294:
306:
235:
the Jewish
Diaspora. The Media and Public Affairs Division comprises one department in charge of 'branding', a department in charge of collecting information, producing visual media content such as videos and drafting policy papers for briefing Israeli missions all around the world, as well as the spokesperson's bureau, which is in charge of the relationship with the press. Furthermore, the division also has an academic department and a small department dealing with issues of civil society affairs, especially the battle against BDS. Finally, the ministry has also a Digital Diplomacy Department, which is in charge of all digital channels of the ministry".
286:
1654:... the diminutive Shamir—he is shorter than Begin—is known in the Jerusalem press corps as 'the tiny terrorist'. He is a strong believer in hasbara, Hebrew for 'explaining'. He believes that by explaining Israel's rationale and historical imperatives, hostile world opinion could be turned around. Hasbara could become one of Shamir's major duties. With its many problems—and a new prime minister—Israel can use all the friends it can get.
724:. The Ministry of Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs established a "Communications Room" to circulate pro-Israel information to the global Jewish diaspora. These mobilization efforts via email messages, websites, traditional media, meetings and demonstrations. Pro-Israel sympathizers were encouraged to share pro-Israel videos and articles on social media platforms, respond to blogs and TV shows, and write editorial letters.
188:
communication
Hirschberger defines as "external communication"), both via social media and traditional mass media. The Israeli government uses this type of communication especially to depict Israel positively (a communication strategy Hirschberger calls "branding"). The Israeli government and pro-Israeli groups also use interventive communication to counter what they see as attempts at
38:
390:
her own efforts in distributing hasbara, then he is all in favor. It also reported that personnel in foreign hasbara departments would be shifted to press departments, which is where much of the work currently done by hasbara officials properly belongs. He explained that Israel's efforts to provide hasbara abroad would focus on media communications.
548:
American leaders. I developed a certain ability to influence public opinion." Netanyahu made this statement in the context of the
Israeli government's decade-long effort to pressure for military action against Iran. He added that this "is the most important thing: the ability to sway public opinion in the United States against the regime in Iran."
231:
public diplomacy activities of various governmental bodies in foreign and security affairs, and on socioeconomic issues" (Israel PMO s.a.). The Public
Diplomacy Directorate is responsible for communicating the Prime Minister's and the government's policies and decisions. The directorate is headed by the Prime Minister's Media Advisor.
693:, talks, meetings, distributing educational materials, distributing educational materials, gift packages, fundraising, and blood donations. These campus outreaches seek to strengthen ties between Israel and the Jewish diaspora and support efforts by Jewish students to combat so-called "anti-Israel" activism on campus such as
504:
website described methods it attributed to
Palestinian activists, and offered advice on how to respond. Describing demonstrators as "youths", for example, creates a different impression from calling them "children". The article drew attention to the subtle differences of meaning between words such as
86:
Public diplomacy in Israel refers to Israel's efforts to communicate directly with citizens of other nations to inform and influence their perceptions, with the aim of garnering support or tolerance for the
Israeli government's strategic objectives. Historically, these efforts have evolved from being
389:
reacted similarly, saying he was "not distressed or disturbed", and noted that disseminating hasbara has always been the responsibility of every
Foreign Ministry staff officer, especially those working abroad; if eliminating one department means everyone will assume greater responsibility for his or
234:
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs (MFA): The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs also has a Public Diplomacy Directorate. "The directorate consists of the Media and Public Affairs Division, the Division for Cultural Affairs and Scientific Cooperation and the Bureau for Religious Affairs and Relations with
187:
Israeli public diplomacy encompasses different forms of communication and other forms of interaction with the public abroad. For instance, Israel engages in open and fully attributable, unidirectional mass communication that targets so far unaffiliated civil populations in other countries (a form of
106:
In recent times, Israel has shifted toward calling its efforts "public diplomacy", indicating a strategic move away from a defensive posture to a more proactive and comprehensive approach. This involves various forms of communication and interaction with foreign publics, including mass communication
487:
said in 2012 that what he calls "low budget, grassroots
Hasbara 2.0" has come of age, and commends websites that keep track of what supporters see as anti-Israel media bias, and that promote email campaigns on Israel's behalf. He observes that "Israel's hasbara seems to be becoming more dynamic, as
480:
put it, "The network's activists—'delegitimizers' the report dubs them—are relatively marginal: young people, anarchists, migrants and radical political activists." The newspaper also cites the report as saying this network promotes pro-Palestinian activities in Europe as "trendy", and calls for it
