517:
729:
AGEs are responsible for many things. These molecules play an important role especially in nutrition, they are responsible for the brownish color and the aromas and flavors of some foods. It is demonstrated that cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs.
971:, the body of the patient produces antibodies against the enzyme lymphocytes galactosyltransferase which inhibits the glycosylation of IgG. Therefore, the changes in the N-glycosylation produce the immunodeficiency involved in this illness. In this second group we can also find disorders caused by
553:
and Thr) in order for mannosylation to occur. Recently there has been a breakthrough in the technique of predicting whether or not the sequence will have a mannosylation site that provides an accuracy of 93% opposed to the 67% accuracy if we just consider the WXXW motif.
997:
All these diseases are difficult to diagnose because they do not only affect one organ, they affect many of them and in different ways. As a consequence, they are also hard to treat. However, thanks to the many advances that have been made in
953:-glycosylation, disorders of lipid glycosylation and disorders of other glycosylation pathways and of multiple glycosylation pathways. No effective treatment is known for any of these disorders. 80% of these affect the nervous system.
922:. One of the modulators that intervene in this process is the Fringe, a glycosyltransferase that modifies the O-fucose to activate or deactivate parts of the signalling, acting as a positive or negative regulator, respectively.
540:
and the second carbon of the tryptophan. However, not all the sequences that have this pattern are mannosylated. It has been established that, in fact, only two thirds are and that there is a clear preference for the second
264:
transmission of viruses. In addition, glycosylation is often used by viruses to shield the underlying viral protein from immune recognition. A significant example is the dense glycan shield of the envelope spike of the
272:
Overall, glycosylation needs to be understood by the likely evolutionary selection pressures that have shaped it. In one model, diversification can be considered purely as a result of endogenous functionality (such as
930:
There are three types of glycosylation disorders sorted by the type of alterations that are made to the glycosylation process: congenital alterations, acquired alterations and non-enzymatic acquired alterations.
232:-linked glycans mediate a critical quality control check point in glycoprotein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the
505:, on the cell-surface laminin receptor alpha dystroglycan. It has been suggested this rare finding may be linked to the fact that alpha dystroglycan is highly conserved from lower vertebrates to mammals.
2393:
Razaghi A, Villacrés C, Jung V, Mashkour N, Butler M, Owens L, Heimann K (October 2017). "Improved therapeutic efficacy of mammalian expressed-recombinant interferon gamma against ovarian cancer cells".
647:-benzylidene) in order to achieve desired regioselectivity. The other challenge of chemical glycosylation is the stereoselectivity that each glycosidic linkage has two stereo-outcomes, α/β or
584:. In 2011, the first crystal structure of a protein containing this type of glycosylation was determined—that of human complement component 8. Currently it is established that 18% of human
209:. This modification serves various functions. For instance, some proteins do not fold correctly unless they are glycosylated. In other cases, proteins are not stable unless they contain
260:
are presented and hence what antibody specificities are exhibited. This immunological role may well have driven the diversification of glycan heterogeneity and creates a barrier to
659:-glycoside is more challenging to synthesis. New methods have been developed based on solvent participation or the formation of bicyclic sulfonium ions as chiral-auxiliary groups.
985:
Non-enzymatic disorders, are also acquired, but they are due to the lack of enzymes that attach oligosaccharides to the protein. In this group the illnesses that stand out are
396:-linked glycosylation is a very prevalent form of glycosylation and is important for the folding of many eukaryotic glycoproteins and for cell–cell and cell–
3235:
2750:
687:
of the protein. In this process the intervention of an enzyme is not needed. It takes place across and close to the water channels and the protruding tubules.
888:. This means it is crucial in embryonic development, to the point that it has been tested on mice that the removal of glycans in Notch proteins can result in
1158:
Jung ST, Kang TH, Kelton W, Georgiou G (December 2011). "Bypassing glycosylation: engineering aglycosylated full-length IgG antibodies for human therapy".
244:, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as
823:(from Streptococcus pneumoniae): cleaves all non-reducing terminal β-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues from complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins.
3210:
1968:Świa̧tecka, D.; Kostyra, H.; Świa̧tecki, A. (2010). "Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free‐swimming and immobilised bacteria".
1243:
Dalziel M, Crispin M, Scanlan CN, Zitzmann N, Dwek RA (January 2014). "Emerging principles for the therapeutic exploitation of glycosylation".
1952:
1485:
1224:
1134:
1903:
Henle, Thomas; Duerasch, Anja; Weiz, Alexander; Ruck, Michael; Moeckel, Ulrike (1 November 2020). "Glycation
Reactions of Casein Micelles".
