Griqua people - Knowledge (XXG)

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of increasing white interest in the region, the Griqua state — or ‘captaincy’ — needed to be extensive, bureaucratic, and respected: resilient in the face of serious challenge, coherent to both the Cape Colony administration and Boer communities.1 The organisation of this captaincy was key to its success. The Captain sat at the head of his volksraad, a nominated council of varying size and influence. The raad would come to decisions collectively, but the Captain always retained a right of veto. Together, the Captain and raad codified laws and pencilled out their own land titles. The enforcement of these laws was mostly left up to other executive roles, including the veldkornets, who performed a similar magisterial and policing role as the Boer officials of the same title did, and the kommandants, who also acted as police but were mostly in charge of organising military campaigns and commandos. Another important founding father of the Griquas was Barend Barends. He led a group of Griquas to fight against

352:(then known as Klaarwater). Klaarwater was the first Griqua settlement which emerged in the early 19th century in what is now the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Established by the Griqua leader Adam Kok I, Klaarwater served as a refuge and trading hub for Griqua communities, as well as for other indigenous groups and European settlers. The settlement grew rapidly, attracting people from various backgrounds seeking economic opportunities and protection from conflicts in the region. Klaarwater's strategic location facilitated trade routes between the interior of Southern Africa and the Cape Colony, contributing to its significance as a cultural and economic center. Despite facing challenges such as colonial expansion and land dispossession, Klaarwater played a pivotal role in the history of the Griqua people and remains an important symbol of their resilience and cultural heritage. The British found their "proud name", 659:, or Bushmen, ancestry. Griqua historians in South Africa and Namibia are digging into their past and telling their stories. Building work started on the Griqualand West Supreme Court, on the Market Square in 1882 and took two years to complete, opening in February 1884. This was short-lived as the building was declared unsafe in 1886, partially demolished and rebuilt. The clock tower (with clock) was added on in 1889. The building remained the Supreme Court of Griqualand West until 1968 when it moved to its present position in the Civic Centre (Malay Camp), but was retained as the Magistrate’s Court until May 1990 when the staff moved into their new premises on Knight Street – opened officially by Kobie Coetsee on 22 February 1991. 575:, and controlled it until the influx of Europeans after the discovery of diamonds. In 1834, the Cape Colony recognised Waterboer's rights to his land and people. It signed a treaty with him to ensure payment by Europeans for the use of the land for mining. In 1876, Chief Waterboer was caught and jailed when he tried to free some of his followers from a prison work gang. The diamond fields were named after him. It wasn't until October 18, 1880, that the Cape Parliament's Bill of Annexation became law (SESA 1972). It was passed on August 5, 1879. In 1877, a census of Griqualand West showed that the province had 44,877 people living in it, with 12,374 of them being of European descent. ( 391: 466:

because the Ndebele might come for revenge at any time. They ignored him and on this night the Ndebele attacked the Griquas while they were still feasting on their stolen cattle. Around 1000 Griqua men were killed on the now famous hill called Moordkop. But many recruited to war chose to abandon Dutch society and strike out to pursue a way of life more in keeping with their maternal culture. The resulting stream of disgruntled Dutch-speaking marksmen leaving the Cape hobbled the primarily Dutch colonists' ability to crew commando units. It also created belligerent, skilled groups of opportunists who harassed indigenous populations along the