523:(ICIC) said its purpose was "to assist efforts to explain Israeli life from the vantage point of the average Israeli citizen. Towards that end, the ICIC enlists Israelis from all walks of life to participate in its various projects ... One of our major activities is the production of special
421:
In 2002, the
Israeli State Comptroller's office issued a report critical of Israel's PR efforts. "A lack of an overall strategic public relations conception and objective" and lack of coordination between the various organizations were mentioned. Funding levels are modest; the Ministry of Foreign
219:
plays a central role in the Israeli government's public diplomacy. The IDF's English-language Facebook page is one of the most-followed army social media worldwide. The unit has become Israel's largest spokesperson unit, with more than 400 officers, civilians and soldiers. There is also a reserve
598:
has written, "by framing the issues in terms of the national interest, AIPAC can attract broader support than would ever be possible if it was perceived to represent only the interests of Israel. This does not mean AIPAC does not have a close relationship with Israeli officials; it does, albeit
230:
Prime Minister's Office (PMO): Within the Israel Prime Minister's Office, the Government Press Office (GPO), the Public Diplomacy Directorate and the National Information Directorate are involved in public diplomacy efforts. The National Information Directorate is in charge of coordinating "the
547:
Israeli officials have emphasized the importance of molding American public opinion to influence U.S. foreign policy favourably toward Israel. For example, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said, "In the last 30 years, I appeared innumerable times in the American media and met thousands of
398:
In 2001, Shmuel Katz published a retrospective of Israeli hasbara efforts and said that hasbara "must be tackled not by occasional sudden sallies but by a separate permanent department in the government." Sharon did increase hasbara efforts, but did not create a cabinet-level ministry for that
114:
The history of Israeli public diplomacy dates to the early 20th century, with notable efforts during the pre-statehood period, the establishment of the state, and significant developments in response to changing geopolitical challenges. Methods employed range from traditional media outreach to
515:
included lunches and free trips for influential journalists; seminars for Jewish university students; invitations to congressmen; pamphlets and donation of money for election campaigns; telling photographers and writers what to photograph or write about; lecture and concert tours by prominent
343:, chairman of Backer & Spielvogel, traveled to Israel to advise the government on communicating its defense goals. The trip led to the Hasbara Project, an internship program established to train foreign-service officers in communications by placing them with American companies.
534:
In 2012, the Israeli Foreign Ministry published new guidelines on the appropriate use of social media methods by its diplomatic staff. There have been multiple instances of embarrassing and inappropriate tweets and posts by Israeli embassies, such as one in Ireland criticizing a
443:
In 2009, Israel's foreign ministry organized volunteers to add pro-Israeli commentary on news websites. In July 2009, it was announced that the Israeli Foreign Ministry would assemble an "internet warfare" squad to spread pro-Israel messages on various websites, with funding of
584:, saying "The Presidents' Conference and its members have been instruments of official governmental Israeli policy. It was seen as our task to receive directions from government circles and to do our best no matter what to affect the Jewish community." Similarly, they quote
481:
to be monitored by Israeli intelligence services, and for the cabinet to treat the network as a strategic threat. It concludes that Israel was not prepared to meet the threat this network posed and that a counter-effort must be more vigorously undertaken to respond to it.
276:: In 2010, the Israeli Ministry of Information and Diaspora Affairs launched the PR campaign "Masbirim Israel". The campaign intended to encourage Israeli citizens to contribute to improving Israel's image by talking with their international contacts about the country.
618:) has worked with various Israeli and international non-government organizations to promote Israeli public diplomacy within the global Jewish diaspora and international community. Notable Israeli NGOs involved in public diplomacy have included the
220:
unit of almost 1,200 soldiers and officers. As of 2017, the unit has 15 staff members that are responsible only for the IDF's social media platforms to reach audiences abroad. As of 2015, the IDF is active on 30 different social media platforms.
1600:
184:, indicating a shift in strategy. They consider a focus on "explaining" too defensive and prefer to actively determine the agenda by being less reactive and more proactive, moving to a more comprehensive, long-term strategic approach.
380:
noted there had been talk of streamlining the ministry's hasbara functions for some time. He said that merging the hasbara department's functions with those of the press department did not portend any downgrading in the priority the
338:
reported that a program for "communicating defense goals" was started in the late 1970s, and a 1984 implementation of a "Hasbara Project" to "train foreign-service officers in communications by placing them with American companies".