1727:"Mutations in the Trp-Ser-X-Trp-Ser motif of the erythropoietin receptor abolish processing, ligand binding, and activation of the receptor"
72:. Glycans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in membrane and secreted proteins. The majority of proteins synthesized in the
2614:
939:
1458:
2535:-glycosylation sites in human proteins using artificial neural networks that examine the sequence context of Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sequons.
907:. The Notch proteins go through these organelles in their maturation process and can be subject to different types of glycosylation:
2512:
2289:
2187:
1100:
745:, heart damage... And, if they are present at a decreased level, skin elasticity is reduced which is an important symptom of aging.
1501:
Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Yu L, Stalnaker SH, Davis S, Kunz S, Madson M, Oldstone MB, Schachter H, Wells L, Campbell KP (January 2010).
733:
Having elevated levels of AGEs in the body has a direct impact on the development of many diseases. It has a direct implication in
592:
undergo the process of C-mannosylation. Numerous studies have shown that this process plays an important role in the secretion of
87:
modification. Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation. Five classes of glycans are produced:
283:
attachment to terminal saccharide residues) and that diversity within the multicellular organism is then exploited endogenously.
3225:
2745:
672:
69:
707:
341:
3148:
1035:
266:
826:
640:
237:
73:
1386:"Stereoelectronic effects in stabilizing protein– N -glycan interactions revealed by experiment and machine learning"
560:
are one of the proteins most commonly modified in this way. However, there is another group of proteins that undergo
3215:
2655:
717:
which is the most glycated and structurally abundant protein, especially in humans. Also, some studies have shown
228:
is twofold. Firstly, the highly soluble glycans may have a direct physicochemical stabilisation effect. Secondly,
3019:
2941:
2696:
2544:
3039:
2760:
2701:
2607:
842:
816:
802:
788:
643:. Unlike the biochemical processes, synthetic glycochemistry relies heavily on protecting groups (e.g. the 4,6-
355:
784:
277:). However, it is more likely that diversification is driven by evasion of pathogen infection mechanism (e.g.
3034:
3133:
2882:
2877:
2863:
2838:
1286:
Crispin M, Harvey DJ, Bitto D, Bonomelli C, Edgeworth M, Scrivens JH, Huiskonen JT, Bowden TA (March 2014).
1123:
Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (2009). Varki A (ed.).
605:
2346:"Mitotic Intragenic Recombination:A Mechanism of Survivalfor Several Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation"
967:. In these cases, the changes in glycosylation are the cause of certain biological events. For example, in
3220:
3168:
3102:
2988:
2983:
2688:
1044:
986:
943:
912:
908:
432:
420:-linked glycans of a protein can modulate a protein's function, in some cases acting as an on/off switch.
388:
110:
65:(also 'non-enzymatic glycation' and 'non-enzymatic glycosylation') may refer to a non-enzymatic reaction.
27:
918:
All of the Notch proteins are modified by an O-fucose, because they share a common trait: O-fucosylation
3230:
3173:
3138:
3094:
2858:
2717:
900:
798:
691:
609:
597:
589:
363:
359:
308:
245:
1676:"Structure of human C8 protein provides mechanistic insight into membrane pore formation by complement"
627:. In this kind of glycosylation a protein is attached to a lipid anchor, via a glycan chain. (See also
314:
274:
3112:
2817:
2793:
2755:
2461:
1518:
1397:
968:
881:
397:
3057:
2676:
2600:
896:
532:
residue in the sequence W–X–X–W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid). A
491:
320:
253:
3180:
2853:
2822:
2798:
2785:
2419:
2137:
1268:
1062:
960:
942:(CGDs) have been reported in humans. These can be divided into four groups: disorders of protein
919:
117:
362:); instead, the cell relies on segregating enzymes into different cellular compartments (e.g.,
3052:
2848:
2692:
2650:
2645:
2581:
2508:
2489:
2411:
2375:
2295:
2285:
2254:
2193:
2183:
2129:
2085:
2077:
2036:
2005:"Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health"
2003:
Gill, Vidhu; Kumar, Vijay; Singh, Kritanjali; Kumar, Ashok; Kim, Jong-Joo (17 December 2019).
1985:
1948:
1920:
1885:
1836:
1783:
1748:
1707:
1656:
1605:
1544:
1481:
1454:
1431:
1413:
1366:
1317:
1260:
1220:
1175:
1140:
1130:
1096:
976:
699:
601:
565:
497:
180:, which is the addition of a GPI anchor that links proteins to lipids through glycan linkages.
