361:, Gerindo, through GAPI, put forward a proposal that a Dutch East Indies government with wide-ranging autonomy be set up and that it be answerable to a fully elected Volksraad, which would allow Indonesian nationalists to support the Dutch government. This was similar to the proposals in the Sutardjpo petition. However, the Netherlands fell to Germany before any response was forthcoming. The party did not hold a congress that year, but in October elected a new party leadership, although A.K. Gani remained party leader. The third party congress was held in Batavia from 10–12 October 1941. It called for exiled Indonesian leaders to be freed as they were also enemies of fascism.
292:, which asked for a conference to be organized to discuss autonomy for the colony. It was passed by 26 votes to 20. The Dutch authorities responded negatively to the petition, and this, together with increasing threat from global fascism led a number of nationalists, including former members of the recently dissolved Partindo, to establish Gerindo (Indonesian People's Movement) on 24 May 1937. The principal leaders were
883:
827:
839:
328:
In 1937, a
Sutardjo petition committee was established to try to persuade the Dutch government to support the petition. Although in October that year, the Gerindo leadership stated the party would support this committee, it also banned party members from sitting on it, making its support meaningless.
316:
The party had an internationalist outlook. Although it wanted a full parliament for the Dutch East Indies, its members took the view that the threat of global dominance by fascist nations, particularly Japan, was a more immediate concern than
Indonesian independence and the party cooperated with the
336:
from 20–24 July 1938, at which it was decided to establish a youth wing, and to make the anniversary of the party's establishment a national day. In May 1939, Gerindo, along with seven other nationalist organizations, including
Parindra and the PSSI, formed the
345:
was the main driving force behind this establishment, while
Gerindo had the most prominent role within the organization. That same year, Yamin was expelled from the party for breaches of discipline. At the second Gerindo congress, which was held in
1296:
1726:
871:
211:, Gerindo was tolerated by the colonial administration, becoming the only legal organization for radical nationalism. In 1939, Gerindo joined several other parties in forming the
1721:
1741:
329:
It also attracted very little support from other nationalist parties, which may have been due to defeatism. In
November 1938, the Dutch parliament rejected the petition.
1766:
1736:
1418:
1761:
377:
1695:
1577:
321:(Great Indonesia Party), the Dutch did not ban it, and it became the only legal organization for radical nationalists, including supporters of the banned
276:
party, found itself leaderless. By 1935, as a result of legislation, detentions and police actions, the only non-cooperative party function was the small
1731:
864:
849:
260:
and took a more hardline approach to
Indonesian nationalist movements than his predecessor. As part of the clampdown, non-cooperative nationalist leader
1020:
1746:
257:
354:
and Arabs. It also stated that it wanted to see the imposition of a minimum wage and assistance for the unemployed, and confirmed Yamin's expulsion.
1606:
1751:
1565:
1106:
904:
1464:
1771:
1756:
1440:
1166:
1112:
887:
1446:
857:
1571:
1549:
1458:
1136:
1130:
1489:
1334:
1160:
1595:
1142:
896:
358:
228:
805:
745:
721:
1118:
172:) which existed from 1937 to 1942. It had modest goals and was largely cooperative to the colonial administration. More strongly
1265:
1124:
969:
338:
212:
131:
1672:
1654:
1406:
1364:
1249:
1085:
989:
766:
277:
325:. However, the resulting disparity of views within the party led to tensions between Sjahrir and the more leftist members.
1178:
281:
1666:
1560:
1452:
1394:
1340:
1229:
999:
934:
322:
253:
88:
1543:
1512:
1352:
1271:
1148:
984:
758:
Intellectuals and
Nationalism in Indonesia: A Study of the Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta
380:. On 20 March, the Japanese authorities ordered all political parties to be dissolved and banned political activity.
1618:
1537:
1388:
1358:
1329:
1219:
817:
373:
333:
232:
1601:
1555:
1470:
1412:
1382:
1376:
1286:
1254:
1172:
994:
716:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, 51 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Ma: Scarecrow Press.