169:) has no direct English translation, but roughly means "explaining". It is a communicative strategy that "seeks to explain actions, whether or not they are justified". As it focuses on providing explanations about one's actions,
592:, as saying "Unless something is terribly pressing, really critical or fundamental, you parrot Israel's line in order to retain American support. As American Jews, we don't go around saying Israel is wrong about its policies."
2333:
1570:
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119:
Zionist organizations to promote a favorable narrative of Israel. This multifaceted approach reflects Israel's ongoing efforts to navigate complex international dynamics and bolster its global standing.
655:
581:
143:
used the term at the 3rd Zionist Congress in 1899, where he asked fellow Zionists in the audience "to engage in propaganda". At the time the term "propaganda" was considered neutral. The term is now
1865:
1468:
1402:
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934:
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1592:
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227:, the IDF unit responsible for coordination and liaison with the Palestinian Authority, has a spokesperson's unit of its own as well as its own social media channels in English and Arabic.
2511:
Burla, Shahar (2015). "Chapter 3: Israeli Government and Diaspora Mobilisation: The Flotilla to Gaza and Australian Jewry as a Case Study". In Burla, Shahar; Lawerence, Dashiel (eds.).
2156:
1674:
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Pro-Israeli civil society organizations: Various civil society organizations and initiatives from Israel and abroad support the Israeli public diplomacy efforts. Prominent examples are
224:
376:
reported that American Jewish leaders hardly reacted to news that the Foreign Ministry's hasbara department would be eliminated as part of a sweeping reorganization of the ministry.
2323:
2763:
2187:
744:
457:
2094:
1562:
147:. Propaganda is now typically used for official government statements or by critics of pro-Israeli advocacy groups to portray the communication as misleading and manipulative.
2063:
2558:
754:
2009:
1731:
328:, this work "is called hasbara when the purpose is to reshape public opinion abroad". In the early 1980s, hasbara was defined as a "public relations campaign". In
1301:
896:
708:, the Israeli Foreign and Public Diplomacy ministries worked with local Australian Jewish community and Zionist organizations such as the local chapter of the
1237:
351:
1862:
1460:
1394:
1354:
1263:
1180:
926:
2032:
2765:
External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts A Theoretical Model and Empirical Case Study of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine
697:. Shai identifies the "Israel on Campus Coalition" as the umbrella organization for most pro-Israel American campus organizations. It is funded by the
1628:
For several weeks now, Israel has had under way a hasbara, or public relations campaign, aimed at recuperating from the propaganda battering that the
576:, major American Jewish organizations have played a significant role in advancing an Israeli state narrative to the American public. They quote Rabbi
247:
196:. The Israeli government also engages in activities beyond communicative efforts in social media and the traditional mass media, e.g., in the form of
1144:
2918:
2733:
Goodman, Giora (9 September 2017). "Explaining the occupation: Israeli hasbara and the occupied territories in the aftermath of the June 1967 war".
1633:
647:
564:
305:
243:
107:
through social media and traditional media, as well as cultural diplomacy. Key Israeli government bodies involved in public diplomacy include the
2311:
Recent embarrassing Facebook and Twitter posts prompt Foreign Ministry to update social media guidelines for Israeli diplomats around the world.
2209:
1753:
2298:
1666:
2387:
2148:
103:, which translates roughly to "explaining". This communicative strategy seeks to justify actions and is considered reactive and event-driven.
2777:
2649:
2497:
2360:
713:
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1148:
631:
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demonstration and riot, terror organization and Palestinian political organization. It advised against name-calling and point-scoring.
48:
403:
2086:
1915:
1437:
429:'s Department for Jewish Zionist Education had a webpage titled "Hasbara, Israeli Advocacy, Your Guide to the Middle East Conflict".
2867:
2810:
2723:
2704:
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1629:
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for the term "hasbara" in electronically available "Major U.S. and World Publications", between January 1, 1940, and January 1, 1987
1231:
1075:
1044:
557:
193:
73:
2639:
1893:
208:
Various branches of the Israeli government as well as pro-Israeli civil society organizations engage in public diplomacy efforts:
1972:
2071:
1331:
667:
2695:
Gilboa, Eytan; Shai, Nachman (2011). "Rebuilding Public Diplomacy – The Case Of Israel". In Fisher, Ali; Scott, Scott (eds.).
