285:
534:, was relatively isolated and encompassed the trading areas of just a few indigenous tribes, thus it contained only two trading outposts during Gelskerke’s term of office. Demerara, though, showed great potential as a sugar-cultivating area, so the commandeur began shifting focus toward the development of the region, signifying his intentions by transferring the administrative center of the colony from Fort Kijkoveral to Flag Island, on the mouth of the Essequibo River, further east and closer to Demerara. These operations were carried out by Gravesande, acting as the Secretary of the Company under Gelskerke. Upon Gelskerke’s death, Gravesande continued the policy of Demerara expansion and the move to sugar cultivation.
273:, the ebb and flow of power between Arawak and Carib interests throughout the Caribbean resulted in a great deal of intermingling (some forced through capture, some accidental through contact). This ethnic mixing, particularly in the Caribbean margins like the Guianas, produced a hybridised culture. Despite their political rivalry, the ethnic and cultural blending between the two groups had reached such a level that, by the time of the Europeans' arrival, the Carib/Arawak complex in Guiana was so homogeneous that the two groups were almost indistinguishable to outsiders. Through the contact period following Columbus's arrival, the term "Guiana" was used to refer to all areas between the Orinoco, the
507:
1488:
1532:
1459:
1316:
396:
1544:
1500:
1386:
1374:
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found only a few of the original colonists left alive, living among the aborigines. Later that year, among the combined total of the original surviving settlers, the reinforcement contingent led by de Brétigny, and a subsequent reinforcement later in the year, only two individuals remained alive long
371:
to survey the area in 1597. His clerk, Adriaen
Cabeliau, related the voyage of Cornelisz and his survey of Indian groups and areas of potential trade partnerships in his diary. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Dutch made gains by establishing trading colonies and outposts in the region and in
366:
was signed with the
Spanish, the Dutch cobbled together different ethnicities and tribes and religious faiths into a viable economic entity. When beginning an empire, the Dutch concerned themselves more with trade and establishing viable networks and outposts than with claiming tracts of land to act
129:
The three
Guianas proper have a combined population of 1,718,651; Guyana: 804,567, Suriname: 612,985 and French Guiana: 301,099 Most of the population is along the coast. Due to the jungles to the south, the Guianas are one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth.
608:
Due to the isolated geography of the
Guianas, the region is one of the most isolated and sparsely populated on Earth. In most of the region, the population is almost entirely concentrated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of river deltas, in the cities of
526:. Gravesande’s tenure brought significant change to the colonies, though his policy was in many ways an extension of his predecessor, Hermanus Gelskerke. Commandeur Gelskerke had begun pressing for change from a trading focus to one of cultivation, especially of
856:
The
Guianas is also one of the most racially diverse regions on Earth, particularly in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, due to their long histories of migration to the region brought by slavery and indentured labour. The entire region has a large
214:
To the east and up the lower Amazon, there were a number of
English, French and Dutch outposts that either failed or were expelled by the Portuguese. To the west, Spanish Guyana was thinly settled and interacted slightly with Pomeroon.
304:
first spotted the coast of the
Guianas in 1498, but real interest in the exploration and colonisation of the Guianas, which came to be known as the "Wild Coast," did not begin until the end of the sixteenth century. In 1542, when
489:
granted permission to the whole of Guiana to a joint-stock company of Norman merchants. When these merchants made a settlement near the modern city of
Cayenne, failure ensued. Eight years later, a reinforcement contingent led by
817:. French Guianese Creole and Karipuna French Creole are based on French with influences from Brazilian Portuguese and Arawak and Cariban languages. Ndyuka is one of the only creole languages that uses its own script, called
556:
during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. War continued off and on among the three principal powers in the
Guianas (the Netherlands, France, and Britain) until a final peace was signed in 1814 (the
140:
there was a string of mostly Dutch settlements along the coast which changed hands several times. They were mostly several miles upriver to avoid the coastal marshes which were only drained later.
450:, but even a few years prior to the official chartering a fort and trading post had been built at Kijkoveral, under the supervision of Aert Groenewegen, at the confluence of the Essequibo,
503:
is not recognised as having taken place until at least 1637. Cayenne itself, the first permanent settlement of comparable size to the Dutch colonies, experienced instability until 1643.
