2382:
3874:
2400:
3280:
speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted.
2439:
173:
7933:
511:
5370:
4427:
4122:
8655:
5394:
6137:
2453:
7093:
2425:
3379:, the fossil record shows a confusing melange of gracile australopithecine species lasting up to about two million years ago. … he late australopithecines, already bipedal, were beginning to show changes in teeth, skull, and brain that presage modern humans. It is very likely that the lineage that gave rise to modern humans included at least one of these species.
5382:
2056:
rather than a clean split, taking place over the period of anywhere between 13 Mya (close to the age of the tribe
Hominini itself) and some 4 Mya. Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times, with broad-scale hybridization activity occurring between the two emerging lineages as late
566:), which already included humans; and the gorillas were grouped as a separate tribe (Gorillini) of the subfamily Homininae. Still, details of this reassignment remain contested, and of publishing since (on tribe Hominini), not every source excludes gorillas and not every source includes chimpanzees.
3660:
and which has been proclaimed by Brunet et al. to be the earliest hominid. However, we believe that features of the dentition, face and cranial base that are said to define unique links between this ToumaĂŻ specimen and the hominid clade are either not diagnostic or are consequences of biomechanical
3279:
Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple
634:
By convention, the adjectival term "hominin" (or nominalized "hominins") refers to the tribe
Hominini, whereas the members of the subtribe Hominina (and thus all archaic human species) are referred to as "homininan" ("homininans"). This follows the proposal by Mann and Weiss (1996), which presents
2758:
Conventionally, taxonomists now refer to the great ape family (including humans) as 'hominids', while all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the LCA are referred to as 'hominins'. The older literature used the terms hominoids and hominids
2061:
in the proto-humans and stem chimpanzees, suggesting that the final divergence was even as recent as 4 Mya. Wakeley (2008) rejected these hypotheses; he suggested alternative explanations, including selection pressure on the X chromosome in the ancestral populations prior to the
766:, consisting of several species from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It differs from orangutans in dentition and postcranial morphology. In the following cladogram, the approximate time the clades radiated newer clades is indicated in millions of years ago (Mya).
695:, and others that arose after the split from the line that led to chimpanzees (see cladogram below); that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of the split, as "hominins", from those on the chimpanzee side, as "not hominins" (or "non-hominin
3072:. This clade contains all the species more closely related to modern humans than to any other living primate. Until recently, these species were all subsumed into a family, Hominidae, but this group is now more usually recognised as a tribe, the Hominini.
139:
2037:
existed during the estimated duration of the ancestral chimpanzee–human speciation events, within the range of eight to four million years ago (Mya). Very few fossil specimens have been found that can be considered directly ancestral to genus
2044:. News of the first fossil chimpanzee, found in Kenya, was published in 2005. However, it is dated to very recent times—between 545 and 284 thousand years ago. The divergence of a "proto-human" or "pre-human" lineage separate from
3067:
Thus human evolution is the study of the lineage, or clade, comprising species more closely related to modern humans than to chimpanzees. Its stem species is the so-called 'common hominin ancestor', and its only extant member is
672:
or for human and australopithecine species. This alternative convention is referenced in e.g. Coyne (2009) and in Dunbar (2014). Potts (2010) in addition uses the name
Hominini in a different sense, as excluding
3479:
has ... radically modified interpretations of human origins and the environmental context in which the
African apes/hominoid transition occurred, although ... the less likely hypothesis of derivation of
747:) are usually held to have emerged within the Australopithecina (which would roughly correspond to the alternative definition of Hominini according to the alternative definition which excludes
2381:
2057:
as the period 6.3 to 5.4 Mya, according to
Patterson et al. (2006), This research group noted that one hypothetical late hybridization period was based in particular on the similarity of
5267:
3983:
677:, and uses "hominins" for this, while a separate tribe (rather than subtribe) for chimpanzees is introduced, under the name Panini. In this recent convention,
3316:
558:
confirmed that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas are more closely related to each other than to the orangutan. The orangutans were reassigned to the family
3393:
1854:
4503:
4051:
2063:
2024:
1724:
4463:
3948:
3182:
Patterson, N.; Richter, D. J.; Gnerre, S.; Lander, E. S.; Reich, D. (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees".
4513:
4061:
8780:
5355:
5199:
2812:
Diogo, Rui; Wood, Bernard (2015). "Origin, Development, and
Evolution of Primate Muscles, with Notes on Human Anatomical Variations and Anomalies".
1744:
1113:
4158:
4508:
4056:
1704:
5257:
4518:
4066:
5262:
5140:
3509:
3468:
3441:
3368:
2935:
2874:
2829:
2788:
2751:
2723:
5432:
5219:
2609:
3085:
5328:
3988:
3687:
719:
Hominoidea and its descendant clades, focused on the division of
Hominini (omitting detail on clades not ancestral to Hominini). The
5194:
2399:
8785:
5338:
5234:
5115:
3998:
2486:
1894:
762:(MRCA) of the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae lived about 15 million years ago. The best-known fossil genus of Ponginae is
5333:
4634:
3715:
2946:
to all the species on the "human" side of our family tree after it split from the branch that became modern chimps." (p.197)
4456:
5204:
5081:
4967:
3579:
is the oldest and most primitive known member of the hominid clade, close to the divergence of hominids and chimpanzees.
2466:
1334:
1106:
6845:
5398:
5302:
5120:
4641:
4495:
4151:
3501:
3433:
2715:
2430:
2209:
2081:. It is most likely that the australopithecines, dating from 4.4 to 3 Mya, evolved into the earliest members of genus
1684:
1083:
759:
2870:"Hominoid phylogeny and taxonomy: a consideration of the molecular and fossil evidence in an historical perspective"
5386:
5160:
5091:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4071:
3923:
2668:
2230:
2202:
2195:
1787:
1521:
1513:
1505:
607:
genera, making the whole tribe or subtribe of Panini or Panina together. Minority dissenting nomenclatures include
7932:
5343:
5239:
5135:
4035:
4003:
3953:
3908:
2167:
1625:
172:
8770:
5425:
5374:
4677:
4449:
3873:
2244:
3933:
8654:
3335:
7690:
7508:
6915:
5312:
5249:
5209:
4655:
4029:
4008:
3683:
2959:
2847:
New approaches to late
Miocene hominoid systematics: Ranking morphological characters by phylogenetic signal
2481:
2237:
1595:
1099:
3679:
2642:
together in a distinct group from humans. For this reason, many researchers now place all species of great
2091:, dated as early as 6.2 Mya, briefly challenged critical elements of that hypothesis, as it suggested that
8775:
8675:
6969:
6673:
6054:
5307:
5282:
5277:
5170:
5125:
5086:
4648:
4144:
3918:
2223:
2216:
1554:
968:
8732:
7755:
7439:
7381:
7319:
4691:
2850:
2708:
2332:
2258:
1326:
945:
716:
6136:
2077:
are 99% identical, but one study found only 94% commonality, with some of the difference occurring in
8724:
8159:
7853:
7346:
7312:
7248:
6989:
6737:
6475:
6352:
6300:
5272:
5175:
5076:
5037:
4982:
4887:
4591:
4584:
3978:
3913:
3610:
3543:
3246:
3193:
3140:
2883:
2677:
2559:
2318:
2188:
2181:
1963:
1764:
1611:
1480:
1465:
522:), emphasizing the tribe Hominini. đť„Ş Tribe Hominini (lower left in graphic) comprises two genera,
7870:
7478:
7092:
6420:
6064:
5954:
5822:
5688:
5552:
8432:
7813:
7528:
7374:
7360:
7191:
7010:
6955:
6366:
6330:
6210:
5945:
5815:
5766:
5646:
5418:
4684:
3958:
3340:
3320:
2444:
2251:
7735:
7463:
6693:
6522:
6091:
6074:
5850:
5702:
5695:
5674:
5575:
5393:
4136:
8765:
8075:
7640:
7265:
7255:
7205:
6885:
6801:
6447:
6047:
5961:
5801:
5780:
5660:
5653:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5582:
5568:
5229:
5096:
5071:
4947:
4269:
4251:
3888:
3846:
3826:
3708:
3644:
3567:
3270:
3217:
3164:
3031:
2964:
2794:
2522:
2174:
2087:
1874:
167:
7367:
6747:
6639:
6532:
6359:
5829:
5808:
5794:
5737:
5730:
5639:
3898:
2098:
All the listed fossil genera are evaluated for two traits that could identify them as hominins:
8737:
7353:
6512:
5920:
5906:
5857:
5773:
5756:
5709:
5667:
5596:
5561:
8760:
7654:
7630:
7303:
6615:
5927:
5892:
5836:
5744:
5723:
5681:
5541:
5348:
5214:
5155:
5145:
4916:
4880:
4734:
4528:
4260:
3993:
3836:
3732:
3636:
3559:
3505:
3464:
3458:
3437:
3410:
3364:
3297:
3262:
3209:
3156:
3058:
2999:
2981:
2931:
2901:
2825:
2784:
2747:
2719:
2587:
2355:
1029:
720:
570:
492:
336:
332:
279:
43:
6286:
6200:
5968:
5934:
5899:
5871:
5843:
8562:
8206:
8099:
7782:
7565:
7501:
7471:
7408:
6495:
6411:
6345:
6256:
5913:
5864:
5224:
4977:
4794:
4756:
4603:
4092:
3862:
3626:
3618:
3601:
3551:
3534:
3402:
3254:
3237:
3201:
3184:
3148:
3131:
3048:
3040:
3007:
2989:
2973:
2891:
2817:
2776:
2685:
2666:
Delson (1977). "Catarrhine phylogeny and classification: principles, methods and comments".