2596:
2383:
527:
presentations which we post on our website. These presentations review specific aspects and issues related to Israel and the
501:
1793:
115:
digital campaigns, with a focus on shaping foreign public opinion, particularly in the United States, and coordinating with
1723:
422:
Affairs spent about US$ 8.6 million on these efforts in 2002, and the Government Press Office was budgeted at US$ 100,000.
2913:
1999:
873:
749:
520:
2609:
Avraham, Eli (28 September 2009). "Marketing and managing nation branding during prolonged crisis: The case of Israel".
2239:
659:
615:
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efforts are needed to respond to what it describes as a diffuse "delegitimization network" of anti-Israel activists. As
255:
1293:
1001:"Incoherent Narrator: Israeli Public Diplomacy During the Disengagement and the Elections in the Palestinian Authority"
2328:
516:
Israelis; frequent references to the Holocaust; advertisements in the newspapers attacking Arabs and praising Israel.
322:
in English mainstream print media date from the late 1970s and describe it as "overseas image-building". According to
2714:
Gilboa, Eytan (2013). "Public Diplomacy – The Missing Component in Israel's Foreign Policy". In Inbar, Efraim (ed.).
888:
1828:"Israel Targets PR, Finally; Sharon calls for bolstering hasbara; Foreign Ministry supporting several projects here"
1211:
1068:"Imagine there is war and it is tweeted live: an analysis of digital diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict"
977:
824:
298:
259:
212:
189:
108:
2898:
2893:
1837:
801:"From Sokolow to 'Explaining Israel': The Zionist "Hasbara" First "Campaign Strategy Paper" and Its Applications"
759:
651:
589:
111:, the Prime Minister's Office, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and pro-Israeli civil society organizations.
619:
426:
346:
1950:
739:
635:
2375:
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643:
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251:
128:
Different terms have been used to describe Israel's and other actors' efforts to reach audiences abroad.
216:
716:, the Zionist Council of New South Wales and the New South Wales Jewish Board of Deputies to mobilize
603:
200:. The communicative efforts of pro-Israeli civil society groups are partially also called "advocacy".
2261:
2213:
2004:
1757:
709:
674:
524:
273:
2288:
685:, have sought to promote sympathy for Israel among university students through study tours (such as
433:
2538:
1636:
and the Western media based in Beirut inflicted on Israel's image during the early part of the war.
698:
690:
489:
407:
324:
705:
355:, published in 1973, was described as "an encyclopedic source-book for those involved in Israel's
2833:
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2683:
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1888:
1531:
1126:
1036:
1028:
969:
816:
721:
445:
372:
197:
678:
1697:
285:
180:
Today, Israeli practitioners tend to label their communicative efforts "public diplomacy", not
2863:
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2773:
2719:
2700:
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2516:
2457:
2412:
1827:
1523:
1227:
1118:
1020:
867:
808:
686:
639:
267:
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unofficially. Even so, the lobby sometimes comes into conflict with the Israeli government".
2859:
2794:
2742:
2675:
2618:
2592:
2573:
2117:
1515:
1219:
1110:
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774:
764:
585:
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377:
263:
1923:
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1832:
1823:
1504:"Masbirim Israel: Israel's PR Campaign as Glocalized and Grobalized Political Prosumption"
1429:
717:
627:
512:
340:
162:
2853:
1067:
1032:
1000:
673:
According to Greenfield and Shai, the Israeli government and sympathetic NGOs, including
1883:
623:
463:
364:
1976:
1223:
2887:
2754:
2687:
2630:
2585:
1535:
1323:
1130:
1040:
595:
174:
154:
140:
100:
92:
1563:"Israel Lifts Prohibition On Buying Arab Land; Israel Allows Purchases of Arab Land"
2798:
607:
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484:
437:
411:
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1801:
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682:
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508:
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1549:
1114:
1016:
386:
144:
136:
1527:
1519:
1122:
1024:
812:
2769:
2418:. Molad: the center for the renewal of Israeli democracy. 27 December 2012.