50:
1475:
332:
There are various mechanisms for glycosylation, although most share several common features:
16:
Covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule
3075:
2571:
2563:
2479:
2469:
2403:
2365:
2357:
2277:
2244:
2236:
2175:
2121:
2067:
2026:
2016:
1977:
1912:
1875:
1867:
1826:
1818:
1775:
1738:
1697:
1687:
1646:
1636:
1595:
1534:
1526:
1421:
1405:
1356:
1348:
1307:
1299:
1252:
1167:
1088:
1083:
Lima, M.; Baynes, J.W. (2013). "Glycation". In
Lennarz, William J.; Lane, M. Daniel (eds.).
1015:
593:
348:
2055:
1384:
Ardejani, Maziar S.; Noodleman, Louis; Powers, Evan T.; Kelly, Jeffery W. (15 March 2021).
3029:
2911:
1583:
1288:"Structural plasticity of the Semliki Forest virus glycome upon interspecies transmission"
1010:
It has been reported that mammalian glycosylation can improve the therapeutic efficacy of
904:
889:
885:
877:
734:
690:
At first, the reaction forms temporary molecules which later undergo different reactions (
557:
445:
367:
302:
249:
210:
2465:
1522:
1401:
516:
3106:
3024:
3014:
2963:
2951:
2924:
2576:
2551:
2484:
2445:
2370:
2345:
2281:
2249:
2224:
2031:
2004:
1880:
1855:
1831:
1802:
1702:
1675:
1651:
1624:
1539:
1502:
1426:
1385:
1361:
1337:"Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design"
1336:
1312:
1287:
1092:
1023:
1011:
999:
742:
680:
286:
Glycosylation can also module the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the proteins.
150:
54:
46:
2179:
1743:
1726:
1562:
Ihara, Yoshito. "C-Mannosylation: A Modification on
Tryptophan in Cellular Proteins".
166:-linked glycans, a rare form of glycosylation where a sugar is added to a carbon on a
3204:
2665:
2314:
1272:
1193:
1019:
1002:, scientists can now understand better these disorders and have discovered new CDGs.
810:
676:
479:
233:
198:
146:
2592:
2423:
2141:
1807:-Glycosylation as the driving force of progress in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry"
2958:
2928:
2733:
2705:
2450:
platform for prediction of N-, O- and C-glycosites in eukaryotic protein sequences"
1625:"C-mannosylation supports folding and enhances stability of thrombospondin repeats"
1050:
792:
340:, is an enzymatic process. Indeed, glycosylation is thought to be the most complex
279:
225:
190:
38:
520:
The mannose molecule is attached to the C2 of the first tryptophan of the sequence
2474:
1352:
1171:
1038: – Proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars
675:
of proteins meaning it alters their structure and biological activity. It is the
3084:
2946:
2407:
1584:"NetCGlyc 1.0: prediction of mammalian C-mannosylation sites, K Julenius (2007)"
1507:-Mannosyl phosphorylation of alpha-dystroglycan is required for laminin binding"
695:
628:
485:
have been reported in the literature. Fucose and GlcNAc have been found only in
416:. In addition to their function in protein folding and cellular attachment, the
2567:
2502:
2361:
2240:
1409:
3185:
2907:
2828:
2809:
2741:
2684:
2627:
2623:
2521:
1124:
880:
is a cell signalling pathway whose role is, among many others, to control the
865:
703:
684:
624:
620:
542:
529:
441:
405:
221:
177:
167:
106:
99:
2081:
2072:
1916:
1417:
49:, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a
3080:
2887:
2631:
2552:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity"
2539:
2163:
2109:
1692:
1600:
1530:
1256:
1056:
972:
855:
806:
668:
337:
138:
77:
62:
20:
2585:
2530:
2493:
2415:
2379:
2299:
2258:
2197:
2133:
2089:
2040:
1989:
1924:
1889:
1840:
1787:
1711:
1660:
1609:
1548:
1435:
1370:
1321:
1264:
1179:
1144:
1053: – The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.
298:, because almost every aspect of glycosylation can be modified, including:
1752:
1871:
1766:
Crich D (August 2010). "Mechanism of a chemical glycosylation reaction".
990:
975:
on the enzymes that control the glycosylation of Notch proteins, such as
861:
773:
738:
714:
577:
533:
453:
413:
295:
261:
224:
residues. The influence of glycosylation on the folding and stability of
217:
194:
154:
142:
127:
103:
95:
81:
2440:
2058:[Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins: from diabetes to cancer].
2021:
1641:
1451:
Posttranslational
Modification of Proteins: Expanding Nature's Inventory
3143:
3128:
1822:
769:
765:
749:
671:
or non-enzymatic glycation. It is a spontaneous reaction and a type of
585:
550:
546:
537:
525:
472:
449:
409:
257:
241:
202:
1981:
1779:
1303:
2501:
Varki A, Cummings R, Esko J, Freeze H, Hart G, Marth J, eds. (1999).