2577:
2567:
2514:
2406:
2290:
2131:
2053:
1546:
1495:
908:
755:
724:
504:
345:
159:
3661:
adaptations. To represent a valid clade, hominids must share unique defining features, and
3484:
from the australopithecines still holds primacy in the minds of most palaeoanthropologists.
8485:
8454:
8446:
8330:
8230:
8085:
8055:
7672:
7518:
7455:
7285:
7235:
7221:
7214:
7168:
6962:
6757:
6427:
6380:
6314:
5629:
5031:
5004:
4902:
4860:
4472:
4321:
4312:
4082:
3807:
3797:
3656:
is an enigmatic new
Miocene species, whose characteristics are a mix of those of apes and
2505:
Arambourg, C. (1948). "La
Classification des Primates et Particulierement des Hominiens".
2471:
2458:
2362:
2311:
2266:
1579:
1348:
1304:
754:
Genetic analysis combined with fossil evidence indicates that hominoids diverged from the
480:
447:
155:
3614:
3547:
3250:
3197:
3144:
3104:
3044:
2887:
2681:
2563:
8713:
8611:
8572:
8503:
8360:
8350:
8320:
8297:
8287:
8277:
8189:
8138:
8123:
8108:
8045:
8024:
8014:
7681:
7661:
7276:
7003:
6980:
6438:
4851:
4555:
4541:
4480:
3053:
3026:
2994:
2771:
Andrews, Peter; Harrison, Terry (2005). "The Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans".
2582:
2541:
2476:
2388:
2141:
2078:
1400:
1387:
1317:
1291:
582:
429:
408:
3391:
Cameron, D. W. (2003). "Early hominin speciation at the Plio/Pleistocene transition".
2689:
8754:
8590:
8425:
8416:
8145:
8115:
8065:
8035:
7877:
7843:
7775:
7697:
7647:
7606:
7585:
7184:
7144:
6865:
6828:
6784:
6777:
6727:
6703:
6323:
6246:
6013:
5019:
4872:
4562:
4430:
4125:
3701:
3648:
3526:
3360:
2977:
2927:
2798:
2339:
2297:
1587:
921:
604:
388:
376:
361:
356:
96:
2526:
8622:
8551:
8462:
8439:
8387:
8370:
8340:
8182:
8130:
7984:
7765:
7718:
7623:
7558:
7548:
7538:
7448:
7330:
7292:
7177:
7024:
7017:
6925:
6663:
6649:
6582:
6461:
6231:
6189:
5987:
5526:
5025:
5013:
4955:
4829:
4777:
4742:
4667:
4574:
3943:
3928:
3903:
3571:
3274:
3221:
3168:
2347:
2304:
2283:
2275:
2125:
2119:
2058:
1995:
1569:
1536:
1450:
1374:
1361:
895:
691:
510:
398:
371:
3591:
Wolpoff, Milford; Senut, Brigitte; Pickford, Martin; Hawks, John (October 2002). "
2854:
2572:
8707:
8528:
7711:
7592:
7575:
7339:
6945:
6855:
6720:
6683:
6603:
6542:
6263:
5716:
4909:
4836:
4808:
4801:
4749:
4345:
3938:
3893:
3762:
2960:"Reconstructing phylogenies and phenotypes: a molecular view of human evolution"
2325:
2040:
1641:
1265:
787:
645:
592:
466:
324:
71:
3317:"Tiny genetic differences between humans and other primates pervade the genome"
2518:
2452:
573:
branch (subtribe), which also contains many extinct close relatives of humans.
8004:
7796:
7123:
7110:
7060:
6996:
6935:
6838:
6821:
6713:
6656:
6629:
6592:
6562:
6552:
6277:
6003:
5885:
5589:
5534:
5486:
5441:
4894:
4815:
4366:
4207:
4087:
3778:
2821:
2780:
2627:
2420:
2049:
773:
740:
539:
515:
471:
288:
234:
151:
138:
116:
81:
31:
8698:
3301:
2985:
8473:
8403:
8377:
8246:
8196:
7833:
7823:
7746:
7599:
7489:
7388:
7154:
6908:
6811:
6025:
5787:
5503:
4961:
4866:
4287:
4236:
4217:
4168:
4077:
3820:
3406:
2647:
2639:
2635:
1979:
1810:
1656:
841:
827:
800:
736:
728:
708:
668:
The alternative convention uses "hominin" to exclude members of Panina: for
563:
559:
555:
547:
451:
264:
254:
184:
121:
65:
39:
35:
3640:
3563:
3414:
3266:
3213:
3160:
3062:
3003:
2896:
2869:
2591:
758:
about 25 million years ago (Mya), near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The
530:; while gorillas are classified as separate from these—as the single genus
3235:
Wakeley, J. (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees".
3011:
2905:
2424:
8692:
8539:
8308:
8267:
8213:
8152:
7725:
6875:
6768:
6468:
6393:
6293:
5878:
5518:
5459:
4822:
4787:
4764:
4226:
4189:
4046:
3631:
2550:
1941:
1919:
1830:
1252:
881:
814:
658:
551:
519:
204:
111:
106:
91:
86:
76:
3555:
3258:
3205:
3152:
3129:
McBrearty, Sally; Jablonski, Nina G. (2005). "First fossil chimpanzee".
2151:), are supported by one community of scientists but doubted by another.
17:
8600:
8493:
8220:
7860:
7789:
7041:
7034:
6896:
6791:
6573:
6454:
6400:
6220:
6081:
6038:
5471:
4972:
4548:
4297:
4201:
4041:
4024:
3968:
3791:
3108:
2651:
2631:
2147:
1898:
1435:
1427:
1413:
1237:
732:
696:
543:
485:
419:
224:
126:
101:
8170:
7994:
7803:
7704:
7425:
6622:
6338:
6168:
6155:
6107:
5465:
5453:
4357:
4195:
4183:
3858:
3768:
868:
650:
475:
317:
244:
214:
194:
8669:
3622:
554:. Since Gray's classifications, evidence accumulating from genetic
2622:
However, overwhelming genetic evidence has since demonstrated that
5047:
4938:
4928:
4441:
4396:
4107:
4097:
3749:
2917:
2915:
2623:
744:
712:
509:
461:
308:
147:
8580:
7613:
4706:
4381:
4102:
3743:
984:
456:
383:
296:
47:
8673:
7948:
7108:
6153:
5484:
5414:
4445:
4140:
3697:
7963:
7950:
7900:
3724:
3527:"A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa"
3086:"Fossils May Pinpoint Critical Split Between Apes and Monkeys"
2643:
2070:
2012:
1078:
5410:
2135:, are broadly thought to be ancestral and closely related to
743:) and Australopithecina (australopithecines). The Hominina (
3525:
Brunet, M.; Guy, F.; Pilbeam, D.; et al. (July 2002).