231:
in 1940, the party's activities were severely curtailed and it, alongside GAPI, was dissolved in the wake of the
1260:
1244:
1154:
952:
940:
928:
301:
317:
Dutch administration, accepting Dutch administration and taking seats. Despite its more radical stance than
1630:
1589:
1583:
1075:
946:
342:
101:
1700:
1504:
1400:
731:
216:
208:
196:
96:
1642:
1184:
1043:
145:
1648:
1276:
689:
681:
626:
593:
289:
220:
116:
1612:
662:"The Indonesian Nationalists and the Japanese "Liberation" of Indonesia: Visions and Reactions"
1636:
1624:
1346:
1070:
801:
762:
741:
717:
649:
285:
165:
1529:
1080:
1028:
843:
831:
756:
673:
641:
585:
305:
185:
177:
1690:
1434:
370:
236:
1660:
1239:
1101:
916:
791:
293:
265:
1715:
1424:
1224:
1004:
693:
269:
979:
974:
922:
605:
204:
173:
106:
350:
from 1–2 August 1939, the party agreed to open up membership to ethnic
Europeans,
795:
777:
735:
711:
609:
573:
1429:
1324:
1009:
161:
1038:
1033:
677:
645:
351:
224:
653:
882:
347:
200:
169:
157:
121:
1291:
1281:
318:
273:
192:
81:
838:
685:
661:
627:"A note on the sources for the 1945 constitutional debates in Indonesia"
1518:
1306:
597:
297:
261:
181:
1370:
910:
589:
219:
of various different nationalist groups which called for
Indonesian
180:, the party sought to support the colonial government in opposing
1201:
1056:
853:
486:
484:
435:
433:
610:"Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945"
815:
272:
three months later. All were exiled, while
Sukarno's
16:
Political party in the Dutch East Indies (1937–1942)
1528:
1503:
1480:
1315:
1305:
1210:
1094:
1063:
1018:
962:
894:
127:
115:
87:
77:
62:
47:
39:
23:
963:Parties represented only in regional legislatures
29:
1727:1942 disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies
1419:League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence
538:
865:
8:
1722:1937 establishments in the Dutch East Indies
634:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
490:
1578:Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party
550:
514:
475:
412:
1742:Political parties in the Dutch East Indies
1312:
1198:
1053:
872:
858:
850:
797:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1200
439:
264:was arrested in November 1934 followed by
20:
258:Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
1767:Political parties disestablished in 1942
451:
1566:Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion
1107:Concern for the Nation Functional Party
905:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
822:
784:History of Indonesian Popular Movements
737:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
393:
1737:Defunct political parties in Indonesia
1113:Indonesian Workers and Employers Party
280:. In 1936, a number of members of the
1762:Political parties established in 1937
1447:Party of the People of Free Indonesia
526:
502:
463:
424:
400:
278:Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII)
7:
1572:Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party
1137:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
1131:Indonesian National Party Marhaenism
710:Cribb, R. B.; Kahin, Audrey (2004).
1490:Indonesian Irian Independence Party
1335:Chinese Indonesian Democratic Party
1161:Justice and Prosperous People Party
786:] (in Indonesian). Dian Rakyat.
779:Sejarah Pergerakan Rakyat Indonesia
332:Gerindo held its first congress in
284:, the semi-legislative body of the
713:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
666:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
625:Kusuma, A.B.; Elson, R.E. (2011),
359:German invasion of the Netherlands
229:German invasion of the Netherlands
195:, the party's leaders were mainly
14:
1732:Defunct socialist parties in Asia
1371:Indonesian Marhaen People's Union
572:Abeyasekere, Susan (April 1973).
1747:Nationalist parties in Indonesia
1389:Islamic Education Movement Party
1167:Indonesian People's Da'wah Party
881:
837:
825:
1596:National People's Concern Party
1266:Indonesian Political Federation
1125:New Indonesia Party of Struggle
339:Indonesian Political Federation
213:Indonesian Political Federation
203:. Though more radical than its
132:Indonesian Political Federation
1752:Socialist parties in Indonesia
1673:Ulema National Awakening Party
1365:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1250:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
1149:Alliance of Independent People
1086:Prosperous and Safe Aceh Party
888:Political parties in Indonesia
378:occupied the Dutch East Indies
341:(GAPI). Prominent nationalist
1:
1772:Indonesian National Awakening
1757:Left-wing nationalist parties
776:Pringgodigdo, A. K. (1984) .
660:Touwen-Bouwsma, Elly (1996).
1667:Peace and Safe Islamic Party
1561:Functional Party of Struggle
1459:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1453:Socialist Party of Indonesia
1395:Islamic Tharikah Unity Party
1341:Communist Party of Indonesia
1230:Communist Party of Indonesia
1019:Parties represented only in
761:. Cornell University Press.
740:. Cornell University Press.
357:Shortly before the May 1940
323:Communist Party of Indonesia
254:Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge
191:Founded as the successor to
142:Indonesian People's Movement
26:Indonesian People's Movement
1544:Democratic Nationhood Party
1513:Indonesian Democratic Party
1353:Great Indonesia Unity Party
985:Indonesian Solidarity Party
1788:
1619:Prosperous Indonesia Party
1538:Archipelago Republic Party
1359:Indonesian Christian Party
1179:People's Sovereignty Party
800:(3rd ed.). Palgrave.