508: 805:, which became an important mining town in the decades following the first local discovery of diamonds in 1866. Ownership of the diamond fields was contested by the Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, as well as various other groups like the KhoiKhoi, Koranas under Andries Waterboer, and the Batlhaping under Chief Mankuroane.In 1870, Transvaal President Andries Pretorius declared the diamond fields as Boer property. "Griquatown Gold" known as Tiger's Eye is the only feasible mining that can be traced back to Adam Kok and his ancestors. Kimberley is also known for its sports teams, including the 292:. Like the Afrikaners, or "Boers" as they were known in that time, many of these groups migrated inland when the British took over the colonial administration. The Khoisan and the Mozambiquans were the one group of people that was often looked down onto as the jobs given to them and the way they lived was not up to standards. The word "Afrikaner" itself was originally (for over 350 years) used as a description for not white Boers but a mixed-race bastard child. The name 'Baster' and 'Bastards' were not derived from the English word "bastard", but rather the Dutch word meaning "hybrid". 742: 734: 375:, established the most incredible blended local area. Because of a common ancestor named Griqua and shared links to the Chariguriqua (Grigriqua), the people officially changed their name to the Griqua. Legend has it that in the 1750s, Adam Kok married the daughter of the Chariguriqua, chief of the Khoikhoi clan. Kok was a former slave who managed to rule the Griqua nation and he led his people across the country, South Africa to settle next to the Orange River. He was referred to as the chief of the colored people. 61: 356:, offensive, so the LMS called them Griqua. The term Bastaards refers to a group of people of mixed origin. The Bastaards were not given legal status because of them being "Mixed". The Griquas were not happy about this and built a force of their own. The Bastaards joined the Khoi and San and the Bastaards made sure that they were skilled men in combat tactics. When it came to war the Griquas decided to flee the Dutch and live the way they wanted to, the way their foremothers had lived. 399: 597: 753: 714: 726: 563:. Adam Kok I, the first Kaptein of the Griqua and recognised by the British, was originally a slave who had bought his own freedom. He led his people north from the interior of the Cape Colony. Probably because of discrimination against his people, they again moved north—this time outside the Cape, taking over areas previously controlled by San and Tswana people. 422:. They acquired land from the Griqua, buying it in exchange for horses, liquor, firearms and ammunition. Trouble started when the Kok arrested a Boer accused of ill-treating his people, and the trekker community tried to take over his entire territory. A British force stationed at Colesberg quickly crossed the Orange River and defeated the Boers at Zwartkoppies. 497: 442:, it did little to control or support them in their quest for land. The high proportion of single Dutch men led to many taking indigenous women as wives and companions, producing mixed-race children. These multiracial offspring gradually developed as a sizable population who spoke Dutch and were instrumental in developing the colony. 516: 704:

The Griquas started a campaign in 1994 to bring back the remains of Saartjie Baartman from France. The GNC (Griqua National Conference) wanted to see the original identity of the Griqua nation restored. Saartjie was a member of the Khoikhoi people. She was a slave who was taken to Europe to be viewed

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era, many Griqua people accepted classification in the larger "Coloured" group for fear that their Griqua roots might place them at a lower level than other groups. As a result, estimates of the size of the Griqua population are difficult to determine and remain largely unknown. During apartheid, the

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In the first 15 years of Griqua Philippolis, Adam Kok II, and the most important of his successors, Adam Kok III, constructed a system of private ownership in land. This was a rather novel land regime at the time for all polities in this part of sub-Saharan Africa, and for it to persevere in the face

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Cornelius was the son of Adam Kok III and got baptised by the missionary John Phillip in 1800. This was the beginning of Christianity amongst the Basters. The missionaries did not agree with the degrading name, basters. The Griquas accepted their new name and this is how the mission town Klaarwater's

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ancestry. Later, the Europeans chose mixed-race women of the Khoikhoi, who were living in the Cape during the 17th and 18th centuries. As time went on, mixed-race people began to marry among themselves, establishing a distinct ethnic group that tended to be more assimilated to Dutch and European ways

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Several areas of South Africa became known as 'Griqualand' when the group migrated inland from the Cape and established separate communities. The Griqua were the first from the Cape to make their way to and remain in the Transorangia area, beyond the Orange River. Some Griqua raided the Tlhaping, a

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In 1999, the National Khoi-San Council (NKC) was established and facilitated discussions between these indigenous people and the South African Government. They discussed and collaborated on many issues concerning the Khoisan people. Griqua people are represented by the National Khoisan Consultative

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who had bought his own freedom. Kok led his people north from the interior of the Cape Colony, likely to escape discrimination, before moving north again. As Voortrekker moved North to Natal and found out the Natal was under British control, they remembered the good lands they had passed through so

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possessions at the southern tip of Africa to develop into a political entity. As the colony expanded and became more successful, its leadership did not worry about its frontiers. As a result, the frontier of the colony was indeterminate and ebbed and flowed at the whim of individuals. While the VOC

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The arrival of the Boers and the colonial masters to the area known as Griqualand West denied the Griquas the opportunity to follow their own development paths. They lost their land and traditional resources and were tossed into a sea of rapid social change which saw them lose the independence they

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before Europeans arrived in their lands where they lived as close-knit families. Griqua people s multiple historical backgrounds have interwoven with rigid apartheid classification, academic attempts to fix the parameters of Griqua identity and the diversity of Griqua ethnic experience to produce a

