235:
superior) lead to increases in state grandiosity, whereas a control distraction condition conferred no such increment. Another study confirmed that positive ruminations confer grandiose self-perceptions in the moment, and found that (grandiosity-prone) patients with bipolar disorder (compared with healthy controls) exhibited heightened connectivity between brain regions associated with self-relevant information-processing during this task (
2187:
217:
for exploitativeness, however, grandiosity still predicts unethical behaviours like lying, cheating and stealing. Grandiosity seems to be specifically related to rationalised cheating (i.e. opportunistic cheating behaviour whose context allows the behaviour to be construed as something other than cheating), but not deliberative cheating (i.e. conscious premeditation to violate rules and cheat).
57:, or invulnerability that is unrealistic and not based on personal capability. It may be expressed by exaggerated beliefs regarding one's abilities, the belief that few other people have anything in common with oneself, and that one can only be understood by a few, very special people. The personality trait of grandiosity is principally associated with
247:
conceptually similar to positive rumination, also feature in narcissism. While grandiose narcissism has been associated with attentional and mnemonic biases to positive self-related words, it remains to be seen whether this reflects grandiosity or some other trait specific to narcissism (e.g. entitlement).
207:
functioning, and all forms of emotional resilience. It also correlates positively with adaptive narcissism, namely authoritativeness, charisma, self-assurance and ambitiousness. Moreover, it exhibits negative associations with depression, anxiety, pessimism and shame. Grandiosity has a small positive
271:
Contrary to frequent assertions by narcissism researchers, and despite much study of the matter, there is only weak and inconsistent evidence that grandiosity (when specifically and reliably measured) and grandiose narcissism have any association with parental overvaluation. The largest study on the
267:
While no neuroimaging studies have specifically assessed the association between grandiosity and the reward system (or any other system), some neuroimaging studies using composite scales of grandiosity with other traits offer tentative support of these assertions, while others using the same measure
142:
with grandiosity as its central feature, in addition to other agentic and antagonistic traits (e.g., dominance, attention-seeking, entitlement, manipulation). Confusingly, the term "narcissistic grandiosity" is sometimes used as a synonym for grandiose narcissism and other times used to refer to the
323:
that affects children. The expression of RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating to other people in most social contexts, such as the persistent failure to initiate or to respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate
255:
A common characteristic of disorders and traits associated with grandiosity is heightened positive affect and potential dysregulation thereof. This is true of mania/hypomania in bipolar disorder, grandiose narcissism, and the interpersonal facet of psychopathy. Such associations partially inspired
216:
Grandiosity has a well-studied association with aggression (both physical and verbal), risk-taking (e.g. financial, social, sexual) and competitiveness. It also has reliable associations with maladaptive narcissistic traits like entitlement and interpersonal exploitativeness. Even when controlling
306:
saw the grandiose self as a normal part of the developmental process, only pathological when the grand and humble parts of the self became decisively divided. Kohut's recommendations for dealing with the patient with a disordered grandiose self were to tolerate and so re-integrate the grandiosity
202:
Grandiosity demonstrates moderate-to-strong positive correlations with self-esteem, typically becoming larger in size when controlling for confounding variables. It relates positively to self-rated superiority and is inversely associated with self-rated worthlessness. It is also associated with a
339:
While the exact difference between high self-esteem and grandiosity has yet to be fully elucidated, research suggests that, while strongly correlated, they predict different outcomes. While both predict positive outcomes like optimism, life and job satisfaction, extraversion and positive affect,
246:
Correlational designs further confirm the associations of mania/hypomania and grandiose narcissism with positive self-rumination, and to specific expressions of positive rumination after success (e.g. believing that success in one domain indicates likely success in another). Grandiose fantasies,
225:
Despite the prominence of grandiosity in the research literature, few theories or even studies of its underlying mechanisms exist. Approximately 23% of the variance in grandiosity is explained by genetics, with the majority of remaining variance attributable to non-shared environmental factors.
