Robert Grosseteste - Knowledge (XXG)

645:; and called attention to the fact that, under the system of provisions, a sum of 70,000 marks was annually drawn from England by the alien nominees of Rome. In 1253, upon being commanded to provide in his own diocese for a papal nephew, he wrote a letter of expostulation and refusal, not to the pope himself but to the commissioner, Master Innocent, through whom he received the mandate. The text of the remonstrance, as given in the Burton Annals and in Matthew Paris, has possibly been altered by a forger who had less respect than Grosseteste for the papacy. The language is more violent than that which the bishop elsewhere employs. But the general argument, that the papacy may command obedience only so far as its commands are consonant with the teaching of Christ and the apostles, is only what should be expected from an ecclesiastical reformer of Grosseteste's time. There is much more reason for suspecting the letter addressed "to the nobles of England, the citizens of London, and the community of the whole realm", in which Grosseteste is represented as denouncing in unmeasured terms papal finance in all its branches. But even in this case allowance must be made for the difference between modern and medieval standards of decorum. 777:'s vision of the dual path of scientific reasoning: generalising from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again from universal laws to prediction of particulars. Therefore, scientific knowledge was demonstrative knowledge of things through their causes. Grosseteste called this "resolution and composition". So, for example, looking at the particulars of the moon, it is possible to arrive at universal laws about nature. Conversely once these universal laws are understood, it is possible to make predictions and observations about other objects besides the moon. Grosseteste said further that both paths should be verified through experimentation to verify the principles involved. These ideas established a tradition that carried forward to 1120:, was very different. His contemporaries, while admitting the excellence of his intentions as a statesman, lay stress upon his defects of temper and discretion. Grosseteste was known to be somewhat critical towards everyone, and was known to often express his opinions regardless of status. Some of these conflicts involve the King, Abbot of Westminster and Pope Innocent. His morals were high and he recognised that even those of the church could be corrupt and worked to fight against that corruption. But they see in him the pioneer of a literary and scientific movement; not merely a great ecclesiastic who patronised learning in his leisure hours, but the first mathematician and 806: 538: 638:. He claimed not only that Boniface was threatening the health of the church but also that the pope was just as guilty for not reining him in and that that was symptomatic of the current malaise of the entire church. Most observers noted the personal animus between the bishop of Lincoln and the pope, but it did not stop the pope from agreeing to most of Grosseteste's demands about the way the English church ought to function. 901:

the Universe in an explosion and the crystallisation of light into matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. He also came to the conclusion that, as light dragged the matter of the universe outward and expanded the universe, the density must decrease as the radius increases. Thus, invoking a conservation law centuries before conservation laws became fundamental in modern science.

5191: 649: 51: 669:

matured before the death of Grosseteste; nor did Grosseteste busy himself overmuch with secular politics, except insofar as they touched the interest of the Church. Grosseteste realised that the misrule of Henry III and his unprincipled compact with the papacy largely accounted for the degeneracy of the English hierarchy and the laxity of ecclesiastical discipline. But he can hardly be termed a

5327: 1854: 1501: 5241: 5217: 5310: 5265: 5253: 5293: 1112:, he showed the same fiery zeal and versatility of which he had given proof in his academic career; but the general tendency of modern writers has been to exaggerate his political and ecclesiastical services, and to neglect his performance as a scientist, an astrologer, and scholar. The opinion of his own age, as expressed by 5229: 746:

Grosseteste began to study Hebrew as well as Greek, and although he may have lacked proficiency, spent considerable effort attempting to better understand the Psalms in their original language. His goal was to eliminate conflict between Christians and Jews, or to "confirm the faithful and convert the

1023:

In this place lies the body of ROBERT GROSSETESTE who was born at Stradbroke in Suffolk, studied in the University of Paris – and in 1224 became the Chancellor of Oxford University where he befriended and taught the newly founded orders of Friars : In 1229 he became Archdeacon of

715:

that the Jews were guilty for death of Christ, but just as Cain, who had killed Abel, was allowed to live as punishment, so Jews were to live in exile and servitude as punishment for their sin. Jews were not to be allowed to live in luxury from the proceeds of usury, and any Christian ruler allowing

387:

to William extolling Grosseteste's skills survives. Grosseteste appears not to have received any form of benefice from Bishop William, and on the latter's death in 1198, the household dissolved. There is no evidence that Grosseteste held any position in the households of William's successors, but it

900:

explores the nature of light, matter, and the cosmos. He argued that light is an infinitely small particle which was the first form of everything within the universe that multiplied itself indefinitely that resulted in a finite magnitude which was physical matter. Grosseteste described the birth of

474:. However, after a severe illness in 1232, he resigned all his benefices (Abbotsley and Leicester), but retained his prebend. His reasons were due to changing attitudes about the plurality of benefices (holding more than one ecclesiastical position simultaneously), and after seeking advice from the 561:

in each archdeaconry of his vast diocese. The scheme brought him into conflict with more than one privileged corporation, in particular with his own chapter, who disputed his claim to exercise the right of visitation over their community. The dispute raged hotly from 1239 to 1245, with the chapter

876:

This part of optics, when well understood, shows us how we may make things a very long distance off appear as if placed very close, and large near things appear very small, and how we may make small things placed at a distance appear any size we want, so that it may be possible for us to read the

788:

As important as "resolution and composition" would become to the future of Western scientific tradition, more important to his own time was his idea of the subordination of the sciences. For example, when looking at geometry and optics, optics is subordinate to geometry because optics depends on

600:

to settle the question of principle in favour of the state. The devotion of Grosseteste to the hierarchical theories of his age is attested by his correspondence with his chapter and the king. Against the former he upheld the prerogative of the bishops; against the latter he asserted that it was

668:

and that he embraced with enthusiasm the bishop's projects of ecclesiastical reform. Their alliance began as early as 1239, when Grosseteste exerted himself to bring about a reconciliation between the king and the earl. But there is no reason to suppose that the political ideas of Montfort had

345:, and in some ways, of the modern English intellectual tradition". As a theologian, however, he contributed to increasing hostility to Jews and Judaism, and spread the accusation that Jews had purposefully suppressed prophetic knowledge of the coming of Christ, through his translation of the 1026:

He was a man of learning and an inspiration to scholars a wise administrator whilst a true shepherd of his flock, ever concerned to lead them to Christ in whose service he strove to temper justice with mercy, hating the sin while loving the sinner, not sparing the rod though cherishing the

747:

infidel". The evolution of Grosseteste's views from the Augustinian view of Jewish ignorance and punishment to one where Jews appeared to be stubbornly and knowingly rejecting Christ, was part of a wider shift that was taking place, leading to greater suspicion and intolerance.

739:. The book describes the dying words of Jacob's sons, in which they foretell the coming of Christ as the Messiah. The text appeared to prove that Jews had been told of the Messiah, and had written the prophecies down, but had then deliberately ignored and suppressed them. 611:. But at least up to the year 1247 he submitted patiently to papal encroachments, contenting himself with the protection (by a special papal privilege) of his own diocese from alien clerks. Of royal exactions he was more impatient; and, after the retirement of Archbishop 2355:

Numismata: A discourse of Medals: Together with some Account of Heads and Effigies of Illustrious, and Famous Persons, in Sculps, and Taille-Douce, of Whom we have no Medals extant, and of the Use to be derived from them : to which is added A Digression concerning

529:) reveals the breadth of his learning and his desire to communicate it in a systematic manner. However, Grosseteste's own style was far more unstructured than many of his scholastic contemporaries, and his writings reverberate with his own personal views and outlooks. 797:

had argued, that mathematics was the highest of all sciences, and the basis for all others, since every natural science ultimately depended on mathematics. He supported this conclusion by looking at light, which he believed to be the "first form" of all things, the

2170:

See the edition by D. A. Lawell, Versio Caelestis Hierarchiae Pseudo-Dionysii Areopagitae cum scholiis ex Graeco sumptis necnon commentariis notulisque eiusdem Lincolniensis (= Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis 268), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015

525:. His theological writings reveal a continual interest in the natural world as a major resource for theological reflection and an ability to read Greek sources (if he ever learned Hebrew, it would be not until he became bishop of Lincoln). His theological index ( 396:

in the north of Hereford diocese. Grosseteste's movements are not clear in the next two decades or so, but he seems to have spent some time in France during the years of the interdict over England (1208–14), and acted as a papal judge-delegate, in company with

915:

was Grosseteste's replacement of Aristotle's linear colour arrangement between black and white to a three dimensional one based on the aforementioned aspects with 7 different directions of colour from white to black with infinite variations in intensity.

