065
1060:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.031
755:. The family Geoglossaceae
1990:
690:
673:
666:
640:
596:
583:Glutinoglossum glutinosum
579:
572:
543:
536:
501:
484:
477:
451:
419:
393:
367:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
169:
164:
150:
143:
46:Scientific classification
44:
37:
28:
23:
1194:10.5943/mycosphere/2/6/5
1137:10.3767/003158509x461486
960:10.3767/003158513x671235
827:) to the group in 2011.
397:Geoglossum sphagnophilum
1000:Dictionary of the Fungi
644:Sabuloglossum arenarium
1969:Taxa described in 1838
842:G. heptaseptatum
836:Geoglossum glutinosum
694:Nothomitra cinnamomea
39:Geoglossum glutinosum
1174:in Geoglossomycetes"
559:T. octopartitum
455:Geoglossum umbratile
423:Geoglossum cookeanum
1974:Ascomycota families
1052:2006MolPE..41..295W
909:Studies in Mycology
677:Sarcoleotia globosa
488:Geoglossum nigritum
354:Geoglossum difforme
1946:
1945:
1918:Open Tree of Life
1735:Open Tree of Life
1526:Open Tree of Life
1300:Taxon identifiers
1286:978-0-85199-827-5
1259:Arkiv för Botanik
1009:978-0-85199-826-8
749:
748:
732:
731:
723:
722:
714:
713:
705:
704:
655:
654:
629:
628:
620:
619:
611:
610:
525:
524:
516:
515:
505:Geoglossum barlae
466:
465:
440:
439:
408:
407:
382:
381:
371:Geoglossum simile
233:
232:
139:
122:
108:
1981:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1795:Geoglossomycetes
1784:
1783:
1782:
1765:Geoglossomycetes
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1704:BMSSYS0000045690
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1497:
1495:NHMSYS0001482866
1485:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1295:
1290:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:. Archived from
1208:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1178:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1013:
995:
989:
988:
987:
981:
971:
939:
930:
923:
917:
916:
904:
898:
897:
889:
873:waxcap grassland
856:Taphrinomycotina
669:
575:
553:T. hirsutum
539:
480:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
278:
277:
255:Geoglossomycetes
189:Hemileucoglossum
134:
120:
106:
103:Geoglossomycetes
54:
53:
33:
21:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1287:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1010:
997:
996:
992:
982:
941:
940:
933:
924:
920:
906:
905:
901:
891:
890:
886:
881:
868:
733:
724:
715:
706:
656:
630:
621:
612:
526:
517:
467:
441:
429:G. glabrum
409:
383:
276:
229:
160:
154:
133:
119:
105:
48:
17:
16:Family of fungi
12:
11:
5:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1785:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1576:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1328:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1268:
1249:
1238:(5): 586–631.
1222:
1219:on 2010-11-27.
1200:
1170:"Inclusion of
1160:
1108:
1089:(6): 1065–75.
1073:
1046:(2): 295–312.
1030:
1015:
1008:
990:
931:
918:
899:
883:
882:
880:
877:
867:
864:
830:Glutinoglossum
747:
746:
735:
734:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
717:
716:
712:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:
699:
698:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
672:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
649:
648:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
622:
618:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
605:
604:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
578:
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
542:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
523:
522:
519:
518:
514:
513:
510:
509:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
483:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
434:
433:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
380:
379:
376:
375:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
349:
344:
342:
337:
335:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
288:
286:
281:
275:
272:
231:
230:
228:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
182:Glutinoglossum
178:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
155:
148:
147:
141:
140:
128:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
100:
96:
95:
93:Pezizomycotina
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Geoglossaceae
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1986:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Geoglossaceae
1957:
1956:
1954:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:Geoglossaceae
1333:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1308:Geoglossaceae
1305:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1187:(6): 646–54.
