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In genomic studies, the Han
Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations, albeit at a position closer to the northeast Asian Sinitic cline. This reflects the history of demic
888:
Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the
Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer, with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being
924:
Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional
Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been
1177:
The Hoklo or
Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien
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The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include
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Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the
Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both
1003:
The
Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic
558:. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes
1070:
Speakers of proper
Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou,
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In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with the Punti, Hakka and Tanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.
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are more-or-less similar to that of
Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the
1000:
The
Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua, Teochew, and Hainanese.
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in
Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties. Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The
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language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.
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buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
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726:. First introduced by a Taiwanese linguist Wu Huai in 1957, and later popularized by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education for the pronunciation
420:
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1903:
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He, Guanglin; Li, Yingxiang; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Tang, Renkuan; Wang, Peixin; Bai, Jingya; Yang, Xiaomin; Wang, Zheng (2021-07-26),
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posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).
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2015:
Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders
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speakers, particularly in Taiwan and mainland China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in
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1150:-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (
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866:; 'Central Chinese'), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (
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1837:"Y-Chromosome Evidence for Common Ancestry of Three Chinese Populations with a High Risk of Esophageal Cancer"
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Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.).
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1560:] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 829.
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People'), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (
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Huang, Haihua; Su, Min; Li, Xiaoyun; Li, Hui; Tian, Dongping; Gao, Yuxia; Guo, Yubai (2010-06-15).
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In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the
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in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam.
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The northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome-wide array genotyping
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742:; 'learned folk' – an orthographic borrowing from Hakka, where this word, pronounced
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2734:¹ — Kinmen (Quemoy) is a county of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is claimed by the PRC.
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Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities
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based on their dialects and districts of origin. People from the former two areas (
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folk' – a folk etymology emphasizing the people's native connection to Fujian.
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1154:-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
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descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of
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1309:"Hokkien" is sometimes erroneously used to refer to all Fujianese people.
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Bolton, Kingsley; Botha, Werner; Kirkpatrick, Andy (14 September 2020).
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Hokkien women performing the Dragon Boat dance in traditional attire in
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especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.
17:
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804:; 'Our People') or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people (
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emphasizing the people's purported long history originating from
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The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among
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Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film
514:). The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in
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Khoo Kongsi, the largest Hokkien clan house in Malaysia.
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in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from
1196:. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.
750:). It was adopted by some Southern Min (particularly
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in China, and known by various related terms such as
1356:
Ng, Maria; Holden, Philip, eds. (1 September 2006).
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The Chinese language: its history and current usage
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693:), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:
1752:Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos
1550:Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "hô-ló (福佬)".
1019:inventories among sinitic varieties, with more
594:speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people (
1047:(Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is
3110:
2757:
2067:
885:diffusion out of the Central Plains region.
8:
1968:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
817:In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speaking
500:, or more commonly in Southeast Asia as the
135:
1122:(also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.
856:generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (
825:generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (
618:, they also call themselves Minnan people (
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1360:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 20.
969:, with its distinguished swallowtail-roof.
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1870:
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933:Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca, Malaysia
683:There are several spellings for the word
643:is usually used for the people. The term
604:) or generally speaking, Hokkien people (
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1918:
1421:Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.).
1247:Taiwanese people (大員民族/大員族） from Taiwan)
949:
927:
913:
786:as the name for Hokkien-speaking people.
1989:The Island of Formosa, Past and Present
1898:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 100–102.
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955:Fujian Assembly Hall in Vietnam, Hoi An
425:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
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1466:. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 62.
1720:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1671:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1168:Hong Kong people of Fujianese descent
478:language, or trace their ancestry to
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1790:) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
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1015:Hokkien has one of the most diverse
192:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2024:The Republic of China Yearbook 2014
1257:For a more comprehensive list, see
1992:. London and New York: Macmillan.
1760:University of Santo Tomás Archives
1700:). Tainan: 亞細亞國際傳播社. p. 189.
1425:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians
1387:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
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288:One of the four largest groups of
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1118:and Taiwan. Only the speakers of
1686:張裕宏 (Tiuⁿ Jû-hông), ed. (2009).
1213:
405:
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34:
2030:. Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2014.
1490:The Handbook of Asian Englishes
1464:European perspectives on Taiwan
1389:(15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.:
1192:people in the country known as
1114:Southern Min-speaking areas in
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852:In Indonesia, Hokkien-speaking
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657:and those people who speak it.
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801:Lán-lâng / Lán-nâng / Nán-nâng
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1736:Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum
1558:Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary
784:Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum
1854:10.1371/journal.pone.0011118
1764:Dominican Order of Preachers
1651:Government-General of Taiwan
1381:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005),
1059:for example, has 7-8 tones.