1198:
L. express aglycosylated monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity"
964:
851:
718:
683:
of a reducing sugar (mainly glucose and fructose) and the amino acid
581:
573:
482:
476:
468:
464:
134:
130:
42:
2125:
623:
is a special form of glycosylation that features the formation of a
2276:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 113. pp. 1737–43.
600:
if they do not undergo C-mannosylation This explains why a type of
777:
515:
214:
206:
171:
959:
In this second group the main disorders are infectious diseases,
501:. Mannose has recently been reported in a vertebrate, the mouse,
440:-linked glycosylation is a form of glycosylation that occurs in
2596:
160:
Phosphoglycans linked through the phosphate of a phosphoserine.
895:
Some of the specific modulators that control this process are
753:
791:): cleaves all non-reducing terminal branched and unbranched
713:
AGEs accumulate in long-lived extracellular proteins such as
1343:. Viral pathogenesis • Preventive and therapeutic vaccines.
370:). Therefore, glycosylation is a site-specific modification.
76:
undergo glycosylation. Glycosylation is also present in the
915:(more specifically: O-linked glucose and O-linked fucose).
572:-mannosylation is unusual because the sugar is linked to a
2315:"Alteraciones de la glicosilación en enfermedades humanas"
2272:
Jaeken J (2013). "Congenital disorders of glycosylation".
2056:"НЕФЕРМЕНТАТИВНОЕ ГЛИКИРОВАНИЕ БЕЛКОВ: ОТ ДИАБЕТА ДО РАКА"
1065: – Technology enabling rapid molecule diversification
344:, because of the large number of enzymatic steps involved.
2313:
Jiménez Martínez, María del Carmen (January–March 2002).
752:
and regulate and modify their receptor mechanisms at the
408:
in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and widely in
61:
usually refers to an enzyme-catalysed reaction, whereas
1856:"Mechanism of Glycosylation of Anomeric Sulfonium Ions"
1129:(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press.
1040:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
311:—the types of sugars that are linked to a given protein
2825:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
868:-linked oligosaccharides unless α1,3-core fucosylated.
639:
Glycosylation can also be effected using the tools of
1674:
Lovelace LL, Cooper CL, Sodetz JM, Lebioda L (2011).
1087:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 405–411.
721:
may trigger spontaneous non-enzymatic glycosylation.
3161:
3121:
3093:
3074:
3003:
2896:
2876:
2837:
2808:
2784:
2775:
2732:
2716:
2675:
2664:
2638:
2545:
Additional information on glycosylation and figures
2540:
Supplementary
Material of the Book "The Sugar Code"
2229:
1059: – Attachment of a sugar to a protein or lipid
1014:. For example, therapeutic efficacy of recombinant
805:): releases only β1,4-linked, nonreducing terminal
2225:"Significance of glycosylation in Notch signaling"
1047: – Reaction of a glycosyl donor and acceptor
892:or malformations of vital organs like the heart.
667:The non-enzymatic glycosylation is also known as
174:is one of the few naturally occurring substances.
116:requires participation of a special lipid called
68:Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and
317:—can be unbranched or branched chains of sugars
1854:Fang T, Gu Y, Huang W, Boons GJ (March 2016).
1219:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, USA.
1022:platform, was improved against drug-resistant
596:containing proteins which are retained in the
2608:
1453:. Roberts and Co. Publishers, Englewood, CO.
737:that can lead to many complications such as:
323:—can be short- or long-chain oligosaccharides
153:side-chains, or to oxygens on lipids such as
8:
57:. In biology (but not always in chemistry),
2164:"Roles of glycosylation in Notch signaling"
3090:
3007:
2900:
2893:
2805:
2781:
2672:
2615:
2601:
2593:
2162:Stanley, Pamela; Okajima, Tetsuya (2010).
2110:"Glycosylation regulates Notch signalling"
1905:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
706:...) and form permanent residues known as
536:is formed between the first carbon of the
2575:
2483:
2473:
2369:
2248:
2071:
2030:
2020:
1879:
1830:
1742:
1701:
1691:
1650:
1640:
1599:
1538:
1425:
1360:
1311:
354:The process is non-templated (unlike DNA
347:The donor molecule is often an activated
294:Glycosylation increases diversity in the
252:system. It is the presence or absence of
2054:Ansari, N.A.; Rasheed, Z. (March 2010).
1860:Journal of the American Chemical Society
404:-linked glycosylation process occurs in
189:Glycosylation is the process by which a
2550:Emanual Maverakis; et al. (2015).