706:, respectively. Suriname is the only sovereign nation, other than the Netherlands, where Dutch is the sole official language. Languages spoken locally by specific ethnic groups include
499:
in 1645, begging for refuge. Though some trading outposts that could be considered permanent settlements were founded as early as 1624, French “possession” of the land now known as
284:
463:
541:
sealed peace between the
English and the Dutch. The treaty allowed the Dutch to retain control over the valuable sugar plantations and factories on the coast of
905:
are another major group in Suriname, who are descendants of indentured labourers recruited from Dutch colonies in Indonesia, and both Guyana and Suriname have
376:. The company, established in 1621 for such purposes, benefited from a larger investment of capital than the English, primarily through foreign investors like
309:
reached the mouth of the Amazon, he was pushed by winds and currents northwest along the Guiana coast until he reached a Spanish settlement west of Trinidad.
921:
descent. French Guiana has also been a recipient of immigration from surrounding countries, especially Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil, as well as from Haiti.
422:
Rivers were completely destroyed by Spanish troops. The troops had been sent into the Guianas from neighbouring Venezuela under the premise of stamping out
156:(20 miles NW of Georgetown) c 1616 Dutch, 1665 British occupation, (1781 British, 1782 French occupation, 1783 Dutch), 1793 British, 1831 British Guiana
1407:
358:
powers developed interest in the Guianas. The Dutch joined in the exploration of the Guianas before the end of the century. Between the start of the
77:, formerly British, Dutch and French Guiana. Broadly it refers to the South American coast from the mouth of the Orinoco to the mouth of the Amazon.
518:
took over the region. He held the position for three decades, coordinating the development and expansion of the Dutch colonies from his plantation
1522:
1348:
1239:
485:
conversion — were not easily reconciled with the difficulties of initial settlement-building on the Wild Coast. Even as late as 1635, the
410:
English and Dutch settlers were regularly harassed by the Spanish and Portuguese, who viewed settlement of the area as a violation of the
506:
470:
893:
brought to the region during colonial times. Africans are further divided into Creoles, who are located along the coastal regions, and
858:
515:
259:
1579:
1507:
581:, Essequibo, and Demerara; these colonies were consolidated under a central British administration and would be known after 1831 as
447:
955:
318:
897:, who are descendants of people who escaped slavery into the interior regions of the country. Multiracial people, who are largely
980:
965:
945:
1536:
1492:
150:(70 miles NW of Georgetown) 165?: Dutch, 1689:abandoned after French destruction, Dutch later return, 1831 to British Guyana.
975:
960:
950:
491:
313:
began the exploration of the Guianas in earnest in 1594. He was in search of a great golden city at the headwaters of the
1246:
1119:
Goslinga, Cornelis. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1971.
1194:
970:
385:
208:, 1664 French, 1667 English capture and return, French, 1676? Dutch, 1763? French, 1809 Anglo-Portuguese, 1817 French
40:
1082:
558:
806:
1402:
1341:
782:
687:
458:. British settlers also succeeded in establishing a small settlement in 1606 and a much larger one in modern-day
368:
1553:
561:), heavily favouring the British. By this time France had sold off most of its North American territory in the
373:
180:
281:, and was seen so much as a unified, isolated entity that it was often referred to as the “Island of Guiana.”
785:
in Amapa. These creole languages are based on English in Suriname and Guyana with significant influence from
392:
also organised an expedition to the Guianas, but this was cut short by the untimely death of the Grand Duke.
834:
542:
446:(now more commonly known as the Oyapock) and one on the upper Amazon. By 1621, a charter was granted by the
342:
1584:
1517:
778:
597:
538:
478:
389:
205:
184:
109:
901:, of African and Indian descent, make up a growing proportion of the population in Guyana and Suriname.
