115:
352:(glassy) calcite, with typically globular chambers and single interiomarginal aperture. Some however have multiple or auxiliary apertures, and in some the aperture is areal or terminal in location. Some, also, have keels, reinforcing thickenings along exterior angles. An adaptation to the planktonic habit is the development of long narrow spines that support a frothy buoyant ectoplasm.
102:
771:
327:
period onwards. The group has included more than 100 genera and over 400 species, of which about 30 species are extant. One of the most important genera is
764:
789:
816:
1992:
850:
845:
929:
919:
902:
760:
114:
348:
Globigerinids are characterized by distinctly perforate planispiral or trochospiral tests composed of lamellar radial
743:
731:
750:
934:
2020:
1906:
809:
604:
1979:
897:
756:
686:
646:
533:
502:
1836:
1755:
482:
365:
244:
220:
706:
666:
514:
492:
442:
374:
252:
1997:
1738:
1561:
777:
594:
542:
461:
452:
432:
276:
1841:
1750:
1744:
1551:
1322:
1197:
1039:
636:
614:
403:
394:
284:
1825:
1290:
1091:
696:
624:
562:
1784:
1694:
1647:
1556:
1207:
1202:
983:
656:
2025:
1944:
914:
892:
880:
855:
470:
423:
109:
1984:
1044:
1086:
988:
1966:
1953:
1594:
1310:
1305:
1265:
1161:
924:
887:
875:
865:
802:
523:
337:
1971:
1872:
1689:
1468:
1225:
839:
574:
414:
268:
236:
1876:
1413:
583:
385:
228:
1831:
1642:
1546:
1275:
1151:
1011:
967:
870:
676:
553:
320:
260:
152:
139:
2014:
1732:
1704:
1520:
1317:
1217:
1031:
1016:
749:
Cushman Joseph A 1950 Foraminifera, their classification and economic use (4th ed)
182:
59:
1958:
1855:
1773:
1712:
1684:
1665:
1654:
1636:
1627:
1617:
1453:
1418:
1405:
1395:
1300:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1252:
1138:
1128:
1063:
1006:
998:
340:(named by Murray and Renard in 1873), dominated by the shells of planktonic forms.
306:
172:
1938:
1727:
1722:
1589:
1584:
1571:
1463:
1423:
1021:
329:
34:
1929:
1864:
1790:
1674:
1579:
1538:
1528:
1510:
1458:
1433:
1428:
1260:
1230:
1184:
1166:
1156:
317:
79:
44:
1717:
1679:
1382:
1192:
1109:
192:
126:
84:
794:
1923:
1884:
1880:
1778:
1390:
1365:
1101:
956:
909:
825:
360:
The
Globigerinina are now divided into these superfamilies and families:
324:
310:
302:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
101:
1868:
1494:
349:
314:
162:
89:
64:
1888:
1900:
1904:
798:
763:, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida;
734:, World Foraminifera Database, accessed 27 November 2018
1913:
1815:
1764:
1703:
1664:
1626:
1615:
1570:
1537:
1519:
1508:
1491:
1446:
1404:
1381:
1374:
1363:
1251:
1216:
1183:
1137:
1126:
1100:
1079:
1072:
1061:
1030:
997:
976:
966:
953:
333:; vast areas of the ocean floor are covered with
810:
8:
742:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Globigerina".
1901:
1623:
1612:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1378:
1371:
1360:
1248:
1213:
1180:
1144:
1134:
1123:
1076:
1069:
1058:
973:
963:
950:
817:
803:
795:
100:
20:
724:
746:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press
790:Protists and the Origin of Eukaryotes
765:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
218:
7:
323:, and are known as fossils from the
778:Systematics of Modern Foraminifera
16:Suborder of single-celled organisms
772:Classification of the Foraminifera
407:Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan, 1957
14:
113:
1:
710:BouDagher-Fadel et al., 2012
650:Boudagher-Fadel et al., 1997
680:Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
670:Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
474:Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
256:Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957
207:Delage & Hérouard, 1896
2042:
753:, Cambridge, Massachusetts
546:Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957
518:Montanaro Gallitelli, 1957
356:Superfamilies and families
1850:
1611:
1504:
1487:
1359:
1247:
1179:
1147:
1122:
1057:
949:
833:
398:Carpenter & al., 1862
309:that are found as marine
217:
212:
110:Scientific classification
108:
99:
23:
776:Sen Gupta B. K. 1992.