2531:NetNGlyc: The NetNglyc server predicts
2507:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
2168:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1075:
2444:Chauhan JS, Rao A, Raghava GP (2013).
2350:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2223:Hideyuki, Takeuchi (17 October 2014).
2114:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1801:Nigudkar SS, Demchenko AV (May 2015).
3236:Congenital disorders of glycosylation
2526:-glycosylation of proteins on the web
2218:
2216:
2214:
2103:
2101:
2099:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1577:
1575:
1573:
940:congenital disorders of glycosylation
748:They are also the precursors of many
616:Formation of GPI anchors (glypiation)
7:
2725:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
1945:Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry
1238:
1236:
1085:Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry
850:-glycosylation. This enzyme cleaves
612:if it lacked C-mannosylation sites.
576:rather than a reactive atom such as
1731:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1335:Crispin M, Doores KJ (April 2015).
983:Non-enzymatic acquired alterations:
858:-linked unsubstituted Galβ1,3GalNAc
248:. Glycosylation also underpins the
2344:S. Kane, Megan (4 February 2016).
2282:10.1016/B978-0-444-59565-2.00044-7
1564:Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine
1480:. Nova Publishers. pp. 45ff.
1093:10.1016/B978-0-12-378630-2.00120-1
545:to be one of the polar ones (Ser,
14:
1623:Aleksandra, Shcherbakova (2019).
256:which dictates which blood group
1943:Baynes, J. W.; Lima, M. (2013).
1477:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
1160:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
126:-linked glycans attached to the
3211:Post-translational modification
2746:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2108:Haines, Nicole (October 2003).
1215:Drickamer K, Taylor ME (2006).
1006:Effects on therapeutic efficacy
809:from complex carbohydrates and
708:Advanced Glycation end-products
673:post-translational modification
342:post-translational modification
70:post-translational modification
873:Regulation of Notch signalling
94:-linked glycans attached to a
1:
3149:Reverse cholesterol transport
2180:10.1016/S0070-2153(10)92004-8
1768:Accounts of Chemical Research
1744:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49956-0
1036:Advanced glycation endproduct
2801:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
2475:10.1371/journal.pone.0067008
2274:Pediatric Neurology Part III
1582:Julenius, Karin (May 2007).
1353:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.002
1292:Journal of Proteome Research
1217:Introduction to Glycobiology
1172:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.002
528:sugar is added to the first
267:human immunodeficiency virus
2408:10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.014
1341:Current Opinion in Virology
776:or remove some part of the
663:Non-enzymatic glycosylation
641:synthetic organic chemistry
460:Phosphoserine glycosylation
305:—the site of glycan linkage
74:rough endoplasmic reticulum
37:is the reaction in which a
3252:
3186:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
2656:Primary nutritional groups
2568:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
2504:Essentials of Glycobiology
2396:Experimental Cell Research
2362:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.007
2241:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.115
1410:10.1038/s41557-021-00646-w
1126:Essentials of Glycobiology
1000:next-generation sequencing
430:
386:
25:
18:
3048:
3020:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3010:
2974:
2942:Pentose phosphate pathway
2937:
2920:
2903:
2697:Oxidative phosphorylation
2319:Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex
969:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
3040:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
2702:electron transport chain
2689:Pyruvate decarboxylation
2073:10.18097/pbmc20105602168
2060:Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya
1917:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00472
843:Streptococcus pneumoniae
834:-Acetylgalactosaminidase
803:Streptococcus pneumoniae
789:Arthrobacter ureafaciens
785:α2-3,6,8,9-Neuraminidase
735:diabetes mellitus type 2
487:Dictyostelium discoideum
19:Not to be confused with
3134:Sphingolipid metabolism
3035:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
2883:carbohydrate catabolism
2878:Carbohydrate metabolism
2864:Purine nucleotide cycle
2556:Journal of Autoimmunity
1725:Yoshimura (June 1992).
1693:10.1074/jbc.M111.219766
1531:10.1126/science.1180512
1257:10.1126/science.1235681
949:, disorders of protein
936:Congenital alterations:
679:attachment between the
655:. Generally, the α- or
606:erythropoietin receptor
564:-mannosylation, type I
3226:Carbohydrate chemistry
3103:Fatty acid degradation
2823:Amino acid degradation
1202:Biotecnologia Aplicada
1194:"Transgenic plants of
1045:Chemical glycosylation
1016:human interferon gamma
913:O-linked glycosylation
909:N-linked glycosylation
884:process in equivalent
821:-Acetylglucosaminidase
692:Amadori rearrangements
635:Chemical glycosylation
521:
433:O-linked glycosylation
389:N-linked glycosylation
336:Glycosylation, unlike
290:Glycoprotein diversity
238:sugar-binding proteins
28:Chemical glycosylation
3139:Eicosanoid metabolism
3095:Fatty acid metabolism
2859:Pyrimidine metabolism
2718:Anaerobic respiration
1601:10.1093/glycob/cwm050
957:Acquired alterations:
901:endoplasmic reticulum
610:endoplasmic reticulum
598:endoplasmic reticulum
519:
448:, but also occurs in
427:-linked glycosylation
412:, but very rarely in
383:-linked glycosylation
364:endoplasmic reticulum
246:monoclonal antibodies
197:attached to a target
114:-linked glycosylation
53:) in order to form a
3113:Fatty acid synthesis
2818:Amino acid synthesis
1947:. pp. 405–411.