910:

Robert Grosseteste had defined colour as light incorporated in a diaphanous material. Meaning that colour is associated with the interaction of light and materials and that it is a product of variations in the qualities of both the light and the medium.

521:. Grosseteste also preached at the university and appears to have been called to preach within the diocese as well. He collected some of those sermons, along with some short notes and reflections, not long after he left Oxford; this is now known as his 552:

met to elect his successor. They soon were at a deadlock and could not reach a majority. Fearing that the election would be taken out of their hands, they settled on a compromise candidate, Grosseteste. He was consecrated in June of that same year at

766:, as one among many ways of arriving at such knowledge. Although Grosseteste did not always follow his own advice during his investigations, his work is seen as instrumental in the history of the development of the Western scientific tradition. 681:

Grosseteste has a mixed reputation among scholars regarding his attitudes to Jews and Judaism. He was certainly hostile to usury, but had an interest in the relationship between the Old Law and the New. He intervened when Simon de Montfort

1031:

After his death, an anecdote of Pope Innocent's death by Matthew Paris, is often mentioned well into the 16th century to the effect that the ghost of Grosseteste visited the Pope in the night and gave him a blow to the heart which killed.

706:

he sets out his understanding of the status of the Old Law, and concludes that it had been "made void" by the resurrection of Christ, and that the Jewish faith was therefore heretical and blasphemous. He followed the view of Augustine and

1076:

failed. The attempts to have him canonised were unsuccessful because of his opposition to Pope Innocent IV. The reason for this also seems to be because it was rumoured that Grosseteste's ghost was responsible for the death of the Pope.

954:, an allegorical poem on the creation of the world and Christian redemption, as well as several other poems and texts on household management and courtly etiquette. He also wrote a number of theological works including the influential 1142:

entered under the name "Grosthed" listed among others that Evelyn describes as "famous and illustrious". In 2014, The Robert Grosseteste Society has called for a statue to be erected so that he may be recognised for his achievements.

1134:

is named after Robert Grosseteste. The university provides Initial Teacher Training and academic degrees at all levels. In 2003, it hosted an international conference on Grosseteste in honour of the 750th anniversary of his death.

716:

or the "oppression" of Christians through usury would be share the Jews' punishment in the next life. Nevertheless, as Bishop, he seems to have taken few practical actions against Jews, in contrast, for example to his associate

802:(approximately what is now known as biology and physics). Hence, since light could be reduced to lines and points, and thus fully explained in the realm of mathematics, mathematics was the highest order of the sciences. 960:

in the 1230s. He was also a highly regarded author of manuals on pastoral care and produced treatises that dealt with a variety of penitential contexts, including monasteries, the parish and a bishop's household.

689:

He appears to have become more hostile to Jews in his later life, and this can be traced through his theological investigations. Earlier in his life, while lecturing in Oxford, he analysed the Psalms and Paul's

905:

is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws, four centuries before Isaac Newton proposed gravity and seven centuries before the Big Bang theory. In his treatise,

618:

In 1244 he sat on a committee which was empanelled to consider a demand for a subsidy. The committee rejected the demand, and Grosseteste foiled an attempt on the king's part to separate the clergy from the

4180: 762:

It has been argued that Grosseteste played a key role in the development of the scientific method. Grosseteste did introduce to the Latin West the notion of controlled experiment and related it to

720:. One concrete example can be found in the mid 1240s, where in a letter to his archdeacons, he warns them among many other matters, that they were ensure that Christians and Jews do not associate. 641:

Grosseteste continued to keep a watchful eye on ecclesiastical events. In 1251 he protested against a papal mandate enjoining the English clergy to pay Henry III one-tenth of their revenues for a

478:, he tendered his resignations. The angry response of his friends and colleagues to his resignations took him by surprise and he complained to his sister and to his closest friend, the Franciscan 942:

was translated from Latin and interpreted by an interdisciplinary project led by Durham University, that included Latinists, philologists, medieval historians, physicists and cosmologists.

601:

impossible for a bishop to disregard the commands of the Holy See. Where the liberties of the national church came into conflict with the assertions of Rome he stood by his own countrymen.

375:

at Lincoln and appears as a witness for the bishop of Lincoln at in the late 1180s or early 1190s, where he is identified as a Master. From about 1195 he was active in the household of the

5362: 1560:

in his work 'The Life of Robert Grosstête' gives Stow as Grosseteste's birthplace, without mentioning Suffolk. R. W. Southern (1986, p. 77) notes that there are three Stows in Suffolk.

4173: 592:. His zeal for reform led him to advance, on behalf of the courts, Christian claims which it was impossible that the secular power should admit. He twice incurred a rebuke from 5442: 1138:

Grosseteste has been recognised in many ways for his knowledge and contributions to the sciences. He was entered under the section "Scholars and Divines" in John Evelyn's

1511: 485:

As a master of the sacred page (manuscripts of theology in Latin), Grosseteste trained the Franciscans in the standard curriculum of university theology. The Franciscan

5432: 5134: 5114: 4166: 1324: 5144: 4189: 2809: 557:. He instituted an innovative programme of visitation, a procedure normally reserved for the inspection of monasteries. Grosseteste expanded it to include all the 5427: 2254: 447:. However, the evidence for this comes from a late thirteenth century anecdote whose main claim is that Grosseteste was in fact entitled the master of students ( 2849: 1866: 5462: 3524: 1875: 2664: 5154: 1719:

Knowing and Speaking: Robert Grosseteste's "De artibus liberalibus" ("On the Liberal Arts") and "De Generatione Sonorum" ("On the Generation of Sounds)"

3422: 2301: 5387: 5129: 5124: 1329: 661: 2075: 664:. From the Franciscan's letters it appears that the earl had studied a political tract by Grosseteste on the difference between a monarchy and a 424:

in this year, whereas others have more recently argued that he used the income of his ecclesiastical post to support studies in theology at the

5447: 5119: 1093: 444: 5281: 5487: 5472: 5069: 5044: 5034: 5029: 2479: 2336: 2230: 2176: 2137: 2100: 2024: 1314: 1253: 1231: 1097: 5452: 3381: 2698: 1220:

Versio Caelestis Hierarchiae Pseudo-Dionysii Areopagitae cum scholiis ex Graeco sumptis necnon commentariis notulisque eiusdem Lincolniensis

1124:

of his age. He anticipated, in these fields of thought, some of the striking ideas to which Roger Bacon subsequently gave a wider currency.

5139: 5049: 5039: 5019: 5004: 4994: 4851: 3753: 2199: 4298: 360: 2225:. Robert Grosseteste, Joseph Goering, James R. Ginther, John Flood, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 1545: 5407: 3638: 2188: 347: 5367: 5099: 5074: 3957: 3942: 3681: 2601: 970: 5467: 5457: 5417: 5104: 5094: 5089: 4021: 3917: 2842: 2728: 2585: 2530: 2464: 2446: 2430: 1615: 1435: 888:

Grosseteste is now believed to have had a very modern understanding of light and colour, which is shown by his scientific treatises

278: 805: 743:

for instance made this interpretation explicit, saying Grosseteste had exposed the deceit of the Jews to their "great confusion".

5437: 5402: 5377: 5159: 5084: 3841: 3517: 2678: 2550: 2513: 1778: 1520: 1319: 694:. He concluded that the Jews are wedded to the past and their lineage, rather than a search for salvation, following the work of 459: 5382: 4073: 3907: 2903: 1005: 1004:, which has survived as a loose collection of notes or glosses on the text. Moreover, he did a lot of very interesting work on 5372: 5149: 3811: 3800: 3623: 3142: 3076: 631: 1024:

Leicester and a Canon of this Cathedral – reigning as Bishop of Lincoln from 17th. June 1235 until his death.

