99:
81:
112:
442:
195:
124:
609:
255:
293:
27:
538:
163:
rates of serious or fatal injury in hardtop models (both two- and four-door versions), as well as four-door station wagons, were significantly lower than sedans while the rates of any degree of injury for those same body styles were also significantly lower. A 1980 study for evaluation of rollover test devices reported that a greater degree of roof crush was associated with hardtop body styles, but severe passenger injury was not more frequent than in the other car body styles.
639:
218:, to enclose the sides of the car for better weather protection. One objective of these aftermarket tops was to bring the cost of the closed car nearer to the prices of corresponding open cars. Automobile dealers were encouraged to equip an open car with a California top to demonstrate that they were "cool and clean in summer, and warm and dry in winter." The hard tops were frequently equipped with celluloid windows that retracted like a
236:
457:
274:
499:
including both P7A and P7B versions. They had regular coupe versions with B pillars, but the
Hardtop Taunus models had no B pillar and provided an open-air feel inside the car when all the windows were rolled down. DKW was the only German manufacturer that offered pillarless two-door windows, as well
341:
The Kaiser-Frazer 1949 Virginian was an early example of a four-door hardtop albeit with a removable thin, chrome- and-glass 'B' pillar held on by five screws. The car was designed to have a convertible look and padded nylon or cotton was applied over the roof contributing to the soft-top appearance.
171:
construction also made the pillarless design less practical. Some models adopted modified roof styling, placing the B-pillars behind the tinted side window glass and painting or molding the outer side of each pillar in black to make them less visible, creating a hardtop look without actually omitting
375:
By 1956, every major U.S. automaker offered two- and four-door hardtops in a particular model lineup. General Motors restyled their new models and offered four-door hardtops from every division and nearly every series except the lowest-priced lines. Chrysler also offered two- and four-door hardtops
210:
In 1915–1918, the first pillarless hardtop cars were produced, then called "convertible cars" (or "touring sedans" or "Springfields"). The
Springfield design featured folding upper frames on the doors and the rear glass frames are removable and stored under or behind the seats. In the late teens,
162:
or reinforced body structure of the contemporary convertible model, which is reinforced to compensate for the lack of a fixed roof. The hardtop design received criticism that its roof structure may not provide adequate protection during a rollover crash. However, subsequent research reported that
1448:
656:
A retractable hardtop (also known as coupé convertible or coupé cabriolet) is a type of convertible that forgoes a folding textile roof in favor of an automatically operated, multi-part, self-storing roof where the rigid roof sections are opaque, translucent, or independently operable.
923:
348:
In 1955, General Motors introduced the first four-door hardtops. Following the pattern established by the two-door variants, GM utilized the same special sub-designations for the pillarless four-door body types within all their brands in North
America. The term
1124:
310:
There were a variety of hardtop-like body styles dating back to 1916. Chrysler
Corporation built seven pillarless Town and Country hardtop coupes as concept vehicles in 1946, and even included the body style in its advertising that year called the
206:
Early automobiles had no roof or sides, but by 1900, several cars were offered with fabric roofs and primitive folding tops. However, cars with fully closed bodies (i.e., with a rigid roof and sides) grew in popularity and soon became the norm.
1545:
564:
but offered a genuine pillarless four-door hardtop along with a two-door hardtop body styles, with the latter "rendered as a premium quality personal car." Subaru introduced a new compact coupe as a genuine two-door hardtop with the
1526:
139:
or glass frames. If window glass frames are present, they are designed to retract with the window when lowered. This creates an impression of uninterrupted glass along the side of the car. Even the smaller automakers like
1154:
410:, the two-door hardtop regularly outsold four-door sedans. Some car lines (such as the 1957-64 Cadillac and 1965–69 Corvair) only offered pillarless models with no pillared sedans. So prevalent were true hardtops that
166:
The hardtop body style began to disappear along with convertibles in the mid-1970s, partly out of a concern that U.S. federal safety regulations would be onerous for pillarless models to pass. The ascendancy of
144:
introduced two-door hardtops in 1952 "as a response to
America's newly discovered fondness for sportier looking cars that resembled a convertible, but had the comfort and convenience of a two-door sedan."
1701:
104:
1969 Dodge
Phoenix 400 four-door hardtop. The lack of a B-pillar and window frames, added vinyl roof, wider C-pillar, and softened roofline create an appearance similar to a convertible.