1098:
769:
414:. In May 2007, the Fellowships' website called for volunteers for a team of
1503:
614:, the former Ministry of Public Diplomacy & Diaspora Affairs, and the
406:, the diplomatic arm of the Government of Israel, was a co-sponsor of the
95:
advocating such activities in 1899, to the more contemporary Hebrew term "
2601:
638:(PMW). The Israeli government has also partnered with several Jewish and
330:
116:
2837:
2821:
2513:
Australia & Israel: A Diasporic, Cultural and Political Relationship
973:
957:
820:
800:
2622:
2293:
536:
468:
132:
88:
17:
2289:"Israel's Foreign Ministry Gives Envoys a Lesson on Twitter Diplomacy"
1622:"Numbers Game Clouds Toll in Lebanon; Israel Issues New Low Figures".
359:(public relations) effort" by Moshe Phillips, a national director of
2087:"Israel recruits 'army of bloggers' to combat anti-Zionist Web sites"
734:
1461:"External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts"
1395:"External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts"
1355:"External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts"
1264:"External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts"
1181:"External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts"
1099:"Public Diplomacy: The Missing Component in Israel's Foreign Policy"
927:"External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts"
1946:
488:
the Diaspora takes responsibility", and that "Even day schools and
2413:"The Hasbara Apparatus: Units, Tasks, and Areas of Responsibility"
1593:"Israel Moves to Smooth Ties With U.S., Others After Golan Action"
382:
367:
named Katz "Adviser to the Prime Minister of Information Abroad".
360:
304:
292:
284:
47:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
173:
has been called a "reactive and event-driven approach". In 2003,
1324:"About Coordination of Government Activities in the Territories"
225:
Coordination of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT)
2407:
2405:
656:
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
582:
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
177:
called hasbara "a positive sounding synonym for 'propaganda'".
1294:"British Army unveils 'Twitter troops' for social media fight"
31:
2641:
Israel's Public Diplomacy: The Problems of Hasbara, 1966-1975
2559:"Hasbara 2.0: Israel's Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age"
2149:"Think tank: Israel faces global delegitimization campaign"
2855:
Hearts and Minds: Israel and the Battle for Public Opinion
2463:. Molad: the center for the renewal of Israeli democracy.
2265:
436:
was appointed to coordinate Israel's domestic and foreign
2487:
2485:
418:
to make sure Israel is presented fairly and accurately".
720:
into supporting Israeli hasbara efforts during the 2010
2359:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFMearsheimer_and_Walt2007 (
999:
Shenhav, Shaul R.; Sheafer, Tamir; Gabay, Itay (2010).
55:
2212:. World Union of Jewish Students. 2004. Archived from
462:
A 2010 report produced for the Israeli cabinet by the
2697:
Trials of Engagement – The Future of Public Diplomacy
153:
was formally introduced to the Zionist vocabulary by
2822:"Jewish and Contemporary Origins of Israeli Hasbara"
2354:
958:"Jewish and Contemporary Origins of Israeli Hasbara"
794:
792:
790:
511:wrote in 2001 that hasbara methods used during the
889:"Public diplomacy in Israel – is it a lost cause?"
1212:"Rebuilding Public Diplomacy: The Case Of Israel"
1724:"Adviser to Begin quits to Campaign against Him"
745:Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war
552:Coordination with diaspora Zionist organizations
458:Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war
244:American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
2644:. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2324:"The Secret History of the Push to Strike Iran"
1210:Gilboa, Eytan; Shai, Nachman (1 January 2011).
1975:. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from
1884:"Film's View of Islam Stirs Anger on Campuses"
58:to make improvements to the overall structure.
2496:sfn error: no target: CITEREFShai2018129-30 (
1778:"American Jews quiet over publicity reform",
135:it was common to label communicative efforts
91:(when the term was considered neutral), with
8:
2909:Politics of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1947:"Why Are Israel's Public Relations So Poor?"
854:. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007
27:Public relations work by the State of Israel
2661:"'Brand Israel': hasbara and Israeli sport"
2180:"The internet: Israel's new PR battlefield"
2064:"Latest hasbara weapon: 'Army of bloggers'"
755:Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict
642:NGOs in the U.S. and abroad, including the
610:, the Israeli government (particularly the
352:Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine
334:it was described as "explaining". In 1986,
2597:Israel to pay students to defend it online
2491:
2238:. Media Monitors Network. 31 August 2001.
2515:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 50–70.
1667:"To Help Israel Improve Public Relations"
472:exemplifies the common Israeli view that
248:Washington Institute for Near East Policy
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
2803:The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
1634:International Committee of the Red Cross
648:American Israel Public Affairs Committee
565:The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
2805:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2384:American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
2376:"The Pro-Israel & Pro-Arab Lobbies"
2031:Silverstein, Richard (9 January 2009).