5392: 3976: 3738: 3101: 1739: 1127: 166: 5207: 5477: 5397: 4871: 3653: 2835: 2124:, Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, vol. 18, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 61–83, 2011:, Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, vol. 18, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 41–57, 5412: 5194: 5109: 4886: 4876: 4846: 4538: 3510: 1108:

Grosseteste was already an elderly man, with an established reputation, when he became a bishop. As an ecclesiastical

1089: 489:

was his most famous disciple, and acquired an interest in the scientific method from him. Grosseteste lectured on the

1019:

He is buried in a tomb within his memorial chapel within Lincoln Cathedral. Its dedicatory plaque reads as follows:

3310: 2655: 755:

Grosseteste is best known as an original thinker for his work concerning what would today be called science or the

2353: 2064: 1008:'s Celestial Hierarchy: he translated both the text and the scholia from Greek into Latin and wrote a commentary 984:] faith and the confusion of the Jews ... on account of the manifest prophecies of Christ contained therein. 927:

regard him as a key figure in showing that pre-Renaissance science was far more advanced than previously thought.

4358: 4016: 3300: 3201: 2640: 930:

Supposed errors in his account have been found to be based on corrupt late copies of his essay on the nature of

5482: 3932: 3892: 3836: 3447: 3260: 1334: 763: 634:. In 1250, he travelled to the papal court, where one of the cardinals read his complaints at an audience with 627: 338: 200: 3668: 2499: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4796: 4786: 4776: 4398: 4233: 4218: 4047: 4031: 4001: 3986: 3969: 3663: 3350: 2993: 2988: 2963: 2819: 2670: 2541: 1260:

The Greek Commentaries of the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle in the Latin Translation of Robert Grosseteste

834: 691: 127: 5333: 4931: 4861: 4523: 4308: 4068: 4053: 3991: 3927: 3778: 3628: 3572: 3493: 3467: 3452: 3432: 3330: 3325: 2720: 1053: 950:

Grosseteste wrote a number of early works in Latin and French whilst he was a clerk, including one called

428:. However, there is clear evidence that by 1229/30 he was teaching at Oxford, but on the periphery as the 372: 364: 325:(according to the early 14th-century chronicler Nicholas Trevet), but the association with the village of 4999: 4984: 4926: 4598: 4593: 4513: 4438: 4348: 4248: 4113: 4078: 4063: 3866: 3547: 3391: 3320: 840: 563: 502: 3704: 2072: 864:. Drawing on these sources, Grosseteste produced important work in optics, which would be continued by 517:. He also led disputations on such subjects as the theological nature of truth and the efficacy of the 5357: 5352: 4979: 4533: 4453: 4278: 4268: 4142: 3773: 3728: 3592: 3457: 3427: 3091: 2958: 2943: 2913: 2866: 1242:

Expositio in Epistolam sancti Pauli ad Galatas. Glossarum in sancti Pauli Epistolas fragmenta. Tabula

1065: 1041: 593: 421: 604:

Thus in 1238 he demanded that the King should release certain Oxford scholars who had assaulted the

5221: 4801: 4791: 4528: 4498: 4488: 4463: 4323: 4283: 4273: 4026: 3922: 3912: 3743: 3673: 3442: 3211: 3132: 2983: 2858: 2486: 1069: 1000: 994: 965: 877:

smallest letters at incredible distances, or to count sand, or seed, or any sort of minute objects.

868:, who often mentioned his indebtedness to him although there is no proof that the two ever met. In 728: 717: 597: 570: 537: 425: 149: 5190: 2650: 1978: 1189: 793:

was a prime example of a subalternate science. Thus Grosseteste concluded, following much of what

5299: 5245: 5014: 4503: 4483: 4428: 4418: 4403: 4313: 4293: 4223: 4128: 4118: 4058: 3768: 3295: 3167: 3147: 2978: 2908: 2888: 2789: 2248: 1557: 1309: 1081: 554: 549: 413: 310: 187: 159: 90: 2371: 4781: 4766: 4756: 4736: 4731: 4648: 4633: 4608: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4558: 4518: 4508: 4373: 4343: 4288: 3937: 3733: 3533: 3280: 3186: 3111: 2779: 2724: 2597: 2581: 2526: 2475: 2460: 2442: 2426: 2418: 2332: 2236: 2226: 2195: 2172: 2133: 2096: 2020: 1786: 1611: 1249: 1227: 1061: 920: 756: 670: 626:

The last years of Grosseteste's life and episcopacy were embroiled in a conflict with the new

574: 471: 318: 42: 2710: 582: 5316: 5233: 5164: 5064: 5024: 4916: 4906: 4866: 4771: 4761: 4751: 4746: 4721: 4683: 4673: 4668: 4468: 4413: 4393: 4388: 4378: 4333: 4318: 4303: 4263: 4228: 3952: 3861: 3851: 3831: 3290: 3275: 3221: 3152: 3071: 3066: 2555: 2125: 2012: 1859:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

1597: 1403: 1283:

Mystical theology: The Glosses by Thomas Gallus and the Commentary of Robert Grosseteste on

1131: 924: 518: 514: 494: 243: 2457:

Master of the Sacred Page: A Study of the Theology of Robert Grosseteste (ca. 1229/30-1235)

371:

There is very little direct evidence about Grosseteste's education. He may have received a

5422: 5079: 5059: 4821: 4693: 4678: 4613: 4473: 4338: 4328: 4258: 4253: 4243: 4238: 4158: 4103: 3962: 3846: 3806: 3748: 3106: 3081: 3026: 2763: 2607: 2414: 2122:

Robert Grosseteste and the pursuit of Religious and Scientific Learning in the Middle Ages

2093:

Robert Grosseteste and the pursuit of Religious and Scientific Learning in the Middle Ages

2079: 2068: 2009:

Robert Grosseteste and the pursuit of Religious and Scientific Learning in the Middle Ages

1571:

William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste: New Ideas of Truth in Early Thirteenth Century

1394: 782: 567: 498: 416:, by which time he was a deacon. On that period in his life, scholarship is divided. Some 384: 380: 131: 2498: 1631:

Thomas Bradwardine: A View of Time and a Vision of Eternity in Fourteenth Century Thought

820:

Grosseteste had read several important works translated from Greek via Arabic, including

2743: 2737: 1826: 1751: 5269: 5009: 4969: 4891: 4826: 4816: 4806: 4688: 4653: 4623: 4568: 4553: 4543: 4493: 4443: 4423: 4363: 4353: 4134: 4108: 4093: 4083: 3996: 3902: 3856: 3826: 3821: 3694: 3340: 3241: 3162: 3157: 3046: 3031: 2998: 2953: 2882: 2574: 2504: 1515: 1484: 1464: 1444: 1362: 816:. The diagram shows light being refracted by a spherical glass container full of water. 510: 506: 467: 287: 5346: 5257: 4989: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4896: 4856: 4841: 4811: 4741: 4726: 4663: 4458: 4433: 4408: 4383: 4011: 3981: 3947: 3897: 3887: 3882: 3794: 3758: 3417: 3137: 3086: 2973: 2948: 2937: 2772: 1870: 1860: 1685: 1505: 1354: 1113: 1085: 956: 799: 740: 608: 589: 542: 455: 314: 171: 80: 5174: 4836: 4831: 4658: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4618: 4368: 4088: 4006: 3816: 3723: 3472: 3462: 3216: 3127: 3056: 3021: 1073: 708: 605: 334: 2673:(24 April 2014 by Tom Mcleish, Giles Gasper And Hannah Smithson, The Conversation) 2567: 648: 50: 2714: 2326: 2117: 2004: 1601: 615:, constituted himself the spokesman of the clerical estate in the Great Council. 5169: 4881: 4548: 4478: 4448: 4123: 4098: 3587: 3477: 3315: 3246: 3231: 3206: 3172: 3096: 3061: 3041: 3036: 2968: 2898: 2129: 2016: 1304: 1117: 865: 770: 736: 732: 635: 623:. "It is written", the bishop said, "that united we stand and divided we fall." 612: 486: 475: 433: 398: 359: 341:

called him "the real founder of the tradition of scientific thought in medieval

5240: 2559: 1669: 1179:. On tides and tidal movements. (although some scholars dispute his authorship) 4603: 3686: 3582: 3396: 3376: 3236: 3226: 2749: 2508: 1109: 1057: 712: 695: 657: 479: 417: 393: 389: 330: 326: 2636: 2266: 2264: 2240: 1790: 656:

Grosseteste numbered among his most intimate friends the Franciscan teacher,

5216: 3618: 3567: 3437: 3345: 3335: 3305: 2611: 1170: 1121: 989: 845: 774: 683: 578: 409: 1156:

From about 1220 to 1235 he wrote a host of scientific treatises including:

17: 2594:

England's Jews: Finance, Violence, and the Crown in the Thirteenth Century

2220: 2118:"Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Learning in the Thirteenth Century" 2005:"Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Learning in the Thirteenth Century" 1765:

Aladdin's Lamp: How Greek Science Came to Europe Through the Islamic World

686:

the Jews of Leicester, but his views on the expulsion itself are unclear.