353:
grandiosity or feelings of deprivation. Like self-esteem, grandiosity and entitlement are well documented to predict different outcomes. Entitlement appears to be associated with more maladaptive outcomes, including low empathy, antisocial behaviour, and poor mental health, whereas grandiosity
288:
who lack this capability for reality-testing. Some individuals may transition between these two states, with grandiose ideas initially developing as "daydreams" that the patient recognises as untrue, but which can subsequently turn into full delusions that the patient becomes convinced reflect
234:
Research has consistently indicated a role of positive rumination (repetitive positive self-focused thoughts). Recently, an experimental study found that having neurotypical participants engage in overly-positive rumination (i.e. think about times when they felt special, unique, important or
1563:
Cohn MD, Veltman DJ, Pape LE, van Lith K, Vermeiren RR, van den Brink W, Doreleijers TA, Popma A (November 2015). "Incentive
Processing in Persistent Disruptive Behavior and Psychopathic Traits: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Adolescents".
348:
Entitlement is regularly confused with grandiosity even in peer-reviewed articles, but the literature nevertheless offers a clear discrimination of the two. Psychological entitlement is a sense of deservingness to positive outcomes, and can be founded on
85:
Few scales exist for the sole purpose of measuring grandiosity, though one recent attempt is the
Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS), an adjective rating scale where one indicates the applicability of a word to oneself (e.g. superior, glorious).
256:
the
Narcissism Spectrum Model, which posits grandiosity reflects the combination of self-preoccupation and "boldness" - exaggerated positive emotionality, self-confidence, and reward-seeking, which is ostensibly linked with
362:
Surprisingly, and quite counterintuitively, grandiosity is only weakly related to regarding others as worthless (devaluation or contemptuousness). Moreover, grandiosity should not be conflated with arrogant social
916:
Zajenkowski, M., & Gignac, G. E. (2021). Telling people they are intelligent correlates with the feeling of narcissistic uniqueness: The influence of IQ feedback on temporary state narcissism.
492:
Rosenthal SA, Hooley JM, Montoya RM, van der Linden SL, Steshenko Y (April 2020). "The
Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale: A Measure to Distinguish Narcissistic Grandiosity From High Self-Esteem".
870:"Understanding psychopathy through an evaluation of interpersonal behavior: testing the factor structure of the interpersonal measure of psychopathy in a large sample of jail detainees"
1823:
456:
679:
Brunell AB, Buelow MT (2018). "Using
Homogenous Scales to Understand Narcissism: Grandiosity, Entitlement, and Exploitativeness". In Hermann AD, Brunell AB, Foster JD (eds.).
74:
1340:
Hall JR, Benning SD, Patrick CJ (March 2004). "Criterion-related validity of the three-factor model of psychopathy: personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning".
261:
204:
2448:
243:) Further, experimental studies suggest that grandiose narcissists maintain their inflated self-esteem following criticism by recalling self-aggrandizing memories.
1768:
623:
1898:
Hart W, Tortoriello GK, Richardson K (2020-07-03). "Deprived and
Grandiose Explanations for Psychological Entitlement: Implications for Theory and Measurement".
1175:
Glover N, Miller JD, Lynam DR, Crego C, Widiger TA (2012). "The five-factor narcissism inventory: a five-factor measure of narcissistic personality traits".
1650:
Clemens V, Fegert JM, Allroggen M (May 2022). "Adverse childhood experiences and grandiose narcissism - Findings from a population-representative sample".
1094:
Rhodewalt F, Eddings SK (April 2002). "Narcissus reflects: Memory distortion in response to ego-relevant feedback among high-and low-narcissistic men".
825:
Hampton SL, Vitacco MJ, Kosson DS (November 2018). "Construct
Validity of the Three-Factor Model of the Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy".
2221:
1791:
1752:
1727:
1702:
1400:
1270:
806:
696:
637:
Harpur TJ, Hare RD, Hakstian AR (March 1989). "Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications".