1949:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
1066:Kretschmer, Lisa-Maria (25 July 2017).
786:
2862:: State University of New York Press.
2456:Greenfield, Shivi (27 December 2021).
2390:from the original on 14 September 2021
1882:Arenson, Karen W. (26 February 2007).
865:
805:Revue Européenne des Études Hébraïques
363:U.S. section. In 1977, Prime Minister
2301:from the original on 25 February 2021
2236:"Propaganda and war (by Edward Said)"
2128:from the original on 18 December 2023
1424:
1422:
1420:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
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1255:
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1172:
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1072:Global Media Journal - German Edition
714:Australasian Union of Jewish Students
204:Sources for disseminating information
7:
2470:from the original on 20 October 2021
2443:
2425:from the original on 20 October 2021
2159:from the original on 28 January 2012
2097:from the original on 13 October 2017
2043:from the original on 2 December 2016
1863:"What 'Hasbara' Is Really All About"
1704:from the original on 2 December 2008
1677:from the original on 3 December 2016
1489:
1145:"What "Hasbara" Is Really All About"
980:from the original on 29 October 2023
920:
918:
916:
914:
632:Middle East Media Research Institute
492:have been conscripted to the task."
385:government gives to hasbara abroad.
2611:Place Branding and Public Diplomacy
2085:Liphshiz, Cnaan (19 January 2009).
2000:"New media czar lost for a message"
1998:Pfeffer, Anshel (8 February 2008).
1953:from the original on 4 October 2006
1844:from the original on 15 August 2022
1573:from the original on 27 August 2017
1440:from the original on 16 August 2021
1149:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
664:Jewish Federations of North America
521:Israel Citizens Information Council
166:
2458:"Israeli hasbara: Myths and facts"
2062:Beck, Jonathan (18 January 2009).
2012:from the original on 16 April 2008
1756:. 13 November 2004. Archived from
1603:from the original on 17 March 2017
1502:Hershkovitz, Shay (1 April 2012).
1471:from the original on 1 August 2021
1405:from the original on 1 August 2021
1365:from the original on 1 August 2021
1334:from the original on 1 August 2021
1304:from the original on 1 August 2021
1274:from the original on 1 August 2021
1191:from the original on 1 August 2021
1155:from the original on 1 August 2021
1078:from the original on 1 August 2021
1047:from the original on 1 August 2021
937:from the original on 1 August 2021
899:from the original on 1 August 2021
827:from the original on 1 August 2021
223:Spokesperson's Unit of COGAT: The
25:
2699:. Brill-Nijhoff. pp. 33–54.
2336:from the original on 9 March 2021
2242:from the original on 22 July 2014
2147:Ravid, Barak (12 February 2010).
1734:from the original on 5 March 2016
1630:Palestine Liberation Organization
1240:from the original on 31 July 2022
1224:10.1163/ej.9789004179400.i-309.12
588:, a high-ranking official of the
558:Israel lobby in the United States
215:: The spokesperson's unit of the
2210:"Seven Basic Propaganda Devices"
2190:from the original on 28 May 2012
2116:Kuperboim, Rona (10 July 2009).
1916:"Hasbara Fellowships Newsletter"
1896:from the original on 17 May 2017
1648:"Beginism Without Begin Today".
1097:Gilboa, Eytan (1 October 2006).
404:Israeli Foreign Affairs Ministry
36:
2919:Propaganda in the United States
2826:Jewish Political Studies Review
2718:. Routledge. pp. 102–134.
2547:Occupation of the American Mind
2287:Ravid, Barak (15 August 2012).
1973:"Shlichim (Israeli Emissaries)"
1792:Katz, Shmuel (16 August 2001).
1430:"About Prime Minister's Office"
962:Jewish Political Studies Review
846:Avi Hyman (10 September 2004).
668:Zionist Organization of America
309:An example of a Hasbara poster.
2178:Lazarus, Neil (4 March 2012).
1696:Moshe Phillips (22 May 2008).
956:Schleifer, Ron (Spring 2003).
893:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
543:Shaping foreign public opinion
502:World Union of Jewish Students
289:An example of a Hasbara stand.