699:
Two-door hardtop: The term hardtop, as used for postwar cars up to the mid - 1970s, describes an automobile styled to resemble a convertible, but with a rigid metal (or fiberglass) top.
1350:
214:
Another form of early pillarless hardtop is the "California top", originating in Los
Angeles and most popular from 1917 to 1927. These were designed to replace the folding roofs of
464:
Various
European manufacturers have produced hardtops without B-pillars (usually coupes). However, they are rarely marketed as pillarless hardtops. Examples include the current
364:
Other manufacturers also designated unique names for their pillarless models. Ford called them
Victoria, Chrysler used Newport, and their luxury division Imperial used the name
372:, and Hudson's were Hollywoods. Nash used the Country Club moniker while pillarless Studebakers were Starliners, a name that was later used by Ford for its Galaxie hardtop.
1759:
406:
Throughout the 1960s, the two-door pillarless hardtop was the most popular body style in most lines where such a model was offered. Even on family-type vehicles like the
158:
A pillarless hardtop is inherently less rigid than a pillared body, requiring extra underbody strength to prevent shaking. Production hardtops commonly share the
1719:
1093:
738:
2654:
172:
the pillar. Some mid- to late-1970s models continued their previous two-door hardtop bodies, but with fixed rear windows or a variety of vinyl roof and
1181:
1676:
1421:
1369:
2675:
549:
line. This was followed by several manufacturers offering the popular body style as a luxury car appearance. During the 1970s, Toyota produced the
2509:
395:
hardtop wagons became available in both two- and four-door body styles. Chrysler built four-door hardtop station wagons through 1964 in both the
56:. The term "pillared hardtop" was used in the 1970s to refer to cars that had a B-pillar but had frameless door glass like a pillarless hardtop.
1571:
2647:
1752:
2689:
2668:
2661:
1657:
1555:
1458:
1431:
1379:
933:
835:
801:
748:
685:
865:
2703:
2682:
2710:
2696:
825:
791:
500:
as wrap-around windows in the back of the glasshouse from 1953 (3=6 F91) on and with a wrap-around windscreen since 1959 (1000 Coupe).
1319:
1745:
48:, typically metal, and integral to the vehicle's design, strength, and style. The term typically applies to a pillarless hardtop, a
345:
Two-door hardtops became popular with consumers in the 1950s, while the two-door sedan body design fell out of favor among buyers.
1596:
2846:
2836:
365:
98:
2841:
2810:
338:. They were purportedly inspired by the wife of a Buick executive who always drove convertibles, but never lowered the top.
764:
675:
2463:
1939:
1647:
1395:
2469:
711:
956:
898:
388:
111:
80:
2727:
2529:
323:
194:
179:
By the end of the 1990s, almost all hardtop designs were discontinued as structural integrity standards increased.
123:
608:
119:
with doors open. Note the absence of a driver's vent window and half-height pillar to which the rear doors attach.
2503:
1101:
477:
441:
2831:
2458:
2414:
1916:
148:
In one instance, stylists added faux ribbing to a hardtop roof to make it appear to be like a convertible top,
20:
135:
The pillarless hardtop (abbreviated as "hardtop") is a post-World War II car body designed with no center or
2539:
2514:
2318:
2133:
1185:
1039:
The principles of automobile body design, covering the fundamentals of open and closed passenger body design
335:
186:
models when new. They are more collectible than standard models of the same vehicle, which have a B-pillar.
1232:
985:
2762:
2534:
2444:
2371:
1944:
1622:
465:
199:
2263:
2128:
1883:
1068:
485:
292:
26:
1501:
254:
537:
2757:
2721:
1056:
Springfield type construction has a folding upper frame on the doors stored under seat posts between.
1011:
155:
became widely available in virtually all model lines, reinforcing the convertible look in hardtops.
2615:
2336:
2148:
1893:
651:
430:
116:
64:
569:
in 1971. The pillarless hardtop models were more expensive and luxurious than the sedan versions.
2747:
2625:
2597:
2341:
2273:
1777:
872:
585:
511:
which, unlike
American models, sold fewer cars than their regular center pillar saloon versions.
469:
446:
316:
244:
183:
1294:
2772:
2635:
2620:
2607:
2587:
2567:
2562:
2406:
1653:
1551:
1474:
1454:
1427:
1375:
1258:
929:
831:
797:
744:
681:
358:
871:. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. pp. 43–44. Archived from
522:
on the inside that is disguised on the exterior by a black border on the fixed rear windows.