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
936:
932:
928:
922:
919:
914:
910:
903:
900:
895:
888:
885:
878:
876:
874:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:
846:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
822:
821:
816:
815:Trichoglossum
812:
811:
806:
802:
801:
800:Trichoglossum
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
768:
767:ribosomal DNA
764:
760:
759:
754:
753:Leotiomycetes
744:
740:
737:
736:
728:
727:
719:
718:
710:
709:
701:
700:
697:
696:
695:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
678:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
659:
651:
650:
647:
646:
645:
638:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
616:
615:
607:
606:
603:
602:
601:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
576:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:Trichoglossum
541:
540:
534:
533:
530:
529:
521:
520:
512:
511:
508:
507:
506:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
489:
482:
481:
475:
474:
471:
470:
462:
461:
458:
457:
456:
449:
448:
445:
444:
436:
435:
432:
431:
430:
425:
424:
417:
416:
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378:
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372:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
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355:
348:
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341:
340:
334:
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327:
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306:
305:
299:
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292:
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285:
284:
280:
279:
273:
271:
268:
264:
260:
259:earth tongues
256:
253:
249:
246:in the order
245:
241:
237:
236:Geoglossaceae
226:
225:
224:Trichoglossum
221:
219:
218:
214:
212:
211:
210:Sabuloglossum
207:
205:
204:
200:
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179:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
163:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
137:
132:
131:Geoglossaceae
129:
126:
125:
118:
115:
112:
111:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
89:Subdivision:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1764:
1586:Geoglossales
1556:Geoglossales
1555:
1307:
1276:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:the original
1184:
1180:
1171:
1163:
1128:
1124:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1018:
999:
993:
951:
947:
921:
912:
908:
902:
893:
887:
869:
849:
847:
840:
834:
828:
825:Microglossum
824:
818:
814:
808:
804:
798:
792:
786:
782:Microglossum
780:
774:
770:
756:
750:
692:
691:
675:
674:
642:
641:
598:
597:
581:
580:
557:
551:
545:
544:
503:
502:
486:
485:
453:
452:
427:
421:
420:
395:
394:
369:
368:
352:
351:
258:
254:
248:Geoglossales
247:
235:
234:
222:
215:
208:
201:
196:Leucoglossum
194:
187:
180:
173:
151:
130:
117:Geoglossales
116:
102:
38:
18:
1856:iNaturalist
1789:Wikispecies
1647:iNaturalist
1580:Wikispecies
1438:iNaturalist
1332:Wikispecies
810:Sarcoleotia
788:Spathularia
274:Systematics
217:Sarcoleotia
1953:Categories
1181:Mycosphere
1172:Nothomitra
1131:: 129–36.
954:: 101–11.
896:: 119–133.
879:References
860:Ascomycota
820:Nothomitra
805:Geoglossum
794:Geoglossum
771:sensu lato
758:sensu lato
267:ascospores
203:Nothomitra
175:Geoglossum
152:Geoglossum
145:Type genus
83:Ascomycota
79:Division:
1936:100407410
1780:Q10504037
1753:100407409
1571:Q15031551
1544:100370561
1399:FloraBase
1232:Mycologia
1125:Persoonia
1083:Mycologia
948:Persoonia
875:habitat.
743:phylogeny
739:Cladogram
263:ascocarps
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1931:Tropicos
1882:MycoBank
1874:11914396
1830:Fungorum
1822:11964273
1774:Wikidata
1748:Tropicos
1686:MycoBank
1665:11914397
1621:Fungorum
1600:60013193
1595:AusFungi
1565:Wikidata
1539:Tropicos
1477:MycoBank
1412:Fungorum
1352:60013398
1347:AusFungi
1323:Q1349611
1317:Wikidata
1155:19915689
1103:17486981
1068:16837216
978:24761038
894:Farlowia
851:Neolecta
741:showing
127:Family:
59:Domain:
1848:7371755
1639:8190781
1265:: 1–67.
1146:2776753
1048:Bibcode
969:3904045
866:Habitat
165:Genera
113:Order:
99:Class:
1907:NZOR:
1900:663566
1887:513351
1861:372751
1835:513351
1740:949246
1724:NZOR:
1717:654833
1691:513352
1678:936366
1652:372831
1626:513352
1515:NZOR:
1469:181628
1456:109492
1391:1GEOGF
1283:
1153:
1143:
1101:
1066:
1006:
976:
966:
915:: 186.
813:, and
785:, and
776:Leotia
763:genera
261:. The
240:family
159:(1794)
138:(1838)
1923:79135
1869:IRMNG
1660:IRMNG
1613:6223Q
1531:34358
1508:34368
1482:80796
1451:IRMNG
1443:55238
1417:80796
1404:23305
1365:623VJ
1177:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
929:>.
252:class
244:fungi
238:is a
157:Pers.
136:Corda
73:Fungi
1895:NCBI
1843:GBIF
1712:NCBI
1673:ITIS
1634:GBIF
1503:NCBI
1464:ITIS
1430:8380
1425:GBIF
1386:EPPO
1378:5635
1281:ISBN
1151:PMID
1099:PMID
1064:PMID
1004:ISBN
974:PMID
797:and
1817:EoL
1804:CoL
1699:NBN
1608:CoL
1490:NBN
1373:EoL
1360:CoL
1263:30A
1240:doi
1189:doi
1141:PMC
1133:doi
1091:doi
1056:doi
964:PMC
956:doi
242:of
1955::
1933::
1920::
1897::
1884::
1871::
1858::
1845::
1832::
1819::
1809:BS
1806::
1791::
1776::
1750::
1737::
1714::
1701::
1688::
1675::
1662::
1649::
1636::
1623::
1610::
1597::
1582::
1567::
1541::
1528::
1505::
1492::
1479::
1466::
1453::
1440::
1427::
1414::
1401::
1388::
1375::
1362::
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1319::
1261:.
1236:46
1234:.
1203:^
1183:.
1179:.
1149:.
1139:.
1129:22
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1123:.
1097:.
1087:98
1085:.
1062:.
1054:.
1044:41
1042:.
972:.
962:.
952:31
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946:.
934:^
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911:.
862:.
845:.
807:,
779:,
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1289:.
1246:.
1242::
1197:.
1191::
1185:2
1157:.
1135::
1105:.
1093::
1070:.
1058::
1050::
1012:.
980:.
958::
550:(
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