3658: 3401: 3386: 3371: 3366: 3285: 2893: 974:

brought from Greece and translated it with help of a clerk of St Albans:

857: 853: 794: 405: 183: 2827: 2222:

Robert Grosseteste and his intellectual milieu: new editions and studies

1879:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617. 3699: 3643: 3633: 3597: 3562: 3552: 3051: 2671:

Medieval bishop's theory resembles modern concept of multiple universes

2422: 2061: 1045: 665: 642: 558: 490: 463: 437: 322: 114: 2400:

Die Philosophischen Werke des Robert Grosseteste, Bischofs von Lincoln

883:

Die Philosophischen Werke des Robert Grosseteste, Bischofs von Lincoln

27:

13th-century Bishop of Lincoln, astrologer, scientist, and philosopher

3577: 3557: 3502: 2918: 1169:. On the "metaphysics of light." (which is the most original work of 1049: 919:

The 'Ordered Universe' collaboration of scientists and historians at

825: 790: 703: 429: 376: 342: 2578:

Robert Grosseteste: The Growth of an English Mind in Medieval Europe

727:

into Latin. It was among his most influential works, being cited by

2753: 1504: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 809: 804: 778: 647: 620: 358: 2625: 2441:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 562:

launching an appeal to the papacy. In 1245, whilst attending the

440:

in Oxford about 1224. He remained in this post until March 1235.

2630: 588:

In ecclesiastical politics the bishop belonged to the school of

4948: 4710: 4202: 4162: 3506: 2831: 2679:"Our latest scientific research partner was a medieval bishop" 2588:(Oxford University Press, US; 2 edition (1 February 1992) pbk) 980: 5275: 2677:

McLeish, Tom; Gasper, Giles; Smithson, Hannah (7 June 2015).

2219:

International Robert Grosseteste Society. Conference (2013).

1016:

Grosseteste died on 9 October 1253. He was aged about 80–85.

2437:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

1424: 1415: 1064:. However, attempts by successive Bishops of Lincoln, the 454:

At the same time he began lecturing in theology at Oxford,

264: 255: 2411:

Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science

2723:: Good Shepherd Press, reprinted 2007, 1991, p. 24, 2060:

A reproduction of this text may be found on the website:

1960: 1958: 1409: 1244:, ed. J. McEvoy, L. Rizzerio, R.C. Dales, P.W. Rosemann ( 249: 2404:

Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters

1608:

Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters

548:

In February 1235, Hugh of Wells died, and the canons of

2699:"The medieval bishop who helped to unweave the rainbow" 1582:

Charles Edwin Butterworth, Blake Andrée Kessel (eds.),

1040:

Upon his death, he was almost universally revered as a

420:

argue that he began his teaching career in theology at

1721:(Oxford University Press, 2019), pp. 9–35 and 199–225. 1264:

Corpus Latinum Commentariorum in Aristotelem Graecorum

301: – 8 or 9 October 1253), also known as 5205: 1436: 1418: 964:

In 1242, having been introduced to the Greek work by

881:

Editions of the original Latin text may be found in:

329:

is a post-medieval tradition. Upon his death, he was

279: 267: 258: 2750:

230. A Light That Never Goes Out: Robert Grosseteste

2645:, vol. VII, New York: Robert Appleton Co., 1910 1427: 1421: 1412: 270: 261: 252: 4040: 3875: 3787: 3713: 3611: 3540: 3410: 3359: 3268: 3259: 3194: 3185: 3120: 3007: 2927: 2874: 2865: 2406:

series, vol. IX (Münster i. W.: Aschendorff, 1912).