1872:10.1021/jacs.5b08436
961:autoimmune illnesses
897:glycosyltransferases
882:cell differentiation
764:There are different
594:Trombospondin type 1
398:extracellular matrix
254:glycosyltransferases
2677:Aerobic respiration
2522:GlyProt: In-silico
2466:2013PLoSO...867008C
2022:10.3390/biom9120888
1686:(20): 17585–17592.
1642:10.7554/eLife.52978
1523:2010Sci...327...88Y
1402:2021NatCh..13..480A
987:Alzheimer's disease
920:consensus sequences
492:Leishmania mexicana
80:and nucleus as the
3181:Ethanol metabolism
3129:Steroid metabolism
2854:Nucleotide salvage
2786:Protein metabolism
1970:J. Sci. Food Agric
1823:10.1039/c5sc00280j
1474:Flynne WG (2008).
1063:Glycorandomization
840:-glycosidase from
799:β1,4-Galactosidase
700:Maillard reactions
602:cytokine receptors
566:cytokine receptors
522:
309:Glycan composition
118:dolichol phosphate
3216:Organic reactions
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3157:
3156:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3053:Xylose metabolism
2999:
2998:
2872:
2871:
2849:Purine metabolism
2794:Protein synthesis
2771:
2770:
2693:Citric acid cycle
2651:Metabolic network
2646:Metabolic pathway
1982:10.1002/jsfa.4022
1976:(11): 1837–1845.
1954:978-0-12-378631-9
1911:(14): 2953–2961.
1780:10.1021/ar100035r
1487:978-1-60456-067-1
1304:10.1021/pr401162k
1251:(6166): 1235681.
1226:978-0-19-928278-4
1196:Nicotiana tabacum
1136:978-0-87969-770-9
977:Alagille syndrome
498:Trypanosoma cruzi
51:glycosyl acceptor
3243:
3169:Metal metabolism
3091:
3076:Lipid metabolism
3008:
2901:
2894:
2806:
2782:
2708:
2673:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2518:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2428:
2427:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2075:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1817:(5): 2687–2704.
1811:Chemical Science
1798:
1792:
1791:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1737:(16): 11619–25.
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1449:Walsh C (2006).
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1390:Nature Chemistry
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1080:
1041:
878:Notch signalling
608:remained in the
495:, and xylose in
400:attachment. The
349:nucleotide sugar
315:Glycan structure
275:cell trafficking
211:oligosaccharides
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3174:Iron metabolism
3153:
3117:
3078:
3062:
3044:
3030:Carbon fixation
2995:
2970:
2933:
2916:
2912:Gluconeogenesis
2885:
2880:
2868:
2840:
2833:
2804:
2777:
2767:
2728:
2712:
2700:
2667:
2660:
2634:
2621:
2549:
2515:
2500:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2292:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2126:10.1038/nrm1228
2120:(10): 786–797.
2107:
2106:
2097:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1517:(5961): 88–92.
1500:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1103:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1039:
1032:
1018:, expressed in
1012:biotherapeutics
1008:
928:
905:Golgi apparatus
899:located in the
890:embryonic death
886:precursor cells
875:
762:
760:Deglycosylation
727:
665:
637:
618:
588:, secreted and
558:Thrombospondins
514:
462:
446:Golgi apparatus
435:
429:
391:
385:
377:
368:Golgi apparatus
366:, cisternae in
330:
303:Glycosidic bond
292:
250:ABO blood group
187:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3107:Beta oxidation
3099:
3097:
3088:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Chemosynthesis
3022:
3017:
3015:Photosynthesis
3011:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:Leloir pathway
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:Polyol pathway
2944:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2925:Glycogenolysis
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2436:
2435:External links
2433:
2430:
2429:
2385:
2336:
2305:
2290:
2264:
2210:
2188:
2154:
2095:
2066:(2): 168–178.
2062:(in Russian).
2046:
1995:
1960:
1953:
1930:
1895:
1866:(9): 3002–11.