607:
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441:
1959:
281:
182:
often display an inflated self-image, and can appear excessively self-important, opinionated and cocky, and often hold others in contempt.
1808:
2244:
93:, and diagnostic interviews for NPD. The Grandiosity section of the Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism (DIN), for instance, describes:
170:
test. Individuals endorsing this criterion appear arrogant and boastful, and may be unrealistically optimistic about their future. The
2381:
2143:
332:
Grandiosity is associated and often confused with other personality traits, including self-esteem, entitlement, and contemptuousness.
1231:
2079:
300:
saw the unhealthily grandiose self as merging childhood feelings of specialness, personal ideals, and fantasies of an ideal parent.
58:
194:
positive/adaptive and negative/maladaptive outcomes, leading some researchers to question whether it is necessarily pathological.
460:
171:
2341:
203:
host of other variables (often even when controlling for self-esteem), including positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction,
179:
62:
2275:
1047:"Differential patterns of default mode network activity associated with negative and positive rumination in bipolar disorder"
158:
They may also begin unrealistically ambitious undertakings, before being cut down, or cutting themselves back down, to size.
2391:
2366:
2007:
792:"Understanding the narcissistic perfectionists among us: Grandiosity, vulnerability, and the quest for the perfect self."
2249:
316:
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into their unrealistic thoughts (they are aware that their behavior is considered unusual), and those experiencing
167:
2305:
2214:
2159:
2101:
240:
791:
2169:
1952:
113:
The person overexamines and downgrades other people's projects, statements, or dreams in an unrealistic manner.
89:
Grandiosity is also measured as part of other tests, including the
Personality Assessment for DSM-5 (PID-5),
2136:
2053:
2396:
2356:
535:
Gunderson JG, Ronningstam E, Bodkin A (July 1990). "The diagnostic interview for narcissistic patients".
2386:
2265:
2116:
2084:
2038:
2017:
90:
1383:
Krizan Z (2018). "The
Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Spectrum Perspective on Narcissistic Personality".
2361:
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50:
35:
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772:
706:
617:
517:
257:
31:
1607:
Horton RS, Tritch T (2014). "Clarifying the links between grandiose narcissism and parenting".
155:. The manic character may boast of future achievements or exaggerate their personal qualities.
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1314:
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1128:"Commonalities and differences in characteristics of persons at risk for narcissism and mania"
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A distinction is made between individuals exhibiting grandiosity which includes a degree of
2371:
2300:
2012:
718:
737:
Brown RP, Budzek K, Tamborski M (July 2009). "On the meaning and measure of narcissism".
548:
954:
939:"A behavioral genetic study of intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of narcissism"
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1031:
854:
521:
384:
297:
104:
The person believes in their invulnerability or does not recognize their limitations.
1927:
1636:
1593:
1369:
1253:
Jones LL (2018). "Narcissism and Memory". In
Hermann A, Brunell A, Foster J (eds.).
1204:
1577:
1482:
776:
98:
1911:
1663:
1620:
1418:"Narcissism is associated with weakened frontostriatal connectivity: a DTI study"
1262:
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963:
688:
431:
2401:
2295:
2230:
2043:
1992:
1392:
1014:
997:
409:
399:
374:
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116:
The person regards themself as unique or special when compared to other people.
2376:
2351:
2091:
1968:
1866:
1143:
1062:
998:"Pondering on how great I am: Does rumination play a role in grandiose ideas?"
152:
139:
54:
42:
1353:
1309:
1293:"The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality"
1292:
846:
838:
750:
505:
1851:"Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood"
1232:
10.1002/1097-4679(199107)47:4<490::aid-jclp2270470404>3.0.co;2-j
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1023:
982:
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grandiosity uniquely predicts entitlement, exploitativeness and aggression.
1433:
1239:
556:
151:
In mania, grandiosity is typically more pro-active and aggressive than in
2270:
1982:
126:
17:
2315:
2280:
2164:
1987:
1531:
759:
389:
1218:
Raskin R, Novacek J (July 1991). "Narcissism and the use of fantasy".