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at Moordkop in the North West Province. The battle led to the deaths of many Griquas. Barends was no match for Milikazi and many of the Griqua soldiers died during this battle. Trudie (Barends Granddaughter) was captured by Milikazi and forced to join Milikazi as his harem. It is rumoured that she

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The Griquas settled on the outskirts of the Cape Colony since they were neither European nor African. They formed their own communities and spoke Afrikaans. The Griqua surnames were predominantly Afrikaans and are still common in the coloured community today. Many of the Griqua men enlisted to do

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units. This allowed the men to become skilled in lightly armed and mounted skirmish tactics. In the winter of 1831, a Ndebele commando attacked a Griqua commando led by Gert Hooyman who intruded the Ndebele territory and stole many of their cattle. Hooyman warned the Griqua troops to be vigilant

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Adam Kok, head of the Griquas at Nomansland, on the demand of the teacher John Campbell, concocted the name Griqua. They set up a fundamental arrangement of government dependent on pioneers known as kaptyns and officers drawn from the main families. However, Kok had a rival known as Nicholas

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commando service. However, the Griquas were constantly being removed from their land as the Europeans took preference over them. This caused the Griquas to move away from the Cape colony in search of their own land. This migration was in two main groups the Kok and Barends families.

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It was only around 1876 that a group of Boer intellectuals, who named themselves "The fellowship of real Afrikaners", decided to use the term as a new means to describe the Boer people, as part of the project to create a new national identity for pioneer Boer people during the

270:-controlled Cape Colony, and the mixed-race groups that developed in the early Cape Colony as a result of white settler interaction with captured Khoi people who began to work around the farms, eventually opted different names for themselves, including 252:" was used to describe one of these groups of people; it referred to the descendants of marriages between Europeans, slaves, and Khoisan. The word was also applied to subordinate blacks who were proficient in Dutch, could ride horses, and could shoot. 763:, officially known as New Griqualand was one of four short-lived Griqua states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between the Umzimkulu and Kinira Rivers, south of the Sotho Kingdom. Is the area around 231:

slaves. The Griquas could trace their forefathers to two clans, the Koks and Barendse, the first was made up mainly of Khoikhoi and the second of mixed European descent. Genetic studies of the 21st century have shown these people also had

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Adam Kok I's father was Cornelius Jacobz who worked for the VOC and his mother was a slave. His father believed that the Cape was The Garden of Eden and this is how Adam got his name. His surname 'Kok' comes from the Dutch word

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and for more powerful political legitimacy. This is why today many Afrikaans-speaking white people are still known as Afrikaners, as this message was powerfully conveyed as a national identity during the times of the

690:. The Church has a strong focus on maintaining Griqua cultural and ethnic identity. They are represented mostly in South Central Namibia. The church was the first church to be established in South Africa in 1920. 363:, and their children were baptized in churches. They have their own church, which is Protestant in South Africa, and that is where their children most likely got baptised. They were informed of commando services. 520: 366:

The actual name was derived from the Chariaguriqua people whose princess became the wife of the first Griqua leader, Adam Kok I (Taylor, 2020). Adam Kok was a liberated slave, who figured out how to acquire

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An insignificant amount of Bastaards groups were formed in the Northwestern and eastern border suburbs of Colesberg, Roggerfeld, Namaqualand, and Hantam. They had European names and were able to speak

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Throughout the 18th century, new communities characterized by race, culture, religion, and unequal access to property and power started to form; they came to be connected by spoken word. The term "

559:, respectively. This area is where most of the tribe settled, although some remained nomadic. Prior to beginning their migrations, the Griqua had largely adopted what would be known as the 259:': worked on farms owned by White people in more specialized roles as craftsmen and transport riders. Later, they traveled into the interior bearing these abilities. Originally, the term " 2143: 588:

was later rescued by a missionary, Robert Moffet. It is believed that Griqua blood runs through the Ndebele people from the children that Trudie bore during her years with Milikazi.

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These children did not attain the social or legal status accorded their fathers, mostly because colonial laws recognised only Christian forms of marriage. This group became known as

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The chief's land was divided in two, one side was to keep the chief and his people busy and the other side was for the Boers who paid rent to the chief and the Cape government.