274:Indonesia party (Partindo)
1696:List of political parties
1686:
1607:People's Democratic Party
1519:Muslim Party of Indonesia
1413:Labour Party of Indonesia
1383:Indonesian Peasants Party
1377:Indonesian National Party
1287:Partai Tionghoa Indonesia
1255:Indonesian National Party
1197:
1173:Indonesian Students Party
1052:
995:Nusantara Awakening Party
678:10.1017/S002246340001064X
646:10.1163/22134379-90003589
1550:Democratic Renewal Party
1465:Socialist People's Party
1261:Indonesian Fascist Party
1245:Indonesian Islamic Party
1155:Green Party of Indonesia
953:United Development Party
941:Prosperous Justice Party
929:National Awakening Party
574:"The Soetardjo Petition"
150:Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia
31:Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia
1441:National People's Party
1143:Justice and Unity Party
1058:Non-legislature parties
895:Parties represented in
515:Kusuma & Elson 2011
164:political party in the
117:Political position
66:20 March 1942
1631:Prosperous Peace Party
1590:Indonesian Youth Party
1584:Indonesian Unity Party
1471:Village People's Union
947:National Mandate Party
732:Kahin, George McTurnan
478:, pp. 93–97, 104.
440:Cribb & Kahin 2004
343:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
233:invasion of the colony
197:left-wing nationalists
149:
102:Indonesian nationalism
30:
1701:Politics of Indonesia
1401:Islamic Victory Force
755:Legge, J. D. (1988).
217:umbrella organization
209:Great Indonesia Party
97:Left-wing nationalism
51:24 May 1937
1643:Regional Unity Party
1185:Masyumi Reborn Party
1119:National Front Party
897:national legislature
369:On 10 January 1942,
128:National affiliation
1076:Aceh People's Party
1044:Nanggroe Aceh Party
970:Crescent Star Party
539:Touwen-Bouwsma 1996
517:, pp. 204–205.
466:, pp. 116–118.
152:), better known as
1649:National Sun Party
1277:Paguyuban Pasundan
290:Soetardjo Petition
221:self-determination
1709:
1708:
1682:
1681:
1637:Reform Star Party
1625:Sovereignty Party
1499:
1498:
1347:Dayak Unity Party
1211:Pre-independence
1193:
1192:
1071:Atjeh Green Party
553:, pp. 85–87.
505:, pp. 96–97.
491:Pringgodigdo 1984
427:, pp. 95–96.
403:, pp. 38–39.
376:and subsequently
288:, introduced the
286:Dutch East Indies
207:counterpart, the
166:Dutch East Indies
138:
137:
1779:
1313:
1205:
1199:
1081:Aceh Unity Party
1054:
1029:Aceh Abode Party
1021:Aceh legislature
935:Democratic Party
886:
885:
874:
867:
860:
851:
842:
841:
830:
829:
828:
821:
811:
787:
772:
751:
727:
697:
656:
640:(2–3): 196–209,
631:
621:
608:(October 2009).
601:
554:
551:Abeyasekere 1973
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
479:
476:Abeyasekere 1973
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
428:
422:
416:
413:Abeyasekere 1973
410:
404:
398:
302:Amir Sjarifuddin
227:. Following the
201:socialist ideals
186:Japanese fascism
178:anti-colonialist
78:Preceded by
73:
71:
58:
56:
33:
21:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1691:Portal:Politics
1678:
1613:Pioneers' Party
1524:
1495:
1483:West New Guinea
1482:
1481:Pre-integration
1476:
1435:Nahdlatul Ulama
1317:
1301:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1189:
1090:
1059:
1048:
1014:
958:
890:
880:
878:
848:
836:
826:
824:
816:
814:
808:
790:
775:
769:
754:
748:
730:
724:
709:
700:
659:
629:
624:
604:
590:10.2307/3350793
571:
562:
557:
549:
545:
537:
533:
525:
521:
513:
509:
501:
497:
489:
482:
474:
470:
462:
458:
450:
446:
438:
431:
423:
419:
411:
407:
399:
395:
391:
386:
367:
314:
250:
245:
237:Empire of Japan
223:and an elected
199:who aspired to
111:
69:
67:
54:
52:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1330:Catholic Party
1327:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Indische Party
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Catholic Party
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1102:Berkarya Party
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
964:
960:
959:
957:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
917:Gerindra Party
914:
908:
901:
899:
892:
891:
879:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
847:
846:
834:
813:
812:
806:
792:Ricklefs, M.C.
788:
773:
767:
752:
746:
728:
722:
706:
699:
698:
657:
622:
620:(88): 105–130.
602:
584:(15): 81–107.
568:
561:
558:
556:
555:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
493:, p. 117.
480:
468:
456:
454:, p. 318.
444:
442:, p. 157.
429:
417:
405:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
366:
363:
313:
310:
294:Mohammad Yamin
249:
246:
244:
241:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
93:
91:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
64:
60:
59:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
28:
25:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Patriot Party
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Freedom Party
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Masyumi Party
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
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1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
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1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Chung Hwa Hui
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
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1123:
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1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Perindo Party
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
900:
898:
893:
889:
884:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
852:
845:
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807:9780804744805
803:
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764:
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747:9780801491085
743:
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723:0-8108-4935-6
719:
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708:
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452:Ricklefs 2001
448:
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415:, p. 81.