2050:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 94. 1406: 246: 227: 219: 214: 193: 177: 165: 155: 145: 121: 101: 96: 86: 76: 68: 60: 34: 2596:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1603:Roger Bacon and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays 1185:. Mathematical reasoning in the natural sciences. 652:Grosseteste's Tomb and Chapel in Lincoln Cathedral 566:, the papal court ruled in favour of Grosseteste. 388:is possible that he was supported by Hugh Foliot, 1646:, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 155 n. 93. 1584:The Introduction of Arabic Philosophy Into Europe 978:for the strengthening of the christian [ 885:(Münster i. W., Aschendorff, 1912.), p. 75. 660:. Through Adam he came into close relations with 541:A 19th-century portrait of Robert Grosseteste in 363:An image of Grosseteste from a late-14th-century 5115:William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland 1325:List of bishops of Lincoln and precursor offices 1027:weak – He died on 8 October 1253. 5363:13th-century English Roman Catholic theologians 5145:George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 2738:British History Online Archdeacons of Leicester 2548:Southern, R. W. (2010). "Grosseteste, Robert". 1752:British History Online Archdeacons of Leicester 1021: 976: 723:In 1242, Grosseteste translated the Greek text 2517:. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 2474:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. 1809: 1807: 1092:on 9 October. Grosseteste is honoured in the 482:, that his intentions had been misunderstood. 4174: 3518: 2843: 1524:. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1246:Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis 1224:Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis 333:in England, but attempts to procure a formal 55:An early 14th-century portrait of Grosseteste 8: 2554:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2331:. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. 5443:13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops 2470:Goering, J. W. & Mackie, E. A. (eds.), 1732: 1657:BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names 1573:, Princeton University Press, 2014, p. 146. 1473: 1453: 1387: 1379: 1371: 596:upon this subject although it was left for 5155:Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon 4945: 4707: 4199: 4181: 4167: 4159: 3525: 3511: 3503: 3265: 3191: 2871: 2850: 2836: 2828: 2759: 2270: 2253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2048:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler 1610:, No. 57, Leiden: Brill, p. 10, 1598:"Roger Bacon: His Life, Career, and Works" 1248:130), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 1995 ( 1226:268), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015 ( 988:He also wrote a number of commentaries on 585:in relation to the aforementioned matter. 49: 31: 3423:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi 2744:British History Online Bishops of Lincoln 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827:British History Online Bishops of Lincoln 443:Grosseteste may also have been appointed 5130:Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby 5125:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2626:International Robert Grosseteste Society 2376:International Robert Grosseteste Society 1705: 1330:List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics 536: 5433:Chancellors of the University of Oxford 5288: 5212: 5135:Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 4191:Chancellors of the University of Oxford 2551:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2491:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2459:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 2004. 1534: 1346: 938:). In 2014 Grosseteste's 1225 treatise 5165:Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton 5120:William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville 2810:Chancellor of the University of Oxford 2754:History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps 2246: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2158: 1865:Davis, Henry William Carless (1911). " 1779:"Life Is Short. Indexes Are Necessary" 1288:, ed. J McEvoy, (Paris: Peeters, 2003) 1191:De phisicis lineis, angulis et figuris 458:, Bishop of Lincoln, appointed him as 445:Chancellor of the University of Oxford 5428:Academics of the University of Oxford 5170:Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead 5070:William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset 5045:William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset 5035:William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 5030:Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley 2697:Brookes, Michael (27 November 2014). 1964: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1701: 1315:History of science in the Middle Ages 992:, including the first in the West of 711:, who had reiterated these in recent 7: 5140:George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen 5050:Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke 5040:Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke 5020:Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset 5005:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester 4995:Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel 3296:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity) 2523:The Philosophy of Robert Grosseteste 1272:, ed. C Riedl, (Milwaukee, WI, 1942) 1163:. An introductory text on astronomy. 848:, and directly from Arabic, such as 5463:13th-century English mathematicians 5175:Chris Patten, Lord Patten of Barnes 2580:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. 2285: 1084:, Robert Grosseteste is considered 800:source of all generation and motion 725:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 698:. In his analysis of Galatians and 577:Grosseteste in 1239, together with 348:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 321:. He was born of humble parents in 125:8 or 9 October 1253 (aged about 85) 5100:John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland 5075:Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon 2662:Clare Riedl's 1942 translation of 971:Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs 573:is recorded as being suspended by 25: 5105:George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield 5095:Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran 5090:James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde 2525:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. 1777:Dabhoiwala, Fara (22 June 2023). 1659:(London: Oxford UP, 1971), p. 65. 1644:The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 1140:Numismata: A discourse of Medals, 769:Grosseteste was the first of the 5325: 5308: 5291: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5189: 5160:Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax 5085:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond 2756:by Peter Adamson (28 June 2015). 2514:Dictionary of National Biography 2095:. Mark Hocknull. pp. 7–11. 1852: 1521:Dictionary of National Biography 1499: 1402: 1320:History of the scientific method 1294:, tr. CFJ Martin, (Oxford, 1996) 242: 5388:13th-century English scientists 2904:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 1670:Grosseteste, Robert (1168–1253) 1596:Hackett, Jeremiah M.G. (1997), 1510:Archer, Thomas Andrew (1885). " 1006:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 192: 67: 59: 5150:George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave 3077:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt 2497:Luard, Henry Richards (1890). 2439:Handbook of British Chronology 1815:Handbook of British Chronology 1686:Grosseteste, Robert 1175?–1253 1: 5448:13th-century writers in Latin 2193:(Oxford University Press 2000 1266:VI), Leiden: Brill, 1973–1991 1183:De lineis, angulis et figuris 1128:Bishop Grosseteste University 677:Hostility to Jews and Judaism 295: 105: 5488:Burials at Lincoln Cathedral 5473:Medieval English astronomers 2746:accessed on 28 October 2007. 2740:accessed on 28 October 2007. 2568:UK public library membership 2370:Flood, John (21 July 2014). 2328:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 2116:Cunningham, Jack P. (2016), 2091:Cunningham, Jack P. (2016). 2003:Cunningham, Jack P. (2016), 814:De multiplicatione specierum 317:, theologian, scientist and 5196:University of Oxford portal 5110:Frederick North, Lord North 2500:"Grosseteste, Robert" 2130:10.1007/978-3-319-33468-4_3 2046:Lindberg, David C. (1976). 2017:10.1007/978-3-319-33468-4_3 1829:accessed on 28 October 2007 1754:accessed on 28 October 2007 1717:Giles E. M. Gasper, et al, 1633:, BRILL, 1995, p. 101 n. 4. 1292:On the Six Days of Creation 1194:(in Latin). Nürnberg. 1503. 