640:. It is important to note that the Griqua nation, largely founded on the Khoikhoi, were pastoral people who lived a laid-back life at one with nature and their surroundings. 1274: 817:. With the arrival of the Boers to Griqualand West, the Griqua lost their land and traditional cultures and were tossed into a rapidly changing Orange Free State area. 1996: 705:

as a 'freak show attraction' by people who paid to do so. The Griquas wanted to honor their Khoi forefathers by at least being able to bury her body in her homeland.

214:. The Griqua consider themselves as being South Africa’s first multiracial nation with people descended directly from Dutch settlers in the Cape, and local peoples. 1682: 519: 1383: 1314: 222:

Griqua was the name given to a mixed-race culture in the Cape Colony of South Africa, around the 17th and 18th centuries (Taylor, 2020). They were also known as

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One of the most influential of these Griqua groups was the Oorlam. In the 19th century, the Griqua controlled several political entities that were governed by

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than tribal peoples in separated villages. During Apartheid, the Griqua were racially classified under the broader category of "Coloured" (Taylor, 2020).

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situation of paradoxical status. They are a racially and culturally mixed people who are primarily descendants from European colonist men, and primarily

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Tswana speaking community, while others obtained cattle from them which was used to trade with the Cape farmers for firearms, horses, and wagons.

324:) is first recorded in 1730 about a group of people living in the northeastern section of the Cape Colony. In 1813, Reverend John Campbell of the 675:

peoples. The conference participates in cooperative research and development projects with the provincial government of the Western Cape and the

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Genetic evidence indicates that the majority of the present-day Griqua population is descended from a combination of European, Khoikhoi and

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which subsequently became known as Griqualand East. The region remained independent for a few years before the territory was annexed by

453:, the Dutch word for "bastard" (or "crossbreed"). As part of the European colonists' paramilitary response to insurgent resistance from 507: 3152: 1970: 387:, or chef, an occupation Adam once fulfilled. Kokstad was named after the Griqua chief Adam Kok the Third who settled there in 1863. 3219: 1930: 1681:

South African Human Rights Commission. 2019. South African government will engage with the National Khoisan Council. Available at:

1554: 1533: 746: 795:. Griqua descendants are now largely concentrated in Kokstad, where the Griqua Church (Protestant) is the center of the community. 567:

Waterboer, he ruled the farthest west of Kimberley. He was no threat to Kok until diamonds were discovered there. Kok's successor,

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https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/1721-south-african-government-will-engage-with-national-khoisan-council

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https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/griqua#:~:text=The%20Griquas%20were%20the%20first,firearms%2C%20horses%20and%20wagons%2C

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He eventually led them beyond the Cape Colony, near the Orange River just west and south of what would eventually become the

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became notorious for its exploits. They attracted enough attention from the Dutch authorities that Afrikaner was eventually

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is Dutch for "fountain of flowers", or "blooming fountain", and the area could have been named for its local vegetation.

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they migrated inland from the Cape and in the 19th century established several states in what is now South Africa and

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Alan G. Morris. 1997. "The Griqua and the Khoikhoi: Biology, Ethnicity and the Construction of Identity", in:

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Mixed-race "Afrikander" trek-boer nomads in the Cape Colony, ancestral people to the great Griqua migration.

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Griqua were further marginalized when they were not given "Griquastans" or special territorial reserves.

2876: 2638: 2590: 2585: 2575: 31: 697:'s name connects it to the Griqua leader Jan Bloem (1775–1858). However, this may be a coincidence as 3099: 3094: 2856: 2646: 2595: 2565: 2521: 2480: 2283: 2197: 263:" referred to people who were more "civilized" and religiously devoted than the Khoikhoi or slaves. 2959: 2861: 2848: 2468: 306: 1859:"Cape Nation Rising 2020 | Cloetesville March for Cape Independence | Stellenbosch | South Africa" 1167:

Edward Cavanagh (2012). "Appendix: The Griqua in History After 1994: A Bibliographical Note 111".

3214: 3178: 2773: 535:(Dutch for "Captain") and their councils, with their own written constitutions. The first Griqua 1895: 883:

The Griqua Conundrum: Political and Socio-Cultural Identity in the Northern Cape, South Africa

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had searched for in the Orange Free State area. They were disheartened and had to relocate. The

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The Griqua Conundrum: Political and Socio-Cultural Identity in the Northern Cape, South Africa

1926: 1901: 1550: 1529: 1233: 1180: 1081: 1048: 837: 683:. Members of the influential Le Fleur clan of Griqua are especially represented in this body. 568: 552: 434: 398: 203: 115: 1965:. Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften; New edition (February 7, 2007). 1225: 1172: 1038: 110: 2097: 1783:"The Griqua nation - Stage Two - Eviction from Cape and Settlement in Central South Africa" 1669: 1631: 1500: 596: 2910: 2893: 2090: 2027: 1094: 806: 798: 788: 760: 572: 481: 477: 419: 407: 301: 125: 2448: 875:

The Griquas of Griqualand -The origins and history of the Griqua people of South Africa.