2002:
885:
324:
way, known as the "inhibited form" of reactive attachment disorder.
175:
119:
The person regards themself as generally superior to other people.
66:
1045:
Ghaznavi S, Chou T, Dougherty DD, Nierenberg AA (February 2023).
166:
Grandiosity features in Factor 1, Facet 1 (Interpersonal) in the
61:(NPD), but also is a feature in the occurrence and expression of
315:
The personality trait of grandiosity also is a component of the
2203:
1941:
2199:
1467:"Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals"
1937:
683:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 133–139.
122:
The person behaves self-centeredly and/or self-referentially.
1839:
DSM-IV-TR (2000) American Psychiatric Association, p. 129.
799:
Handbook of psychology of narcissism: Diverse perspectives
433:
Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality
101:
talents, capacity, and achievements in an unrealistic way.
1855:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
190:
Grandiosity is well documented to have associations with
1416:
Chester DS, Lynam DR, Powell DK, DeWall CN (July 2016).
1516:"Reward processing and psychopathic traits in children"
1465:
Glenn AL, Raine A, Yaralian PS, Yang Y (January 2010).
1002:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
110:
The person believes that they do not need other people.
575:
Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order
457:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2410:
2334:
2258:
2237:
2152:
2072:
2031:
1975:
1126:Fulford D, Johnson SL, Carver CS (December 2008).
27:Unrealistic sense of superiority and of uniqueness
1720:Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism
801:. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 43–66.
790:Flett GL, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Nepon T (2014).
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
208:relationship with intelligence and achievement.
143:subject of this article (superiority feelings).
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1286:
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2215:
1953:
8:
739:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
732:
730:
728:
1422:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
932:
930:
2222:
2208:
2200:
1960:
1946:
1938:
1784:Heinz Kohut and the psychology of the Self
1767:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
622:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
459:Fourth edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
168:Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
1874:
1539:
1490:
1441:
1308:
1151:
1070:
1013:
972:
962:
893:
758:
1809:"Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Review"
1297:Personality and Social Psychology Review
868:Vitacco MJ, Kosson DS (September 2010).
319:(RAD), a severe and relatively uncommon
272:matter found no association whatsoever.
1291:Krizan Z, Herlache AD (February 2018).
422:
2449:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
1849:Schechter DS, Willheim E (July 2009).
1760:
714:
704:
615:
1697:. London: Norton. pp. 421, 444.
1695:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
293:Psychoanalysis and the grandiose self
138:Grandiose narcissism is a subtype of
7:
1257:. Cham: Springer. pp. 225–231.
996:Bortolon C, Raffard S (March 2021).
549:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810190076011
1722:. London: J. Aronson. p. 265.
107:The person has grandiose fantasies.
2382:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
2144:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
1387:. Cham: Springer. pp. 15–25.
1132:Journal of Research in Personality
1096:Journal of Research in Personality
25:
2080:Narcissistic personality disorder
1900:Journal of Personality Assessment
1177:Journal of Personality Assessment
186:Relationship with other variables
59:narcissistic personality disorder
2186:
2185:
1829:from the original on 2017-01-01.
600:Families and how to survive them
461:American Psychiatric Association
172:American Psychiatric Association
2342:Antisocial personality disorder
262:behavioural approach motivation
180:antisocial personality disorder
63:antisocial personality disorder
1578:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.017
1483:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.018
1220:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1051:Journal of Affective Disorders
937:Luo YL, Cai H, Song H (2014).
537:Archives of General Psychiatry
354:predicts better mental health.
1:
2392:Sadistic personality disorder
1912:10.1080/00223891.2019.1565573
827:Criminal Justice and Behavior
205:behavioural activation system
178:also notes that persons with
91:Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
1976:Similar personality concepts
1816:Journal of Special Education
1664:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105545
1621:10.1080/00223980.2012.752337
1514:Gao Y, Zhang W (July 2021).