3235:By nationality or ethnicity
3155:Refugees and asylum seekers
1612:循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇
1120:Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects
653:) is also used to refer to
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2013:Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016),
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965:Hoklo architecture styled
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3211:Shanghainese (and Ningbo)
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1817:10.1101/2021.07.25.453681
1493:. John Wiley & Sons.
1451:American Community Survey
1429:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
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754:) speakers in Guangdong.
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3410:Ethnic groups in Taiwan
3405:Ethnic groups in Fujian
3199:Fujianese/Hoklo/Hokkien
3140:Indigenous inhabitants
2283:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2228:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2156:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2142:Fujian Free-Trade Zone
2083:County-level divisions
1786:: CS1 maint: others (
1276:Demographics of Taiwan
1259:List of Hokkien people
1245:After the 1960s, many
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967:Lukang Longshan Temple
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672:that some Hokkien and
660:The term is likely an
413:This article contains
3175:Ethnic Cantonese and
1894:Kane, Daniel (2006).
1629:小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi)
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363:Chinese folk religion
3133:By migration history
1744:Early Manila Hokkien
1740:Early Modern Spanish
1584:《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》
1253:Notable Hoklo people
790:In the Philippines,
468:Han Chinese subgroup
246:Chinese Singaporeans
168:A Hokkien family in
54:improve this article
27:Han Chinese subgroup
3189:Puntis (Aboriginal)
2495:Xiangcheng District
2304:Chengxiang District
2114:Sub-provincial city
1183:Chinese Indonesians
854:Chinese Indonesians
480:southeastern Fujian
378:ancestor veneration
268:Chinese Indonesians
151:
3177:Sze Yap/Taishanese
2678:Jiaocheng District
1984:Davidson, James W.
1748:Classical Mandarin
1540:, pp. 36, 48.
1271:Hokkien honorifics
1225:. You can help by
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2917:Teochew Taiwanese
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2634:Yongding District
2563:Jianyang District
2510:Changtai District
2431:Quangang District
2426:Luojiang District
2309:Hanjiang District
2217:Cangshan District
2212:Taijiang District
2188:Prefecture-level
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2174:Xiang'an District
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1962:Brown, Melissa J.
1905:978-0-8048-3853-5
1538:Exec. Yuan (2014)
1400:978-1-55671-159-6
1391:SIL International
1367:978-962-209-796-4
1335:. 海峡文艺出版社. 2004.
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1126:About 70% of the
1025:Standard Mandarin
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792:Chinese Filipinos
664:originating from
655:Taiwanese Hokkien
560:Taiwanese Hokkien
421:rendering support
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383:Mahayana Buddhism
277:Largest group of
266:Largest group of
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2505:Longhai District
2500:Longwen District
2416:Licheng District
2352:Shaxian District
2347:Sanyuan District
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1281:Taiwanese people
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279:Bruneian Chinese
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178:Total population
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21:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3328:
3230:
3159:
3128:
3123:
3093:
3088:
3030:
3018:
3001:
2999:Hakka Taiwanese
2919:
2895:Hoklo Taiwanese
2778:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2720:Zhouning County
2695:Shouning County
2664:
2629:Xinluo District
2615:
2549:
2530:Dongshan County
2481:
2464:Yongchun County
2421:Fengze District
2402:
2398:Jianning County
2342:Meilie District
2328:
2290:
2281:
2236:Jin'an District
2226:
2189:
2178:
2154:
2140:
2131:Siming District
2108:
2092:
2080:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2012:
1982:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1919:Davidson (1903)
1917:
1913:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1778:
1774:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1712:
1708:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1663:
1653:. p. 829.
1627:
1626:
1622:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1223:needs expansion
1208:
1206:Hoklo Americans
1202:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1108:
1106:Hoklo Taiwanese
1102:
1085:
1068:
1062:
1043:, which is now
1011:Min dialect map
998:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
912:
906:
901:
899:Hokkien culture
895:
882:
763:Hô-ló / Ho̍h-ló
690:Ho̍h-ló / Hô-ló
588:Southern Fujian
584:
442:
441:
440:
419:Without proper
410:
406:
397:
349:
290:Burmese Chinese
209:
204:
173:
170:Southern Fujian
157:
150:
137:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3415:Hokkien people
3412:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:New immigrants
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3008:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Hui'an maidens
2897:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Pingnan County
2707:
2705:Zherong County
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2611:Zhenghe County
2608:
2603:
2601:Guangze County
2598:
2596:Pucheng County
2593:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Nanjing County
2532:
2527:
2525:Zhao'an County
2522:
2520:Zhangpu County
2517:
2515:Yunxiao County
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:Taining County
2390:
2388:Jiangle County
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Ninghua County
2370:
2368:Qingliu County
2365:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2324:Xianyou County
2321:
2319:Xiuyu District
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2277:Pingtan County
2274:
2272:Yongtai County
2269:
2267:Minqing County
2264:
2262:Luoyuan County
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2222:Mawei District
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Gulou District
2203:
2201:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Jimei District
2161:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2019:
2010:
1980:
1974:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1923:
1921:, p. 591.
