1371:
440:
1363:
17:
290:
278:
1055:
201:'heat , passion, lust'). Scholar Jürgen Zeidler contends that this would be a "probable reference to the sun's heat and its healing properties". In early twentieth century scholarship, the theonym was often compared with the Old Irish
313:
of the Roman name of "Aquae Granni". The town's hot springs with temperatures between 45 °C and 75 °C lay in the somewhat inhospitably marshy area around Aachen's basin-shaped valley region. Aachen first became a
345:; Dio claims that the gods refused to heal him because they knew Caracalla's intentions to be evil. Caracalla's visit to the shrine of ‘the Celtic healing-god’ Grannus was during the war with Germany in 213.
1087:
1370:
1080:
1867:
1073:
936:
888:
808:
920:
904:
872:
856:
840:
824:
721:
580:
561:
439:
1039:. Edited by Andreas Hofeneder and Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, 1st ed. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. pp. 101–112.
990:
968:
1035:
Hofeneder, Andreas; Hainzmann, Manfred, and
Mathieu, Nicolas. “Apollon Grannos – Überlegungen Zu Cassius Dio 77, 15,5–7”. In:
916:
900:
868:
852:
836:
820:
717:
707:
Zeidler, Jürgen, "On the etymology of
Grannus", Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, Volume 53 (1), de Gruyter. 2003, p. 86.
576:
557:
1362:
932:
884:
804:
773:
229:
484:
158:'eyebrow'), although some scholars have pointed that the god is never actually portrayed with a beard. Old French
1730:
1337:
512:
1847:
1842:
1684:
254:
1862:
1852:
1277:
1177:
1059:
174:, that is supposed to be Gaulish, but the vocalism is difficult to reconcile with the other forms.
50:
16:
1857:
1722:
940:
738:
978:
206:
609:
605:
1778:
1770:
1247:
1017:
986:
964:
460:
319:
535:
1704:
1694:
1500:
1382:
1317:
1112:
1096:
1009:
956:
532:
464:
455:
The name
Grannus is sometimes accompanied by those of other deities in the inscriptions. In
444:
66:
62:
961:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
488:
342:
306:
214:
341:—during a bout of physical and mental illness, visiting the god's shrine and making many
289:
1606:
1533:
1237:
516:
1836:
1037:
Théonymie
Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio
508:
294:
250:
237:
1576:
1415:
1147:
135:
1821:
1811:
1664:
1561:
1518:
1460:
1292:
1282:
334:
326:
277:
1788:
1745:
1712:
1659:
1624:
1581:
1523:
1513:
1395:
528:
1040:
1021:
333:(188 AD to 217 AD) unsuccessfully sought help from Apollo Grannus—as well as
1798:
1783:
1689:
1596:
1586:
1571:
1480:
1435:
1420:
1410:
1390:
1347:
1262:
1212:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1116:
424:
330:
431:("Water of Martius ", an aqueduct) for the ten-night festival of Grannus".
1065:
1054:
1760:
1755:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1619:
1556:
1551:
1430:
1405:
1352:
1342:
1327:
1322:
1307:
1202:
1167:
1137:
1013:
496:
480:
476:
456:
242:
25:
1740:
1735:
1679:
1639:
1614:
1591:
1566:
1546:
1508:
1490:
1485:
1465:
1400:
1332:
1272:
1257:
1227:
1182:
1162:
1142:
1132:
520:
500:
472:
448:
357:
mentions a
Gaulish ten-night festival of Grannus (lightly Latinized as
354:
338:
266:
83:
1806:
1654:
1629:
1541:
1470:
1455:
1450:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1217:
1207:
504:
310:
302:
282:
258:
123:
54:
40:
297:, dedicated to Apollo. The name of Grand has been linked to Grannus.
177:
An alternative etymology connects the name to a reconstructed form *
301:
One of the god's most famous cult centres was at Aquae Granni (now
1816:
1674:
1669:
1475:
1445:
1440:
1425:
1267:
1252:
1222:
1172:
1157:
1152:
492:
438:
288:
276:
262:
15:
20:
A partially reconstructed temple of Apollo
Grannus at Faimingen (
1750:
1232:
1108:
524:
468:
1069:
315:
261:, presumably in Apollo's role as a healing or solar deity. In
249:
In all of his centres of worship where he is assimilated to a
134:
Its etymology remains debated. The name could be connected to
353:
A 1st century AD Latin inscription from a public fountain in
1369:
1361:
608:. Société de Mythologie Française. See also the inventory's
794:, Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2009, pp. 114-115.