1177:De accessu et recessu maris 812:studies from Roger Bacon's 404:By 1225, he had gained the 5504: 5408:Catholic clergy scientists 2472:Editing Robert Grosseteste 5368:13th-century philosophers 5187: 4955: 4944: 4717: 4706: 4209: 4198: 3603:see removed to Dorchester 3490: 3382:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi 3331:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani 3291:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes) 3202:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon 2816: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2786: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2716:The Anglican Service Book 2642:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2062:The Electronic Grossteste 1629:Edith Wilks Dolnikowski, 1072:to secure a formal papal 998:, and one on Aristotle's 946:Literary and poetic works 934:, written in about 1225 ( 210: 206: 141: 48: 41: 5468:13th-century translators 5458:13th-century astronomers 5418:Archdeacons of Leicester 4137:, Bishop of Ely (acting) 4050:(later Pretyman Tomline) 3448:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 3341:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) 3276:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) 2631:Ordered Universe Project 1783:New York Review of Books 1690:OCLC WorldCat Identities 1335:Oxford Franciscan school 841:De Generatione Animalium 628:Archbishop of Canterbury 436:, who had established a 201:scientific demonstration 5453:Greek–Latin translators 5438:Burials in Lincolnshire 5403:Philosophers of science 5378:Scholastic philosophers 4399:Walter de Wetheringsete 3311:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 3306:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) 2989:Dominicus Gundissalinus 2964:Richard of Saint Victor 2656:Encyclopædia Britannica 2542:Oxford University Press 2067:2 November 2006 at the 1876:Encyclopædia Britannica 1767:, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009 692:Letter to the Galatians 462:, and he also gained a 460:Archdeacon of Leicester 5383:People from Stradbroke 4524:William de Hawkesworth 4309:Eustace de Normanville 4069:Christopher Wordsworth 3968:Episcopacy abolished ( 3494:Renaissance philosophy 3468:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 3453:Athir al-Din al-Abhari 2764:Catholic Church titles 2560:10.1093/ref:odnb/11665 1733: 1542:Brev. Hist. Ang. Scot. 1489:Rubertus Lincolniensis 1488: 1474: 1469:Robertus Lincolniensis 1468: 1454: 1448: 1388: 1380: 1372: 1366: 1080:In most of the modern 1029: 986: 968:, Grosseteste had the 879: 856:. He likely also read 817: 785:in the 17th century. 700:De cessatione legalium 653: 545: 373:liberal arts education 368: 365:illuminated manuscript 315:scholastic philosopher 291: 5373:Catholic philosophers 5280:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 4599:William de Remmyngton 4594:William de Heytisbury 4514:William de Bergeveney 4439:Richard de Nottingham 4349:William de Kingescote 4249:Richard of Chichester 3392:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani 3387:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 2859:Medieval philosophers 2352:Evelyn, John (1697). 2306:The Church of England 1740:Royal 6 E p. 116 1586:, BRILL, 1994, p. 55. 1104:Reputation and legacy 874: 808: 764:demonstrative science 651: 564:First Council of Lyon 540: 401:, in or around 1216. 362: 5393:English philosophers 4534:Humphrey de Cherlton 4454:William de Alburwyke 4279:Richard de S. Agatha 4269:Ralph de Sempringham 3774:Richard of Gravesend 3739:Geoffrey Plantagenet 3458:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 3428:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 3402:Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 3377:Al-Ghazali (Algazel) 3092:Godfrey of Fontaines 2994:Gilbert de la Porrée 2959:Hugh of Saint Victor 2944:Anselm of Canterbury 2914:John Scotus Eriugena 2651:"Robert Grosseteste" 2637:"Robert Grosseteste" 2592:Tolan, John (2023). 2487:"Robert Grosseteste" 2485:Lewis, Neil (2019), 2372:"Grosseteste Statue" 2078:27 June 2007 at the 1979:"Robert Grosseteste" 1449:Robertus Grossetesta 1285:De mystica theologia 1277:Works in translation 1222:, ed. D. A. Lawell ( 1066:University of Oxford 872:Grosseteste writes: 773:to fully understand 527:tabula distinctionum 292:Robertus Grosseteste 5478:Medieval physicists 5398:English Franciscans 4529:William de Palmorna 4489:Robert de Stratford 4464:Ralph of Shrewsbury 4324:William de Montfort 4284:Thomas de Cantilupe 4274:William de Lodelawe 4149:Stephen Conway 3923:Nicholas Bullingham 3744:Walter de Coutances 3367:Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 3286:Al-Kindi (Alkindus) 3212:Solomon ibn Gabirol 3133:Marsilius of Inghen 2984:Bernard of Chartres 2683:The Conversation US 1916:, pp. 106–109. 1867:Grosseteste, Robert 1569:Steven P. Marrone, 1152:Scientific treaties 995:Posterior Analytics 966:John of Basingstoke 729:Vincent de Beauvais 718:Walter de Cantilupe 571:William de Thornaco 505:), and possibly on 449:magister scholarium 432:in theology to the 426:University of Paris 150:Medieval philosophy 5413:Bishops of Lincoln 5278:Robert Grosseteste 5015:Christopher Hatton 4504:William de Skelton 4484:Hugh de Willoughby 4429:Henry de Maunsfeld 4419:Henry de Maunsfeld 4404:Simon de Faversham 4314:John de Pontissara 4294:Nicholas de Ewelme 4224:Ralph de Maidstone 4214:Robert Grosseteste 4129:Christopher Lowson 3769:Henry of Lexington 3764:Robert Grosseteste 3720:Remigius de Fécamp 3705:Remigius de Fécamp 3534:Bishops of Lincoln 3168:Lambertus de Monte 3148:Francesc Eiximenis 3017:Robert Grosseteste 2979:Alexander of Hales 2909:Isidore of Seville 2889:Augustine of Hippo 2790:Henry of Lexington 2538:Robert Grosseteste 2455:Ginther, James R. 2191:Robert Grosseteste 2071: – 1983:plato.stanford.edu 1642:Tom Sorell (ed.), 1558:Richard of Bardney 1310:Greyfriars, Oxford 1173:in the Latin West) 1082:Anglican Communion 892:(On Light) and De 818: 654: 546: 414:diocese of Lincoln 369: 339:A. C. Crombie 331:revered as a saint 238:Robert Grosseteste 231:Anglican Communion 188:natural philosophy 160:Western philosophy 91:Henry of Lexington 36:Robert Grosseteste 5203: 5202: 5183: 5182: 4940: 4939: 4782:Richard Snetisham 4767:Richard Courtenay 4757:Richard Courtenay 4737:Richard Ullerston 4732:Richard Courtenay 4702: 4701: 4649:Thomas Brightwell 4634:Nicholas Hereford 4609:Adam de Toneworth 4589:Adam de Toneworth 4584:William Courtenay 4579:Adam de Toneworth 4574:John de Echingham 4564:Nicholas de Aston 4559:Richard FitzRalph 4519:John de Northwode 4509:Walter de Scauren 4374:Roger de Martival 4344:Robert Winchelsey 4289:Henry de Cicestre 4156: 4155: 3938:William Chaderton 3734:Robert de Chesney 3500: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3255: 3254: 3181: 3180: 3112:William of Ockham 2826: 2825: 2817:Succeeded by 2797:Academic offices 2787:Succeeded by 2780:Bishop of Lincoln 2566:(Subscription or 2480:978-080-208-841-3 2338:978-1-64065-235-4 2232:978-0-88844-824-8 2177:978-2-503-55593-5 2139:978-3-319-33466-0 2102:978-3-319-33466-0 2026:978-3-319-33466-0 1967:, pp. 113–4. 1952:, pp. 112–3. 1904:, pp. 106–7. 1481:Rupert of Lincoln 1461:Robert of Lincoln 1459:). Also known as 1262:, ed. H Mercken ( 1254:978-2-503-04301-2 1232:978-2-503-55593-5 1203:. On the rainbow. 1094:Church of England 1062:bishop of Lincoln 1056:to it granted an 1044:in England, with 921:Durham University 828:(and likely also 789:geometry, and so 757:scientific method 671:constitutionalist 662:Simon de Montfort 632:Boniface of Savoy 550:Lincoln cathedral 533:Bishop of Lincoln 472:Lincoln Cathedral 319:Bishop of Lincoln 307:Robert of Lincoln 235: 234: 136:Philosophy career 43:Bishop of Lincoln 16:(Redirected from 5495: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5243: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5197: 5193: 5065:Richard Cromwell 5025:Richard Bancroft 4946: 4917:Lionel Woodville 4907:Thomas Chaundler 4887:Thomas Gascoigne 4877:Thomas Gascoigne 4867:Richard Roderham 4847:Thomas Bourchier 4772:William Sulburge 4762:William Sulburge 4752:William Sulburge 4747:Thomas Prestbury 4722:Philip Repyngdon 4708: 4684:Philip Repyngdon 4674:Robert Arlyngton 4669:Thomas Prestbury 4469:Roger de Streton 4414:William de Bosco 4394:James de Cobeham 4389:Richard de Clyve 4379:Peter de Medburn 4359:John of Monmouth 4334:William Pikerell 4319:Henry de Stanton 4304:William de Bosco 4264:Gilbert de Biham 4229:Richard Batchden 4200: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4017:Richard Reynolds 3977:Robert Sanderson 3953:George Montaigne 3862:Thomas Rotherham 3852:Marmaduke Lumley 3832:Philip Repyngdon 3754:William de Blois 3527: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3266: 3222:Abraham ibn Daud 3192: 3153:Nicholas of Cusa 3143:Albert of Saxony 3072:Boetius of Dacia 3067:Siger of Brabant 2872: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2829: 2802:Preceded by 2770:Preceded by 2760: 2733: 2706: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2646: 2615: 2571: 2563: 2518: 2502: 2493: 2452: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2244: 2216: 2203: 2200:978-0-19535417-1 2186: 2180: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2088: 2082: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1677: 1666: 1660: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1593: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1546:Harleian MS 3860 1539: 1525: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1477: 1457: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1398:Robert Grosstête 1391: 1383: 1375: 1359:Robert Greathead 1353:The name is the 1351: 1195: 1098:Episcopal Church 1048:reported at his 1012:Death and burial 925:medieval science 503:creation account 495:Pauline epistles 466:that made him a 383:; a letter from 355:Scholarly career 303:Robert Greathead 300: 297: 282: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 110: 107: 97:Personal details 53: 32: 21: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5483:Anglican saints 5343: 5342: 5341: 5337:from Wikisource 5331: 5326: 5324: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5283:sister projects 5282: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5214: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5179: 5080:Gilbert Sheldon 5060:Oliver Cromwell 4951: 4936: 4822:Thomas Rodborne 4713: 4698: 4694:Thomas Hyndeman 4679:Thomas Hyndeman 4614:Robert Aylesham 4474:Nigel de Wavere 4339:Hervey de Saham 4329:Roger de Rowell 4259:Simon de Bovill 4254:Ralph de Heyham 4244:John de Rygater 4239:Simon de Bovill 4205: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4157: 4152: 4104:Maurice Harland 4048:George Pretyman 4036: 3963:Thomas Winniffe 3933:William Wickham 3893:William Atwater 3871: 3847:William Alnwick 3837:Richard Fleming 3807:Henry Burghersh 3783: 3709: 3607: 3536: 3531: 3501: 3496: 3482: 3406: 3355: 3301:Matta ibn Yunus 3251: 3177: 3116: 3107:Petrus Aureolus 3082:Meister Eckhart 3027:Albertus Magnus 3009: 3003: 2929: 2923: 2861: 2856: 2822: 2813: 2805: 2792: 2783: 2775: 2731: 2709: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2635: 2622: 2604: 2591: 2575:Southern, R. W. 2565: 2547: 2536:McEvoy, James. 