1911:
1904:
1886:
1827:
1797:
1772:
1727:
1706:
1678:
1631:, ed. (1932).
1620:
1571:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1442:
1435:
1413:
1399:
1373:
1366:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:Teochew people
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1220:
1218:
1204:Main article:
1201:
1198:
1174:
1173:Southeast Asia
1171:
1166:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1104:Main article:
1101:
1098:
1084:
1081:
1073:Teochew people
1067:
1064:
997:
994:
945:Kaiyuan Temple
908:Main article:
905:
902:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
881:
878:
788:
787:
771:
755:
748:Teochew people
731:
720:the area south
716:folk etymology
678:Southeast Asia
583:
580:
516:mainland China
502:Hokkien people
423:, you may see
411:
404:
403:
402:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
313:
312:
305:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
286:
282:
281:
275:
271:
270:
264:
260:
259:
253:
249:
248:
242:
238:
237:
231:
227:
226:
219:
215:
214:
198:
197:Mainland China
194:
193:
189:
188:
180:
179:
175:
174:
167:
159:
158:
149:
148:
145:
142:
138:
136:Hokkien people
131:
128:
127:
69:"Hoklo people"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Gutian County
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Wuping County
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Songxi County
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2545:Hua'an County
2543:
2541:
2540:Pinghe County
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2475:Kinmen County
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Hui'an County
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Datian County
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Mingxi County
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Minhou County
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:Huli District
2148:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2039:
2037:9789860423020
2033:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:0-520-23182-1
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1847:(6): e11118.
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1773:9789866116742
1769:
1766:. 1626–1642.
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1707:9789868541818
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1500:9781118791653
1496:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1473:9783531943039
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1436:0-312-17576-0
1432:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1342:9787806409633
1338:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1221:This section
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1200:United States
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Japanese rule
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
968:
962:
952:
948:
946:
940:
930:
926:
916:
911:
903:
900:
892:
890:
886:
879:
877:
875:
873:Hok-kiàn-lâng
865:
855:
850:
848:
846:Hok-kiàn-lâng
838:
834:
824:
820:
815:
813:
811:Hok-kiàn-lâng
803:
793:
785:
781:
772:
769:
765:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
696:
695:
694:
692:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
617:
613:
611:Hok-kiàn-lâng
603:
593:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:United States
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:Hok-kiàn-lâng
503:
499:
498:Minnan people
495:
485:
484:Banlam people
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
451:
447:
438:
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3268:South Asians
3248:East Asians
3203:
3052:Fuzhou Tanka
2938:Shanghainese
2889:
2839:Subei people
2802:Macau people
2700:Xiapu County
2473:
2469:Dehua County
2383:Youxi County
2041:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
1988:
1965:
1954:Bibliography
1940:. Retrieved
1938:. 2017-02-16
1935:
1926:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1820:, retrieved
1807:
1800:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1688:
1681:
1633:
1623:
1595:
1574:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1528:, p. 3.
1521:
1516:, p. 1.