886:
427:
411:
306:
873:
in the region due to the region's isolation. The two largest ethnic groups in Guyana and Suriname are
255:
in Venezuela and Guiana into the northern islands, and were then supplanted by more warlike tribes of
1574:
1334:
1320:
1190:
935:
917:. French Guiana's population is largely African; there are also minorities of European, Chinese, and
850:
822:
715:
301:
1198:
902:
870:
814:
802:
762:
683:
431:
395:
363:
228:
Before the arrival of European colonials, the Guianas were populated by scattered bands of native
198:: (100 miles NW of Cayenne) 1624 French, captured by Dutch and English several times, 1763: French
1478:
906:
846:
790:
707:
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610:
562:
274:
153:
842:
537:
Conflict among the British, Dutch, and French continued throughout the seventeenth century. The
477:. The settlement collapsed within a summer, and initial attempts at settlement near modern-day
367:
as a buffer against neighbouring states. With this goal in mind, the Dutch dispatched explorer
1594:
1512:
1235:
930:
910:
866:
798:
794:
723:
711:
546:
482:
481:, beginning in 1613, were met with similar setbacks. French priorities — land acquisition and
270:
147:
65:, is a region in north-eastern South America. Strictly, the term refers to the three Guianas:
745:
The diverse population and isolation of the region has led to the development of a number of
1548:
1308:
914:
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671:
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419:
381:
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766:
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289:
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187:, 1799 English during French wars, 1814 restored to Dutch but England keeps British Guiana
314:
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292:(1625). Situated at the west coast of the lake, the so-called city Manoa or El Dorado
256:
115:
85:
74:
514:
The Dutch appointed a new governor of the Guiana settlements in 1742. In this year,
434:. Nonetheless, the Dutch returned in 1615, founding a new settlement at present-day
1229:
1032:"Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020"
1005:
918:
758:
625:. However, in Venezuela, major cities are inland: the largest city in the Guianas,
451:
423:
359:
278:
263:
237:
1152:
629:
in Venezuela, is one that is inland, with a population of over 1 million people,
1499:
890:
882:
334:
252:
1031:
1438:
614:
570:
566:
1397:
399:
330:
241:
195:
640:
622:
1054:
A Brief History of the Caribbean, from the Arawak and Carib to the Present
1473:
1433:
1428:
1378:
1373:
703:
695:
648:
531:
523:
519:
459:
439:
159:
122:
105:
70:
837:, a pidgin spoken in Suriname until the 1960s formed between the creole
1468:
1089:(1613; repr., London Hakluyt Society Press, 1928), p. 4; Joshua Hyles,
894:
719:
618:
578:
435:
245:
201:
165:
33:
17:
1421:
1416:
1108:
The Discovery of Guiana, and the Journal of the Second Voyage Thereto
862:
750:
739:
691:
644:
552:
All the colonies along the Guiana coast were converted to profitable
355:
349:
The Discovery of Guiana, and the Journal of the Second Voyage Thereto
322:
229:
95:
66:
462:
in 1650, under the leadership of former Barbadian governor Francis
46:
639:
527:
505:
394:
283:
233:
168:(114 miles SE of Georgetown) 1627 Dutch, 1781-1831: like Essequebo
162:(Georgetown) 1745 Dutch from Essequibo, 1781-1831: like Essequibo
1104:
The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana
344:
The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana
1330:
1060:(New York: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1942); and J. H. Parry,
877:, who are largely descended from indentured labourers from the
1326:
588:
After 1814, the Guianas came to be recognised individually as
341:
in Guyana. Much of his exploration is documented in his books
333:. Raleigh described the city of El Dorado as being located on
329:
in search of "Manoa", the legendary city of the king known as
244:; most evidence suggests that the Arawaks immigrated from the
380:, a Portuguese Jew. The area was also cursorily explored by
32:"Guiana" redirects here. For the former French province, see
1106:(1596; repr., Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1968) and
633:
with a population of 410,000 as well as another major city,
530:. The area east of the existing Essequibo colony, known as
372:
the neighbouring Caribbean islands under the banner of the
354:
After the publication of Raleigh's accounts, several other
426:
and with the support of a cédula passed by the Spanish
176:
Nickerie (200 miles SE of Georgetown)(small) 1718 Dutch
1178:
Greater France: a History of French Overseas Expansion
469:
The French had also made less significant attempts at
1244:
1199:"Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 7"
1449:
1364:
1180:, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1996; Hyles, p. 36.
1056:(New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999); Paul Radin,
406:(Guyana) in 1775, according to Spanish cartography.
144:British Guiana (before 1793 part of Dutch Guyana):
121:So called Portuguese or Brazilian Guiana, now the
1153:"Political and Economic History of French Guiana"
821:. Pidgin languages spoken in the Guianas include
84:So-called Spanish or Venezuelan Guiana, now the
1064:(New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979).
655:are the only South American nations outside of
240:are most closely related to the natives of the
845:. Extinct creole languages in the Guianas are
1342:
8:
853:, both based on Dutch and spoken in Guyana.
495:enough to reach the Dutch settlement on the
1349:
1335:
1327:
1157:San Jose State University Faculty Research
913:communities, as well as a small number of
1132:. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.
577:in the Caribbean region. The Dutch lost
45:
1251:
997:
869:language groups. There are a number of
204:1604,1643 French fail,1615 Dutch fail,
414:. In 1613, Dutch trading posts on the
1110:(1606; repr., London: Cassell, 1887).