2577:
2524:
2454:
2351:
2228:
2178:
2058:
1043:
638:
581:
526:
473:
426:
407:
400:
392:
354:
350:
327:
312:
282:
263:
128:
1327:
2767:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2203:
433:
lines. Since then, no U.S. manufacturer has offered a true hardtop in regular production.
45:
456:
235:
2518:
2308:
2283:
2268:
2173:
2120:
1802:
1207:
849:
The '63 American pillarless hardtop, designed to resemble a convertible with its top up
597:
573:
545:
In July 1965, Toyota introduced Japan's first two-door hardtop in the third generation
504:
492:
301:
222:
for open sided motoring offering a low-cost compromise between an open and closed car.
49:
31:
626:
A detachable hardtop is a rigid, removable roof panel that is often stored in a car's
460:
Two 1973 Sunbeam Rapiers: first with side windows lowered and raised on the second car
273:
2825:
2805:
2787:
2499:
2449:
2346:
2298:
2288:
2253:
2038:
1992:
1888:
1827:
613:
593:
577:
561:
557:
546:
515:
425:
The U.S. industry's last pillarless two-door and four-door hardtops were in the 1978
415:
380:
331:
87:
353:
was used for Cadillac, Riviera was used for Buick, Holiday was used for Oldsmobile,
2248:
2243:
2153:
1997:
1972:
1822:
566:
550:
450:
219:
173:
136:
1037:
553:
in a genuine two-door hardtop, while offering a pillared four-door hardtop sedan.
491:
German pillarless hardtops included cars from Taunus, a Ford subbrand. Namely the
2800:
2742:
2737:
2554:
2494:
2479:
2434:
2366:
2303:
2258:
2163:
2048:
2033:
2028:
2023:
1911:
1817:
768:
627:
621:
518:
two-door sedan has been marketed as a hardtop in the U.S. includes a structural
384:
215:
131:
hardtop featured roof styling with crease lines to resemble convertible top bows
60:
2396:
2381:
2376:
2143:
1982:
1964:
1875:
1837:
1812:
1283:
John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th Edition
589:
508:
481:
152:
2544:
2484:
2424:
2391:
2293:
2278:
2238:
2233:
2213:
2193:
2138:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
1977:
1954:
1850:
1807:
643:
572:
In the 1980s, Toyota continued the design with a pillared four-door hardtop
168:
2782:
2777:
2752:
2489:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2183:
2158:
2002:
1987:
1949:
1921:
1865:
1855:
1792:
519:
396:
53:
2429:
2419:
2386:
2361:
2356:
2223:
2007:
1903:
1860:
1845:
1797:
496:
376:
for every brand, from Imperial, Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, and Plymouth.
369:
159:
141:
900:
Analytical Study for Evaluation of Rollover Test Devices. Final Report
2439:
1677:"Automotive History: Nissan Cedric – When The Pupil Becomes A Master"
866:"Driver Injury in Automobile Accidents Involving Certain Car Models"
2313:
2168:
637:
607:
536:
529:
coupe W213 from 2016 is an example of a modern pillarless design.
455:
440:
193:
122:
110:
25:
903:. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. p. 21
1155:"A source of year 'round profit for dealers that sell Nash cars"
1741:
2473:
2043:
1931:
1768:
576:, while Nissan again offered a genuine hardtop sedan with its
326:, which launched two-door, pillarless hardtops in 1949 as the
1737:
1623:"Pillarless Under the Rising Sun: Japan's Four-Door Hardtops"
793:
American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960
1664:
Designed for the 1970s, the Crown followed US styling trends
1481:. Vol. 105, no. 1. January 1956. pp. 116–117
580:. Toyota introduced a genuine four-door hardtop with the
1572:"2015 Mini Hardtop 4-door: A stretch in size and appeal"
90:
four-door sedan has a B-pillar and painted window frames
1533:. Vol. 126, no. 4. October 1966. p. 114.
712:"Pillarless Pioneer: The 1949 Buick Roadmaster Riviera"
1125:"Price situation results in many improvements in cars"
1094:"Glossary – A guide to speaking the language of CCCA"
488:
is one of few four-door hardtops produced in Europe.
211:
Cadillac offered a sedan with removable "B" pillars.