1509:
1489:
1482:
1463:
1457:
1445:
1424:
1416:
1404:, retrieved
1386:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1305:
1244:
1231:
1227:adding to it
1222:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1161:
1125:
1069:
1066:Distribution
1061:
1057:Amoy dialect
1052:
1048:
1029:Standard Yue
1014:
1002:
999:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
941:
937:
923:
904:Architecture
887:
883:
871:
861:
851:
844:
830:
823:Singaporeans
816:
809:
799:
789:
783:
777:
761:
743:
737:
727:
724:Yellow River
708:Yellow River
701:
688:
684:
682:
659:
648:
644:
640:
634:
627:
609:
601:Bân-lâm-lâng
599:
585:
509:
501:
497:
493:Bân-lâm-lâng
491:
483:
476:Southern Min
463:Ho̍h-ló-lâng
461:
446:Hoklo people
445:
443:
412:
388:Christianity
373:Confucianism
221:22,277,000 (
183:60,000,000 (
132:Ethnic group
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3350:Australians
3307:Indonesians
3126:Hongkongers
3040:Waishengren
3031: [
3019: [
3002: [
2955:Gaoshan Han
2920: [
2819:Ngái people
2797:Hongkongers
2773:Han Chinese
2459:Anxi County
1750:). kept as
1383:"Indonesia"
1234:August 2016
1116:South China
1039:initial as
639:, the term
572:Leizhou Min
540:Philippines
252:Philippines
110:August 2022
3399:Categories
3380:Ukrainians
3321:Vietnamese
3288:Pakistanis
3171:Yue people
3073:Yunnanese
2965:Minh Hương
2880:Fuzhounese
2851:Sichuanese
2792:Taishanese
2043:2016-06-11
2017:, Springer
1942:2024-06-03
1936:Young Post
1822:2024-07-02
1762:. Manila:
1449:2005-2009
1406:26 January
1317:References
1021:consonants
752:Haklau Min
714:' – a
629:Mǐnnán rén
576:Haklau Min
554:, and the
470:who speak
458:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
433:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
80:newspapers
3360:Canadians
3345:Americans
3300:Filipinos
3242:From Asia
3150:Returnees
2994:Taiwanese
2977:Peranakan
2950:Chuanqing
2907:Putianese
2885:Hainanese
2834:Jianghuai
2830:Mandarin
2787:Cantonese
2776:subgroups
2639:Zhangping
2487:Zhangzhou
1863:1932-6203
1782:cite book
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1716:cite book
1689:TJ台語白話小詞典
1667:cite book
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1514:Ding 2016
1158:Hong Kong
1152:Zhangzhou
1144:Zhangzhou
1093:Hong Kong
863:Tiong-hôa
832:Tn̂g-lâng
712:Luo River
670:Cantonese
582:Etymology
568:Hainanese
544:Indonesia
532:Singapore
524:Hong Kong
316:Languages
263:Indonesia
241:Singapore
210:parts of
207:Guangdong
205:parts of
200:Southern
3375:Russians
3340:Africans
3253:Japanese
3077:Chin Haw
3016:Hoklokeh
2868:Panthays
2846:Shandong
2826:Hunanese
2579:Wuyishan
2442:Jinjiang
2408:Quanzhou
2090:Province
2006:6931635M
1986:(1903).
1964:(2004).
1881:20559544
1841:PLOS ONE
1756:TOMO 215
1698:Mandarin
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1586:. 上海書店.
1580:Gu Yanwu
1566:25747241
1265:See also
1148:Quanzhou
1140:Quanzhou
1083:Diaspora
996:Language
880:Genetics
739:Ha̍k-láu
616:Mandarin
536:Malaysia
466:) are a
354:Religion
345:Filipino
307:45,000 (
230:Malaysia
212:Zhejiang
18:Hokkiens
3355:Britons
3281:Nepalis
3274:Indians
3260:Koreans
3226:Teochew
3069:Waxiang
2989:Sangley
2982:Benteng
2943:Wenzhou
2912:Teochew
2621:Longyan
2585:Jian'ou
2555:Nanping
2357:Yong'an
2334:Sanming
2104:capital
1998:1887893
1872:2886054
1694:Hokkien
1647:Taihoku
1639:Hokkien
1190:Sinitic
1017:phoneme
893:Culture
835:; '
779:Ho̍h-ló
766:; '
744:Ho̍k-ló
722:of the
706:; '
703:Hô-lo̍k
674:Teochew
650:Ho̍h-ló
641:"Hoklo"
592:Hokkien
552:Myanmar
472:Hokkien
450:Chinese
415:Hokkien
335:English
325:Hokkien
304:Vietnam
299:70,000+
285:Myanmar
94:scholar
3365:French
3333:Others
3082:Kokang
3064:Tunbao
2863:Dungan
2689:Fuding
2670:Ningde
2573:Shaowu
2448:Nan'an
2436:Shishi
2296:Putian
2246:Fuqing
2199:Fuzhou
2190:cities
2123:Xiamen
2099:Fuzhou
2087:Fujian
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1332:闽南文化研究
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1100:Taiwan
1051:, but
1033:Vowels
768:Fujian
662:exonym
637:Taiwan
614:). In
590:, the
574:, and
548:Brunei
520:Taiwan
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437:Tâi-lô
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202:Fujian
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144:Banlam
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3194:Hakka
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3011:Hoklo
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2890:Hoklo
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2028:(PDF)
1634:臺日大辭典
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1553:臺日大辭典
1297:Notes
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666:Hakka
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417:text.
393:Islam
340:Malay
141:Hoklo
101:JSTOR
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3370:Jews
3215:list
3181:list
2970:Nùng
2691:city
2685:city
2641:city
2587:city
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2032:ISBN
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