1:
2747:10.1080/13531042.2017.1366716
2680:10.1080/17430437.2015.1133595
2578:10.1080/19436149.2016.1179432
1754:"Knesset Member, Shmuel Katz"
1508:American Behavioral Scientist
750:Jewish Internet Defense Force
87:called "propaganda" by early
2762:Hirschberger, Bernd (2021).
925:Hirschberger, Bernd (2021).
660:Christians United for Israel
256:Christians United for Israel
217:Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)
2904:Foreign relations of Israel
2638:Cummings, Jonathan (2016).
2329:The New York Times Magazine
1872:. Meir, Gideon, 24 May 2005
612:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
466:and cited by the newspaper
448:600,000 (about $ 150,000).
318:Early mentions of the term
2935:
2735:Journal of Israeli History
1922:. May 2007. Archived from
1794:"Tinkering with 'Hasbara'"
555:
455:
297:Hasbara efforts often use
260:Israel on Campus Coalition
192:, e.g., in the context of
190:delegitimisation of Israel
2716:Israel's Strategic Agenda
2557:Aouragh, Miriyam (2016).
2355:Mearsheimer and Walt 2007
2264:. Hasbara. Archived from
1115:10.1080/13533310600890067
1033:10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.143
1017:10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.143
872:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
760:Media Watch International
652:American Jewish Committee
590:American Jewish Committee
2118:"Thought-police is here"
1520:10.1177/0002764211429366
620:Jewish Agency for Israel
427:Jewish Agency for Israel
2820:Schleifer, Ron (2003).
2492:Shai, 2018 & 129-30
2374:Bard, Mitchell (2009).
740:Israeli Military Censor
681:, Israel at Heart, and
636:Palestinian Media Watch
500:An article once on the
213:IDF Spokesperson's Unit
109:IDF Spokesperson's Unit
2852:Shai, Nachman (2018).
2380:Jewish Virtual Library
1698:"Shmuel Katz's Legacy"
799:Kouts, Gideon (2016).
699:Schusterman Foundation
695:Israeli Apartheid Week
644:Anti-Defamation League
580:, former chair of the
578:Alexander M. Schindler
310:
302:
290:
252:Anti-Defamation League
2772:: transcript Verlag.
1652:. 12 September 1983.
1569:. 17 September 1979.
1548:Based on a search of
1459:Hirschberger, Bernd.
1393:Hirschberger, Bernd.
1353:Hirschberger, Bernd.
1262:Hirschberger, Bernd.
1179:Hirschberger, Bernd.
361:Herut North America's
308:
296:
288:
2914:Propaganda in Israel
2566:Middle East Critique
2332:. 6 September 2019.
2033:"Hasbara spam alert"
2005:The Jewish Chronicle
1833:New York Jewish Week
1826:(12 December 2003).
1599:. 16 December 1981.
1216:Trials of Engagement
848:"The Hasbara Hijack"
710:United Israel Appeal
675:Hillel International
2184:The Times of Israel
1979:on 22 November 2008
1868:1 June 2007 at the
1760:on 13 November 2004
1624:The Washington Post
1597:The Washington Post
1567:The Washington Post
1300:. 31 January 2015.
616:Ministry of Tourism
408:Hasbara Fellowships
325:The Washington Post
56:editing the article
2659:Dart, Jon (2016).
2623:10.1057/pb.2009.15
2551:Al Jazeera English
2446:, p. 124-127.
2074:on 1 October 2011.
2068:The Jerusalem Post
1920:IsraelActivism.com
1889:The New York Times
1798:The Jerusalem Post
1780:The Jerusalem Post
1730:. 6 January 1978.
1728:The New York Times
1671:The New York Times
1492:, p. 125-126.
878:, from archive.org
722:Gaza flotilla raid
402:Also in 2001, the
373:The Jerusalem Post
336:The New York Times
311:
303:
291:
198:cultural diplomacy
2795:Mearsheimer, John
2779:978-3-8394-5509-8
2674:(10): 1402–1418.
2668:Sports in Society
2651:978-1-4422-6598-1
2268:on 29 August 2007
1465:transcript Verlag
1399:transcript Verlag
1359:transcript Verlag
1268:transcript Verlag
1185:transcript Verlag
931:transcript Verlag
687:Birthright Israel
640:Christian Zionist
268:The David Project
84:
83:
76:
49:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
2926:
2899:Public relations
2894:Public diplomacy
2880:
2878:
2876:
2860:Albany, New York
2848:
2846:
2844:
2832:(1–2): 125–153.