182:
Hardtops were typically more expensive than regular
2720:
2634:
2606:
2553:
2405:
2327:
2119:
2057:
2016:
1963:
1930:
1902:
1874:
1836:
1785:
1776:
1547:
American Cars, 1973-1980: Every Model, Year by Year
1475:"Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon"
1450:
American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year
1371:
American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year
827:
The Cars of American Motors: An Illustrated History
980:
978:
1005:
1003:
600:sedans and station wagons as a pillared hardtop.
925:Savvy Guide to Buying Collector Cars at Auction
859:
857:
1753:
414:had to describe that the new full-sized 1967
319:as a low priced hardtop two-door until 1953.
8:
986:"The up-and-down history of the convertible"
897:Segal, David J.; McGrath, Martin T. (1980).
740:Standard catalog of American cars, 1946-1975
677:Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1976-1986
592:and Subaru from 1989 until 2009 with their
541:1972 Toyota Crown with side windows lowered
63:(often designed to store in the trunk), or
1782:
1760:
1746:
1738:
1649:Classic Car: The Definitive Visual History
1233:"1946 Chrysler Town & Country Hardtop"
1208:"Motoring Memories - Hardtop convertibles"
1259:"1946 Chrysler Town and Country brochure"
928:. Sams Technical Publishing. p. 67.
680:. Krause Publications. pp. viii–ix.
503:British pillarless hardtops included the
2164:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
1357:. Vol. 187, no. 4. p. 65.
1351:"How Car Buying Has Changed in 20 Years"
1182:"1925 Studebaker Big Six California Top"
1069:"1925 Studebaker Big Six California Top"
767:. Engineering Dictionary. Archived from
59:In limited cases, a hardtop roof can be
2510:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1423:1950s American Style: A Reference Guide
666:
322:Mass-production of hardtops began with
1597:"Vehicle Lineage - Toyopet Corona 3rd"
1184:. Vintage Car Heritage. Archived from
1527:"the 67's: Solid citizens of Detroit"
1502:"A look at the hardtop station wagon"
1396:"1955, The Hardtop Goes "Pillarless""
622:Convertible § Detachable hardtop
379:In 1956, the first four-door hardtop
7:
1724:Diamond's Economic Journal Industria
1621:Severson, Aaron (22 February 2015).
824:Cranswick, Marc (22 December 2011).
743:. Krause Publications. p. 15.
1500:McGuire, Bill (21 December 2014).
1326:. 23 November 2007. Archived from
957:"The Evolution of the Convertible"
313:Town and Country Custom Club Coupe
14:
2174:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
1708:. Vol. 36. 1991. p. 20.
1180:Spajic, Igor (21 February 2012).
796:. Veloce Publishing. p. 25.
1720:"Subaru Leone Series was Reborn"
1702:"Business Trends - Tokyo Report"
1426:. Lulu. pp. 147, 148, 151.
1349:Norbye, John P. (October 1965).
1123:Cullen, T.F. (1 February 1922).
790:Mort, Norm (15 September 2010).
315:. In 1951, Plymouth offered the
291:
272:
253:
234:
97:
79:
2811:Template:EC car classification
1652:. Penguin. 2016. p. 228.
1447:Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008).
1368:Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008).
556:Nissan followed suit with the
1:
1544:Flory Jr., J. Kelly (2012).
1293:Marcus, Frank (June 2002).
674:Flammang, James M. (1989).
389:American Motors Corporation
151:By the mid-1960s, optional
67:within the vehicle itself.
2863:
2500:Gasoline / petrol
2264:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
1550:. McFarland. p. 586.
1453:. McFarland. p. 701.
1374:. McFarland. p. 621.
1010:Howley, Tim (April 2006).
847:– via Google Books.
697:– via Google Books.
649:
619:
391:. The following year, the
357:was used for Pontiac, and
18:
2796:
2640:(engine / drive)
1489:– via Google Books.
1420:Niemeyer, Daniel (2013).
1036:Forbes, Kingston (1922).
864:Campbell, Bob J. (1970).
830:. McFarland. p. 29.
813:– via Google Books.
298:Four-door hardtop wagon:
260:Four-door hardtop sedan:
198:California Top on a 1926
2279:Sedan delivery/Panel van
1129:Automobile Trade Journal
646:with retractable hardtop
361:was used for Chevrolet.
279:Two-door hardtop wagon:
241:Two-door hardtop coupe:
21:Hardtop (disambiguation)
2847:Automotive technologies
2540:Liquified petroleum gas
2352:Driverless (autonomous)
1506:macsmotorcitygarage.com
1320:"1950 Kaiser Virginian"
1295:"1949 Kaiser Virginian"
1012:"A History of Hardtops"
922:Mays, James C. (2006).