488:), which is grouped separately within subfamily Homininae.
2095:
did not in fact derive from australopithecine ancestors.
587:
Concerning membership, when Hominini is taken to exclude
2634:
are much more closely related to each other than to the
3693:
3294:
Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution
2638:... Thus, there is no genetic support for grouping the
2540:
Fuss, J.; Spassov, N.; Begun, D. R.; Böhme, M. (2017).
8618:
8607:
8596:
8586:
8568:
8558:
8547:
8499:
8481:
8413:
8383:
8366:
8356:
8346:
8336:
8326:
8316:
8293:
8283:
8273:
8263:
8226:
8202:
8178:
8096:
8081:
8071:
8061:
8051:
8041:
8031:
8020:
8010:
8000:
7990:
7980:
7866:
7849:
7839:
7829:
7819:
7809:
7771:
7761:
7731:
7636:
7619:
7581:
7571:
7554:
7544:
7534:
7524:
7514:
7497:
7436:
7421:
7261:
7232:
7202:
7165:
7150:
7140:
7030:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6921:
6904:
6881:
6871:
6861:
6851:
6834:
6817:
6807:
6797:
6753:
6743:
6733:
6709:
6699:
6689:
6679:
6669:
6645:
6635:
6611:
6588:
6558:
6548:
6538:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6377:
6311:
6274:
6243:
6227:
6216:
6206:
6196:
6185:
6087:
6070:
6060:
6020:
6009:
5999:
5499:
425:
415:
404:
394:
367:
352:
341:
8682:
8538:
8514:
8472:
8412:
8401:
8307:
8244:
8169:
8095:
7961:
7899:
7745:
7680:
7671:
7488:
7435:
7406:
7329:
7302:
7275:
7231:
7201:
7164:
7121:
7059:
6979:
6895:
6767:
6602:
6572:
6493:
6437:
6410:
6376:
6310:
6273:
6242:
6166:
6106:
6037:
5986:
5944:
5754:
5627:
5551:
5497:
5321:
5295:
5248:
5186:
5105:
5064:
5057:
5003:
4936:
4927:
4850:
4775:
4722:
4705:
4665:
4601:
4572:
4527:
4494:
4479:
4379:
4343:
4334:
4295:
4286:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4017:
3967:
3881:
3731:
2610:"Hominin Taxonomy and Phylogeny: What's In A Name?"
4951:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
3460:African genesis: perspectives on hominin evolution
2707:
3665:does not appear to have been an obligate biped.
2139:; others, especially earlier genera, including
739:of Homininae. Hominini is divided into Panina (
534:of tribe Gorillini; all of subfamily Homininae.
491:The term Hominini was originally introduced by
3457:Reynolds, Sally C.; Gallagher, Andrew (2012).
454:(hominines). They comprise two extant genera:
5426:
4457:
4152:
3709:
3336:"Humans and chimps: close but not that close"
2603:
2601:
1107:
595:("panins") may refer to the tribe containing
8:
3027:"Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology"
2737:
2735:
2701:
2699:
681:Arambourg, the term "hominin" is applied to
550:were grouped together, excluding humans, as
514:Taxonomic classification of the superfamily
2814:Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution
735:) and Hominini, the latter two forming the
478:), but in standard usage exclude the genus
8670:
8520:
8409:
8256:
8252:
7973:
7969:
7958:
7945:
7896:
7677:
7414:
7240:
7133:
7129:
7118:
7105:
7056:
6501:
6385:
6178:
6174:
6163:
6150:
5992:
5983:
5510:
5494:
5481:
5433:
5419:
5411:
5061:
4933:
4726:
4719:
4533:
4491:
4464:
4450:
4442:
4340:
4292:
4231:
4222:
4159:
4145:
4137:
3716:
3702:
3694:
3394:HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
2048:appears to have been a process of complex
1114:
1100:
643:, placed in separate subtribes. The genus
569:Humans are the only extant species in the
137:
54:
3630:
3052:
2993:
2895:
2581:
2571:
2109:whether they are more closely related to
5356:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2497:
2377:
495:(1948), who combined the categories of
5141:Evolutionary models of human drug use
4052:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
2875:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2085:. In the year 2000, the discovery of
2064:chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
2025:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
723:Hominidae ("hominids") comprises the
7:
8725:4d7d7448-21d9-4635-bbd4-8c4fdef95342
5381:
4062:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
1951:
1929:
1907:
1883:
1863:
1843:
1819:
1799:
1776:
1753:
1733:
1713:
1693:
1673:
599:as its only genus. Or perhaps place
3045:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x
961:
937:
914:
888:
861:
834:
807:
780:
769:
4057:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
3989:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
3688:National Museum of Natural History
3334:Minkel, J. R. (19 December 2006).
2958:Brenda J. Bradley (1 April 2008).
2646:and human within a single family,
2102:probability of being ancestral to
25:
4067:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
2542:"Potential hominin affinities of
2113:than to any other living primate.
635:tribe Hominini as including both
8653:
7931:
7091:
6135:
5392:
5380:
5369:
5368:
4426:
4425:
4121:
4120:
3872:
2978:10.1111/J.1469-7580.2007.00840.X
2868:Mann, Alan; Weiss, Mark (1996).
2546:from the Late Miocene of Europe"
2451:
2437:
2423:
2398:
2380:
171:
8781:Taxa named by Camille Arambourg
3999:Great Apes Survival Partnership
3949:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
3315:Wong, Kate (1 September 2014).
3084:Balter, Michael (15 May 2013).
2942:Anthropologists apply the term
2487:List of human evolution fossils
619:(Goodman et al. 1998), or both
3498:What does it mean to be human?
3463:. Cambridge University Press.
3430:What does it mean to be human?
3025:Wood; Richmond, B. G. (2000).
2930:. pp. 197–208, 244, 248.
2710:What does it mean to be human?
662:
1:
3245:(7184): E3–4, discussion E4.
2690:10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80057-2
2155:List of known hominin species
2073:studies find that humans and
3680:Human Timeline (Interactive)
2845:Worthington, Steven (2012).
2573:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127
2467:History of hominoid taxonomy
760:most recent common ancestors
657:is included in the subtribe
5399:Evolutionary biology Portal
3502:National Geographic Society
3434:National Geographic Society
2716:National Geographic Society
2431:Evolutionary biology portal
2210:Australopithecus deyiremeda
2160:Extant species are in bold.
507:'s classifications (1825).
8802:
4072:List of fictional primates
3924:Neanderthal genome project
3292:King, Mary-Claire (1973).
2669:Journal of Human Evolution
2650:– making them all proper '
2614:Nature Education Knowledge
2519:10.1515/mamm.1948.12.3.123
2231:Australopithecus africanus
2203:Australopithecus afarensis
2196:Australopithecus anamensis
2022:
580:
577:Terminology and definition
29:
8650:
8523:
8259:
8255:
7976:
7972:
7957:
7944:
7929:
7895:
7417:
7243:
7136:
7132:
7117:
7104:
7089:
7055:
6504:
6388:
6181:
6177:
6162:
6149:
6132:
5995:
5982:
5513:
5493:
5480:
5448:
5364:
5344:Evolutionary anthropology
4729:
4536:
4421:
4178:
4167:Extant species of family
4116:
4004:International Primate Day
3954:Borneo Orangutan Survival
3909:Chimpanzee genome project
3870:
3654:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2822:10.1002/9781118524756.ch8
2781:10.1163/9789047416616_013
2390:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2168:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2008:
1092:
1081:
982:
966:
959:
942:
935:
919:
912:
893:
886:
866:
859:
839:
832:
812:
805:
785:
778:
314:
307:
294:
287:
168:Scientific classification
166:
145:
136:
57:
3355:Coyne, Jerry A. (2009).