1846:
1793:
1774:(8): 1144–53.
1758:
1717:
1666:
1615:
1594:(8): 868–876.
1569:
1554:
1493:
1486:
1466:
1460:978-0974707730
1459:
1441:
1396:(5): 480–487.
1376:
1327:
1298:(3): 1702–12.
1278:
1232:
1225:
1207:
1185:
1150:
1135:
1108:
1101:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1024:ovarian cancer
1007:
1004:
995:
994:
980:
954:
947:-glycosylation
927:
924:
874:
871:
870:
869:
859:
824:
814:
796:
768:to remove the
761:
758:
726:
723:
681:carbonil group
664:
661:
636:
633:
617:
614:
513:
512:-mannosylation
507:
461:
458:
431:Main article:
428:
422:
387:Main article:
384:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
352:
345:
329:
326:
325:
324:
318:
312:
306:
291:
288:
213:linked at the
186:
183:
182:
181:
175:
161:
158:
151:hydroxyproline
121:
55:glycoconjugate
47:glycosyl donor
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3248:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Carbohydrates
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3059:
3058:Radiotrophism
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:Glycosylation
2977:
2976:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2514:0-87969-559-5
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:(6): e67008.
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:(2): 339–46.
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:9780444595652
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:(2): 235–42.
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:9780123809148
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:(6): 858–67.
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:9780123786319
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1037:
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1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
992:
988:
984:
981:
978:
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970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
946:
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:
925:
923:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
822:
820:
815:
812:
811:glycoproteins
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
743:renal failure
740:
736:
731:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
704:crosslinkings
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:transmembrane
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
539:
538:alpha-mannose
535:
531:
527:
518:
511:
508:
506:
504:
500:
499:
494:
493:
489:, mannose in
488:
484:
481:
480:phosphoserine
478:
474:
470:
466:
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379:
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365:
361:
357:
356:transcription
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
334:
333:
327:
322:
321:Glycan length
319:
316:
313:
310:
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289:
287:
284:
282:
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276:
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243:
239:
235:
234:immune system
231:
227:
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199:macromolecule
196:
192:
184:
179:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
147:hydroxylysine
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
113:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
86:
84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
59:glycosylation
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Glycosylation
32:
29:
22:
3231:Biochemistry
2978:
2959:Galactolysis
2929:Glycogenesis
2734:Fermentation
2706:ATP synthase
2559:
2555:
2532:
2523:
2503:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2402:(1): 20–29.
2399:
2395:
2388:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2322:
2318:
2308:
2273:
2267:
2232:
2228:
2201:. Retrieved
2171:
2167:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2117:
2113:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2012:
2009:Biomolecules
2008:
1998:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1814:
1810:
1804:
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1761:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1632:
1628:
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1591:
1588:Glycobiology
1587:
1563:
1557:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1476:
1469:
1450:
1444:
1393:
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1340:
1330:
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1291:
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1244:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1125:
1084:
1078:
1051:Fucosylation
1026:cell lines.
1020:HEK 293
1009:
996:
982:
956:
950:
944:
935:
929:
917:
894:
876:
847:
841:
837:
831:
827:
818:
793:sialic acids
763:
747:
732:
728:
725:Role of AGEs
712:
689:
666:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
619:
569:
561:
556:
523:
509:
503:Mus musculus
502:
496:
490:
486:
463:
437:
436:
424:
417:
401:
393:
392:
380:
331:
293:
285:
280:Helicobacter
278:
271:
229:
226:glycoprotein
201:, typically
191:carbohydrate
188:
170:side-chain.
163:
123:
111:
91:
82:
67:
58:
39:carbohydrate
34:
33:
31:
3085:lipogenesis
2947:Fructolysis
2761:Lactic acid
2517:. NBK20709.
2174:: 131–164.
2015:(12): 888.
1680:J Biol Chem
846:): removes
698:reactions,
696:Schiff base
629:prenylation
360:translation
358:or protein
220:of certain
107:side-chains
45:'), i.e. a
3205:Categories
2908:Glycolysis
2841:metabolism
2839:Nucleotide
2829:Urea cycle
2810:Amino acid
2799:Catabolism
2742:Glycolysis
2685:Glycolysis
2668:metabolism
2628:catabolism
2624:Metabolism
2329:2 November
2203:2 November
2147:1 November
1070:References
866:asparagine
864:: cleaves
685:side chain
625:GPI anchor
621:Glypiation
543:amino acid
530:tryptophan
442:eukaryotes
406:eukaryotes
328:Mechanisms
222:asparagine
195:covalently
178:Glypiation
168:tryptophan
100:asparagine
26:See also:
3081:lipolysis
2888:anabolism
2632:anabolism
2448:In silico
2082:2310-6905
1418:1755-4349
1273:206548002
1057:Glycation
973:mutations
856:threonine
807:galactose
772:from the
739:cataracts
669:glycation
338:glycation
139:threonine
78:cytoplasm
63:glycation
21:Glycation
3004:Nonhuman
2989:O-linked
2984:N-linked
2776:Specific
2586:25578468
2562:: 1–13.