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https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/getaway-south-africa/20200101/281621012226205

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons license.

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are considered to be a separate ethnic group and live primarily in south-central

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The Griqua established their own church, known as the Griqua Church, which is

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are a subgroup of mixed-race heterogeneous formerly Xiri-speaking nations in

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Despite similarly mixed-race origins, those Coloured peoples identifying as

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Khoemana and the Griqua: Identity at the Heart of Phonological Attrition

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undoubtedly benefited from the trading and pastoral endeavours of the

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History of the Rehoboth Basters and the Griqua in Maps and Pictures

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The Griqua Past and the Limits of South African History, 1902-1994

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mountains. They settled on a piece of unclaimed territory between

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Boer Republics and Griqua States in Southern Africa, 19th century

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Due primarily to the racial policies of South Africa during the

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The Boers arrived in the area of Griquatown after Natal was

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Kranshoek – meeting with Griqua Paramount Chief le Fleur

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https://www.newframe.com/the-lost-history-of-the-griqua/

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David Arnot, a 19th-century Griqua lawyer and diplomat.

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Griquatown and Campbell with historical Griqua images

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One of several disputed theories as to the origin of

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in 2001 to represent the interests of South Africa's

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rugby team, which competes in South Africa's annual

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in the historic territory of Griqualand West in the