2922:Coyne, Jerry A. (2009).
2245:Paranthropus aethiopicus
731:), Gorillini (including
649:is referred to subtribe
30:Not to be confused with
5250:Origin of modern humans
4030:List of individual apes
4009:Nonhuman Rights Project
3407:10.1078/0018-442x-00057
2608:McNulty, K. P. (2016).
2238:Australopithecus sediba
1996:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1855:Dispersal beyond Africa
8786:Taxa described in 1948
3919:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
3105:"Old men of the woods"
2897:10.1006/mpev.1996.0011
2742:Dunbar, Robin (2014).
2224:Kenyanthropus platyops
2217:Australopithecus garhi
1127:−10 —
969:Australopithecus garhi
776: (20.4 Mya)
631:(Watson et al. 2001).
535:
8733:Paleobiology Database
5258:Recent African origin
4496:Last common ancestors
3934:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
3357:Why evolution is true
2924:Why evolution is true
2773:Interpreting the Past
2393:, nick-named ″Toumaï″
2333:Homo neanderthalensis
2259:Paranthropus robustus
2023:Further information:
1217:−1 —
1207:−2 —
1197:−3 —
1187:−4 —
1177:−5 —
1167:−6 —
1157:−7 —
1147:−8 —
1137:−9 —
946:Paranthropus robustus
581:Further information:
513:
5273:Behavioral modernity
5263:Multiregional origin
5043:archaic Homo sapiens
5038:Homo heidelbergensis
4983:Red Deer Cave people
4270:Tapanuli orangutan (
4252:Sumatran orangutan (
3914:Human Genome Project
3363:. pp. 202–204.
2816:. pp. 167–204.
2775:. pp. 103–121.
2319:Homo heidelbergensis
2189:Ardipithecus ramidus
2182:Ardipithecus kadabba
1811:Earliest stone tools
1075:Evolutionary history
727:Ponginae (including
7814:Paradolichopithecus
4910:H. neanderthalensis
4830:H. e. tautavelensis
4261:Bornean orangutan (
3959:Primate archaeology
3615:2002Natur.419..581W
3556:10.1038/nature00879
3548:2002Natur.418..145B
3504:. pp. 31–424.
3341:Scientific American
3321:Scientific American
3259:10.1038/nature06805
3251:2008Natur.452....3W
3206:10.1038/nature04789
3198:2006Natur.441.1103P
3153:10.1038/nature04008
3145:2005Natur.437..105M
3103:Taylor, C. (2011).
2888:1996MolPE...5..169M
2682:1977JHumE...6..433D
2564:2017PLoSO..1277127F
2445:Paleontology portal
2387:Cast of a skull of
2252:Paranthropus boisei
7440:Victoriapithecidae
7382:Plesiopliopithecus
7320:Platodontopithecus
5097:Self-domestication
4888:H. heidelbergensis
4837:H. e. yuanmouensis
4802:H. e. lantianensis
4529:Australopithecines
3889:Great ape language
3847:Tapanuli orangutan
3827:Sumatran orangutan
3436:. pp. 38–39.
3032:Journal of Anatomy
2965:Journal of Anatomy
2175:Orrorin tugenensis
2088:Orrorin tugenensis
1612:H. heidelbergensis
857: (6.3)
830: (8.8)
536:
446:(hominins) form a
8748:
8747:
8676:Taxon identifiers
8667:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8397:
8396:
8240:
8239:
7940:
7939:
7927:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7304:Dionysopithecidae
7206:Propliopithecidae
7100:
7099:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7051:
7050:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6145:
6144:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6102:
6101:
5978:
5977:
5408:
5407:
5349:Paleoanthropology
5291:
5290:
5268:Archaic admixture
5146:Stoned ape theory
5082:Endurance running
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4846:
4845:
4809:H. e. nankinensis
4765:H. tsaichangensis
4701:
4700:
4439:
4438:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4390:
4351:
4322:Western gorilla (
4313:Eastern gorilla (
4306:
4282:
4281:
4245:
4172:
4134:
4133:
3994:Great Ape Project
3837:Bornean orangutan
3609:(6907): 581–582.
3542:(6894): 145–151.
3511:978-1-4262-0606-1
3475:The discovery of
3470:978-1-107-01995-9
3443:978-1-4262-0606-1
3370:978-0-670-02053-9
3139:(7055): 105–108.
2937:978-0-670-02053-9
2831:978-1-118-52475-6
2790:978-90-474-1661-6
2753:978-0-14-197531-3
2725:978-1-4262-0606-1
2356:Homo floresiensis
2021:
2020:
2013:million years ago
1972:
1971:
1950:
1949:
1928:
1927:
1920:Earliest rock art
1906:
1905:
1882:
1881:
1875:Earliest language
1862:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1818:
1817:
1798:
1797:
1788:Earliest sign of
1775:
1774:
1765:Earliest sign of
1752:
1751:
1732:
1731:
1712:
1711:
1692:
1691:
1335:Ou. macedoniensis
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1030:Australopithecina
1023:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
944:Australopithecus/
756:Old World monkeys
571:Australopithecine
493:Camille Arambourg
450:of the subfamily
440:
439:
333:Australopithecina
283:
16:(Redirected from
8793:
8741:
8740:
8728:
8727:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8671:
8658:
8657:
8620:
8609:
8598:
8588:
8570:
8563:Australopithecus
8560:
8549:
8521:
8501:
8483:
8415:
8410:
8385:
8368:
8358:
8348:
8338:
8328:
8318:
8295:
8285:
8275:
8265:
8257:
8253:
8228:
8204:
8180:
8100:Dendropithecidae
8098:
8083:
8073:
8063:
8053:
8043:
8033:
8022:
8012:
8002:
7992:
7982:
7974:
7970:
7959:
7946:
7935:
7897:
7868:
7851:
7841:
7831:
7821:
7811:
7773:
7763:
7733:
7678:
7638:
7621:
7583:
7573:
7556:
7546:
7536:
7526:
7516:
7502:Cercopithecoides
7499:
7472:Victoriapithecus
7438:
7423:
7415:
7409:Cercopithecoidea
7263:
7241:
7234:
7204:
7167:
7152:
7142:
7134:
7130:
7119:
7106:
7095:
7057:
7032:
6953:
6943:
6933:
6923:
6906:
6883:
6873:
6863:
6853:
6836:
6819:
6809:
6799:
6755:
6745:
6735:
6711:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6671:
6647:
6637:
6613:
6590:
6560:
6550:
6540:
6530:
6520:
6510:
6502:
6412:Proteopithecidae
6386:
6379:
6313:
6276:
6245:
6229:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6164:
6151:
6140:
6139:
6089:
6072:
6062:
6022:
6011:
6001:
5993:
5984:
5511:
5501:
5495:
5482:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5396:
5384:
5383:
5372:
5371:
5308:Human prehistory
5283:Recent evolution
5278:Early migrations
5220:Thermoregulation
5121:Expensive tissue
5092:Sexual selection
5062:
4934:
4816:H. e. pekinensis
4727:
4720:
4635:A. bahrelghazali
4604:Australopithecus
4534:
4504:Chimpanzee–human
4492:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4429:
4428:
4389:
4386:
4350:
4341:
4305:
4302:
4293:
4272:P. tapanuliensis
4244:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4170:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4093:Mythic humanoids
3876:
3851:P. tapanuliensis
3718:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3668:
3667:
3634:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3192:(7097): 1103–8.