2521:McEvoy, James. 2505:Stephen, Leslie 2496: 2484: 2449: 2436: 2415:Clarendon Press 2409:Crombie, A. C. 2395: 2393:Further reading 2390: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2284: 2280: 2269: 2262: 2245: 2233: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2187: 2183: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2080:Wayback Machine 2069:Wayback Machine 2059: 2055: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1864: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1700: 1696: 1684: 1680: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1516:Stephen, Leslie 1509: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1437: 1405: 1401: 1367:Robertus Capito 1352: 1348: 1343: 1301: 1279: 1216: 1188: 1154: 1149: 1106: 1038: 1025: 1014: 952:Chateau d'amour 948: 783:Galileo Galilei 753: 679: 535: 385:Gerald of Wales 381:William de Vere 357: 298: 280: 245: 241: 196: 180: 134: 132:Huntingdonshire 126: 117: 111: 108: 56: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5501: 5499: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5322: 5320:from Wikiquote 5305: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5201: 5200: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5010:Thomas Bromley 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4970:William Warham 4967: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:William Dudley 4919: 4914: 4912:George Neville 4909: 4904: 4902:George Neville 4899: 4894: 4892:Robert Thwaits 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4852:John Carpenter 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4827:Walter Trengof 4824: 4819: 4817:Walter Trengof 4814: 4809: 4807:Walter Trengof 4804: 4799: 4797:William Barrow 4794: 4789: 4787:William Barrow 4784: 4779: 4777:William Barrow 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4689:Henry Beaufort 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4654:Thomas Cranley 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:William Berton 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4569:John de Renham 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554:John de Hotham 4551: 4546: 4544:John de Hotham 4541: 4539:Lewis Charlton 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4494:Robert Paynink 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4444:John Lutterell 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4424:Walter Giffard 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364:Simon of Ghent 4361: 4356: 4354:John de Ludlow 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4139: 4135:Stephen Conway 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109:Kenneth Riches 4106: 4101: 4096: 4094:Aylmer Skelton 4091: 4086: 4084:William Swayne 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4032:Thomas Thurlow 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4002:James Gardiner 3999: 3997:Thomas Tenison 3994: 3989: 3987:William Fuller 3984: 3979: 3974: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3943:William Barlow 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Henry Holbeach 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3857:John Chadworth 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3827:Henry Beaufort 3824: 3822:John Bokyngham 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749:Hugh of Avalon 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695:Ulfus Normanus 3692: 3684: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3242:Hasdai Crescas 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3163:Paul of Venice 3160: 3158:Vincent Ferrer 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3047:Thomas Aquinas 3044: 3039: 3034: 3032:Henry of Ghent 3029: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2999:Alain de Lille 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2954:Anselm of Laon 2951: 2946: 2941: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2883:Church Fathers 2878: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2707: 2694: 2674: 2668: 2660: 2648: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2620:External links 2618: 2617: 2616: 2603:978-1512823899 2602: 2589: 2572: 2545: 2534: 2519: 2494: 2482: 2468: 2453: 2447: 2434: 2407: 2402:in Baeumker's 2398:Baur L. (ed.) 2394: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2362: 2344: 2337: 2318: 2302:"The Calendar" 2293: 2278: 2260: 2231: 2204: 2189:James McEvoy, 2181: 2163: 2151: 2138: 2108: 2101: 2083: 2053: 2038: 2025: 1995: 1969: 1954: 1942: 1940:, p. 110. 1930: 1928:, p. 109. 1918: 1906: 1894: 1892:, p. 104. 1882: 1871:Chisholm, Hugh 1831: 1819: 1813:Fryde, et al. 1803: 1769: 1756: 1744: 1723: 1710: 1694: 1678: 1674:CERL Thesaurus 1661: 1648: 1635: 1622: 1616: 1588: 1575: 1562: 1550: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1494: 1493: 1479:, &c.) or 1345: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1257: 1235: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1180: 1174: 1164: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1105: 1102: 1100:on 9 October. 1037: 1034: 1013: 1010: 947: 944: 752: 749: 678: 675: 613:(Saint) Edmund 534: 531: 501:(at least the 356: 353: 299: 1168-70 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 197: 194: 191: 190: 181: 179:Main interests 178: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 123: 119: 118: 112: 109: 1168–70 103: 99: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5500: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5336: 5335: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Reginald Pole 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:John Longland 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:Richard Mayew 4963: 4961: 4960:William Smyth 4958: 4957: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Gilbert Kymer 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Richard Praty 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4842:Gilbert Kymer 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812:Robert Colman 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4742:William Clynt 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727:Robert Hallam 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Ralph Redruth 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Thomas Hotham 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434:Henry Harclay 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409:Walter Burdun 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384:Roger Weseham 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:George Pelham 4052: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012:Edmund Gibson 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3992:Thomas Barlow 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982:Benjamin Lany 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3958:John Williams 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3948:Richard Neile 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928:Thomas Cooper 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:Thomas Watson 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3898:John Longland 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Thomas Wolsey 3886: 3884: 3883:William Smyth 3881: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3795:John Dalderby 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788:Late Medieval 3786: 3780: 3779:Oliver Sutton 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759:Hugh of Wells 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714:High Medieval 3712: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3495: 3489: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3433:Rashid al-Din 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:Abd al-Jabbar 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3138:Nicole Oresme 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Giles of Rome 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2974:Peter Lombard 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2949:Peter Abelard 2947: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938:Scholasticism 2935: 2934: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2773:Hugh of Wells 2768: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2730:9780962995507 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2586:0-19-820310-1 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2531:0-19-824645-5 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2465:0-7546-1649-5 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2448:0-521-56350-X 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2431:0-19-824189-5 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2028: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1984: 1980: 1977:Neil, Lewis. 1973: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1861:public domain 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1763:John Freely, 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1730:Grosseteste, 1727: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1706:Southern 2010 1703: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655:G.M. Miller, 1652: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1617:90-04-10015-6 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1506:public domain 1498: 1497: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389:Grossum Caput 1384: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355:Norman French 1350: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Matthew Paris 1111: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070:Edward I 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 996: 991: 985: 983: 982: 975: 973: 972: 967: 962: 959: 958: 953: 945: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 917: 914: 909: 904: 899: 896:(On Colour). 