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South Africa History Online Board members 1114:"Griqua People of South Africa and Namibia" 461:peoples, they conscripted Basters men into 76:775,000 Coloured Afrikaans outside the Cape 2765: 2751: 2743: 2165: 2144: 2130: 2122: 59: 41: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1042: 328:(LMS) used the term Griqua to describe a 30:For the Currie Cup rugby union club, see 1877:"Griqua leader Andries le Fleur is born" 1570:(London: The Scarecrow Press, 1983); 74. 544:they moved back over the Drankensberg . 495: 371:rights and a ranch close to the present 1735:"Griqua | South African History Online" 1475:"Griqua | South African History Online" 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 970:"Griqua | South African History Online" 955: 953: 949: 1348:Mixed History: The story of the Griqua 1090: 1079: 1029:Commonwealth, Journal (7 April 2020). 655:ancestors, with a small percentage of 2064:Kokstad with historical Griqua images 1984:Griqua | South African History Online 1607:"The Griqua nation - Griquas History" 1568:Historical Dictionary of South Africa 1251: 1249: 1203:South African History Online (2016). 1198: 1196: 1139: 1137: 1135: 996:"The Griqua nation - Griquas History" 577:Griqua | South African History Online 402:An 1820 drawing of a street scene in 7: 1412:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969); 70. 1408:Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson, 1162: 1160: 1158: 1108: 1106: 1104: 859:die vergete kaptein van Danielskuil 81:Regions with significant populations 1961:Waldmann, Linda (7 February 2007). 1897:die vergete kaptein van Danielskuil 1447:Malesele, Thabiso (19 March 2022). 2096:Smillie, Shaun (29 October 2019). 1832:Smillie, Shaun (29 October 2019). 1499:Smillie, Shaun (29 October 2019). 476:. In particular, the group led by 348:living at the site of present-day 25: 1900:. Paternoster Books. p. 96. 1149:SAHO South African History Online 2098:"The lost history of the Griqua" 1997:"Adam Kok I (circa 1710 – 1795)" 1834:"The lost history of the Griqua" 1632:"The lost history of the Griqua" 737:East Griqualand (Kokstad) Museum 1668:The lost history of the Griqua| 1258:"Griqua people of South Africa" 3122:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 2118:at South Africa History Online 2039:Pinnock, Don (21 April 2021). 1921:Schoeman, Karel (9 May 2024). 1861:. 16 January 2021 – via 1657:Kronos Journal of Cape History 1256:Hussein, V. (8 October 2017). 1218:Ross, Robert (4 August 2022). 484:to the colony and banished to 1: 3080:Cherokee freedmen controversy 2153:Ethnic groups in South Africa 1758:South African History Online 1145:"Griqua People.-Introduction" 433:(VOC) did not intend for its 266:Slavery was practiced in the 27:Southern African ethnic group 1358:– via www.youtube.com. 1276:Landkaart Kaap de Goede Hoop 677:University of the Free State 667:), which was established in 415:name changed to Griquatown. 146:denominations, particularly 2079:Griquatown – 1812 and today 2012:Killian, Don (March 2009). 1177:10.3726/978-3-0353-0189-2/9 3236: 3153:Contemporary ethnic groups 2034:. University of Cape Town. 1545:Jeroen G. Zandberg. 2005. 745:East Griqualand (Kokstad) 527:Alaric speaking Afrikaans. 288:or Oorlam Afrikaners, and 29: 1948:The Griquas of Griqualand 539:was Adam Kok I, a former 420:taken over by the British 336:(a Cape Khoikhoi group), 326:London Missionary Society 161: 142: 101: 85: 75: 58: 3220:Dutch diaspora in Africa 2032:Sabinet African Journals 2026:Morris, Alan G. (1997). 1894:Barends, Barend (2019). 1659:, No. 24, page 106 – 118 1076:– via PressReader. 431:Dutch East India Company 268:Dutch East India Company 48: 1762:Accessed 20 April 2023. 663:Conference (Afrikaans: 2089:4 January 2012 at the 2003:. 2021. Archived from 1672:Accessed 22 April 2023 1566:Christopher Saunders, 1526:The Forgotten Frontier 757: 749: 738: 730: 718: 605: 528: 512: 500: 411: 395: 50: 1925:. Protea Book House. 1547:Rehoboth Griqua Atlas 1230:10.4324/9781003307426 1224:. London: Routledge. 855:Barend Barends (2019) 771:'s frontier with the 755: 744: 736: 728: 716: 599: 526: 510: 499: 401: 393: 157:Related ethnic groups 32:Griquas (rugby union) 3100:Interracial marriage 3095:Interethnic marriage 2877:Eurasian Singaporean 1739:www.sahistory.org.za 1479:www.sahistory.org.za 974:www.sahistory.org.za 850:Afrikaans Literature 144:Christian Protestant 1808:"Kokstad's Origins" 1771:André Burgers, 2004 1721:rohobothbasters.org 1700:blackamericaweb.com 1019:(Waldman 2006b:175) 801:is the area around 307:South African Union 44: 3210:Cape Colony people 3205:Afrikaner diaspora 3179:Race of the future 3163:luk khrueng people 1812:www.tokencoins.com 1787:www.tokencoins.com 1611:www.tokencoins.com 1585:www.britannica.com 1524:Nigel Penn. 2005. 1455:. Thabiso Malesele 1427:www.britannica.com 1118:Alkebulan Movement 1000:www.tokencoins.com 758: 750: 739: 731: 719: 606: 561:Afrikaans language 529: 513: 501: 412: 396: 3187: 3186: 2740: 2739: 2426: 2425: 1907:978-0-620-84718-6 1295:on 14 August 2007 1239:978-1-003-30742-6 1186:978-3-0343-0778-9 1089:Missing or empty 1044:10.15367/com.v0i0 959:Rosenfelder, 2023 838:Andries Waterboer 592:Current situation 569:Andries Waterboer 553:Orange Free State 524: 492:Griqua migrations 204:Dutch Cape Colony 192: 191: 16:(Redirected from 3227: 2882:Filipino Mestizo 2767: 2760: 2753: 2744: 2672: 2667: 2555: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2349: 2335: 2328: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2292:Basotho/S. Sotho 2273: 2266: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2166: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2123: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2048: 2035: 2022: 2020: 2008: 2007:on 14 June 2021. 