751:Harvard University Press
690:Banner & Desai, 1988
744:Encyclopædia Britannica
232:Carpenter et al., 1862
389:Carpenter et al., 1862
1980:Paleobiology Database
618:Bolli & al., 1957
527:Bolli & al., 1957
436:Bolli & al., 1957
767:, part C Protista 2.
605:Globigerinelloididae
1863:organization type:
280:Bolli et al., 1957
1497:
1493:
757:Loeblich, A. R. Jr
687:Praehedbergellidae
647:Conoglobigerinidae
598:Bolli et al., 1957
534:Chiloguembelinidae
503:Rugoglobigerinidae
471:Truncorotaloididae
2008:
2007:
1967:Open Tree of Life
1907:Taxon identifiers
1898:
1897:
1881:heliozoan amoebae
1873:amoeboflagellates
1837:Labyrinthomyxidae
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1756:Globigerinitoidea
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1442:
1441:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1266:Phaeogymnocellida
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1175:
1174:
1162:Paracercomonadida
1118:
1117:
1053:
1052:
711:
701:
691:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
629:
619:
609:
599:
588:
579:
567:
558:
547:
538:
528:
524:Cassigerinellidae
519:
507:
497:
487:
483:Globotruncanoidea
475:
466:
457:
447:
437:
428:
419:
408:
399:
390:
379:
370:
366:Globigerinitoidea
295:
294:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
245:Globotruncanoidea
241:
233:
225:
221:Globigerinitoidea
208:
2033:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1902:
1690:Silicoloculinida
1624:
1620:
1613:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1469:Plasmodiophorida
1379:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1249:
1226:Thaumatomonadida
1214:
1181:
1145:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1059:
974:
964:
960:
951:
862:
842:
819:
812:
805:
796:
770:___—____, 1988.
735:
729:
709:
707:Sphaerogerinidae
699:
689:
679:
669:
667:Globuligerinidae
659:
649:
639:
627:
617:
607:
597:
586:
577:
575:Heterohelicoidea
565:
556:
545:
536:
526:
517:
515:Guembelitrioidea
505:
495:
493:Globotruncanidae
485:
473:
464:
455:
445:
443:Eoglobigerinidae
435:
426:
417:
415:Globorotalioidea
406:
397:
388:
377:
375:Globigerinitidae
368:
313:. They produce
287:
279:
271:
269:Heterohelicoidea
263:
255:
253:Guembelitrioidea
247:
239:
237:Globorotalioidea
231:
223:
206:
118:
117:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1877:testate amoebae
1846:
1795:
1760:
1739:Globotruncanida
1699:
1660:
1616:
1599:
1566:
1562:Symphyacanthida
1533:
1509:
1492:
1475:
1438:
1414:Claustrosporida
1400:
1364:
1327:
1235:
1212:
1171:
1127:
1114:
1096:
1062:
1049:
1026:
993:
954:
945:
944:
860:
838:
829:
823:
786:
739:
738:
730:
726:
721:
595:Planomalinoidea
584:Heterohelicidae
543:Guembelitriidae
506:Subbotina, 1959
462:Pulleniatinidae
453:Globorotaliidae
433:Catapsydracidae
386:Globigerinoidea
358:
346:
277:Planomalinoidea
229:Globigerinoidea
224:Bermúdez, 1961
205:
112:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:Toarcian–Recent
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1935:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:sporozoan-like
1861:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1842:Rhizoplasmidae
1839:
1834:
1832:Gymnosphaerida
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:Incertae sedis
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1766:Incertae sedis
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1751:Guembelitriida
1747:
1745:Heterohelicida
1741:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1643:Xenophyophorea
1640:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:Chaunocanthida
1549:
1547:Arthracanthida
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1323:Ventricleftida
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Phaeosphaerida
1273:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:Spongomonadida
1195:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Glissomonadida
1148:
1142:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1040:Chlorarachnida
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:Desmothoracida