414:
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50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
22:
19:
1661:United Party
1655:Labour Party
1540:(RepublikaN)
1407:Labour Party
1234:
990:Labour Party
980:Gelora Party
975:Garuda Party
923:NasDem Party
911:Golkar Party
796:
783:
778:
757:
736:
712:
702:
701:
669:
665:
637:
633:
617:
613:
606:Elson, R. E.
581:
577:
564:
563:
546:
541:, p. 6.
534:
522:
510:
498:
471:
459:
447:
420:
408:
396:
368:
356:
331:
327:
315:
251:
205:conservative
190:
174:anti-fascist
153:
141:
139:
107:Anti-fascism
40:Abbreviation
18:
1430:Murba Party
1325:Acoma Party
1316:Independent
1010:Ummah Party
672:(1): 1–18.
365:Dissolution
215:(GAPI), an
162:nationalist
1716:Categories
1530:Reform era
1391:(PI Perti)
1361:(Parkindo)
1039:Aceh Party
1034:SIRA Party
768:0877630348
527:Legge 1988
503:Kahin 1952
464:Legge 1988
425:Kahin 1952
401:Legge 1988
384:References
312:Activities
248:Background
225:parliament
146:Indonesian
70:1942-03-20
55:1937-05-24
1615:(Pelopor)
1521:(Parmusi)
1505:New Order
1318:Indonesia
1272:Insulinde
844:Socialism
832:Indonesia
794:(2001) .
694:159612691
654:0006-2294
614:Indonesia
578:Indonesia
389:Citations
348:Palembang
282:Volksraad
252:In 1931,
239:in 1942.
170:Indonesia
158:left-wing
122:Left-wing
63:Dissolved
1669:(Idaman)
1580:(PNBK-I)
1467:(Parsas)
1373:(Permai)
1292:Partindo
1282:Parindra
1121:(Barnas)
1095:National
1064:Regional
734:(1952).
686:20071754
565:Journals
319:Parindra
306:A.K Gani
193:Partindo
156:, was a
89:Ideology
82:Partindo
1461:(Parsi)
1307:Sukarno
1235:Gerindo
1213:parties
1204:Defunct
1163:(PRIMA)
1139:(PPNUI)
1133:(PNI-M)
818:Portals
598:3350793
560:Sources
374:invaded
352:Chinese
334:Batavia
298:Sartono
270:Sjahrir
262:Sukarno
256:became
243:History
235:by the
182:fascism
154:Gerindo
68: (
53: (
48:Founded
43:Gerindo
1675:(PKNU)
1598:(PPRN)
1574:(PPDI)
1568:(PKDI)
1492:(PKII)
1449:(PRIM)
1421:(IPKI)
1403:(AKUI)
1397:(PPTI)
1367:(PSII)
1337:(PDTI)
1268:(GAPI)
1169:(PDRI)
1127:(PPIB)
1115:(PPPI)
1109:(PKPB)
1000:Hanura
804:
765:
744:
720:
692:
684:
652:
596:
134:(GAPI)
1651:(PMB)
1645:(PPD)
1639:(PBR)
1633:(PDS)
1621:(PIS)
1609:(PRD)
1592:(PPI)
1586:(PSI)
1552:(PDP)
1546:(PDK)
1515:(PDI)
1473:(PRD)
1455:(PSI)
1443:(PRN)
1415:(PBI)
1385:(PTI)
1379:(PNI)
1355:(PIR)
1349:(PPD)
1343:(PKI)
1297:PPPKI
1257:(PNI)
1181:(PKR)
1175:(PMI)
1157:(PHI)
1151:(SRI)
1145:(PKP)
907:(128)
782:[
703:Books
690:S2CID
682:JSTOR
630:(PDF)
594:JSTOR
371:Japan
266:Hatta
176:than
168:(now
1663:(PP)
1657:(PB)
1627:(PK)
1437:(NU)
1409:(PB)
955:(19)
949:(44)
943:(50)
937:(54)
931:(58)
925:(59)
919:(78)
913:(85)
802:ISBN
763:ISBN
742:ISBN
718:ISBN
650:ISSN
304:and
268:and
160:and
140:The
1309:era
674:doi
642:doi
638:167
586:doi
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688:.
680:.
670:27
668:.
664:.
648:,
636:,
632:,
618:88
616:.
612:.
592:.
582:15
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483:^
432:^
308:.
300:,
296:,
188:.
148::
873:e
866:t
859:v
820::
810:.
771:.
750:.
726:.
696:.
676::
644::
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588::
144:(
72:)
57:)
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