616:with detachable hardtop
509:Ford Consul Capri (355)
383:were introduced to the
336:Cadillac Coupe de Ville
2837:Automotive accessories
2445:Compressed natural gas
2372:Personal rapid transit
1161:: 96. 25 February 1922
1073:vintagecarheritage.com
1042:. Ware Bros. pp.
737:Gunnell, John (1982).
647:
617:
588:. Mazda marketed its
542:
466:Bentley Continental GT
461:
453:
203:
200:Studebaker Special Six
132:
120:
35:
34:, a pillarless hardtop
2842:Automotive body parts
2711:Dual motor-four-wheel
2309:Town (Coupé de Ville)
641:
611:
540:
486:Facel Vega Excellence
459:
444:
418:models even included
368:, Packard named them
197:
126:
114:
29:
2722:Engine configuration
1400:gmheritagecenter.com
1237:Auto | HowStuffWorks
1016:Hemmings Classic Car
961:popularmechanics.com
634:Retractable hardtops
480:, and the 2012-2017
19:For other uses, see
2728:internal combustion
2530:Internal combustion
2337:All-terrain vehicle
2259:Retractable hardtop
1681:curbsideclassic.com
1188:on 22 February 2014
652:Retractable hardtop
604:Detachable hardtops
451:pillarless phaeton"
449:was marketed as a "
317:Cranbrook Belvedere
117:Chrysler New Yorker
44:is a rigid form of
1627:ateupwithmotor.com
1330:on 19 January 2021
1098:classiccarclub.org
878:on 25 October 2015
716:ateupwithmotor.com
648:
618:
586:Toyota Corona EXiV
543:
478:Rolls-Royce Wraith
470:Bentley Brooklands
462:
454:
447:Mercedes-Benz 300d
416:Oldsmobile Delmont
302:Rambler Ambassador
245:Pontiac Parisienne
204:
133:
121:
71:Pillarless hardtop
36:
2819:
2818:
2115:
2114:
1884:Compact executive
1659:978-1-4654-5907-7
1601:toyota-global.com
1557:978-0-7864-4352-9
1531:Popular Mechanics
1479:Popular Mechanics
1460:978-0-7864-5230-9
1433:978-1-304-20165-2
1381:978-0-7864-5230-9
1239:. 15 October 2007
1159:Automobile Topics
1104:on 4 October 2018
935:978-0-7906-1322-2
837:978-0-7864-8570-3
803:978-1-84584-239-0
765:"Hardtop meaning"
750:978-0-87341-027-4
687:978-0-87341-133-2
412:Popular Mechanics
2854:
2731:
2690:Front-four-wheel
2641:
2504:direct injection
2415:Alternative fuel
2229:Multi-stop truck
1783:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:. Archived from
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1007:
998:
997:
995:
993:
982:
973:
972:
970:
968:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
877:
870:
861:
852:
851:
846:
844:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
761:
755:
754:
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
708:
702:
701:
696:
694:
671:
584:followed by the
582:Toyota Carina ED
527:Mercedes E-class
484:. The 1958-1964
474:Renault Avantime
472:, the 2001-2003
427:Chrysler Newport
420:a "pillar" sedan
408:Chevrolet Impala
393:Mercury Commuter
328:Buick Roadmaster
295:
283:Mercury Commuter
276:
264:Chrysler Newport
257:
238:
129:Rambler American
101:
86:1969 Australian
83:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2832:Car body styles
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2792:
2763:Single-cylinder
2725:
2724:
2716:
2704:Rear-four-wheel
2655:Front mid-front
2639:
2638:
2630:
2608:Engine position
2602:
2549:
2535:Liquid nitrogen
2401:
2329:
2323:
2111:
2053:
2012:
1959:
1945:Crossover (CUV)
1926:
1898:
1870:
1832:
1772:
1766:
1736:
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1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1355:Popular Science
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1324:How Stuff Works
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
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1292:
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789:
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763:
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736:
735:
731:
721:
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718:. 2 August 2011
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109:
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93:
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91:
84:
73:
46:automobile roof
24:
17:
16:Automobile roof
12:
11:
5:
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2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2697:Mid-four-wheel
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2632:
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2629:
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2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Shooting brake
2281:
2276:
2274:Saloon / Sedan
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2171:
2166:
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2146:
2141:
2136:
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2125:
2123:
2117:
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2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
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2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