2494:23840574
2454:PLOS ONE
2424:12800448
2416:28803068
2380:26805780
2300:23622397
2259:24909690
2198:20816394
2142:22917106
2134:14570055
2090:21341505
2041:31861217
1990:20549652
1925:27018258
1890:26878147
1841:26078847
1788:20496888
1712:21454577
1661:31868591
1610:17494086
1549:20044576
1436:33723379
1371:25747313
1347:: 63–9.
1322:24467287
1265:24385630
1180:21420850
1145:20301239
1030:See also
991:diabetes
938:Over 40
926:Clinical
903:and the
862:PNGase F
774:proteins
750:hormones
715:collagen
710:(AGEs).
677:covalent
586:proteins
578:nitrogen
534:C-C bond
454:bacteria
414:bacteria
296:proteome
262:zoonotic
258:antigens
218:nitrogen
203:proteins
155:ceramide
143:tyrosine
128:hydroxyl
104:arginine
96:nitrogen
3144:Ketosis
2756:Ethanol
2639:General
2577:4340844
2485:3695939
2462:Bibcode
2441:GlycoEP
2371:4746335
2325:: 39–47
2250:4254162
2032:6995512
1881:5078750
1832:4465199
1753:1317872
1703:3093833
1652:6954052
1540:2978000
1519:Bibcode
1511:Science
1427:8102341
1398:Bibcode
1362:4827424
1313:4428802
1245:Science
1204:. 2013.
780:chain.
770:glycans
766:enzymes
756:level.
526:mannose
483:glycans
473:mannose
450:archaea
444:in the
410:archaea
242:lectins
240:called
185:Purpose
85:-GlcNAc
2666:Energy
2584:
2574:
2511:
2492:
2482:
2422:
2414:
2378:
2368:
2298:
2288:
2257:
2247:
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2140:
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2039:
2029:
1988:
1951:
1923:
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1649:
1608:
1547:
1537:
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1416:
1369:
1359:
1320:
1310:
1271:
1263:
1223:
1178:
1143:
1133:
1099:
965:cancer
852:serine
801:(from
787:(from
719:lysine
582:oxygen
574:carbon
477:GlcNAc
475:, and
469:fucose
465:Xylose
236:) via
207:lipids
135:serine
131:oxygen
43:glycan
3162:Other
3122:Other
2897:Human
2778:paths
2420:S2CID
2138:S2CID
1629:eLife
1269:S2CID
854:- or
778:sugar
653:trans
375:Types
215:amide
172:Aloin
149:, or
41:(or '
2886:and
2582:PMID
2509:ISBN
2490:PMID
2412:PMID
2376:PMID
2331:2020
2296:PMID
2286:ISBN
2255:PMID
2205:2020
2194:PMID
2184:ISBN
2149:2020
2130:PMID
2086:PMID
2078:ISSN
2037:PMID
1986:PMID
1949:ISBN
1921:PMID
1886:PMID
1837:PMID
1784:PMID
1749:PMID
1708:PMID
1657:PMID
1606:PMID
1545:PMID
1482:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1432:PMID
1414:ISSN
1367:PMID
1318:PMID
1261:PMID
1221:ISBN
1176:PMID
1141:PMID
1131:ISBN
1097:ISBN
989:and
911:and
828:endo
452:and
205:and
2910:⇄
2751:ABE
2572:PMC
2564:doi
2480:PMC
2470:doi
2404:doi
2400:359
2366:PMC
2358:doi
2278:doi
2245:PMC
2237:doi
2233:453
2176:doi
2122:doi
2068:doi
2027:PMC
2017:doi
1978:doi
1913:doi
1876:PMC
1868:doi
1864:138
1827:PMC
1819:doi
1805:cis
1776:doi
1739:doi
1735:267
1698:PMC
1688:doi
1684:286
1647:PMC
1637:doi
1596:doi
1535:PMC
1527:doi
1515:327
1422:PMC
1406:doi
1357:PMC
1349:doi
1308:PMC
1300:doi
1253:doi
1249:343
1168:doi
1089:doi
963:or
830:-α-
754:DNA
657:cis
649:cis
631:.)
580:or
551:Gly
547:Ala
193:is
133:of
102:or
98:of
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