3179:
3173:
3172:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3056:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2997:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2502:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2407:Homo rudolfensis
2402:
2384:
2291:Homo rudolfensis
2132:Australopithecus
2117:Some, including
2001:
1999:
1998:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1942:Earliest clothes
1935:
1930:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1889:
1884:
1869:
1864:
1849:
1844:
1831:Earliest sign of
1825:
1820:
1805:
1800:
1790:Australopithecus
1782:
1777:
1759:
1754:
1745:Earliest bipedal
1739:
1734:
1725:Chimpanzee split
1719:
1714:
1699:
1694:
1679:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1644:
1628:
1614:
1600:
1572:
1559:
1539:
1526:
1498:
1496:Australopithecus
1485:
1470:
1453:
1440:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1339:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1282:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1086:
1085:Hominin timeline
1079:
962:
938:
915:
909:Australopithecus
889:
862:
835:
808:
781:
770:
687:Australopithecus
611:in Hominini and
427:
417:
406:
396:
369:
354:
346:Australopithecus
343:
278:
176:
175:
146:Two hominins: A
141:
131:
68:
61:Temporal range:
55:
27:Tribe of mammals
21:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8771:Human evolution
8751:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8736:
8731:
8723:
8721:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8678:
8668:
8659:
8652:
8628:
8534:
8510:
8486:Chororapithecus
8468:
8455:Pierolapithecus
8447:Hispanopithecus
8406:
8393:
8331:Gigantopithecus
8303:
8249:
8236:
8231:Yuanmoupithecus
8165:
8160:Turkanapithecus
8091:
8086:Samburupithecus
8056:Nacholapithecus
7966:
7953:
7936:
7915:
7883:
7854:Procynocephalus
7741:
7673:Cercopithecinae
7667:
7519:Dolichopithecus
7484:
7456:Nsungwepithecus
7431:
7411:
7394:
7347:Barberapithecus
7325:
7313:Dionysopithecus
7298:
7286:Epipliopithecus
7271:
7249:Krishnapithecus
7236:Pliopithecoidea
7227:
7222:Propliopithecus
7215:Aegyptopithecus
7197:
7169:Oligopithecidae
7160:
7126:
7113:
7096:
7075:
7047:
6975:
6891:
6763:
6738:Proteropithecia
6598:
6568:
6498:
6481:
6476:Ucayalipithecus
6433:
6406:
6381:Parapithecoidea
6372:
6353:Myanmarpithecus
6315:Amphipithecidae
6306:
6301:Phenacopithecus
6269:
6238:
6171:
6158:
6141:
6134:
6122:
6098:
6033:
5974:
5940:
5750:
5630:Anaptomorphinae
5623:
5547:
5507:
5489:
5476:
5444:
5439:
5409:
5404:
5360:
5317:
5303:Human evolution
5287:
5244:
5188:
5182:
5161:Cooperative eye
5106:Specific models
5101:
5053:
5032:Homo antecessor
4987:
4923:
4917:H. rhodesiensis
4881:H. floresiensis
4842:
4823:H. e. soloensis
4795:H. e. georgicus
4771:
4735:H. gautengensis
4710:
4708:
4697:
4661:
4597:
4568:
4523:
4514:Orangutan–human
4483:
4475:
4473:Human evolution
4470:
4440:
4435:
4405:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4349:
4330:
4303:
4301:
4278:
4242:
4240:
4212:
4174:
4165:
4135:
4130:
4112:
4083:Human evolution
4013:
3970:
3963:
3899:BirutÄ— Galdikas
3877:
3868:
3808:Western gorilla
3798:Eastern gorilla
3734:
3727:
3722:
3676:
3671:
3623:10.1038/419581a
3590:
3589:
3585:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3471:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3371:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3039:(Pt 1): 19–60.
3024:
3023:
3019:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2938:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2791:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2754:
2744:Human evolution
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2558:(5): e0177127.
2539:
2538:
2534:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2472:Human evolution
2459:Primates portal
2457:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2373:
2368:
2363:Homo luzonensis
2312:Homo antecessor
2267:Pan troglodytes
2157:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:H o m i n i d s
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1349:Chororapithecus
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1305:Samburupithecus
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
705:
585:
579:
538:Traditionally,
448:taxonomic tribe
320:
303:
300:
277:
170:
156:Joseph V. Brady
132:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
63:
62:
59:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8799:
8797:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8753:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8729:
8719:
8704:
8688:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8616:
8612:Sahelanthropus
8605:
8594:
8584:
8577:
8573:Graecopithecus
8566:
8556:
8544:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8504:Nakalipithecus
8497:
8490:
8478:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8466:
8459:
8451:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8421:
8419:
8407:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8381:
8374:
8364:
8361:Lufengpithecus
8354:
8351:Khoratpithecus
8344:
8334:
8324:
8321:Ankarapithecus
8313:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8298:Ouranopithecus
8291:
8288:Nakalipithecus
8281:
8278:Graecopithecus
8271:
8260:
8250:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8175:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8139:Rangwapithecus
8135:
8127:
8124:Nyanzapithecus
8120:
8112:
8109:Dendropithecus
8104:
8102:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8079:
8069:
8059:
8049:
8046:Morotopithecus
8039:
8029:
8025:Kamoyapithecus
8018:
8015:Griphopithecus
8008:
7998:
7988:
7977:
7967:
7962:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7874:
7871:Soromandrillus
7864:
7857:
7847:
7837:
7827:
7817:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7769:
7759:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7691:Allenopithecus
7686:
7684:
7682:Cercopithecini
7675:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7662:Trachypithecus
7658:
7651:
7644:
7634:
7627:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7579:
7569:
7562:
7552:
7542:
7532:
7522:
7512:
7505:
7494:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7479:Zaltanpithecus
7475:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7418:
7412:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7335:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7289:
7281:
7279:
7277:Pliopithecidae
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7238:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7208:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7173:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7148:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7028:
7021:
7018:Leontopithecus
7014:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6983:
6981:Callitrichidae
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6949:
6939:
6929:
6919:
6912:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6849:
6842:
6832:
6825:
6815:
6805:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6741:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6677:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6586:
6578:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6505:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6441:
6439:Parapithecidae
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6424:
6421:Proteopithecus
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6389:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6282:
6280:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6252:
6250:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6225:
6214:
6204:
6194:
6182:
6172:
6167:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6085:
6078:
6068:
6065:Hesperotarsius
6058:
6051:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6018:
6007:
5996:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5823:Gunnelltarsius
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5760:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5689:Pseudotetonius
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5633:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5557:
5555:
5553:Microchoerinae
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5523:
5514:
5508:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5313:Human timeline
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5136:Drunken monkey
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5065:General models
5059:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4944:
4942:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4854:
4852:Archaic humans
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4783:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4757:H. rudolfensis
4753:
4746:
4739:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4678:P. aethiopicus
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4556:Sahelanthropus
4552:
4545:
4542:Nakalipithecus
4537:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:P. troglodytes
4364:
4354:
4352:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:: Hylobatidae)
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:P. troglodytes
3776:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3690:(August 2016).
3675:
3674:External links
3672:
3670:
3669:
3663:Sahelanthropus
3593:Sahelanthropus
3583:
3577:Sahelanthropus
3517:
3510:
3500:. Washington:
3496:Potts (2010).
3488:
3469:
3449:
3442:
3432:. Washington:
3428:Potts (2010).
3420:
3383:
3369:
3347:
3326:
3307:
3284:
3227:
3174:
3121:
3095:
3076:
3017:
2972:(4): 337–353.
2950:
2936:
2911:
2882:(1): 169–181.
2860:
2837:
2830:
2804:
2789:
2763:
2752:
2731:
2724:
2718:. p. 34.
2714:. Washington:
2706:Potts (2010).