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
980:
978:
971:
968:Reticulofilosa
961:
947:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
935:Mesomycetozoea
932:
927:
917:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
884:
883:
871:Diaphoretickes
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
835:
834:
831:
830:
828:classification
824:
822:
821:
814:
807:
799:
793:
792:
785:
784:External links
782:
781:
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717:
716:
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714:
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693:
683:
677:Hedbergellidae
673:
663:
653:
637:Rotaliporoidea
633:
632:
631:
621:
615:Planomalinidae
611:
608:Longoria, 1974
591:
590:
589:
571:
570:
569:
554:Hantkeninoidea
550:
549:
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510:
509:
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477:
467:
458:
449:
439:
429:
411:
410:
409:
404:Hastigerinidae
400:
395:Globigerinidae
382:
381:
380:
378:Bermúdez, 1961
369:Bermúdez, 1961
357:
354:
345:
342:
307:foraminiferans
293:
292:
291:
290:
285:Rotaliporoidea
282:
274:
272:Cushman, 1927
266:
264:Cushman, 1927
261:Hantkeninoidea
258:
250:
248:Brotzen, 1942
242:
240:Cushman, 1927
234:
226:
215:
214:
213:Superfamilies
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140:Diaphoretickes
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26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Globigerinina
2019:
2018:
2016:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:Globigerinina
1940:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1915:Globigerinina
1912:
1908:
1903:
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1767:
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1757:
1754:
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1748:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:Globigerinida
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1705:Globothalamea
1702:
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1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1521:Sticholonchea
1518:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Tectofilosida
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:Phaeoconchida
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1218:Silicofilosea
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1167:Cercomonadida
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1092:Metromonadida
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1032:Chlorarachnea
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Leucodictyida
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
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969:
965:
962:
958:
952:
948:
936:
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931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
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913:
912:
911:
908:
904:
901:
899:
898:Stramenopiles
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:(major groups
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
841:
837:
836:
832:
827:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
797:
791:
788:
787:
783:
779:
775:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
740:
733:
728:
725:
718:
708:
704:
698:
697:Rotaliporidae
694:
688:
684:
678:
674:
668:
664:
660:Michael, 1973
658:
654:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
628:Pokorny, 1958
626:
625:Schackoinidae
622:
616:
612:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
587:Cushman, 1927
585:
581:
580:
578:Cushman, 1927
576:
572:
566:Cushman, 1927
564:
563:Hantkeninidae
560:
559:
557:Cushman, 1927
555:
551:
544:
540:
535:
531:
525:
521:
520:
516:
512:
504:
500:
496:Brotzen, 1942
494:
490:
489:
486:Brotzen, 1942
484:
480:
472:
468:
465:Cushman, 1927
463:
459:
456:Cushman, 1927
454:
450:
444:
440:
434:
430:
427:Cushman, 1927
425:
421:
420:
418:Cushman, 1927
416:
412:
405:
401:
396:
392:
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387:
383:
376:
372:
371:
367:
363:
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355:
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351:
343:
341:
339:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Globigerinina
286:
283:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
254:
251:
246:
243:
238:
235:
230:
227:
222:
219:
216:
211:
204:
203:Globigerinina
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:Globothalamea
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
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158:
157:
154:
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148:
145:
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138:
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116:
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107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:Globigerinina
22:
19:
1914:
1856:paraphyletic
1826:Lapot gusevi
1824:
1816:
1785:Heterogromia
1783:
1774:Involutinida
1765:
1713:Textulariida
1695:Ammodiscidae
1685:Spirillinida
1666:Tubothalamea
1655:Reticulomyxa
1653:
1648:Astrorhizida
1637:Allogromiida
1628:Monothalamea
1618:Foraminifera
1572:Polycystinea
1557:Holocanthida
1454:Vampyrellida
1419:Haplosporida
1406:Ascetosporea
1396:Reticulosida
1301:Cryomonadida
1286:Phaeogromida
1281:Phaeocalpida
1271:Phaeocystida
1253:Thecofilosea
1208:Variglissida
1203:Marimonadida
1139:Sarcomonadea
1129:Ventrifilosa
1080:Metromonadea
1064:Monadofilosa
1007:Cryptofilida
999:Granofilosea
984:Aquavolonida
920:Opisthokonta
727:
657:Favusellidae
635:superfamily
593:superfamily
573:superfamily
552:superfamily
513:superfamily
481:superfamily
413:superfamily
384:superfamily
364:superfamily
359:
347:
334:
328:
298:
296:
202:
173:Foraminifera
146:
133:
18:
1939:Wikispecies
1889:fungus-like
1865:flagellates
1728:Carterinida
1723:Robertinida
1590:Spumellaria
1585:Nassellaria
1464:Phagomyxida
1447:Proteomyxia
1424:Mikrocytida
1022:Limnofilida
977:Skiomonadea
700:Sigal, 1958
640:Sigal, 1958
537:Reiss, 1963
424:Candeinidae
344:Description
335:Globigerina
330:Globigerina
288:Sigal, 1958
169:Subphylum:
2015:Categories
1791:Komokiacea
1675:Fusulinida
1580:Collodaria
1539:Acantharea
1529:Taxopodida
1511:Radiolaria
1459:Phytomyxea
1434:Paramyxida
1429:Paradinida
1261:Phaeodarea
1231:Euglyphida
1185:Imbricatea
1157:Katabiidae
1045:Minorisida
719:References
446:Blow, 1979
318:calcareous
199:Suborder:
2026:Rotaliida
1718:Rotaliida
1680:Miliolida
1383:Gromiidea
1375:Marimyxia
1297:Eothecia
1193:Krakenida
1110:Helkesida
1087:Metopiida
989:Tremulida
915:Amoebozoa
893:Alveolata
881:Cryptista
856:Eukaryota
761:H. Tappan
732:Rotaliida
193:Rotaliida
127:Eukaryota
1930:Q8964261
1924:Wikidata
1860:†extinct
1779:Lagenida
1595:Orodaria
1391:Gromiida
1366:Endomyxa
1311:Matazida
1306:Ebriacea
1102:Helkesea
1073:Eoglissa
957:Cercozoa
910:Amorphea
888:Rhizaria
876:Hacrobia
866:Excavata
851:Bacteria
826:Rhizaria
325:Jurassic
311:plankton
303:suborder
159:Phylum:
123:Domain:
1972:5654624
1869:amoebae
1495:Retaria
925:Animals
846:Archaea
705:family
695:family
685:family
675:family
665:family
655:family
645:family
623:family
613:family
603:family
582:family
561:family
541:family
532:family
522:family
501:family
491:family
469:family
460:family
451:family
441:family
431:family
422:family
402:family
393:family
373:family
350:hyaline
315:hyaline
189:Order:
179:Class:
163:Retaria
1998:414700
1985:112183
959:
955:
903:Plants
840:Domain
1993:WoRMS
1959:7ZSVC
930:Fungi
321:tests
301:is a
147:Clade
134:Clade
759:and
338:ooze
297:The
35:PreꞒ
1954:CoL
305:of
153:SAR
2017::
1995::
1982::
1969::
1956::
1941::
1926::
1887:;
1883:;
1879:;
1875:;
1871:;
1867:;
642:†
600:†
488:†
149::
136::
85:Pg
1891:.
1854:*
1749:†
1743:†
1737:†
1673:†
1650:*
1639:*
1630:*
1141:*
970:*
937:)
818:e
811:t
804:v
712:†
702:†
692:†
682:†
672:†
662:†
652:†
630:†
620:†
610:†
568:†
529:†
508:†
498:†
476:†
448:†
438:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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