1385:Handbook of Trait Narcissism
1263:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_24
1255:Handbook of Trait Narcissism
1189:10.1080/00223891.2012.670680
964:10.1371/journal.pone.0093403
689:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_14
681:Handbook of Trait Narcissism
602:. London. pp. 168–169.
598:Skynner R, Cleese J (1994).
317:reactive attachment disorder
311:Reactive attachment disorder
2153:Related psychology concepts
1393:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_2
1015:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101596
436:. Oxford University Press.
241:anterior cingulate cortices
2465:
29:
2183:
2102:Manipulation (psychology)
1867:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001
1786:. Routledge. p. 95.
1652:Child Abuse & Neglect
1609:The Journal of Psychology
1144:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.002
1063:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.014
307:with the realistic self.
1354:10.1177/1073191103261466
1310:10.1177/1088868316685018
874:Psychological Assessment
839:10.1177/0093854818786759
751:10.1177/0146167209335461
639:Psychological Assessment
506:10.1177/1073191119858410
268:suggest no association.
125:The person behaves in a
30:Not to be confused with
2073:Pathological narcissism
1747:. London. p. 222.
651:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.6
430:Ronningstam EF (2005).
258:neurobiological systems
2397:Sexual sadism disorder
2357:History of psychopathy
2326:Superficially charming
1108:10.1006/jrpe.2002.2342
2387:Psychopathy Checklist
2266:Anti-social behaviour
2039:Collective narcissism
2018:Narcissus (mythology)
1566:Biological Psychiatry
1520:Personality Disorders
1471:Biological Psychiatry
797:. In Besser A (ed.).
2362:Juvenile delinquency
2097:Malignant narcissism
1718:Kernberg OF (1990).
359:Devaluation/contempt
212:Negative/Maladaptive
36:illusory superiority
2423:George E. Partridge
2023:Superiority complex
1745:Our Need for Others
1693:Fenichel O (1946).
1434:10.1093/scan/nsv069
955:2014PLoSO...993403L
321:attachment disorder
286:grandiose delusions
129:or pretentious way.
2418:Hervey M. Cleckley
2311:Pathological lying
2281:Diminished empathy
1998:Healthy narcissism
1782:Siegal AM (1996).
1532:10.1037/per0000430
573:Goffman E (1972).
32:grandiose delusion
2436:
2435:
2411:Notable theorists
2197:
2196:
1793:978-0-415-08638-7
1754:978-0-415-05879-7
1729:978-0-87668-762-8
1704:978-0-393-01019-0
1402:978-3-319-92171-6
1272:978-3-319-92171-6
833:(11): 1613–1633.
808:978-1-63463-005-4
698:978-3-319-92171-6
609:978-0-7493-1410-1
584:978-0-14-021614-1
577:. Pelican Books.
443:978-0-19-803396-7
405:Snowflake (slang)
395:Neville Symington
237:medial prefrontal
198:Positive/Adaptive
16:(Redirected from
2456:
2367:Machiavellianism
2347:Conduct disorder
2250:In the workplace
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2049:In the workplace
2008:Machiavellianism
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1846:
1840:
1837:
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1830:
1828:
1813:
1804:
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1797:
1779:
1773:
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1766:
1758:
1743:Klein J (1994).
1740:
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1684:
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1554:
1553:
1543:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1428:(7): 1036–1040.
1413:
1407:
1406:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1312:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1138:(6): 1427–1438.