2816:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2758:
2729:
2710:
2691:
2665:
2655:
2634:
2593:Associated Press
2589:
2563:
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2508:
2502:
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2223:
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2216:on 21 March 2004
2206:
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2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
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1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1824:Rosenblatt, Gary
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1800:. Archived from
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1744:
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1739:
1720:
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1693:
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1657:
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1645:
1639:
1638:
1626:. 18 June 1982.
1619:
1613:
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1608:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1559:
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1094:
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1063:
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996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
922:
909:
908:
906:
904:
895:. January 2015.
885:
879:
877:
871:
863:
861:
859:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
796:
775:We Con the World
765:New antisemitism
666:(JFNA), and the
604:Shivi Greenfield
586:Hyman Bookbinder
570:John Mearsheimer
378:Malcolm Hoenlein
264:AMCHA Initiative
168:
99:" introduced by
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2934:
2933:
2929:
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2884:
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2726:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2663:
2658:
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2637:
2608:
2561:
2556:
2535:
2533:Further reading
2530:
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2084:
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2056:
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2015:
2013:
1997:
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1992:
1982:
1980:
1971:
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1966:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
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1909:
1899:
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1881:
1880:
1876:
1870:Wayback Machine
1861:
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1707:
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1700:. Arutz Sheva.
1695:
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1678:
1673:. 6 June 1986.
1665:
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1472:
1467:. p. 221.
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1401:. p. 104.
1392:
1391:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:. p. 102.
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1270:. p. 101.
1261:
1260:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1187:. p. 100.
1178:
1177:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1151:. 25 May 2005.
1143:
1142:
1138:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1074:. 7(2017) (1).
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
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902:
900:
887:
886:
882:
864:
857:
855:
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
807:(18): 103–146.
798:
797:
788:
784:
779:
730:
718:Australian Jews
628:HonestReporting
560:
554:
545:
513:Second Intifada
498:
460:
454:
452:2010 to present
396:
341:Carl Spielvogel
316:
283:
274:Masbirim Israel
206:
126:
124:Terms and types
80:
69:
63:
60:
54:Please help by
53:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2868:
2849:
2817:
2811:
2791:
2778:
2759:
2730:
2724:
2711:
2705:
2692:
2656:
2650:
2635:
2617:(3): 202–212.
2606:
2590:
2572:(3): 271–297.
2554:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2503:
2481:
2448:
2436:
2401:
2366:
2357:, p. 121.
2347:
2315:
2279:
2253:
2227:
2201:
2170:
2139:
2108:
2077:
2054:
2023:
1990:
1964:
1937:
1926:on 5 July 2007
1907:
1874:
1855:
1815:
1804:on 20 May 2018
1784:
1771:
1745:
1715:
1688:
1658:
1640:
1614:
1584:
1554:
1541:
1514:(4): 511–530.
1494:
1482:
1451:
1416:
1376:
1345:
1315:
1298:Channel 4 News
1285:
1251:
1232:
1202:
1166:
1136:
1109:(4): 715–747.
1103:Israel Affairs
1089:
1058:
1011:(3): 143–162.
1005:Israel Studies
991:
948:
910:
880:
838:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
726:
624:Israel Project
556:Main article:
553:
550:
544:
541:
497:
494:
464:Reut Institute
453:
450:
434:Yarden Vatikay
410:activities of
395:
392:
365:Menachem Begin
315:
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279:
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236:
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228:
221:
205:
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125:
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81:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2871:
2869:9781438469058
2865:
2861:
2857:
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2850:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2812:9780374177720
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:Walt, Stephen
2796:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2725:9780415495196
2721:
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2706:9789047441755
2702:
2698:
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2681:
2677:
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2669:
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2657:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2642:
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2628:
2624:
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2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Loretta Alper
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2522:9781845196882
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2466:
2459:
2452:
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2445:
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2421:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
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2362:
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2335:
2331:
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2237:
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2171:
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2069:
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2038:
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2027:
2024:
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2006:
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1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
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1890:
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1010:
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738:
736:
733:
732:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:According to
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700:
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684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:(MEMRI), and
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:According to
600:
597:
596:Mitchell Bard
593:
591:
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579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
562:According to
559:
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542:
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538:
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526:
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519:In 2007, the
517:
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491:
490:MASA programs
486:
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