1977: 1976: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1950:. Juta & Co. 1943: 1937: 1936: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1660: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1636:www.newframe.com 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1577: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1543: 1537: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1419: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1343: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1291:. Archived from 1285: 1279: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1253: 1244: 1243: 1221:Cape of Torments 1215: 1209: 1208: 1200: 1191: 1190: 1164: 1153: 1152: 1151:. 13 April 2016. 1141: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1120:. 8 October 2017 1110: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1046: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1006: 992: 986: 984: 982: 980: 966: 960: 957: 845:Andries Le Fleur 525: 316:, the Khoi name 302:Second Boer Wars 71:Total population 63: 53: 45: 21: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3167: 3141: 3068: 2777: 2771: 2741: 2736: 2680: 2670: 2663: 2633: 2600: 2551: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2475: 2422: 2406: 2354: 2345: 2331: 2324: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2278: 2269: 2262: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2155: 2150: 2106: 2104: 2095: 2091:Wayback Machine 2055: 2038: 2025: 2018: 2011: 1995: 1992: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1702:. 24 July 2012. 1694: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1544: 1540: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1319:sahistory.or.za 1313: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1269: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1143: 1142: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1102: 1088: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1004: 1002: 994: 993: 989: 978: 976: 968: 967: 963: 958: 951: 946: 889: 852: 823: 799:Griqualand West 761:Griqualand East 711: 594: 573:Griqualand West 515: 494: 478:Klaas Afrikaner 449:, derived from 408:Griqualand West 254:Bastaards': or 220: 130: 66: 54: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2981: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2811:Cape Coloureds 2803: 2796: 2794:Amazonian Jews 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2651:Telegu/Andhras 2649: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2614:Cape Coloureds 2610: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2553:Afrikaner-Jews 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2440: 2438: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2163: 2161:Bantu-speaking 2157: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2093: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2053:External links 2051: 2050: 2049: 2045:Daily Maverick 2036: 2023: 2009: 2001:Camissa Museum 1991: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1972:978-3039105625 1971: 1953: 1946:Halford, S.J. 1938: 1931: 1913: 1906: 1886: 1868: 1850: 1824: 1799: 1773: 1764: 1751: 1726: 1705: 1687: 1674: 1661: 1648: 1623: 1597: 1572: 1559: 1538: 1517: 1491: 1466: 1439: 1414: 1401: 1370: 1361: 1331: 1306: 1280: 1267: 1245: 1238: 1210: 1192: 1185: 1171:. Peter Lang. 1154: 1131: 1100: 1058: 1021: 1012: 987: 961: 948: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 913:Griqua coinage 910: 905: 903:Cape Coloureds 900: 895: 888: 885: 881: 880: 879:Linda Waldmann 873: 872: 865: 864: 857: 856: 851: 848: 847: 846: 843: 840: 835: 834:Barend Barends 832: 829: 822: 819: 710: 707: 593: 590: 549:Boer Republics 493: 490: 219: 216: 190: 189: 159: 158: 154: 153: 148:Dutch Reformed 140: 139: 135: 134: 129: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 99: 98: 94: 93: 83: 82: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3232: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3200:Griqua people 3198: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3117:One-drop rule 3115: 3113: 3112:Miscegenation 3110: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2857:Anglo-Burmese 2855: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320:Pedi/N. Sotho 2318: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1932:9781919825397 1928: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1555:90-808768-2-8 1552: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534:0-8214-1682-0 1531: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1350: 1349: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1294: 1290: 1289:"Griekwastad" 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1262:WordPress.com 1259: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1083: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1001: 997: 991: 988: 975: 971: 965: 962: 956: 954: 950: 943: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 886: 884: 878: 877: 876: 870: 869: 868: 863:Karl Schoeman 862: 861: 860: 854: 853: 849: 844: 842:Petrus Marais 841: 839: 836: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821:Griqua people 820: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:KwaZulu-Natal 766: 762: 756:The Trekboers 754: 748: 743: 735: 729:Griqua Tokens 727: 723: 715: 708: 706: 702: 700: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 649: 646: 641: 639: 638:KwaZulu-Natal 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:Northern Cape 619: 615: 611: 603: 602:Cape Coloured 598: 591: 589: 586: 580: 578: 574: 570: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 542: 538: 534: 509: 505: 498: 491: 489: 487: 486:Robben Island 483: 479: 475: 474: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 436: 432: 426: 423: 421: 416: 409: 405: 400: 392: 388: 386: 382: 376: 374: 370: 364: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 303: 299: 293: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 255: 251: 246: 243: 239: 235: 230: 225: 217: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 152: 149: 145: 141: 136: 133: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 100: 95: 92: 88: 84: 79: 74: 69: 62: 57: 52: 46: 37: 33: 19: 3085:Ethnogenesis 3061: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2976: 2969: 2950: 2944: 2929: 2922: 2898: 2886: 2862:Anglo-Indian 2847: 2820: 2799: 2623: 2284:Sotho-Tswana 2105:. 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