29:Region in north-central South America
7:
1203:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
881:of India, with smaller numbers from
1234:. The University of Chicago (2014)
118:, an overseas department of France.
25:
1093:, Baylor University, 2010, p. 17.
1542:
1530:
1498:
1486:
1457:
1427:
1415:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1091:Guiana and the Shadows of Empire
1087:A Relation of a Voyage to Guiana
80:Politically it is divided into:
637:, with a population of 41,000.
585:. The Dutch retained Suriname.
516:Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande
347:, published first in 1596, and
262:, who departed from these same
1062:The Discovery of South America
686:are spoken in the Guianas: in
510:Map of the Guianas dated 1888.
438:(later abandoned in favour of
1:
134:
956:Suriname–Venezuela relations
50:Political map of The Guianas
362:in 1568 and 1648, when the
1611:
1232:: The Odyssey of Indenture
981:Brazil–Venezuela relations
966:France–Venezuela relations
946:Guyana–Venezuela relations
889:, descendants of enslaved
545:which had been secured by
492:Charles Poncet de Brétigny
473:, first in 1604 along the
269:Over the centuries of the
38:
31:
976:Brazil–Suriname relations
961:France–Suriname relations
951:Guyana–Suriname relations
753:languages; these include
288:Parime Lacus on a map by
112:, independent since 1975.
102:, independent since 1966.
1580:Regions of South America
1554:Surinam (English colony)
1058:Indians of South America
374:Dutch West India Company
39:Not to be confused with
971:Brazil–Guyana relations
825:, a pidgin between the
464:Willoughby, Lord Parham
266:a few centuries later.
807:West African languages
783:KaripĂşna French Creole
781:in French Guiana, and
779:French Guianese Creole
664:
539:Treaty of Breda (1667)
511:
407:
390:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
293:
51:
643:
565:and had lost all but
509:
428:Council of the Indies
412:Treaty of Tordesillas
398:
386:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
351:, published in 1606.
307:Francisco de Orellana
297:European colonisation
287:
49:
1102:Sir Walter Raleigh,
936:Borders of Venezuela
851:Berbice Creole Dutch
835:Ndyuka-TiriyĂł Pidgin
823:Panare Trade Spanish
716:Caribbean Hindustani
559:Convention of London
448:Dutch States-General
302:Christopher Columbus
1006:"Population, total"
903:Javanese Surinamese
871:uncontacted peoples
841:and the Amerindian
271:pre-colonial period
232:people. The native
224:Pre-colonial period
1227:Bahadur, Gaiutra.
1128:Smith, Raymond T.
861:population of the
847:Skepi Creole Dutch
665:
563:Louisiana Purchase
512:
408:
388:, and in 1608 the
294:
154:Essequibo (colony)
52:
1562:
1561:
1240:978-0-226-21138-1
1151:Watkins, Thayer.
1073:Radin, pp. 11-13.
931:Borders of Brazil
777:in Suriname, and
554:sugar plantations
549:earlier in 1667.
547:Abraham Crijnssen
364:Treaty of MĂĽnster
327:eastern Venezuela
148:Pomeroon (colony)
16:(Redirected from
1602:
1549:Trinidad-Guayana
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1503:
1502:
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1489:
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1420:
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1401:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1377:
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1351:
1344:
1337:
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1212:
1210:
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1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1141:Goslinga, p. 76.
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1052:Ian Rogoziński,
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1002:
915:Jews in Suriname
879:Bhojpuri regions
720:Maroon languages
382:Amerigo Vespucci
236:of the Northern
139:
136:
125:state of Brazil.
21:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1458:
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1445:
1426:
1414:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1360:
1355:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1224:
1222:Further reading
1219:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1197:, eds. (1927).
1189:
1188:
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1161:
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1083:Robert Harcourt
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1015:
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1004:
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999:
994:
989:
927:
843:TiriyĂł language
839:Ndyuka language
827:Panare language
819:Afaka syllabary
755:Guyanese Creole
635:Puerto Ayacucho
606:
475:Sinnamary River
456:Mazaruni Rivers
432:King Philip III
404:British Guayana
369:Jacob Cornelisz
317:. A year later
299:
290:Hessel Gerritsz
226:
221:
137:
57:, also spelled
44:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1483:
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1464:British Guiana
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1195:P.C. Molhuysen
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1169:
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1130:British Guiana
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948:
943:
938:
933:
926:
923:
736:Haitian Creole
631:Ciudad Bolivar
627:Ciudad Guayana
605:
602:
590:British Guiana
583:British Guiana
497:Pomeroon River
487:King of France
442:), one on the
378:Isaac de Pinto
311:Walter Raleigh
298:
295:
238:amazon forests
225:
222:
220:
217:
212:
211:
210:
209:
199:
192:French Guiana
190:
189:
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177:
171:
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127:
126:
119:
113:
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100:British Guiana
93:
90:Guayana Region
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1607:
1596:
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1585:French Guiana
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1538:
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1504:Dutch Guiana
1501:
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1425:
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1409:
1406:
1405:
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1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:French Guiana
1387:
1382:
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444:Wiapoco River
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92:of Venezuela.