1123:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1017:
993:
987:
986:
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934:
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914:
908:
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886:10.1037/a0019780
865:
859:
858:
822:
813:
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796:
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762:
734:
723:
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75:bipolar disorder
21:
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2455:
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2453:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2406:
2372:Macdonald triad
2330:
2259:Characteristics
2254:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2193:
2179:
2148:
2068:
2027:
2013:Messiah complex
1971:
1966:
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1897:
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1649:
1648:
1644:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1044:
1043:
1039:
995:
994:
990:
936:
935:
928:
915:
911:
867:
866:
862:
824:
823:
816:
809:
794:
789:
788:
784:
736:
735:
726:
713:
703:
699:
678:
677:
658:
636:
635:
631:
614:
610:
597:
596:
592:
585:
572:
571:
564:
534:
533:
529:
491:
490:
467:
455:
451:
444:
429:
428:
424:
419:
414:
370:
330:
313:
295:
278:
276:Reality-testing
253:
232:
223:
214:
200:
188:
164:
149:
136:
83:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2428:Robert D. Hare
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2335:Related topics
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:Shallow affect
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1906:(4): 488–498.
1890:
1861:(3): 665–686.
1841:
1832:
1799:
1792:
1774:
1753:
1735:
1728:
1710:
1703:
1685:
1642:
1599:
1555:
1526:(4): 339–346.
1506:
1457:
1408:
1401:
1375:
1332:
1278:
1271:
1245:
1210:
1183:(5): 500–512.
1167:
1113:
1086:
1037:
988:
926:
909:
880:(3): 638–649.
860:
814:
807:
782:
724:
697:
656:
629:
608:
590:
583:
562:
543:(7): 676–180.
527:
500:(3): 487–507.
465:
449:
442:
421:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
360:
356:
355:
346:
342:
341:
337:
329:
328:Related traits
326:
312:
309:
294:
291:
277:
274:
252:
251:Other theories
249:
231:
228:
222:
219:
213:
210:
199:
196:
187:
184:
163:
162:In psychopathy
160:
148:
145:
135:
132:
131:
130:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
82:
79:
49:is a sense of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Lack of guilt
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:mortification
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:Narcissistic
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Me generation
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:(2): 133–43.
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:(9): 615–24.
1571:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1102:(2): 97–116.
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
949:(4): e93403.
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
910:
905:
901:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
819:
815:
810:
804:
800:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
745:(7): 951–64.
744:
740:
733:
731:
729:
725:
720:
708:
700:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
630:
625:
619:
611:
605:
601:
594:
591:
586:
580:
576:
569:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
450:
445:
439:
435:
434:
426:
423:
416:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Ego reduction
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
367:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
344:
343:
338:
335:
334:
333:
327:
325:
322:
318:
310:
308:
305:
301:
299:
298:Otto Kernberg
292:
290:
287:
283:
275:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
250:
248:
244:
242:
238:
229:
227:
220:
218:
211:
209:
206:
197:
195:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
159:
156:
154:
146:
144:
141:
134:In narcissism
133:
128:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
96:
95:
94:
92:
87:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2306:Manipulative
2290:
2286:Disinhibited
2174:
2160:Compensation
1903:
1899:
1893:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1744:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1694:
1688:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1384:
1378:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1300:
1296:
1254:
1248:
1226:(4): 490–9.
1223:
1219:
1213:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1135:
1131:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1005:
1001:
991:
946:
942:
921:
918:Intelligence
917:
912:
877:
873:
863:
830:
826:
798:
785:
742:
738:
680:
642:
638:
632:
599:
593:
574:
540:
536:
530:
497:
493:
452:
432:
425:
350:
331:
314:
302:
296:
279:
270:
266:
254:
245:
233:
224:
215:
201:
191:
189:
165:
157:
150:
137:
88:
84:
73:episodes of
46:
40:
2316:Remorseless
2231:Psychopathy
2175:Grandiosity
2170:Entitlement
2044:Don Juanism
1993:God complex
1477:(1): 52–8.
1348:(1): 4–16.
1303:(1): 3–31.
1057:: 607–616.
760:11244/24964
715:|work=
645:(1): 6–17.
410:Supremacism
400:Omnipotence
375:God complex
345:Entitlement
336:Self-esteem
304:Heinz Kohut
99:exaggerates
97:The person
81:Measurement
51:superiority
47:grandiosity
2402:Sociopathy
2377:Narcissism
2352:Dark triad
2245:In fiction
2137:withdrawal
2092:Dark triad
2054:Leadership
2032:In society
1969:Narcissism
1658:: 105545.