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1925:
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1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1778:Classification
1774:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1711:
1706:Business Japan
1693:
1668:
1658:
1639:
1613:
1588:
1563:
1556:
1536:
1518:
1492:
1466:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1412:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1341:
1311:
1299:Car and Driver
1285:
1276:
1250:
1224:
1199:
1172:
1146:
1115:
1085:
1060:
1028:
999:
974:
963:. 25 June 2012
948:
934:
914:
889:
853:
836:
816:
802:
782:
771:on 6 July 2019
756:
749:
729:
703:
686:
665:
664:
662:
659:
650:Main article:
635:
632:
620:Main article:
605:
602:
534:
531:
505:Sunbeam Rapier
493:Ford Taunus P5
438:
435:
381:station wagons
324:General Motors
297:
290:
289:
288:
278:
271:
270:
269:
259:
252:
251:
250:
240:
233:
232:
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224:
191:
188:
103:
96:
95:
94:
85:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
72:
69:
50:car body style
32:Rambler Marlin
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Reciprocating
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:Rear mid-rear
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2633:
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2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Station wagon
2287:
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2277:
2275:
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2270:
2267:
2265:
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2257:
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2240:
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Coupé utility
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
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2150:
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Sport compact
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:Minivan / MPV
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
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1234:
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1187:
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1029:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:
987:
981:
979:
975:
962:
958:
952:
949:
937:
931:
927:
926:
918:
915:
902:
901:
893:
890:
874:
867:
860:
858:
854:
850:
839:
833:
829:
828:
820:
817:
805:
799:
795:
794:
786:
783:
770:
766:
760:
757:
752:
746:
742:
741:
733:
730:
717:
713:
707:
704:
700:
689:
683:
679:
678:
670:
667:
660:
658:
653:
645:
640:
633:
631:
629:
623:
615:
614:Daimler SP250
610:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
563:
562:Nissan Gloria
559:
558:Nissan Cedric
554:
552:
548:
547:Toyota Corona
539:
532:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
501:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
452:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
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402:
398:
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390:
386:
382:
377:
373:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
337:
334:Holiday, and
333:
332:Oldsmobile 98
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
303:
294:
284:
275:
265:
256:
246:
237:
226:United States
225:
223:
221:
217:
212:
208:
201:
196:
189:
187:
185:
180:
177:
175:
170:
164:
161:
156:
154:
149:
146:
143:
138:
130:
125:
118:
113:
100:
89:
88:Dodge Phoenix
82:
70:
68:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
28:
22:
2598:Twelve-wheel
2555:Drive wheels
2328:Specialized
2249:Pickup truck
2188:
2154:Cabrio coach
1998:Sports sedan
1973:Grand tourer
1727:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1600:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1449:
1442:
1422:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1323:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1128:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1097:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1055:
1048:. Retrieved
1038:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
990:. Retrieved
965:. Retrieved
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
924:
917:
905:. Retrieved
899:
892:
880:. Retrieved
873:the original
848:
841:. Retrieved
826:
819:
807:. Retrieved
792:
785:
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
759:
739:
732:
720:. Retrieved
715:
706:
698:
691:. Retrieved
676:
669:
655:
625:
571:
567:Subaru Leone
555:
551:Toyota Crown
544:
524:
513:
502:
490:
463:
424:
419:
411:
405:
378:
374:
363:
347:
344:
340:
321:
309:
220:roller blind
216:touring cars
213:
209:
205:
181:
178:
176:treatments.
174:opera window
165:
157:
150:
147:
134:
58:
41:
39:
37:
2748:Four-stroke
2648:Front-front
2588:Eight-wheel
2563:Front-wheel
2495:Natural gas
2480:Fossil fuel
2435:Biogasoline
2121:Body styles
2049:Vintage car
1730:: 40. 1980.