91:
87:
86:Delta Amacuro
83:
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75:French Guiana
72:
68:
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60:
56:
48:
42:
35:
27:
19:
1537:Free Counani
1357:
1230:Coolie Woman
1228:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1162:November 30,
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
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1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
855:
759:Sranan Tongo
744:
666:
607:
604:Demographics
598:Dutch Guiana
587:
551:
536:
513:
471:colonisation
468:
424:privateering
409:
360:Dutch Revolt
353:
348:
343:
321:what is now
315:CaronĂ River
300:
268:
253:River Basins
227:
213:
181:1651 English
132:
128:
110:Dutch Guiana
79:
62:
58:
54:
53:
26:
1575:The Guianas
1358:The Guianas
1034:(in French)
883:South India
757:in Guyana,
714:languages,
337:far up the
335:Lake Parime
319:he explored
138: 1815
108:, formerly
98:, formerly
55:The Guianas
1569:Categories
1439:Tigri Area
1205:(in Dutch)
1010:World Bank
992:References
911:Portuguese
859:Amerindian
815:Portuguese
803:Hindustani
763:Saramaccan
684:Portuguese
661:Portuguese
615:Paramaribo
611:Georgetown
571:Martinique
567:Guadeloupe
277:, and the
206:1635 Dutch
185:1667 Dutch
1479:Essequibo
1309:Venezuela
1209:14 August
1191:P.J. Blok
1176:Aldrich,
420:Corantijn
416:Essequibo
400:Venezuela
331:El Dorado
275:Rio Negro
250:Essequibo
242:Caribbean
196:Sinnamary
133:Prior to
1595:Suriname
1523:Suriname
1513:Pomeroon
1508:Pre-1667
1474:Demerara
1434:Suriname
1408:Esequiba
1297:Suriname
1038:13 March
1016:13 March
925:See also
887:Africans
799:Javanese
724:Javanese
708:Arawakan
696:Suriname
649:Suriname
543:Suriname
532:Demerara
524:Demerara
520:Soesdyke
483:Catholic
460:Suriname
440:Suriname
356:European
179:Surinam
160:Demerara
106:Suriname
71:Suriname
63:Guayanas
1518:Surinam
1493:Counani
1469:Berbice
1403:Guayana
1365:Current
1247:Portals
907:Chinese
895:Maroons
875:Indians
831:Spanish
811:Chinese
795:Cariban
771:Matawai
728:Chinese
712:Cariban
688:Guayana
672:English
668:Spanish
657:Spanish
619:Cayenne
579:Berbice
479:Cayenne
436:Cayenne
260:Indians
246:Orinoco
219:History
202:Cayenne
166:Berbice
59:Guyanas
41:GuainĂa
34:Guyenne
18:Guyanas
1590:Guyana
1450:Former
1422:Guyana
1285:Guyana
1273:France
1261:Brazil
1238:
1012:. 2021
885:; and
863:Arawak
833:; and
813:, and
791:Arawak
775:Kwinti
773:, and
767:Ndyuka
751:pidgin
747:creole
740:Arabic
738:, and
702:, and
692:Guyana
682:, and
680:French
651:, and
645:Guyana
623:Macapá
621:, and
596:, and
573:, and
454:, and
452:Cuyuni
323:Guyana
279:Amazon
234:tribes
230:Arawak
96:Guyana
67:Guyana
1379:Amapá
987:Notes
919:Hmong
867:Carib
787:Dutch
732:Hmong
704:Amapá
676:Dutch
663:area.
528:sugar
257:Carib
123:Amapá
1236:ISBN
1211:2020
1164:2009
1040:2023
1018:2023
909:and
865:and
849:and
829:and
749:and
710:and
430:and
418:and
402:and
384:and
325:and
248:and
88:and
73:and
522:in
61:or
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1213:.
1166:.
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1020:.
659:/
43:.
36:.
20:)
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