2695:
2658:
2597:
2544:Graecopithecus
2532:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:Human timeline
2479:
2477:Human taxonomy
2474:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2434:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2142:Sahelanthropus
2115:
2114:
2107:
2079:non-coding DNA
2031:Sahelanthropus
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1547:H. rudolfensis
1532:
1531:
1530:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:Graecopithecus
1397:
1396:
1395:
1388:Sahelanthropus
1384:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1318:Ouranopithecus
1314:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:Nakalipithecus
1288:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:0 —
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
965:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
941:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
918:
913:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
892:
887:
885:
878:
877:
874:
873:
871:(chimpanzees)
865:
860:
858:
851:
850:
847:
846:
838:
833:
831:
824:
823:
820:
819:
811:
806:
804:
797:
796:
793:
792:
784:
779:
777:
768:
704:
701:
583:Human taxonomy
578:
575:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
430:Graecopithecus
423:
413:
409:Sahelanthropus
402:
392:
380:
365:
350:
349:(paraphyletic)
330:
329:
328:
312:
311:
305:
304:
302:Linnaeus, 1758
301:
292:
291:
285:
284:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
164:
163:
143:
142:
134:
133:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
69:
60:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8798:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8776:Mammal tribes
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8739:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8656:
8625:
8624:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8591:Kenyanthropus
8585:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8505:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8426:Anoiapithecus
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8417:Dryopithecini
8411:
8408:
8405:
8400:
8390:
8389:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8282:
8280:
8279:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8243:
8233:
8232:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8146:Rukwapithecus
8143:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8116:Micropithecus
8113:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8066:Otavipithecus
8060:
8058:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8036:Kenyapithecus
8030:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8009:
8007:
8006:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7934:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7880:
7879:
7878:Theropithecus
7875:
7873:
7872:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7844:Procercocebus
7838:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7776:Gorgopithecus
7770:
7768:
7767:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7705:Cercopithecus
7702:
7700:
7699:
7698:Allochrocebus
7695:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7648:Semnopithecus
7645:
7643:
7642:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7631:Rhinopithecus
7628:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7586:Parapresbytis
7580:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7529:Kuseracolobus
7523:
7521:
7520:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7405:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7375:Laccopithecus
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7361:Egarapithecus
7358:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7192:Talahpithecus
7189:
7187:
7186:
7185:Oligopithecus
7182:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7145:Micropithecus
7139:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7103:
7094:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6866:Protopithecus
6860:
6858:
6857:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6728:Plecturocebus
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6704:Miocallicebus
6698:
6696:
6695:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6492:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6367:Siamopithecus
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:Bugtipithecus
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:Amphipithecus
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:Afrotarsiidae
6241:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6211:Aseanpithecus
6205:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6055:Cephalopachus
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6014:Afrotarsiidae
6008:
6006:
6005:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5946:Tarkadectinae
5943:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5816:Ekwiiyemakius
5813:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5767:Ageitodendron
5764:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5647:Anaptomorphus
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:Life history
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5020:Homo ergaster
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4949:H. s. sapiens
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Modern humans
4926:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:H. luzonensis
4900:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:H. antecessor
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:H. e. erectus
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:A. deyiremeda
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4563:Kenyanthropus
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Gorilla–human
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4036:Apes in space
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:social status
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:Study of apes
3880:
3875:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3632:2027.42/62951
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:Sahelpithecus
3594:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3361:Penguin Books
3358:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3122:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2928:Penguin Books
2925:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:respectively.
2755:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:Homo denisova
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:Homo ergaster
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:(and perhaps
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:X chromosomes
2055:
2054:hybridization
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1964:Modern humans
1959:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1895:Earliest fire
1891:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1705:Gorilla split
1701:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1658:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1615:
1613:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1580:H. antecessor
1574:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1522:Au. anamensis
1517:
1515:
1514:Au. afarensis
1509:
1507:
1506:Au. africanus
1500:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1439:
1437:
1436:O. tugenensis
1431:
1429:
1417:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1306:
1295:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
988:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
970:
964:
963:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
947:
940:
939:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
923:
922:Praeanthropus
917:
916:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
897:
891:
890:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
870:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
843:
837:
836:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:(orangutans)
816:
810:
809:
803: (15.7)
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
789:
783:
782:
775:
772:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:dryopithecine
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
576:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
432:
431:
424:
422:
421:
414:
411:
410:
403:
401:
400:
393:
390:
389:Cladistically
386:
385:
381:
378:
377:Cladistically
374:
373:
366:
363:
362:Cladistically
359:
358:
357:Kenyanthropus
351:
348:
347:
340:
339:
338:
334:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
319:
316:
315:
313:
310:
306:
299:
298:
293:
290:
286:
281:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
174:
169:
165:
161:
160:Ham the chimp
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
135:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8683:
8623:Paranthropus
8621:
8610:
8599:
8589:
8579:
8571:
8561:
8552:Ardipithecus
8550:
8527:
8515:
8502:
8492:
8484:
8463:Rudapithecus
8461:
8453:
8445:
8440:Dryopithecus
8438:
8431:
8424:
8388:Sivapithecus
8386:
8376:
8371:Meganthropus
8369:
8359:
8349:
8341:Indopithecus
8339:
8329:
8319:
8296:
8286:
8276:
8266:
8229:
8221:Symphalangus
8219:
8212:
8205:
8195:
8188:
8183:Bunopithecus
8181:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8131:Oreopithecus
8129:
8122:
8114:
8107:
8084:
8074:
8064:
8054:
8044:
8034:
8023:
8013:
8003:
7993:
7985:Afropithecus
7983:
7876:
7869:
7859:
7852:
7842:
7832:
7822:
7812:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7766:Dinopithecus
7764:
7754:
7736:Nanopithecus
7734:
7724:
7719:Erythrocebus
7717:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7660:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7629:
7624:Rhinocolobus
7622:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7593:Piliocolobus
7591:
7584:
7574:
7564:
7559:Microcolobus
7557:
7549:Mesopithecus
7547:
7539:Libypithecus
7537:
7527:
7517:
7507:
7500:
7477:
7470:
7464:Prohylobates
7462:
7454:
7449:Noropithecus
7447:
7424:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:Crouzeliidae
7318:
7311:
7293:Pliopithecus
7291:
7284:
7264:
7254:
7247:
7220:
7213:
7190:
7183:
7178:Catopithecus
7176:
7153:
7143:
7040:
7033:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6926:Dolichocebus
6924:
6914:
6907:
6884:
6874:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6837:
6827:
6820:
6810:
6800:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6756:
6746:
6736:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6702:
6694:Mazzonicebus
6692:
6682:
6672:
6662:
6655:
6650:Cebupithecia
6648:
6638:
6628:
6621:
6616:Antillothrix
6614:
6591:
6581:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6531:
6523:Perupithecus
6521:
6511:
6474:
6467:
6462:Parapithecus
6460:
6453:
6446:
6426:
6419:
6399:
6392:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6329:
6322:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6262:
6255:
6232:Phileosimias
6230:
6219:
6209:
6199:
6190:Altiatlasius
6188:
6092:Xanthorhysis
6090:
6080:
6075:Oligotarsius
6073:
6063:
6053:
6046:
6023:
6012:
6002:
5988:Tarsiiformes
5967:
5960:
5953:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5851:Macrotarsius
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5703:Strigorhysis
5701:
5696:Sphacorhysis
5694:
5687:
5680:
5675:Chlororhysis
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5576:Microchoerus
5574:
5567:
5560:
5540:
5533:
5527:Altiatlasius
5525:
5517:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5240:Gender roles
5235:Intelligence
5048:Homo sapiens
5046:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5026:Homo erectus
5024:
5018:
5014:Homo habilis
5012:
4973:Manot people
4962:H. s. idaltu
4960:
4956:Jebel Irhoud
4948:
4939:Homo sapiens
4937:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4859:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4778:Homo erectus
4776:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4723:Proto-humans
4712:
4709:proto-humans
4690:
4683:
4676:
4668:Paranthropus
4666:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4628:A. anamensis
4626:
4621:A. africanus
4619:
4614:A. afarensis
4612:
4602:
4590:
4583:
4575:Ardipithecus
4573:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4519:Gibbon–human
4485:
4398:
4380:
4368:
4367:Chimpanzee (
4359:
4344:
4335:
4323:
4314:
4296:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4243:(Orangutans)
4235:
4171:(great apes)
3984:Research ban
3944:Elgin Center
3929:Willie Smits
3904:Jane Goodall
3850:
3840:
3830:
3819:
3811:
3801:
3790:
3782:
3772:
3761:
3753:
3742:
3662:
3658:Homo erectus
3657:
3653:
3652:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3497:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3452:
3429:
3423:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3377:A. afarensis
3376:
3374:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3329:
3310:
3293:
3287:
3278:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3098:
3089:
3079:
3070:Homo sapiens
3069:
3066:
3036:
3030:
3020:
2969:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2923:
2879:
2873:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2813:
2807:
2772:
2766:
2757:
2743:
2709:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2389:
2361:
2354:
2348:Homo sapiens
2346:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2305:Homo erectus
2303:
2296:
2289:
2284:Homo habilis
2282:
2276:Pan paniscus
2274:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:Ardipithecus
2124:
2120:Paranthropus
2118:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2028:
1992:
1977:
1833:
1789:
1767:Ardipithecus
1766:
1685:Earlier apes
1642:Neanderthals
1626:Homo sapiens
1623:
1622:
1609:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1552:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1478:
1463:
1451:Ardipithecus
1448:
1447:
1433:
1425:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1375:Sivapithecus
1372:
1362:Oreopithecus
1359:
1346:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1250:
1235:
983:
967:
943:
920:
896:Ardipithecus
894:
867:
854:
840:
813:
786:
764:Sivapithecus
763:
753:
748:
706:
692:Ardipithecus
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
654:
653:, and genus
644:
640:
636:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
586:
568:
537:
531:
527:
523:
503:pursuant to
500:
496:
490:
479:
465:
455:
443:
441:
428:
418:
407:
399:Ardipithecus
397:
382:
372:Paranthropus
370:
355:
344:
323:
295:
274:
241:Infraorder:
52:
8708:Wikispecies
8171:Hylobatidae
7861:Rungwecebus
7726:Miopithecus
7712:Chlorocebus
7641:Sawecolobus
7576:Paracolobus
7340:Anapithecus
7256:Paidopithex
7011:Leontocebus
6946:Panamacebus
6856:Paralouatta
6792:Brachyteles
6684:Insulacebus
6604:Pitheciidae
6543:Canaanimico
6496:Platyrrhini
6448:Abuqatrania
6264:Afrotarsius
6169:Simiiformes
6156:Simiiformes
6108:Simiiformes
5962:Tarkadectes
5802:Diablomomys
5781:Brontomomys
5717:Teilhardina
5661:Arapahovius
5654:Anemorhysis
5618:Vectipithex
5611:Quercyloris
5604:Pseudoloris
5583:Nannopithex
5569:Melaneremia
5171:Grandmother
5126:Shore-based
5087:Aquatic ape
4978:Tam Pa Ling
4873:H. ergaster
4692:P. robustus
4360:P. paniscus
4315:G. beringei
4263:P. pygmaeus
4074:(non-human)
4038:(non-human)
4032:(non-human)
3939:Ian Redmond
3894:Dian Fossey
3841:P. pygmaeus
3802:G. beringei
3773:P. paniscus
3735:ape species
3684:Smithsonian
3401:(1): 1–28.
2746:. Pelican.
2628:chimpanzees
2326:Homo naledi
1588:H. ergaster
1481:Ar. ramidus
1466:Ar. kadabba
1428:O. praegens
1266:Pleistocene
1095:This box:
844:(gorillas)
788:Hylobatidae
741:chimpanzees
717:superfamily
603:with other
540:chimpanzees
472:chimpanzees
261:Subfamily:
245:Simiiformes
8755:Categories
8005:Equatorius
7964:Hominoidea
7951:Hominoidea
7910:see below↓
7901:Hominoidea
7797:Mandrillus
7783:Lophocebus
7756:Cercocebus
7607:Procolobus
7368:Fanchangia
7124:Catarrhini
7111:Catarrhini
7070:see below↓
7061:Catarrhini
6997:Callithrix
6936:Killikaike
6839:Mohanamico
6822:Chilecebus
6748:Soriacebus
6714:Nuciruptor
6674:Homunculus
6664:Chiropotes
6657:Cheracebus
6640:Carlocebus
6630:Callicebus
6593:Tremacebus
6563:Lagonimico
6553:Branisella
6533:Szalatavus
6360:Pondaungia
6278:Eosimiidae
6117:see below↓
6004:Archicebus
5886:Shoshonius
5830:Hemiacodon
5809:Dyseolemur
5795:Chumashius
5738:Trogolemur
5731:Tetonoides
5640:Absarokius
5590:Necrolemur
5535:Bownomomys
5487:Haplorhini
5442:Haplorhini
5210:Skin color
5195:Bipedalism
5156:Killer ape
4968:Cro-Magnon
4867:Denisovans
4743:H. habilis
4707:Humans and
4592:A. ramidus
4585:A. kadabba
4399:H. sapiens
4324:G. gorilla
4304:(Gorillas)
4208:Haplorhini
4206:Suborder:
4169:Hominidae
4088:Monkey Day
4078:Great apes
3979:Personhood
3812:G. gorilla
3779:Chimpanzee
3754:H. sapiens
3359:. London:
3296:(Thesis).
2926:. London:
2855:1038821782
2849:(Thesis).
2676:(5): 450.
2640:great apes
2493:References
2050:speciation
1657:Denisovans
1596:Au. sediba
1570:H. erectus
1537:H. habilis
1327:Ou. turkae
884: (4)
790:(gibbons)
774:Hominoidea
729:orangutans
711:shows the
564:great apes
548:orangutans
516:Hominoidae
289:Type genus
235:Haplorhini
231:Suborder:
152:chimpanzee
150:holding a
32:Hominoidea
8766:Homininae
8474:Gorillini
8404:Homininae
8247:Hominidae
8197:Hylobates
8076:Proconsul
7834:Pliopapio
7824:Parapapio
7747:Papionini
7614:Pygathrix
7600:Presbytis
7490:Colobinae
7389:Pliobates
7354:Crouzelia
7155:Saadanius
6990:Callimico
6909:Acrecebus
6886:Stirtonia
6829:Lagothrix
6812:Cartelles
6758:Xenothrix
6513:Parvimico
6039:Tarsiidae
6026:Omomyidae
5921:Washakius
5907:Uintanius
5858:Nesomomys
5788:Chipetaia
5774:Asiomomys
5757:Omomyinae
5710:Tatmanius
5668:Aycrossia
5597:Paraloris
5562:Indusomys
5504:Omomyidae
5452:Kingdom:
5329:Theorists
5296:Timelines
5176:Patriarch
5152:Behavior
5077:Gathering
5005:Ancestors
4750:H. naledi
4685:P. boisei
4656:A. sediba
4288:Homininae
4254:P. abelii
4218:Hominidae
4182:Kingdom:
3969:Legal and
3831:P. abelii
3821:Orangutan
3649:205029762
3302:923094595
3012:Q24646554
2986:1469-7580
2799:203884394
2648:Hominidae
2636:orangutan
2405:Skull of
2066:(CHLCA).
1555:Au. garhi
987:(humans)
842:Gorillini
828:Homininae
801:Hominidae
737:subfamily
709:cladogram
703:Cladogram
560:Hominidae
556:phylogeny
520:hominoids
452:Homininae
391:included)
379:included)
364:included)
280:Arambourg
265:Homininae
255:Hominidae
191:Kingdom:
185:Eukaryota
64:7–0
40:Homininae
36:Hominidae
8761:Hominini
8714:Hominini
8693:Wikidata
8684:Hominini
8540:Hominina
8516:Hominini
8433:Danuvius
8309:Ponginae
8268:Buronius
8214:Nomascus
8153:Simiolus
7042:Saguinus
7004:Cebuella
6956:Patasola
6876:Solimoea
6778:Alouatta
6769:Atelidae
6721:Pithecia
6469:Qatrania
6394:Arsinoea
6294:Eosimias
5928:Wyomomys
5893:Steinius
5879:Rooneyia
5837:Jemezius
5745:Walshina
5724:Tetonius
5682:Gazinius
5542:Kohatius
5519:Altanius
5472:Primates
5466:Mammalia
5460:Chordata
5458:Phylum:
5454:Animalia
5375:Category
5230:Language
5200:Skeleton
4895:H. longi
4649:A. garhi
4486:Hominins
4481:Taxonomy
4431:Category
4388:(Humans)
4358:Bonobo (
4336:Hominini
4227:Ponginae
4202:Primates
4196:Mammalia
4190:Chordata
4188:Phylum:
4184:Animalia
4126:Category
4047:Bushmeat
3641:12374970
3564:12110880
3415:12968420
3267:18337768
3214:16710306
3161:16136135
3063:10999270
3008:Wikidata
3004:18380860
2851:ProQuest
2652:hominids
2632:gorillas
2620:(1): 2.