679:
677:
640:
638:
636:
623:
621:
236:("The one with a piercing or far-reaching look"), and at
1000:
Zeidler, Jürgen (2003). "On the etymology of
Grannus".
427:
Postumus son of
Dumnorix gave from his own money the
1797:
1769:
1721:
1703:
1605:
1532:
1499:
1381:
1125:
281:Hot springs such as those at Aquae Granni (today's
606:Un inventaire des divinités celtes de l’Antiquité
285:) are thought to have been dedicated to Grannus.
93:. The same stem appears in the personal names
61:and frequently worshipped in conjunction with
1081:
8:
400:
391:
374:
365:
185:-), which could be related to Proto-Celtic
170:('moustache') are derived from an earlier *
1088:
1074:
1066:
1041:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8mdn28.10
265:, he is identified more specifically with
733:
731:
729:
683:
668:
644:
571:
569:
983:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
695:
656:
627:
546:
209:, should be derived from Proto-Celtic *
939:. The dedicant is Julius Melanius, an
552:
550:
205:('sun'), which, according to linguist
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
467:; he is again invoked with Sirona at
7:
1002:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
305:, Germany). Aachen means ‘water’ in
154:'chin, beard, cheek', Middle Breton
146:, meaning 'beard' (cf. Middle Irish
197:'heat, glow, embers', Middle Welsh
193:, meaning 'heat' (cf. Middle Irish
53:. He was regularly identified with
14:
792:Le pouvoir local en Gaule romaine
234:Deus Apollo Grannus Amarcolitanus
1053:
527:", and before "the unvanquished
109:, as well as in the place names
89:is a latinized form of Gaulish
1:
443:Altar to Apollon Grannus and
162:('small beard'), Old Spanish
1868:Gods of the ancient Britons
269:as Apollo Grannus Phoebus.
1884:
1359:
1104:
401:
392:
375:
366:
519:invokes him after "holy
459:, he is found with both
49:) was a Celtic deity of
1375:
1367:
763:CIL VI 2086; IvEph 802
523:" and "the many-named
452:
298:
286:
166:('beard') and Occitan
117:'Grannus' clearing'),
28:
1373:
1365:
442:
359:decamnoctiacis Granni
292:
280:
65:, and sometimes with
19:
1062:at Wikimedia Commons
1014:10.1515/ZCPH.2003.77
515:. A votive altar at
329:, the Roman Emperor
293:The amphitheatre in
232:, Grannus is called
1107:Ancient deities of
69:and other deities.
51:classical antiquity
1723:Gallia Narbonensis
1376:
1368:
739:History of Bathing
505:Mother of the Gods
453:
423:Translation: "The
403:NOCTIACIS GRANNI D
299:
287:
273:Centres of worship
113:(from an earlier *
29:
1830:
1829:
1779:Matronae Aufaniae
1771:Germania Inferior
1248:Ialonus Contrebis
1058:Media related to
957:Delamarre, Xavier
941:imperial governor
790:Laurent Lamoine,
737:Dr. Rita Mielke.
659:, pp. 78–80.
630:, pp. 82–83.
416:
412:
408:
404:
395:
386:
382:
378:
369:
1875:
1705:Gallia Cisalpina
1501:Gallia Aquitania
1097:Celtic mythology
1090:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1025:
996:
979:Matasović, Ranko
974:
944:
929:
923:
913:
907:
897:
891:
881:
875:
865:
859:
849:
843:
833:
827:
817:
811:
801:
795:
788:
782:
770:
764:
761:
755:
748:
742:
735:
724:
714:
708:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
631:
625:
616:
615:
604:Patrice Lajoye.