895: 891: 886: 884: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 862:De Aspectibus 859: 855: 851: 850:Liber Canonis 847: 843: 842: 837: 836: 835:Meteorologica 831: 827: 823: 815: 811: 807: 803: 801: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 750: 748: 744: 742: 741:Matthew Paris 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 714: 710: 705: 701: 697: 693: 687: 685: 676: 674: 672: 667: 663: 659: 650: 646: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 616: 614: 610: 609:Otto Candidus 607: 602: 599: 595: 591: 590:Thomas Becket 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 569: 565: 560: 556: 551: 544: 543:stained glass 539: 532: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:Hugh of Wells 452: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 395: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 366: 361: 354: 352: 350: 349: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 293: 289: 285: 284: 275: 239: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 209: 205: 202: 198: 195:Notable ideas 189: 185: 182: 176: 173: 172:Scholasticism 170: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 104: 100: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81:Hugh of Wells 79: 75: 71: 63: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5332: 5315: 5303:from Commons 5298: 5277: 5222:Christianity 5054: 4950:1500 onwards 4927:John Russell 4872:William Grey 4837:Thomas Chase 4832:John Castell 4802:Thomas Clare 4792:Thomas Clare 4659:Robert Rygge 4644:Robert Rygge 4639:William Rugg 4629:Robert Rygge 4619:Robert Rygge 4369:Henry Swayne 4213: 4141: 4133: 4114:Simon Phipps 4089:Nugent Hicks 4079:Edward Hicks 4064:John Jackson 4007:William Wake 3970:Commonwealth 3967: 3876:Early modern 3867:John Russell 3842:William Grey 3817:John Gynwell 3799: 3763: 3724:Robert Bloet 3689: 3676: 3648: 3602: 3473:Ibn Taymiyya 3463:Ibn al-Nafis 3217:Judah Halevi 3128:Jean Buridan 3057:John Peckham 3022:Michael Scot 3016: 2808: 2804:New position 2778: 2715: 2703:The Guardian 2702: 2686:. Retrieved 2682: 2663: 2654: 2641: 2593: 2577: 2549: 2537: 2522: 2512: 2490: 2471: 2456: 2438: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2379:. Retrieved 2375: 2365: 2354: 2347: 2327: 2321: 2309:. Retrieved 2305: 2296: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2221: 2190: 2184: 2166: 2154: 2143:, retrieved 2121: 2111: 2092: 2086: 2056: 2047: 2041: 2030:, retrieved 2008: 1998: 1986:. Retrieved 1982: 1972: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1874: 1822: 1814: 1794:. Retrieved 1782: 1772: 1764: 1759: 1747: 1734:Dicta CXLVII 1731: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1697: 1689: 1681: 1673: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1607: 1602: 1591: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1537: 1519: 1512:Basing, John 1480: 1475:Linconiensis 1472: 1460: 1452: 1397: 1386: 1381:Megacephalus 1378: 1370: 1358: 1349: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1223: 1219: 1209:. On colour. 1206: 1200: 1190: 1182: 1176: 1166: 1160: 1155: 1139: 1137: 1126: 1107: 1090:commemorated 1079: 1074:canonisation 1039: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1015: 999: 993: 987: 979: 977: 969: 963: 955: 951: 949: 939: 935: 931: 929: 918: 912: 907: 902: 897: 893: 889: 887: 882: 880: 875: 869: 861: 849: 839: 833: 829: 821: 819: 813: 787: 768: 761: 754: 745: 724: 722: 709:Innocent III 699: 688: 680: 655: 640: 625: 617: 603: 587: 547: 526: 522: 484: 453: 448: 442: 403: 379:of Hereford 370: 346: 335:canonisation 306: 302: 237: 236: 228:Venerated in 135: 29: 5358:1253 deaths 5353:1168 births 5246:Catholicism 4980:Richard Cox 4932:John Morton 4882:Henry Sever 4862:John Norton 4549:John Renham 4479:Ralph Radyn 4449:Henry Gower 4143:David Court 4124:John Saxbee 4099:Leslie Owen 4074:Edward King 4041:Late modern 4022:John Thomas 3908:John Taylor 3801:Anthony Bek 3649:united see: 3478:Ibn Khaldun 3316:Ibn Masarra 3247:Joseph Albo 3232:Nachmanides 3207:Saadia Gaon 3173:John Hennon 3097:Duns Scotus 3062:Ramon Llull 3042:Bonaventure 3037:Roger Bacon 2899:Cassiodorus 2752:Episode of 2509:Lee, Sidney 2356:Physiognomy 2159:Archer 1885 1491:, &c.). 1455:Grossatesta 1305:Brazen head 1118:Roger Bacon 1096:and in the 866:Roger Bacon 822:De Speculis 771:Scholastics 737:Roger Bacon 733:Bonaventure 713:Papal Bulls 636:Innocent IV 487:Roger Bacon 476:papal court 434:Franciscans 399:Hugh Foliot 313:statesman, 77:Predecessor 18:Grosseteste 5347:Categories 5317:Quotations 5000:John Mason 4985:John Mason 4604:John Turke 4499:John Leech 4299:Thomas Bek 4234:Ralph Cole 4219:Ralph Cole 4027:John Green 3913:John White 3812:Thomas Bek 3612:Dorchester 3583:Wernbeorht 3443:al-Qazwini 3418:Ibn Sab'in 3397:Ibn Tufayl 3351:al-Kirmani 3237:Gersonides 3227:Maimonides 2820:Ralph Cole 2814:1224–1231 2784:1235–1253 2570:required.) 2540:. Oxford: 2413:. Oxford: 2381:2 December 2272:Cath. Enc. 2145:28 October 2032:1 December 1965:Tolan 2023 1950:Tolan 2023 1938:Tolan 2023 1926:Tolan 2023 1914:Tolan 2023 1902:Tolan 2023 1890:Tolan 2023 1704:has 1168, 1702:Lewis 2019 1530:References 1395:gallicised 1058:indulgence 1036:Veneration 957:Hexaëmeron 908:De Colore, 696:Chrysostom 658:Adam Marsh 519:Mosaic Law 480:Adam Marsh 418:historians 394:Shropshire 390:Archdeacon 327:Stradbroke 199:Theory of 69:Term ended 5234:Biography 4712:1400–1500 4204:1224–1400 4119:Bob Hardy 4059:John Kaye 3729:Alexander 3639:Æthelwold 3619:Harlardus 3573:Eadbeorht 3568:Torhthelm 3541:Leicester 3492:See also 3438:Ibn Arabi 3346:al-Biruni 3336:Miskawayh 3281:al-Nazzam 2867:Christian 2711:"October" 2612:39646815M 2249:cite book 2241:828234083 1791:0028-7504 1738:&c. ( 1548:, f. 48). 1544:&c. ( 1393:) or the 1207:De colore 1171:cosmogony 1161:De sphera 1122:physicist 1110:statesman 1086:beatified 990:Aristotle 923:studying 913:De Colore 846:Aristotle 775:Aristotle 702:, citing 594:Henry III 579:precentor 559:deaneries 410:Abbotsley 309:, was an 223:9 October 220:Feast day 215:Sainthood 87:Successor 61:Installed 4145:(acting) 3682:Æthelric 3659:Alnothus 3654:Leofwine 3629:Coenwulf 3588:Hræthhun 3548:Cuthwine 3372:Ibn Hazm 3326:Al-Amiri 3195:Medieval 3102:Durandus 2969:Roscelin 2894:Boethius 2721:Rosemont 2665:On Light 2511:(eds.). 2417:, 1971, 2359:. Tooke. 2202:), p. 30 2076:Archived 2065:Archived 1708:has 1170 1357:form of 1299:See also 1270:On Light 1214:Editions 1201:De iride 1054:pilgrims 1046:miracles 870:De Iride 858:al-Kindi 854:Avicenna 795:Boethius 684:expelled 621:baronage 598:Edward I 406:benefice 337:failed. 184:Theology 5270:England 5208:Portals 3700:Wulfwig 3687:Eadnoth 3674:Eadnoth 3669:Ælfhelm 3644:Oscytel 3634:Wynsige 3624:Wigmund 3598:Ceobred 3593:Ealdred 3563:Aldwine 3553:Wilfrid 3261:Islamic 3052:Vitello 3010:century 3008:13–14th 2930:century 2928:11–12th 2688:14 June 2659:Online. 2544:, 2000. 2433:(1953). 2311:8 April 1988:5 April 1873:(ed.). 1863:: 1796:22 July 1518:(ed.). 1508:: 1373:Capitus 1167:De luce 1132:Lincoln 1060:by the 1001:Physics 940:De Luce 936:De Luce 903:De Luce 898:De Luce 890:De Luce 830:De Visu 751:Science 666:tyranny 643:crusade 583:subdean 555:Reading 499:Genesis 491:Psalter 464:prebend 438:convent 412:in the 323:Suffolk 311:English 128:Buckden 115:Suffolk 5423:Clerks 5258:Saints 5055:Vacant 3664:Æscwig 3578:Unwona 3558:Headda 3187:Jewish 2919:Alcuin 2727: 2610: 2600: 2584: 2564: 2529: 2478: 2463: 2445: 2429: 2423:401196 2421: 2335: 2289:(1991) 2274:(1910) 2239: 2229: 2198: 2175: 2136: 2099: 2073:online 2023: 1869:". In 1857: 1817:p. 255 1789: 1614: 1514:". In 1252: 1230: 1068:, and 1050:shrine 894:Colore 826:Euclid 791:optics 704:Jerome 606:legate 575:Bishop 515:Sirach 511:Daniel 507:Isaiah 493:, the 430:lector 422:Oxford 377:Bishop 343:Oxford 167:School 156:Region 113:Stow, 5334:Texts 5300:Media 3269:Early 2875:Early 2653:. In 2503:. In 1485:Latin 1465:Latin 1445:Latin 1440:-tayt 1438:GROHS 1385:, or 1363:Latin 1341:Notes 1238:Opera 1147:Works 1042:saint 932:light 810:Optic 779:Padua 523:Dicta 468:canon 288:Latin 283:-test 281:GROHS 3690:(II) 3411:Late 3360:High 3121:Late 2725:ISBN 2690:2015 2598:ISBN 2582:ISBN 2527:ISBN 2476:ISBN 2461:ISBN 2443:ISBN 2427:ISBN 2419:OCLC 2383:2022 2333:ISBN 2313:2021 2255:link 2237:OCLC 2227:ISBN 2196:ISBN 2173:ISBN 2147:2022 2134:ISBN 2097:ISBN 2034:2022 2021:ISBN 1990:2018 1798:2023 1787:ISSN 1612:ISBN 1250:ISBN 1228:ISBN 1116:and 1088:and 1052:and 838:and 781:and 735:and 581:and 568:Dean 513:and 122:Died 102:Born 72:1253 64:1235 3677:(I) 2556:doi 2425:. 2287:ASB 2126:doi 2013:doi 1688:", 1672:", 1451:or 1240:I. 1130:in 981:sic 860:'s 852:by 844:by 832:), 824:by 470:in 451:). 408:of 392:of 305:or 146:Era 5349:: 2719:, 2713:, 2701:. 2681:. 2639:, 2608:OL 2606:. 2507:; 2489:, 2374:. 2304:. 2263:^ 2251:}} 2247:{{ 2235:. 2207:^ 2179:). 2132:, 2120:, 2019:, 2007:, 1981:. 1957:^ 1834:^ 1806:^ 1785:. 1781:. 1742:). 1606:, 1600:, 1487:: 1471:, 1467:: 1447:: 1443:; 1425:eɪ 1416:oʊ 1377:, 1369:, 1365:: 759:. 731:, 673:. 630:, 509:, 497:, 351:. 296:c. 294:; 290:: 286:; 256:oʊ 186:, 130:, 106:c. 5286:: 5210:: 4182:e 4175:t 4168:v 3972:) 3526:e 3519:t 3512:v 2940:" 2936:" 2885:" 2881:" 2851:e 2844:t 2837:v 2734:. 2705:. 2692:. 2647:. 2614:. 2562:. 2558:: 2533:. 2467:. 2451:. 2385:. 2341:. 2315:. 2291:. 2276:. 2257:) 2243:. 2171:( 2161:. 2128:: 2105:. 2015:: 1992:. 1800:. 1692:. 1676:. 1668:" 1483:( 1463:( 1431:/ 1428:t 1422:t 1419:s 1413:r 1410:ɡ 1407:ˈ 1404:/ 1400:( 1361:( 1256:) 1234:) 367:. 274:/ 271:t 268:s 265:ɛ 262:t 259:s 253:r 250:ɡ 247:ˈ 244:/ 240:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.