1342:Assessment
1008:: 101596.
494:Assessment
417:References
363:behaviour.
260:mediating
221:Mechanisms
153:narcissism
140:narcissism
65:, and the
55:uniqueness
43:psychology
2296:Impulsive
2291:Grandiose
1807:King MC.
1763:cite book
1680:247068880
1327:206682971
1032:221326822
924:, 101595.
855:149624205
847:0093-8548
717:ignored (
707:cite book
618:cite book
522:195786931
380:Ego ideal
289:reality.
230:Cognitive
71:hypomanic
18:Grandiose
2443:Category
2238:Contexts
2191:Category
2117:neurosis
1983:Egomania
1928:85498007
1920:30907660
1885:19486844
1824:Archived
1672:35217322
1637:15076014
1629:24684075
1594:27235645
1586:25497690
1550:32584089
1501:19683706
1452:26048178
1370:23015753
1362:14994949
1319:28132598
1205:28500708
1197:22475323
1162:20376289
1081:36503047
1024:32841922
983:24695616
943:PLOS ONE
904:20822276
769:19487486
514:31267782
368:See also
147:In mania
127:boastful
2276:Callous
2165:Empathy
2122:elation
2085:history
2064:Parents
1988:Egotism
1876:2690512
1541:8350845
1492:2794920
1443:4927024
1240:1939692
1153:2849176
1072:9871916
974:3973692
951:Bibcode
895:3962268
777:8494258
557:2360861
390:Egotism
282:insight
2132:supply
2112:injury
2003:Hubris
1926:
1918:
1883:
1873:
1790:
1751:
1726:
1701:
1678:
1670:
1635:
1627:
1592:
1584:
1548:
1538:
1499:
1489:
1450:
1440:
1399:
1368:
1360:
1325:
1317:
1269:
1238:
1203:
1195:
1160:
1150:
1079:
1069:
1030:
1022:
981:
971:
902:
892:
853:
845:
805:
775:
767:
695:
606:
581:
555:
520:
512:
463:(2000)
440:
351:either
1924:S2CID
1827:(PDF)
1812:(PDF)
1676:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1590:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1323:S2CID
1201:S2CID
1028:S2CID
851:S2CID
795:(PDF)
773:S2CID
518:S2CID
176:DSM-5
67:manic
2271:Bold
1916:PMID
1881:PMID
1788:ISBN
1769:link
1749:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1668:PMID
1625:PMID
1582:PMID
1546:PMID
1497:PMID
1448:PMID
1397:ISBN
1358:PMID
1315:PMID
1267:ISBN
1236:PMID
1193:PMID
1158:PMID
1077:PMID
1020:PMID
979:PMID
900:PMID
843:ISSN
803:ISBN
765:PMID
719:help
693:ISBN
624:link
604:ISBN
579:ISBN
553:PMID
510:PMID
438:ISBN
239:and
192:both
69:and
1908:doi
1904:102
1871:PMC
1863:doi
1820:1–4
1660:doi
1656:127
1617:doi
1613:148
1574:doi
1536:PMC
1528:doi
1487:PMC
1479:doi
1438:PMC
1430:doi
1389:doi
1350:doi
1305:doi
1259:doi
1228:doi
1185:doi
1148:PMC
1140:doi
1104:doi
1067:PMC
1059:doi
1055:323
1010:doi
969:PMC
959:doi
890:PMC
882:doi
835:doi
755:hdl
747:doi
685:doi
647:doi
545:doi
502:doi
174:'s
41:In
34:or
2445::
1922:.
1914:.
1902:.
1879:.
1869:.
1859:18
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1473:.
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1426:11
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1344:.
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1026:.
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1004:.
1000:.
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920:,
898:.
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38:.
20:)
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