602:
583:
573:
564:
554:
435:Divine entourage
418:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
396:
394:AM MARTIAM DECAM
393:
388:
387:
384:
380:
376:
371:
370:
367:
343:votive offerings
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1793:
1765:
1717:
1699:
1601:
1528:
1495:
1377:
1357:
1238:Genii Cucullati
1121:
1100:
1094:
1050:
1032:
1030:Further reading
999:
993:
977:
971:
955:
952:
947:
930:
926:
914:
910:
898:
894:
882:
878:
866:
862:
850:
846:
834:
830:
818:
814:
802:
798:
789:
785:
771:
767:
762:
758:
749:
745:
736:
727:
715:
711:
706:
702:
694:
690:
682:
675:
667:
663:
655:
651:
643:
634:
626:
619:
613:
603:
586:
574:
567:
555:
548:
544:
437:
351:
320:Hallstatt times
316:curative centre
307:Old High German
275:
241:Apollo Grannus
226:
215:Primitive Irish
207:Ranko Matasović
150:, Middle Welsh
80:
75:
12:
11:
5:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Lero et Lerina
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1607:Gallia Celtica
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1534:Gallia Belgica
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1126:Supra-regional
1123:
1122:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1049:
1048:External links
1046:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
997:
991:
975:
969:
951:
948:
946:
945:
924:
908:
892:
876:
860:
844:
828:
812:
796:
783:
765:
756:
743:
725:
709:
700:
688:
686:, p. 147.
684:Matasović 2009
673:
671:, p. 166.
669:Matasović 2009
661:
649:
647:, p. 183.
645:Delamarre 2003
632:
617:
584:
565:
545:
543:
540:
436:
433:
421:
420:
398:
389:
372:
350:
347:
274:
271:
253:, Grannus was
225:
222:
79:
76:
74:
71:
59:Apollo Grannus
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
992:9789004173361
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:9782877723695
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:
949:
942:
938:
935:
934:
928:
925:
922:
919:
918:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
896:
893:
890:
887:
886:
880:
877:
874:
871:
870:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
800:
797:
793:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
769:
766:
760:
757:
753:
752:Roman History
750:Cassius Dio,
747:
744:
740:
734:
732:
730:
726:
723:
720:
719:
713:
710:
704:
701:
697:
692:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
653:
650:
646:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
611:
607:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
572:
570:
566:
563:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
541:
539:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Sarmizegetusa
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
446:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
399:
390:
373:
364:
363:
362:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:According to
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
296:
291:
284:
279:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
244:
239:
238:Horbourg-Wihr
235:
231:
223:
221:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
77:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:Amarcolitanus
44:
42:
37:
33:
27:
23:
18:
1577:Iovantucarus
1416:Belatucadros
1366:Celtic wheel
1242:
1148:Anextiomarus
1106:
1036:
1008:(1): 77–92.
1005:
1001:
982:
960:
950:Bibliography
931:
927:
915:
911:
899:
895:
883:
879:
867:
863:
851:
847:
835:
831:
819:
815:
803:
799:
791:
786:
778:
772:
768:
759:
751:
746:
716:
712:
703:
696:Zeidler 2003
691:
664:
657:Zeidler 2003
652:
628:Zeidler 2003
610:introduction
575:
556:
487:(twice). At
454:
447:, Baumberg (
428:
422:
358:
352:
324:
300:
248:
240:
233:
227:
217:
210:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:Proto-Celtic
133:
128:
122:
119:Aquae Granni
118:
115:Granno-ialon
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
58:
46:
39:
35:
31:
30:
21:
1848:Health gods
1843:Celtic gods
1812:Endovelicus
1562:Icovellauna
1461:Ricagambeda
1338:Telesphorus
1293:Nantosuelta
963:. Errance.
937:1968, 00230
889:1983, 00828
841:XIII, 04129
809:1992, 01304
781:1991: 1222.
777:1989: 521;
722:XIII, 03635
614:(in French)
581:XIII, 02600
562:XIII, 05315
491:he is with
429:Aqua Martia
425:vergobretus
368:POSTVMVS DV
335:Aesculapius
327:Cassius Dio
1863:Water gods
1853:Solar gods
1837:Categories
1789:Nehalennia
1746:Cathubodua
1713:Ambisagrus
1660:Moritasgus
1625:Atepomarus
1582:Veraudunus
1524:Sexarbores
1396:Alaisiagae
921:III, 05873
905:III, 05861
873:III, 11903
857:III, 05588
542:References
383:(obretus)
255:identified
129:Granéjouls
1858:Fire gods
1799:Gallaecia
1784:Gebrinius
1690:Smertrios
1597:Xulsigiae
1587:Vindonnus
1572:Intarabus
1481:Vinotonus
1436:Coventina
1421:Britannia
1411:Arnemetia
1391:Abandinus
1383:Britannia
1348:Virotutis
1263:Loucetios
1213:Dis Pater
1198:Cissonius
1193:Cicolluis
1188:Cernunnos
1178:Brigantia
1119:by region
1117:Gallaecia
1022:0084-5302
985:. Brill.