1265:. p. 4
1263:lov2xlr8.no
468:, the 2008
366:Southampton
153:vinyl roofs
65:retractable
2826:Categories
2773:Two-stroke
2669:Front-rear
2662:Rear-front
2578:Four-wheel
2568:Rear-wheel
2407:Propulsion
2397:Voiturette
2382:Flying car
2377:Police car
2342:Amphibious
2254:Quad coupé
2144:Berlinetta
1861:Street rod
1803:Subcompact
1192:9 February
1165:9 February
1139:9 February
1135:(8): 28–29
1050:9 February
1021:9 February
988:. CBS News
661:References
628:trunk/boot
482:Ford B-Max
431:New Yorker
61:detachable
52:without a
2683:Rear-rear
2593:Ten-wheel
2583:Six-wheel
2573:Two-wheel
2485:Fuel cell
2425:Biodiesel
2392:Tow truck
2367:Pedal car
2347:Connected
2319:Vis-Ă -vis
2294:Targa top
2239:Panel van
2234:Notchback
2214:Limousine
2204:Landaulet
2194:Hatchback
2139:Barchetta
2107:S-segment
2102:M-segment
2097:J-segment
2092:F-segment
2087:E-segment
2082:D-segment
2077:C-segment
2072:B-segment
2067:A-segment
1978:Hot hatch
1955:Coupe SUV
1889:Executive
1851:Lead sled
1828:Full-size
1808:Supermini
644:Volvo C70
401:Dodge 880
330:Riviera,
169:monocoque
2806:Category
2783:W engine
2768:Straight
2525:Hydrogen
2490:Fuel gas
2455:Electric
2330:vehicles
2269:Runabout
2219:Microvan
2209:Liftback
2199:Kammback
2184:Fastback
2159:Cab over
2149:Brougham
1894:Personal
1866:T-bucket
1856:Lowrider
1823:Mid-size
1212:autos.ca
520:B-pillar
516:New Mini
507:and the
397:Chrysler
387:line by
355:Catalina
351:de Ville
137:B-pillar
54:B-pillar
2778:V (Vee)
2753:H-block
2519:plug-in
2517: (
2502: (
2472: (
2470:Ethanol
2459:battery
2457: (
2430:Biofuel
2420:Autogas
2387:Taxicab
2362:Gyrocar
2357:Go-kart
2304:Touring
2299:Torpedo
2244:Phaeton
2224:Minibus
2189:Hardtop
2034:Economy
2029:Classic
2024:Antique
2008:Go-kart
1940:Compact
1917:Leisure
1912:Compact
1846:Hot rod
1818:Compact
1786:By size
1576:kbb.com
1511:1 April
1485:1 April
1334:1 April
1304:6 March
1269:1 April
1243:1 April
1217:10 June
941:1 April
907:1 April
882:1 April
843:1 April
809:1 April
775:1 April
693:1 April
598:Outback
574:Mark II
497:Ford P7
403:lines.
385:Rambler
370:Mayfair
359:Bel Air
202:Phaeton
190:Origins
142:Packard
42:hardtop
2801:Portal
2788:Wankel
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2636:Layout
2515:Hybrid
2450:Diesel
2440:Biogas
2134:Baquet
1983:Muscle
1965:Sports
1876:Luxury
1838:Custom
1813:Family
1771:design
1686:1 June
1656:
1581:5 June
1554:
1457:
1430:
1405:1 June
1378:
1108:13 May
1078:13 May
992:13 May
967:10 May
932:
834:
800:
747:
722:1 June
684:
594:Legacy
578:Laurel
476:, the
437:Europe
2738:Boxer
2616:Front
2545:Steam
2314:T-top
2169:Coupe
2017:Other
2003:Super
1793:Micro
1632:2 May
1606:2 May
876:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
642:2005
612:1959
533:Japan
300:1958
281:1957
262:1966
243:1969
184:sedan
160:frame
127:1963
115:1976
30:1965
2743:Flat
2626:Rear
1988:Pony
1950:Mini
1922:Mini
1688:2018
1654:ISBN
1634:2024
1608:2024
1583:2018
1552:ISBN
1513:2022
1487:2022
1455:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1407:2018
1376:ISBN
1336:2022
1306:2018
1271:2022
1245:2022
1219:2018
1194:2014
1167:2014
1141:2014
1110:2018
1080:2018
1052:2014
1046:–249
1023:2014
994:2018
969:2018
943:2022
930:ISBN
909:2022
884:2022
845:2022
832:ISBN
811:2022
798:ISBN
777:2022
745:ISBN
724:2018
695:2022
682:ISBN
590:Luce
560:and
525:The
495:and
445:The
429:and
399:and
2621:Mid
2474:E85
2464:NEV
2129:2+2
2044:Van
2039:Ute
1932:SUV
1798:Kei
1769:Car
1044:245
2828::
2059:EU
1728:10
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514:A
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