2592:28531170
2551:PLOS ONE
2527:84553920
2507:Mammalia
2417:See also
1279:Hominini
1253:Pliocene
882:Hominina
855:Hominini
815:Ponginae
733:gorillas
697:hominids
659:Hominina
544:gorillas
497:Hominina
486:gorillas
444:Hominini
337:Hominina
275:Hominini
251:Family:
225:Primates
215:Mammalia
205:Chordata
201:Phylum:
195:Animalia
181:Domain:
58:Hominini
44:Hominina
18:Hominins
8699:Q107588
8601:Orrorin
8494:Gorilla
8190:Hoolock
7566:Nasalis
7509:Colobus
7035:Micodon
6970:Sapajus
6963:Saimiri
6897:Cebidae
6846:Oreonax
6802:Caipora
6623:Cacajao
6574:Aotidae
6455:Apidium
6428:Serapia
6401:Biretia
6287:Bahinia
6257:Afrasia
6221:Nosmips
6201:Amamria
6082:Tarsius
6048:Carlito
5969:Tarkops
5935:Yaquius
5900:Stockia
5872:Ourayia
5844:Loveina
5470:Order:
5464:Class:
5387:Commons
5339:Fossils
5205:Muscles
5116:Cooking
5072:Hunting
4549:Orrorin
4397:Human (
4298:Gorilla
4200:Order:
4194:Class:
4042:Bigfoot
4025:Primate
4018:Related
3792:Gorilla
3611:Bibcode
3572:1316969
3544:Bibcode
3477:Orrorin
3275:4367089
3247:Bibcode
3222:2325560
3194:Bibcode
3169:4423286
3141:Bibcode
3114:4 April
3109:Palaeos
3090:Science
3054:1468107
2995:2409108
2944:hominin
2906:8673284
2884:Bibcode
2678:Bibcode
2583:5439669
2560:Bibcode
2371:Gallery
2148:Orrorin
2035:Orrorin
1956:←
1934:←
1912:←
1899:cooking
1888:←
1868:←
1848:←
1824:←
1804:←
1781:←
1758:←
1738:←
1718:←
1698:←
1678:←
1414:Orrorin
1239:Miocene
1222:–
1212:–
1202:–
1192:–
1182:–
1172:–
1162:–
1152:–
1142:–
1132:–
971:(†2.5)
625:Gorilla
609:Gorilla
552:pongids
532:Gorilla
501:Simiina
481:Gorilla
476:bonobos
420:Orrorin
271:Tribe:
221:Order:
211:Class:
8722:NZOR:
7995:Ekembo
7790:Macaca
7655:Simias
7426:Alophe
6785:Ateles
6346:Krabia
6339:Ganlea
5914:Utahia
5865:Omomys
5322:Others
5225:Speech
5187:Topics
5132:Drugs
5058:Models
3863:family
3859:Gibbon
3769:Bonobo
3733:Extant
3647:
3639:
3602:Nature
3570:
3562:
3535:Nature
3508:
3467:
3440:
3413:
3375:After
3367:
3300:
3273:
3265:
3238:Nature
3220:
3212:
3185:Nature
3167:
3159:
3132:Nature
3061:
3051:
3010:
3002:
2992:
2984:
2934:
2904:
2853:
2828:
2797:
2787:
2750:
2722:
2630:, and
2624:humans
2590:
2580:
2525:
2129:, and
1667:
869:Panina
745:humans
725:tribes
721:family
679:contra
651:Panina
593:Panini
464:) and
462:humans
318:Panina
309:Genera
282:, 1948
8738:91486
8378:Pongo
8207:Junzi
7804:Papio
6916:Cebus
6583:Aotus
5955:Tarka
5334:Books
5112:Diet
4237:Pongo
4108:Yowie
4098:Yeren
3750:Human
3645:S2CID
3599:'?".
3568:S2CID
3530:(PDF)
3271:S2CID
3218:S2CID
3165:S2CID
2795:S2CID
2523:S2CID
2513:(3).
2106:, and
2069:Most
2029:Both
948:(†2)
713:clade
707:This
670:Homo;
663:below
661:(see
442:The
148:human
46:, or
8581:Homo
7266:Kapi
7025:Mico
5215:Hair
5035:) →
4713:Homo
4382:Homo
4103:Yeti
3744:Homo
3725:Apes
3637:PMID
3595:or '
3560:PMID
3506:ISBN
3482:Homo
3465:ISBN
3438:ISBN
3411:PMID
3365:ISBN
3298:OCLC
3263:PMID
3210:PMID
3157:PMID
3116:2013
3059:PMID
3000:PMID
2982:ISSN
2932:ISBN
2902:PMID
2826:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2588:PMID
2137:Homo
2111:Homo
2104:Homo
2093:Homo
2083:Homo
2033:and
1834:Homo
1115:edit
1108:talk
1101:view
985:Homo
924:(†)
898:(†)
699:").
683:Homo
655:Homo
641:Homo
639:and
629:Homo
623:and
617:Homo
546:and
526:and
524:Homo
505:Gray
499:and
474:and
457:Homo
384:Homo
297:Homo
158:and
72:Preęž’
48:Homo
8529:Pan
5029:(→
4920:(?)
4898:(?)
4876:(?)
4768:(?)
4760:(?)
4738:(?)
4346:Pan
3763:Pan
3627:hdl
3619:doi
3607:419
3552:doi
3540:418
3403:doi
3255:doi
3243:452
3202:doi
3190:441
3149:doi
3137:437
3049:PMC
3041:doi
3037:197
2990:PMC
2974:doi
2970:212
2892:doi
2818:doi
2777:doi
2686:doi
2644:ape
2578:PMC
2568:doi
2515:doi
2075:Pan
2071:DNA
2046:Pan
2041:Pan
751:).
749:Pan
715:of
675:Pan
665:).
646:Pan
637:Pan
627:in
621:Pan
615:in
613:Pan
601:Pan
597:Pan
589:Pan
528:Pan
467:Pan
325:Pan
8757::
8735::
8710::
8695::
5045:→
5041:→
5023:/
5017:→
3686:,
3682:–
3651:.
3643:.
3635:.
3625:.
3617:.
3605:.
3574:.
3566:.
3558:.
3550:.
3538:.
3532:.
3473:.
3409:.
3399:54
3397:.
3373:.
3338:.
3319:.
3277:.
3269:.
3261:.
3253:.
3241:.
3216:.
3208:.
3200:.
3188:.
3163:.
3155:.
3147:.
3135:.
3107:.
3088:.
3065:.
3057:.
3047:.
3035:.
3029:.
3006:.
2998:.
2988:.
2980:.
2968:.
2962:.
2940:.
2914:^
2900:.
2890:.
2878:.
2872:.
2824:.
2793:.
2783:.
2756:.
2734:^
2698:^
2684:.
2672:.
2654:'.
2626:,
2616:.
2612:.
2600:^
2586:.
2576:.
2566:.
2556:12
2554:.
2548:.
2521:.
2511:12
2509:.
2123:,
1897:/
689:,
685:,
591:,
542:,
162:)
122:Pg
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