825:VI, 00036
741:. Aachen.
507:, and at
497:Faimingen
413:(ecunia)
377:NORIGIS F
331:Caracalla
251:Roman god
230:Monthelon
181:- (< *
103:Grannicus
78:Etymology
22:Phoebiana
1761:Rudianos
1756:Nemausus
1731:Albiorix
1685:Souconna
1650:Nemetona
1645:Luxovius
1635:Gobannus
1620:Anvallus
1557:Arvernus
1552:Arduinna
1431:Cocidius
1406:Andraste
1353:Visucius
1343:Toutatis
1328:Suleviae
1323:Sucellus
1308:Rosmerta
1203:Condatis
1168:Belisama
1138:Alisanos
981:(2009).
959:(2003).
503:and the
489:Ennetach
481:Lauingen
477:Baumberg
457:Augsburg
379:(ilius)
349:Festival
243:Mogounus
224:Epithets
111:Grignols
107:Grannica
41:Mogounus
26:Lauingen
1741:Buxenus
1736:Artaius
1680:Sequana
1640:Icaunis
1615:Acionna
1592:Vosegus
1567:Inciona
1547:Ancamna
1509:Abellio
1491:Veteris
1486:Verbeia
1466:Satiada
1401:Ancasta
1374:Taranis
1333:Taranis
1283:Matrona
1273:Maponos
1258:Litavis
1243:Grannus
1228:Erecura
1183:Camulus
1163:Belenus
1143:Andarta
1133:Alaunus
1113:Britain
1060:Grannus
536:Sagatus
521:Serapis
517:Astorga
501:Hygieia
473:Bitburg
449:Germany
355:Limoges
339:Serapis
267:Phoebus
187:*grīns-
183:ghr-snó
179:gra-snó
172:grennos
144:/grend-
127:), and
99:Grannia
91:Grannos
87:Grannus
84:theonym
32:Grannus
24:) near
1807:Bandua
1655:Moccus
1630:Bricta
1542:Abnoba
1471:Senuna
1456:Ocelus
1451:Nodens
1318:Sirona
1313:Segomo
1303:Ritona
1298:Ogmios
1288:Mogons
1278:Matres
1218:Divona
1208:Damona
1099:series
1020:
989:
967:
754:78.15.
493:Nymphs
483:, and
465:Sirona
445:Sirona
419:(edit)
311:calque
303:Aachen
283:Aachen
259:Apollo
218:*grēnā
213:(>
211:grensā
191:grens-
164:greñon
160:grenon
124:Aachen
121:(>
105:, and
95:Grania
63:Sirona
55:Apollo
36:Granus
34:(also
1817:Nabia
1675:Robor
1670:Naria
1665:Mullo
1519:Fagus
1476:Sulis
1446:Latis
1441:Iouga
1426:Clota
1268:Lugus
1253:Lenus
1223:Epona
1173:Borvo
1158:Aveta
1153:Artio
511:with
509:Grand
499:with
495:, at
461:Diana
409:(ua)
295:Grand
263:Trier
257:with
203:grían
199:gwres
156:grann
152:grann
148:grend
140:grand
1822:Reue
1695:Telo
1514:Baco
1233:Esus
1115:and
1109:Gaul
1018:ISSN
987:ISBN
965:ISBN
533:Mars
531:and
529:Core
525:Isis
469:Rome
463:and
405:(e)
381:VERG
337:and
309:, a
195:grīs
168:gren
82:The
73:Name
67:Mars
45:and
1010:doi
917:CIL
901:CIL
869:CIL
853:CIL
837:CIL
821:CIL
718:CIL
577:CIL
558:CIL
538:".
513:Sol
385:AQV
361:):
318:in
228:At
220:).
57:as
1839::
1111:,
1016:.
1006:53
1004:.
933:AE
885:AE
805:AE
779:AE
774:AE
728:^
676:^
635:^
620:^
612:.
587:^
568:^
549:^
479:,
475:,
471:,
322:.
246:.
131:.
101:,
97:,
38:,
1089:e
1082:t
1075:v
1043:.
1024:.
1012::
995:.
973:.
943:.
698:.
451:)
415:D
411:P
407:S
189:/
142:-
138:*
43:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
